DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

OBSOLETE

U. S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES

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HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY C NOVEMBER 1963 AGO 6448A FIELDMANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY NO. 31-22 WASHINGTON,D.C., 12 November 1963

U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. GENERAL J Section I. Introduction------. . 1.2 11. U.S. policy and definrtlons ...... 3,4 111. Insurgency-history, causes of phases ...... 6-8 IV. Factors in the prevention of insurgency...... 9-11 CFIAPTEK 2. ROLES OF NONMILITARY AGENCIES AND OTEJER SERVICES Section I. National 12-16 11. Other military services...... 17-19 PART Two. RESPONSIBILITIES AND ORGANIZATION CHAPTER 3. U.S. AND INDIGENOUS COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES Section I. 20-21 11. The special action force (SAF) ...... 22-25 111. Other U.S. Army counterinsurgency forces ...... 26-28 IV. Organization for counterinsurgency------2952 SPECIAL ACTION FORCE AND SAF BACKUP FORCES, ORGANIZA- TION AND CAPABILITIES. - . 33-69 COMBAT AND COMBAn:1SIJPPORT UNITS...... 60-80

COMBAT SERVICE SUP??OB-Tf:fU~~~+------__------L------81-87

INTELLIGENCE------88-93 LOGISTICS PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES------94-98 99-105 PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS------106-110 INDIGENOUS PARAMILITARY FORCES 111-118 TRAINING TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY 119-124 FORCES. APPENDIX I. REFERENCES--~------11. EXAMPLES OF CIVIC ACTION------111. SECURE POPULATION ------IV. TRANSPORTATION ------v. SPECIAL COUNTERINSURGENCY MEASURES...... ------VI. GUIDELINES FOR ADVISORS AND MEMBERS OF MTT's ------VII. SAMPLE TRAINING PROGRAMS...... ------

PART ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 GENERAL

Section I. INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose and Scope on the organization, operations, control, admin- istration, and logistical support of U.S. Army a. This manual together with its classified counterinsurgency forces in all phases of in- supplement (FM 31-22A) provides informa- surgency. It should be used jointly with other tion and guidance to commanders and staffs for doctrinal publications providing guidance, tech- the training and operational employment of niques and procedures for field operations. units, teams, and individuals designated as U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Forces. It describes the organization, missions, and methods of em- 2. Changes ployment of U.S. Army Special Action Forces Users of this manual are encouraged to sub- (SAF), specially trained brigade-size backup mit recommended changes or comments to im- forces, support units, and individuals who are prove the manual. Comments should be keyed deployed to advise, train and/or provide opera- to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the tional assistance to a host country's counter- text in which the change is recommended. Rea- insurgency forces. It explains the relationship sons should be provided for each comment to of U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Forces to insure understanding and complete evaluation. MAAG's/Missions and other elements of the Comments should be forwarded directly to Com- U.S. Country Team engaged in supporting a manding Officer, U.S. Army Combat Develop- host country's counterinsurgency effort. ments Command Special Warfare Agency, Fort b. This manual contains U.S. Army doctrine Bragg, N.C.

Section I!. U.S. POLICY AND DEFINITIONS

3. U.S. Policy ance for U.S. Army counterinsurgency elements as an extension of the interdepartmental con- a. Approved integrated interdepartmental cept. policy guidance has been developed for the em- ployment abroad of all relevant U.S. resources b. A major objective of U.S. policy is to to prevent or defeat subversive insurgency. In- thwart further communist inroads into non- cluded is a concept for the development of communist areas by safeguarding and assisting counterinsurgency plans and programs, and the the less developed nations in fulfilling their* functions and responsibilities of the major de- aspirations to remain free, and to fashion ways partments of the government and their over- of life independent from communism or other seas representatives. The chief of the diplo- totalitarian domination or control. matic mission, as the head of the U.S. country c. The overall U.S. objective in the field of team, is charged with the development of the overseas internal defense is to encoupage and Country Internal Defense Plan. The Depart- assist vulnerable nations to develop balanced ment of the Army has formulated broad guid- capabilities for the internal defense of their

AGO 6448A 3 societies. Psychologically, few of the develop- b. Military qvic Acticm. The use of pre- ing nations are aware of the insidious nature ponderantly indigenous military forces on proj- of the threat posed by communist subversion, ects useful to the local population at all levels nor do they know how to cope with the blan- in such fields as education, training, public dishments and false hopes raised by communist works, agriculture, transportation, communica- propaganda. An adequate internal defense re- tions, health, sanitation and other areas .con- quires mobilizatioq of national resources and tributing to economic and social development, their effective use through political, social, eco- which would also serve to improve the stand- nomic, milibry and psychological measures. ing of the indigenous military forces with the Psychological operations can help to bridge the population. gap between the people and the government and c. Psychological Operations. This term in- can assist in mobilizing the human resources cludes psychological warfare, and, in addition, of the nation. The key aspect of the U.S. role encompasses those political, military, economic, in countering subversion and insurgency in and ideological actions planned and conducted these countries is assisting these peoples to to create in neutral or friendly foreign groups help themselves. The major effort should be the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior from the indigenous government because the favorable to the achievement of national ob- problems in each area are local and unique to jectives. that society. These existing problems must be solved primarily by the local people and their d. U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Forces. governments. U.S. policy is to provide addi- Those forces which are comprised of Special tional resources and capabilities to augment Action Forces and other U.S. Army units, ele- their own efforts in a constructive and accept- ments or personnel trained and designated for able manner in accordance with the local situ- a counterinsurgency mission assignment. These ation, with the credit for accomplished mis- forces are capable of operating in vulnerable sions accruing in the fullest degree possible to areas, when invited by a host government, to the local government. provide training and military advice and op erational assistance to indigenous military and 4. Definitions paramilitary forces engaged in maintaining or restoring internal security and defeating sub- a. Ccncnterinsurgency. Those military, para- versive insurgency. military, political, economic, psychological and civic actions taken by a government to defeat e. Levels of insurgency. See paragraph 8. subversive insurgency. f. Country Team. Sge paragraph 16.

