Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS ANSELMO OTAVIO A DIMENSÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL PARA BRASIL E ÁFRICA DO SUL (1415-2015): UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA O ESTUDO DE UM ESPAÇO ESTRATÉGICO Porto Alegre 2018 ANSELMO OTAVIO A DIMENSÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL PARA BRASIL E ÁFRICA DO SUL (1415-2015): UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA O ESTUDO DE UM ESPAÇO ESTRATÉGICO Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FCE/UFRGS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini Porto Alegre 2018 ANSELMO OTAVIO A DIMENSÃO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL PARA BRASIL E ÁFRICA DO SUL (1415-2015): UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA O ESTUDO DE UM ESPAÇO ESTRATÉGICO Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FCE/UFRGS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Aprovado em: Porto Alegre, 19 de fevereiro de 2018. BANCA EXAMINADORA ____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini – Orientador UFRGS ____________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Ana Regina F. Simão ESPM-SUL ____________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira UFRGS ____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro UFRGS Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais (PPGEEI) AGRADECIMENTOS Ao longo do processo que se inicia com a escolha de um tema de pesquisa e culmina com o desenvolvimento e finalização de uma tese, duas características tornam-se claras ao estudante de um curso de Doutorado. A primeira diz respeito aos momentos que tendem a se intercalarem, estes que, grosso modo, podem ser divididos em três fases. A primeira equivale ao inicio, cujas alterações necessárias no projeto de pesquisa e o levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema são as principais marcas. Posteriormente, a segunda fase equivale a formulação da tese, quando a intensificação da leitura e a escrita passam a ser presentes no dia-a-dia do estudante. Já a terceira refere-se aos momentos finais da formulação da pesquisa, quando há o desenvolvimento das considerações finais da tese. Paralelamente a esta primeira, a segunda característica do processo encontra-se diretamente relacionada aos atores e as pessoas que, seja por todas as fases, seja por durante alguma delas, foram fundamentais ao estudante. Nesta pesquisa em específico, os atores que gostaria de destacar, bem como agradecer, são a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais (PPGEEI), o Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos (CEBRAFRICA) e o Núcleo Brasileiro de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais (NERINT), uma vez que aceitaram o meu projeto, como também me aceitaram como pesquisador. Além destes, destaco e agradeço ao Programa de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica em Defesa Nacional (Pró-Defesa), iniciativa conjunta entre o Ministério da Defesa e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), cujo financiamento desta tese foi essencial. Referente às pessoas, a primeira que destaco e gostaria de agradecer é o Prof. Dr. Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini, cuja confiança, orientação e acompanhamento durante todo o curso de doutorado foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento desta tese. Ao professor, fica todo o meu respeito e gratidão ao apoio nos momentos mais complicados da formulação do trabalho, na minha inclusão no Projeto Pró-Defesa, no NERINT e, fundamentalmente, ao profissionalismo e dedicação com que trata os estudos africanos, qualidades que sempre buscarei seguir em minha carreira. Além do professor Visentini, eu agradeço a professora Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, com quem tive a oportunidade de trabalhar durante o mestrado e, ao longo do doutorado, me propiciou participar no Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Africanos (CEBRAFRICA) e na formulação da Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos (RBEA). Junto a professora, gostaria também de agradecer aos outros docentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais (PPGEEI), em especial, ao professor Erico Duarte, cujas informações foram se tornando preciosas na formulação desta pesquisa. Por fim, gostaria de agradecer aos funcionários da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas (FCE) no geral e, em específico, as profissionais que trabalham nas secretarias da pós-graduação em Economia e do PPGEEI, que sempre me auxiliaram na resolução dos desafios que surgiram na minha permanência