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50-Years-Of-Special-Forces.Pdf Special Warfare The Professional Bulletin of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School PB 80–02–2 June 2002 Vol. 15, No. 2 From the Commandant June 2002 Special Warfare Vol. 15, No. 2 In 1952, facing the threat of communism and mindful of lessons learned during the global war that had ended only seven years before, the United States established the 10th Special Forces Group, a small group of men that was capable of performing unconventional warfare in Europe. In the 50 years since, the world has seen many changes, but not all of those changes have been for the better. The Cold War has ended, but new threats have emerged. Technology has provided capabilities undreamed of 50 years ago, but that tech- nology can be targeted by enemies using simple or out-of-date weapons. Our conven- tional forces have no equal on the conven- world on a daily basis. The unique capabil- tional battlefield, but we still require, per- ities of SF soldiers, their flexibility, and haps more than ever, forces capable of per- their ability to operate on every continent forming unconventional warfare. are due in large part to their specialized SF has grown to five active-duty groups training. That training is and always will and two groups in the Army National be critical to the success and versatility of Guard. It has retained its UW focus, and SF. As we celebrate SF’s 50th anniversary, the capabilities and training required for we should not forget that this year also UW have given SF the capability to per- marks the 50th anniversary of the creation form other missions. Even though SF did of the Psychological Warfare Center, the not perform its UW mission in Europe, it organization responsible for training Spe- has performed its other missions in all cial Forces and other elements of U.S. psy- parts of the world. Whenever the nation chological warfare. As the inheritors of the has required soldiers for difficult missions legacy of the Psywar Center, we the per- that must be performed discreetly, it has sonnel of today’s JFK Special Warfare Cen- called on Special Forces. ter and School are both proud of our role The battle streamers of the SF Regiment and humbled by its responsibilities. read like a roll call of the trouble spots and conflicts of the late 20th century, and SF’s performance thus far in the 21st century has been impressive. The quiet perform- ance of their duties has in many cases kept SF soldiers from gaining a great deal of Major General William G. Boykin recognition, and yet within SF’s ranks, there has been no shortage of heroes — men such as Bull Simons, Nick Rowe, Dick Meadows, and the many SF recipients of the Medal of Honor. As the articles in this issue of Special Warfare make clear, SF soldiers continue to perform their missions throughout the PB 80–02–2 Contents June 2002 Special Warfare Vol. 15, No. 2 Commander & Commandant Major General William G. Boykin Features Editor 2 The OSS Operational Groups: Origin of Army Special Forces Jerry D. Steelman by Ian Sutherland Associate Editor 14 The History of the 1st SF Group in the Republic Sylvia W. McCarley of the Philippines: 1957-2002 Graphics & Design Bruce S. Barfield 16 A History of SF Operations in Somalia: 1992-1995 by Colonel Joseph D. Celeski Automation Clerk Gloria H. Sawyer 28 Operation Focus Relief: 3rd SF Group Builds Relations In Western Africa 31 Exercise Balance Magic: 19th SF Group Practices Medicine in the Heart of Asia V E AS 34 The Liberation of Mazar-e Sharif: 5th SF Group Conducts R I RT T A E S LI B E T UW in Afghanistan Special Warfare is an authorized, official quarterly of the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare 42 7th SF Group Provides Two Decades of Excellence Center and School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Its mission is to promote the professional development of special- in Latin America operations forces by providing a forum for the examination of established doctrine and new ideas. by Lieutenant Colonel Paul S. Burton and Captain Robert Lee Wilson Views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official Army position. This 48 Operation White Star: Prelude to Vietnam publication does not supersede any information presented in other official Army publications. by Dr. Kenn Finlayson Articles, photos, artwork and letters are invited and should be addressed to Editor, Special Warfare, 52 The 10th SF Group Keeps Kosovo Stable USAJFKSWCS, Fort Bragg, NC 28310. Telephone: DSN 239-5703, commercial (910) 432-5703, fax -3147. Special by Captains Robert W. Schaefer and M. Davis Warfare reserves the right to edit all material. Published works may be reprinted, except where copyrighted, provided credit is given to Special Warfare 