Section 111. INSURGENCY -HIS1'ORY, CAUSES AND PREVENTION

5. Examples of lnsurgency Movements torical insurgency movements are cited by cause and results as follows : a. Since World W-ar 11, insurgent movements of major dimensions have occurred in Greece, (1) National independence. the Philippines, Malaya, Indo-China, (Vietnam, (a)Algeria is an example of a country Laos, Cambodia), Algeria, Cuba, Indonesia, which was seeking national inde- China and several other countries. In many pendence. The Algerian war, or in- cases, these movements have involved hundreds surrection, was in progress for of thousands of men on both sides in struggles many years. Prior to the end of lasting up to fifteen years. Insurgent activities hostilities, the French committed a of more limited extent and duration have oc- military force of approximately curred in many other areas. Some insurrec- 400,000 troops in an effort to crush tions have resulted in the violent overthrow of the insurrection. Although success- existing governments. In some cases these new ful militarily, the French failed to governments have been or become either com- suppress the insurrection for polit- munist or communist-dominated. Some his- ical reasons. Algeria under French

4 AGO 6448A rule did not represent a truly colo- campaign which defeated the Huks nial status; the desire for national is considered a model, particularly independence was greatly influ- in the area of civic improvements enced by French hegemony in Al- and psychological operations im- gerian political, economic and social plemented by the government to systems. Efforts by the French to overcome those grievances which negotiate a settlement were found led to much of the peasant discon- ' to be too little and too late. The tent. rebels forced the French to grant (b) The overthrow of the Batista gov- Algeria political independence in ernment in Cuba by the Castro 1962. The popular aspiration for forces in 1959 was facilitated by the national independence was aphieved. desire of many Cubans to obtain re- It remains to be seen what course lief from the government's oppres- the new Algerian regime will take sive measures. Although most peo- and whether it can provide for the ple in and outside Cuba believed social and economic needs of its insurgency to be a purely internal people. affair, it is apparent today that the (b) The Indonesian revolt against the communists played a major role in Dutch, between 1947 and 1949, was the final organization of the new based primarily on the desire for government. The agrarian and other national independence. The revolt reform measures instituted by the succeeded with assistance from the Castro government were a means to communists. the end but these have been offset (2) Relief from actual wr alleged oppres- in many cases by other more op- sion. pressive measures which have re- (a) The initial success in 1951 and 1952 placed those of the Batista regime. of the Huk (Communist) campaign (c) The Chinese Communists used "re- in the Philippine Islands can be lief from oppression" as a basic attributed in large measure to the theme to drive the Chinese Nation- oppressive measures taken by land alists from the Asiatic mainland in owners against the tenant farmer 1949. The prom% of agrarian re- and his family. Inequitable division forms contributqg greatly to the of land and the disproportionate di- Communist succe6s. vision of profits were grievances (3) Elimination of foreign exploitation. easily fanned into flames of discon- The resistance movement in Indo- tent by Huk propaganda. The lat- China from 1946 to 1954 (Vietnam, ter created many dissident elements Cambodia, and Laos) is an example and resulted in widespread support of the unified desires of major seg- of the Huk movement. Under the ments of the population to violently leadership of Ramon Magsaysay, resist colonial exploitation. This was first as Defense Minister and later anti-colonialism in its truest form. All as President of the Republic, the government instituted positive mil- of Indo-China was characterized by an itary and civic improvement meas- agrarian economy with low standards ures which it exploited skillfully by of living, high illiteracy, and low means of psychological operations health standards. They were easily to eliminate the communist inspired exploited by the forces of communism. and controlled Huk rebellion. These Ho Chi Minh, a devoted Communist, measures produced outstanding re- with external support, launched an sults in winning the loyalty and sup- insurgency which culminated in the port of the people to the govern- withdrawal of France from Indo- ment and democratic ideals. The China. The insurgency continues in