na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Junto aos profissionais anteriormente indicados, gostaria de agradecer aos docentes de fora da UFRGS. Nesse sentido, agradeço aos professores Chris Landsberg (Department of Politics and International Relations - University of Johannesburg), François Vrey (Faculty of Military Science - Stellenboch University), Andre Wessels (Department of History – University of the Free State) por algumas ponderações acerca da pesquisa, e, destacadamente, a Layla Ibrahim Abdallah Dawood (Departamento de Relações Internacionais da UERJ), a Willian Thompson (Department of Political Science – Indiana University) e Francis Kornegay (Institute for Global Dialogue – South Africa), que, seja pelo envio de material, seja pelas constantes trocas de e-mails, me garantiram a resolução de lacunas que durante a pesquisa foram se fazendo presentes. Paralelamente ao corpo docente do PPGEEI e aos profissionais pertencentes a FCE, eu gostaria de agradecer aos estudantes que ao longo do Doutorado eu tive a oportunidade de conviver. Nomes como Lucas de Oliveira Paes, Thiago Cavalcante, Gabrielito Menezes, Paulo Henrique Dias Jr. (in memorian), Augusto Beteba (in memorian), Jonattan Castelli, Fernando Sabino, Ricardo Serrano Osório, Júlio Rodrigues, José Miguel Villagomez, Aziz Calzolaio e Rafael Anicio sempre estarão presentes em meus pensamentos. Junto a estes, destaco Leandro Teixeira, Jefferson Peccori Viana, Ricardo Ossago, Robson Cardoch Valdez, Brunna Bozzi, Kaline Zeni, Marcos Reis, Nádia Menezes, Bruno Mariotto Jubran, Sérgio Leusin Jr, Tamiris Santos Pessoa, Guilherme Ziebell, Hânder Costa Leal, e Nilton César Fernandes Cardoso, colegas proporcionados pela UFRGS, cuja importância encontra-se relacionada não apenas ao desenvolvimento da tese, mas fundamentalmente, aos laços de amizade. Por fim, gostaria de agradecer aquelas pessoas que, junto ao âmbito acadêmico, foram importantes no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Nesse sentido, agradeço aos meus pais (Nelson e Rachel), a minha irmã (Núbia) e meus irmãos (Clóvis e Alexandre) pelo acompanhamento, incentivo e apoio incondicional ao longo deste meu ciclo no doutorado; as amigas Lidiane Moura e Rosa Maria Brito, e os amigos Danilo Halter, Alexandre Leal Pereira, Ricardo Antônio Morales, José D. Saraiva e Marcelo A. Raimundo, uma vez que a amizade, o respeito, e, essencialmente as conversas, opiniões e discussões, foram fundamentais neste processo. A todos vocês fica o meu eterno agradecimento! “T'es de droite ou t'es de gauche? Rien du tout, ou tout tout de suite Du tout au tout, indécis Han, tu changes d'avis imbécile? Mais t'es blanc ou bien t'es marron, hein? Ni l'un ni l'autre, je suis, j'étais et resterai moi Han, pardon, monsieur ne prend pas parti” (STROMAE, Bâtard) RESUMO A colonização de Brasil e África do Sul por países diferentes acabou por afetar na dimensão do Atlântico Sul para ambos. De fato, enquanto Portugal aproximou seus territórios africanos ao brasileiro via compra e venda de mão de obra escrava, transformando o Atlântico Sul como elo entre tais territórios; Holanda e, posteriormente, Inglaterra, enquadraram o território sul- africano a uma dinâmica afro-asiática, mantendo esta colônia voltada ao Oceano Índico. Posteriormente, já durante a Guerra Fria tal distanciamento se transformou em opção por tais países. Em defesa do regime apartheid, a África do Sul desejava enquadrar o Atlântico Sul no conflito Leste-Oeste via criação da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Sul. Já o Brasil buscava manter a região desmilitarizada, defendendo a criação da chamada Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul. Ainda que as transformações ocorridas nos anos 1990 indicassem a possibilidade de maior alinhamento acerca da importância do Atlântico Sul, o que predominou foram três momentos diferentes. O primeiro ocorreu durante as administrações Cardoso e Mandela, quando a desvalorização da bacia sul-atlântica foi preponderante para Brasil e África do Sul. Ao longo dos governos Lula e Mbeki houve a maior integração entre Brasília e Pretoria, e, consequentemente, maior similaridade com relação ao Atlântico Sul. Já nas administrações Rousseff e Zuma, o impasse envolvendo o Atlântico Sul passou a ser a tônica na interação entre Brasil e África do Sul. Diante disso, o seguinte questionamento torna-se pertinente: por que, mesmo havendo a intensificação nas relações entre Brasil e África do Sul no Pós-Guerra Fria, o interesse pelo Atlântico Sul ainda se mantém descompassado quando comparado às visões brasileira e sul-africana? É pautado nos métodos analítico e indutivo de
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