56 The 281st Aviation Company: The Roots of Army Special and the authors. Operations Aviation Official distribution is limited to active and reserve special-operations units. Individuals desiring private by Dr. C.H. Briscoe subscriptions should forward their requests to: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Special 60 The 20th SF Group in Flintlock 2001 Warfare is also available on the USASOC internal web (https:asociweb.soc.mil/swcs/dotd/sw-mag/sw-mag.htm). By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Eric K. Shinseki General, United States Army Chief of Staff Official: Departments 62 Enlisted Career Notes Joel B. Hudson 63 Officer Career Notes Administrative Assistant to the 64 Foreign SOF Secretary of the Army 66 Update 0210001 Headquarters, Department of the Army 68 Book Reviews The OSS Operational Groups: Origin of Army Special Forces by Ian Sutherland he operational elements of Major Alfred T. Cox to a group of enemy facilities and lines of com- United States Army Special newly assigned officers who would munication deep behind the lines. TForces are direct descen- form the “French” OGs, the concept Much of the training that Major dants of the units of the U.S. Office was to use American soldiers who Cox and others developed for the of Strategic Services, or OSS, that had language skills and were OGs was based on the experience were infiltrated into metropolitan trained in commando-type tactics. of British commandos. It placed a France during World War II. The The soldiers would not only pro- heavy emphasis on physical train- OSS units were tasked to organize, vide training and material support ing, demolitions, special weapons train, supply and direct the Maquis for the resistance, they would also and the hit-and-run offensive oper- of the Forces Francaises de l’In- form the nucleus for local resist- ational techniques of guerrillas. terieur, or FFI, in support of Oper- ance forces who would attack Al Cox, an Infantry officer, was a ation Overlord, the invasion of strong and agile athlete who had Normandy in June 1944; and Oper- played three major sports while ation Dragoon, the invasion of studying civil engineering at Lehigh Southern France, in August 1944. University. During his senior year, This is not to imply that Army SF he had been named captain of the is not a direct descendant of the football team and co-captain of the OSS units employed in other areas baseball team. He was elected pres- of the world that were active in the ident of his class during his junior development, support and direction and senior years, and he was a of the indigenous resistance to Axis member of Phi Beta Kappa.2 occupation. However, the organiza- The OSS had recruited Cox tion and the mission of the opera- when he was an instructor of guer- tional detachments of the original rilla warfare at the Infantry School 10th SF Group bear a remarkable at Fort Benning, Ga. With the resemblance to the organization assistance of men like 1st Lieu- and activities of the OSS Opera- tenant Art Frizzell, Cox led the tional Group, or OG, that became French OGs through the demand- Company B, 2671st Special Recon- ing training in preparation for the naissance Battalion, Separate (Pro- day when the tactics and tech- visional) in August 1944. niques would be put to use against The OGs were Major General USASOC Archive the Wehrmacht. William Donovan’s idea. As Lieu- Sergeant Caesar Civetella, a member of OG The French OGs arrived in tenant Colonel Serge Obolensky1 Lafayette, receives the Bronze Star from North Africa in February 1944. explained when he introduced Major General William Donovan in 1945. Referred to as Unit B, 1st Contin- 2 Special Warfare OSS Operational Group Field Service Headquarters Commander (Major) Medical (Captain) Adjutant Transportation Communications Ass’t Section Ldr. Armorer (First Lieutenant) (First Lieutenant) (First Lieutenant) (Sergeant) (T/5) Admin. Assistant Assistant Assistant Motorcyclist (First Sergeant) (Tech. Sergeant) (Tech. Sergeant) Clerk Assistant Assistant (T/5) (T/5) (T/5) Clerk Assistant (T/5) (T/5) 6 Radio Operators 6 Cryptographers (T/5) gent Operational Groups, 2677 the 2677th Headquarters Compa- left shoulders in the hope that it Headquarters Company OSS (Pro- ny of the OSS. The event that would somehow ensure their treat- visional), the French OGs were prompted the separation was the ment as prisoners of war. organized as a field-service head- execution of two officers and 13 In the spring of 1944, the French quarters, or FSHQ, commanded by enlisted men of Mission Ginny OGs7 were placed under the tacti- Major Cox. The OG FSHQ was the from Unit A, 1st Contingent (Ital- cal control of the Special Projects echelon above the OG, and it con- ian OGs).
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