AGO 644XA those portions of Indo-China (Repub- selves to the development of insurgent move- lic of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) ments : outside the Communistrled Democratic a. Soeial. Republic of Vietnam (North Viet- (1) Conflicts in traditional social organi- nam). zations and customs as a result of con- (4) Desire for economic and soeid im- tact with other cultures. provements. The historical examples (2) The expectation of radically improved of insurgency movements cited above living standards within a short period have all been influenced by the desire of time. for economic and social improvements. Additionally, it is a major factor fre- (3) ~ressbreof a dense and rapidly ex- quently observed in coups d' etat or panding population in an agrarian insurrections in Latin America. This society. desire is continually exploited by the (4) Divisive rifts in the population stem- communists with their propaganda. ming from class, ethnic, religious, or (5) Elimination of corruption. This is an- linguistic differences. other primary cause of insurgency. (5) Aspirations of the underprivileged for The movements in the Philippines and improvement in their social status and China offer good examples of large opportunities for individual expres- segments of the population supporting sion and individual satisfaction. a communist-inspired insurrection in (6) Widespread illiteracy and an inade- an attempt to eliminate graft and cor- quate educational system. ruption in the existing government. (7) Indolent national character. In the case of the Philippines, positive (8) The gap between the powerful urban action by the government prevented elite and the unorganized and inartic- the insurgency from succeeding; the ulate majority of the peasants. outcome in China is well known. b. Political. b. Not every insurgent movement has been (1) Present or recent domination by a communist-inspired, although many have pro- colonial power ; inexperience of new vided opportunities for subsequent communist indigenous leaders and administra- exploitation. Some insurgent movements, as in tors; inadequate civil service system. China, have been communist in origin and pur- pose from their 'inception. In Indo-China, a (2) A government unresponsive to the Communist Party led and dominated a popular aspirations of the people. movement to throw off colonial rule, while in (3) Tyrannical, repressive, corrupt or in- I efficient leadership. Cuba a revolution to overthrow a repressive regime was betrayed and captured by com- (4) Lack of communication between the munists. In a number of cases (e.g., Greece government and the people. and the Republic of Vietnam) insurgency has (5) Lack of control by the government been organized and instigated from a neighbor- over rural areas and consequent ing communist state. In such cases the insur- breakdown of law and order. gents have enjoyed the advantage of a secure (6) Unstable government. base for training and logistical support, plus (7) Frustrated and articulate segments of sanctuary from pursuit, on the communist side the intelligentsia which advocate radi- of the border. cal solutions to speed modernization. (8) A small but growing middle class, and 6. Basic Causes and Motivation Factors of extremes of right and left which op- Insurgency pose the struggle of the middle class The following conditions are characteristic for political and economic influence. of many transitional societies and lend them- (9) The immaturity of the political process

AGO 6 644BA which does not permit the diffusion of (12) Lack of, or underdevelopecl, natural power in the form of multiple interest resources. groups and political parties. (13) Inadequate transportation and coin- (10) The unwillingness of the leading elite munications systems. to tolerate responsible opposition, and d. Military. the propensity for opposition groups (1) Estrangement of the military forces for conspiracy and subversion. from the people. c. Economic. (2) Failure to provide effective military (1) Widespread poverty. and police forces. (2) Grossly inequitable distribution of (3) Organizations, equipment, and doc- of wealth and income; concentration trine that are obsolete or inappro- of wealth and economic power in one priate to the circumstances. class or in a few individuals or fami- (4) An inadequate intelligence system. lies. (5) Military elements that are unrespon- (3) Agricultural backwardness character- sive to higher authority. ized by low capitalization, low level of (6) Factionalism within the military agrarian techniques, poor transporta- forces. tion, incapability of weathering minor (7) Absence of truly national loyalties in crises, land hunger and one-crop eco- the military establishment. nomics. (8) Lack of motivation. (4) A highly inequitable and inefficient (9) Lack of awareness of popular aspira- system of land tenure tending to pro- tions and attitudes. duce either vast landholdings or frag- mented small holdings, combined with e. Psychological. the lack of capital leading to usurious (1) A newly awakened nationalism. interest rates, chronic indebtedness (2) Lack of national feeling or sense of and a penurious rural populace. national identity ; persistence of local (5) A backward, unbalanced industry or tribal loyalites. characterized by a small and inefficient (3) Anticolonialism. indigenous sector specializing in light (4) A psychological gap between the gov- industry and a modern sector more ernment and the people ;lack of knowl- often thah not owned by foreigp in- age and identification on the part of terests. the people with the goals and objec- (6) Inept, naive, ultranationalistic leaders tives of the government. who are incapable of developing a (5) A widespread sense of injustice; lack viable economy. of means of redressing individual in- (7) A system of taxation and tax collec- justices. tion which is inequitable and which (6) Lack of faith in the government and provides insufficient revenue for nec- in the social and economic system; essary government functions. lack of a dynamic ideology to oppose (8) Dependence on foreign capital assist- communism. ance, and at the same time opposition (7) Inability or ineptness on the part of to foreign private investment. tfie government in counteracting com- (9) Overdependence on export of raw ma- m$nist propaganda. terials or a single commodity. (8) Low national morale. (10) Large-scale unemployment, including (9) Poorly motivated civil and military an impatient segment of educated un- establishments. employed. (10) A crisis in personal and national iden- (11) An unstable currency. tity; a sense of loss experienced as the

AGO 6448A result of relinquishing old values and vocation of incidents; espionage, counterfeit- acquiring new ones. ing; and dissemination of propaganda and (11) Diffused uncertainty and anxiety con- rumors. cerning personal and national future, causing alternately aggressive and 8. Levels of Intensity of lnsurgency apathetic behavior. The types of military counterinsurgency (12) The existence of a nation-wide be- measures to be employed and the degree of havior pattern inimical to economic participation by U.S. forces will be largely growth and political maturation, such determined by the level of intensity of insur- as taboos in innovation, authoritarian gent activity. Levels of intensity may be por- personality structure, caste systems trayed in terms of three general phases : and prejudices anchored in tradition a. Phase I, Latent and Incipient Subversion. and religion. This phase ranges from circumstances in which subversive activity is only a potential threat, 7. Communism and Insurgency Movements latent or already incipient, to situations in The methods used by communist-dominated which subversive incidents and activities occur insurgency forces are designed to gain control with frequency in an organized pattern. It in- of the people and to weaken the government volves no major outbeak of violence or periods and its forces. Insurgent leaders seek to gain of uncontrollable insurgent activity. This phase, popular support by identifying their objectives marked by organization, subversive activity, with the needs and aspirations of the people by agitation, and propaganda is a period of prep- persuasion and resort to immoral and illegal aration for the violent struggle to overthrow means including the use of terror and blackmail the government. to enforce cooperation. They seek to weaken the government by propaganda discrediting its b. Phase ZZ, Organized Guerrilla Warfare. aims, its leaders, and its supporters; by elimi- This phase is reached when the subversive nating key opposition personnel and demon- movement, having gained sufficient local or ex- strating the government's inability to preserve ternal support, initiates organized guerrilla law and order and protect its people; and by warfare or related forms of violence against sabotaging the government's programs and the the established authority. Propaganda and national economy. Their methods include sub- other subversive activities are intensified. version, infiltration of the government, sabot- c. Phase ZZZ, War of Movement. The situa- age and violence, including acts of destruction tion moves from phase I1 to phase I11 when in- against public and private property, trans- surgency becomes primarily a war of movement portation, and communications systems; raids between organized forces of the insurgents and and ambushes against military and police in- those of the established authority. A rival in- stallations, personnel, and equipment; terrorism surgent government may be announced to seek by assassination, bombing, arson, armed rob- recognition and belligerent status. All previous bery, kidnapping, torture, and mutilation ;pro- activities are intensified.

Section IV. FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF INSURGENCY 9. General entirely, as an internal security problem of the In less developed countries, the desires of the nation concerned and one to be handled by people for rapid modernization are frequently military and police actions. Viewed as part of capitalized upon by insurgent elements. Gen- the larger problem of modernization, the pre- erally, developing countries have just recently vention of subversive insurgency runs the obtained political independence; some are just gamut of measures for political, economic, emerging into a new era of economic and social social, and military development. Support of a development. In the past, the problem of coun- modernization program by the conduct of mili- terinsurgency has been viewed primarily, if not tary civic action is a major preventive measure.

8 AGO 644RA 10. Military Civic Action sibilities described below are applicable to both U.S. and indigenous forces. a. Purpose. The purpose of the military civic action program is to use indigenous military (1) Command. The direction, specific guid- resources for the benefit of civilian commu- ance, and control of military civic ac- nities, such as assisting in health, welfare, and tion is the responsibility of military public works projects, improving living condi- commanders at a11 levels. The initia- tions, alleviating suffering, and improving the tive and imagination of subordinate economic base of the country. In addition, such leaders should be exploited and en- programs seek to gain the support, loyalty, and couraged. The fact that military civic respect of the people for the armed forces and action is often the result of a natural to emphasize the concept of freedom and worth impulse of free men to help others less of the individual. It is a concept and technique fortunate should be recognized and which as proven effective in reducing the threat fostered. The guidance and control of of communist exploitation of real or imaginary an overall civic action program should grievances against a government. Civic actions allow for this natural impulse and en- are themselves psychological operations. They courage the native initiative and im- are undertaken to provide visible evidence of agination of subordinates. The guid- the government's interest in the welfare and ance provided should discriminate be- betterment of the people. A positive military tween the types of projects which a civic action program can help the government subordinate commander may under- and its security forces gain the confidence and take on his own initiative, and the active cooperation of the population. However, types of projects which require addi- in its implementation care must be exercised tional funds, supplies, or equipment not to impair the military effectiveness of the and which must be approved by higher units participating in military civic action proj- headquarters. They are most effective ects, and to insure that military civic action when they fill a recognized local need projects do not duplicate but rather supple- and involve some participation of local ment the activities of other agencies. Military citizens. civic actions should be exploited by appropriate (2) Individual. Military civic action in- publicity, locally, regionally and nationally to cludes individual actions which cause create the image of progress. the soldier to be regarded as a friend b. Conduct of Military Civic Action. Both of the people, as well as their protec- U.S. and indigenous forces may engage in the tor. Individual military civic action conduct of military civic action; however, the ranges from basic courtesy and disci- primary effort of U.S. individuals and units pline to participation in formal proj- will be to advise, train or assist the indigenous ects. In every case the fundamentals forces. The objective of such advice, training, of correct conduct must be followed. and assistance should be to increase the capa- For example, troops must be courteous bilities of the indigenous forces and reduce to civilians at check points and road dependence on U.S. aid. U.S. and/or indigenous blocks, and still be prepared for ac- tion if required. A disproportionate forces and/or their equipment will not be used amount of formal military civic action in the conduct of military civic action if such projects are required to overcome the use will interfere with, or be detrimental to, harm caused by poor troop behavior. accomplishment of the military mission as- The failure to pay a fair price for signed them, or training therefor. Military goods, a recklessly driven vehicle, or forces should not be diverted from their pri- a thoughtless or deliberate discour- mary mission. Likewise, military equipment tesy, may be the act which will make should not be used in dvic actions to such an villagers angry enough to refuse to extent that its usefulness for military purposes cooperate or to withhold vital infor- is degraded. Command and individual respon- mation. If, however, the troops have

AGO 6448A established a good relationship with (6) Win approval for the presence of the the people, have created a mutual feel- military forces. ing of respect and confidence, and have (7) Development of unity or disunity as demonstrated a sincere desire to help desired. the people, then their active coopera- b. For purposes of conducting psychological tion and support may increase. In operations, the population may be divided into essence then, proper troop behavior three major target groups- supports the overall objectives of mili- (1) Civil population. tary civic action programs and psy- (2) The insurgents. chological operations. (3) Indigenous armed forces. c. Examples of Military Civic Action. See c. Psychological tasks and themes are based appendix 11. on both the recognizable aspects of the friendly civil programs and the potentially divisive char- 11. Psychological Operations acteristics of hostile target audiences. Possible a. Psychological operations are planned and divisive factors are- employed by all units as an essential element (1) Political, social, economic, and ideo- of counterinsurgency operations. Objectives logical differences among elements of may include the following : the resistance movement. (1) Divide and induce defection of the in- (2) Leadership rivalries within the resist- surgents. ance movement. (2) Reduce civilian support of guerrilla (3) Danger of betrayal. forces. (4) Harsh living conditions of guerrilla (3) Dissuade civilians from resistance ac- forces. tivities. (5) Scarcity of arms supplies. I (4) Win the support of uncommitted civil- (6) Selfish motivation of opportunists ians. supporting the resistance movement. (5) Preserve and strengthen friendly civil- d. For more detail on psychological opera- ian support. tions, see chapter 10 an\ FM 33-5.

AGO 6448A CHAPTER 2 ROLES OF NONMILITARY AGENCIES AND OTHER SERVICES

Section I. NATIONAL AGENCIES

12. General ment (AID) deployed in foreign countries to The Military Assistance Program (MAP) to provide economic assistance. Offices of this agency usually operate at and from the various the country of interest in most cases will pro- vide the basic requirements for support by U.S. population centers of the host country. The activities of the USAID Missions are closely Army Counterinsurgency Forces. The military coordinated with those of the U.S. Information assistance program is a part of the Country Service (USIS) and the Chief of the MAAG or Internal Defense Plan. Mission, particularly in programming equip- ment necessary to develop indigenous psycho- 13. Department of State (Diplomatic Mission) logical operations and information capabilities. At the country level the U.S. Ambassador or The director of the in-country economic aid the principal United States Diplomatic Officer program is directly responsible to the Agency is the Chief of the Dip1 matic Mission and of for International Development in Washington, the Country Team. He is responsible for in- D.C., but he is a member of the Country Team suring that all U.S. military,e economic and and his activities in the host country are co- political assistance programs in the country to ordinated by the Chief of the Diplomatic Mis- which he is accredited are fully integrated and sion. The USAID Mission in the host country coordinated. Although not in the line of mili- is responsible for U.S. economic aid, including tary command, he works closely with the mili- certain construction projects, agricultural im- tary commander of the U.S. unified or specified provement projects, and currency stability pro- command to insure a full exchange of informa- grams being instituted with U.S. aid. The AID tion. Coordination of all in-country U.S. effort mission is also responsible for training the is accomplished through the Country Team national police and for developing indigenous which normally consists of a senior member of police capabilities for countering insurgency each of the major U.S. government diplomatic, and subversion. In this capacity they may re- economic and military agencies located in the quire, and be provided, assistance from U.S. subject country. One of the primary respon- military police or other military personnel, ex- sibilities of this team is to develop a Country Internal Defense Plan to achieve approved U.S. pecially when the police forces have paramili- objectives and to delineate the U.S. resources tary characteristics. The U.S. military assist- required for its accomplishment. The plan is ance and advisory effort and the USAID effort submitted to Washington for consideration and should be closely coordinated and complement approval by all departments and agencies con- one another. During the development of opera- cerned and becomes the basis for program pro- tional objectives (for the entire counterinsur- posals. gency program) the activation, organization and training of indigenous paramilitary forces 14. The U.S. Agency for International Devel- must be so planned as to support these objec- opment (USAID) tives. Security aspects for U.S. Aid activities The USAID Missions are the operational ele- constitute a major requirement for these para- ments of the Agency for International Develop- military forces. Divergent requirements must

AGO 6U8A be closely correlated. For example, when plan- classes, language instruction, motion pictures, ning the construction of military roads, bridges, music and other cultural and informational boat landing ramps and so forth, consideration facilities. However, USIS activities are not should be given by the U.S. military advisors restricted to the population centers. Frequently and USAID personnel to their functional design their mobile teams equipped with record play- and construction so as to permit use by the ing and motion picture equipment, accompanied civilian populace as well as the military. Co- by representatives from the local government, ordination with USAID should be effected for will visit rural areas to provide these services the adequate care of refugees, aid to damaged to farmers and tribesmen. When the military villages, and provision for food supplies when counterinsurgency teams are present within a shortages result from military operations. In country in which USIS is also operating, close each instance maximum use should be made of continuous coordination of the efforts of each indigenous military and civilian leadership, of these agencies must be maintained at all with the U.S. representatives providing advice, times. Uncoordinated duplication of effort must assistance and support. be avoided and combined operations should be used to the maximum feasible extent. When 15. The U.S. Information Agency (USIA) this is done the prospects for successful accom- In foreign countries the U.S. Information plishment of U.S. objectives will be materially increased. Agency is known as the U.S. Information Serv- ice (USIS). The USIS office is concerned with the field of cultural, information, and educa- 16. Relationships with Nonmilitary Agencies tional exchange between the United States and The primary requirement for successful the interested activities of the local govern- operations is unity of action at all echelons of ment. The USIS director, known as the Public U.S. civilian and military representation within Affairs Office (PAO), is a member of the Coun- the host country. Through the Chief of the try Team and like the USAID Missions, the Diplomatic Mission and the Country Team, a USIS representatives usually operate at the clear understanding of the relationships be- various population centers of the host country, tween the military forces involved and other where they provide libraries, educational U.S. in-country agencies can be attained.

Section II. OTHER MILITARY SERVICES

17. The U.S. Air Force tions. Coordination for all air support is ef- fected through appropriate joint staff elements The mission of the U.S. Air Force is to train, of the MAAG. advise, and assist the air forces of the host country in consonance with the U.S. Military Assistance Program and to provide logistical 18. The U.S. Navy and administrative air support to other U.S. The U.S. Navy organizes, equips and provides and host country counterinsurgency forces. The Navy Forces for joint counterinsurgency opera- U.S. Air Force element is a part of the U.S. tions and for support of the country counter- Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) insurgency program. Due to the geographical and functions under the Chief of the MAAG locations of many of the countries of U.S. in- in the same manner as other MAAG elements. terest, the unified or specified commander may The air support normally provided counterin- require that support services in the operational surgency forces includes, but is not limited to, area be furnished from predominantly Navy cargo, troop and passenger airlift ;aeromedical sources. These services may vary from finance evacuation; airborne loudspeaker broadcasts support for U.S. military troop payment to and leaflet drops for psychological operations ; supervision of MAP construction projects. As visual and photographic reconnaissance; close required, the MAAG is provided Navy elements air support and support of airmobile opera- to train, assist and advise the naval forces of

12 AGO 6448A the host country. Additionally, in the absence forces in counterinsurgency operations and of indigenous navy forces, the U.S. Navy may participates with the other services in joint furnish operational and training assistance to developmental actions related to naval and air river and lake forces operating on inland water- conduct or support of counterinsurgency opera- ways. tions. The Marine Corps develops language trained and area oriented USMC forces as nec- 19. The U.S. Marine Corps essary for employment in training or providing Marine Corps responsibilities parallel those operational advice or support to indigenous outlined herein for Navy and Air Force forces. security forces. U.S. Army Civil Affairs and In addition, the USMC participates with the Psychological Operations personnel may also be Army in the joint development of the doctrine, attached to U.S. Marine Corps units to perform tactics, procedures, techniques and equipnient their normal missions as an integral part of employed by Army and Marine Corps ground such units.

AGO 6448A 13

PART TWO RESPONSIBILITIES AND ORGANIZATION CHAPTER 3 U.S. AND INDIGENOUS COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES

Section I. GENERAL

20. Purpose Marine Corps shall have primary in- This chapter delineates Army responsibilities terest. and describes the organization and functions of (3) Develop language trained and area elements of the U.S. Army for counterinsur- oriented United States Army forces as gency operations. It includes an explanation necessary for possible employment in of the relationships of U.S. Army Counterin- training, or providing operational ad- surgency Forces to MAAG's/Missions and vice or operational support to indige- other joint or unified commands and the in- nous security forces. digenous forces being supported. b. Structurally, the U.S. Army has three tiers of forces upon which the commanders of 21. Army Organization unified commands, the chief^ of MAAG's/Mis- a. The counterinsurgency role assigned the sions, or in some cases the army attaches, as appropriate, may draw to support or conduct U.S. Army by the Joint Chiefs of Staff includes counterinsurgency operations. In the majority the following : of cases, the U.S. elements described below will (1) Organize, equip, and provide army be employed in an advisory/training role to forces for joint counterinsurgency indigenous forces. operations and for support of country (1) The first tier consists of U.S. Army counterinsurgency programs. Special Action Forces (SAF) devel- (2) Develop, in coordination with the oped by the Army to support com- other services, the doctrine, tactics, manders of unified commands. These procedures, techniques, and equipment forces, strategically located, can be provided with trained replacements employed by the Army and the Marine from a Base Special Action Force in Corps ground forces in counterinsur- the Continental United States gency operations. The Army shall (CONUS). have primary interest in the develop- (2) The second tier is composed of over- ment of counterinsurgency doctrine, seas general purpose TOE units, to procedures, tactics, techniques, and include brigade-size backup forces equipment which are employed by the consisting of infantry, armor, ar- Army and the Marine Corps, but ex- mored cavalry, artillery, engineer, psy- cluding related doctrines, tactics, chological warfare, signal, civil af- techniques, and equipment as are em- fairs, intelligence, military police, ployed primarily by landing forces, in aviation, Army Security Agency, amphibious operations for counterin- medical, and essential support units, surgency purposes, for which the which have been designated as back-

AGO 6448A 1s up forces for the SAF's. Area-orient- based U.S. Army forces, including the ed, partially language and fully count- base SAF which serves as a rotational erinsurgency trained, these backup base for deployed elements. In con- forces- probide mobile training teams sonance with contingency planning, and operational units of sizes and ca- area-oriented and counterinsurgency pabilities consistent with mission re- trained brigade-size backup forces are quirements. Generally, their elements designated for employment in speci- are committed when the capabilities fic areas as required to assist in pre- of the MAAG/Mission and/or the venting or defeating insurgency. The SAF are exceeded by the requirements third tier satisfies requirements that of the country concerned. exceed those of the first and second (3) The third tier consists of CONUS- tiers.

Section II. THE SPECIAL ACTION FORCE (SAF)

22. General the SF group commander who in turn may be regarded by the commander of the unified com- The SAF is a specially trained, area-oriented, mand or army component command as his partially language-qualified, ready force, avail- senior counterinsurgency specialist. The SAF able to the commander of a unified command augmentation elements, when employed in for the support of cold, limited and general war support of SAF activities, will be either in the operations. SAF organizations may vary in SAF chain of command or directly under the size and capabilities according to theater re- MAAG. The establishment of a Special Forces quirements. Operational Base (SFOB) with its attendant communications center facilitates operational 23. Organization control of the widely dispersed subordinate eIe- A SAF consists of a special forces group and ments of the SAF. selected detachments, which may include civil affairs, psychological warfare, engineer, medi- 25. Characteristics of SAF cal, intelligence, military police, and Army a. Security Agency detachments. Within the SAF, The SAF is specially trained and specifi- most of the capabilities of the army as a whole cally available for special warfare missions in- are represented on a small scale in a form cluding unconventional warfare, psychological specifically designed for counterinsurgency and counterinsurgency operations. It is area- operations. Elements of the SAF are deployed oriented and partially language trained. as an advisory/training task 'force to a host b. It is maintained in a state of operational country in accordance with requirements stated readiness. in the country internal defense plan or to meet c. Its members are prepared, from the stand- the exigencies of an escalading insurgency point of training and psychology, to work in situation. remote areas with foreign personnel, including primitive groups, under conditions of relative 24. Command/Control hardship and danger. The organization of the special forces (SF) d. It provides a pool of resources from which group is provided with a flexible command and training assistance and operating teams and control system which facilitates administra- forces can be combined on a task force basis to tion, logistical support and, as required, opera- meet the widely varying requirements of count- tions of all elements in the SAF. The SF group erinsurgency operations. headquarters, and the SF operational detach- ments B and C, each possessing a unit staff, e. It represents a regional repository of ex- plan and conduct operations as directed within perience in counterinsurgency operations. their capabilities. The SAF is commanded by f. See FM 31-22A. -

AGO 6448A Section Ill. OTHER U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES

26. Backup Forces, Second and Third Tiers force are capable of training, advising, and providing operational assistance to indigenous Brigade-size backup forces are organized regular and paramilitary forces. The tailoring from selected overseas and CONUS divisions to of this force as MTT,s is discussed in paragraps provide area-oriented and partially language- 57 through 59. Trainipg requirements for this trained mobile training teams, detachments, force or elements ther'eof are outlined in para- and operational units as backup for the SAF's graph 123. and/or MAAG's (par. 21b(2) and (3)). The mission, training and organization of these forces generally parallel that of the SAF; how- 28. General Purpose Units ever, since they are normally deployed follow- In addition to the SAF and brigade-size back- ing an escalation in the level of insurgency, up forces discussed above, general purpose more emphasis is placed on developing combat CONUS and theater army forces may be de- capabilities. ployed to support the activities of the MAAG/ Mission or specified command, in accordance 27. Brigade Organization, Capabilities with the requirements of country internal de- in these forces are specially trained fense plans. Such requirements may include smal"f infantry, artillery and armored cavalry combat support and combat service support mobile training teams, and engineer, psycho- units and, under exceptional circumstances, logical warfare, signal, civil affairs, intelli- combat units. These units are deployed to gence, aviation, Army Security Agency, medi- countries to support indigenous military and cal, military police, and other support units of paramilitary forces or U.S. Army units in the varying sizes and capabilities. These teams and conduct of counterinsurgency operations. The units may be deployed and assigned to a de- primary mission of such units is to provide op- ployed SAF or MAAG or, under exceptional erational assistance to indigenous forces in circumstances, the entire brigade may be de- cases where the latter do not have the capability ployed, when required. The elements of this of providing their own.

Section IV. ORGANIZATION FOR COUNTERINSURGENCY

29. Organization teams to perform specific missions. a. U.S. Army counterinsurgency forces may When SAF activities and strength be organized within a country in support of re- within a country do not warrant an quirements to provide maximum training, ad- additional command and control or- vice and assistance to the host country's count- ganization, they may be assigned to erinsurgency effort. An entire SAF may be the senior military representative within the host country. committed to one country. Usually, subordinate elements will be committed as task forces as (2) In the more advanced stages of in- required. Mission requirements and task force surgency a major part of a SAF may composition for a particular country or area be committed. In such cases, a SAF headquarters may be established with- may be based on an on-site survey conducted by in the host country by either SAF SAF representatives. Following are examples headquarters personnel or by a B or C of a variety of requirements that may result detachment of a special forces group. from surveys. The senior military representative (1) In the early stages of phase I insur- within the country will normally ex- gency, SAF mobile training teams ercise operational control over such may be committed to a host country. organizations. These teams may be followed by other (3) In other cases, it may be necessary for

AGO 644RA 17 all or most of the SAF to be committed include civil guards, self defense units, civil to a country, or a region involving defense groups and police. Police, generally several countries, and be assigned to a classified under paramilitary forces, may be JCS-established command. Such a under the control of civil authorities. command may include many U.S. a. Regular Forces. Regular forces, com- Army general purpose units as well as prised of conventional and specially trained support units from other U.S. mili- units, make up the largest contingent of readily tary services. The commander may available troops which can be moved at will establish subordinate headquarters to throughout a country. control the activities of the SAF and other units. (1) ConventionaC units. Divisions, bri- gades, or regiments can be organized b. In all cases outlined above, SAF com- into a number of small, variable-sized manders, staffs and individuals must be thor- task forces. These task forces are ca- oughly familiar with the in-country U.S. and pable of semiindependent action with- indigenous orghnizations to insure that maxi- out the combat support normally pro- mum assistance in training, advice, and opera- vided by a division. These forces en- tional assistance is provided the indigenous gage in reconnaissance and combat military and paramilitary forces of the host patrols, or operate in larger forma- country. tions tailored to strike rapidly in the area of operations. Regular forces are 30. Organization of Host Country Military located to permit rapid reaction to Forces guerrillg attacks or to conduct planned Although indigenous forces are not specifical- operations in coordination with other ly organized along U.S. lines, the doctrine de- forces. See FM 31-16 for a recom- veloped and tested by U.S. agencies may prove mended organization of brigade useful in many of the countries of the world. and smaller units. Regular forces Chiefs of MAAG's/Missions or other com- also are frequently available and manders should encourage the military leaders should always be considered in plan- of the host countries to adopt organizations ning for and execution of military similar to others which have proven effective civic action projects. The extent that in dealing with insurgency. However, political their work in military civic action is and sociological conditions in the country may known to the people and the success have a considerable bearing on how the country thereof may well determine the degree is organized militarily to deal with insurgency. of cooperation and amount of informa- Also it hay often be necessary to effect a com- tion received from the population for promise between those forces organized con- active counterinsurgency operations. ventionally to deal with an external threat and Combat service support units, while the forces necessary to counter insurgency. not listed as security forces, are re- With appropriate changes and additional train- sponsible for the security of their own ing most conventional forces can perform both installations and must be prepared to roles. fight as infantry. (2) Special units. These forces include 31. Indigenous Counterinsurgency Forces ranger and airborne ready units and are especially useful when properly Indigenous counterinsurgency forces are trained for the conduct of counter- usually of two types, military and paramilitary, guerrilla operations. Rangertype units each tailored for its own role, yet both capable normally operate within the military of being combined in a single task force. As dis- chain of command either as companies cussed herein, military forces include all reg- or in ranger task forces. Their form ular, conventional and specially trained units of combat is offensive in nature and is within the standing Army. Paramilitary forces characterized by aggressive recon-

AGO 6448A naissance patrols and security opera- to provide security within the area of a political tions aimed at the destruction of subdivision, i.e., a district or province, and nor- guerrila forces by raids and ambushes, mally are recruited from these areas. Civil long-range patrolling in remote areas guards may be organized into elements of and the disruption of guerrilla com- platoon, company or battalion size and placed munications. They can provide the under the operational control of the sector com- forces for intelligence and operational mander. These units participate in counter- screening missions. These units insurgency operations as required. In some should be employed in accordance countries these units may be under the direct with an overall, coordinated plan in control of the political head of the area. If a given area. Rangers, if assigned to this is the case, efforts must be made to co- one general area, obtain detailed ordinate their activities with those of regular knowledge of the terrain, population military units. Self-defense units (SDU's) are and insurgent habits. Units of partic- organized for town,village, or hamlet security. ular usefulness are ready alert forces These units usually remain within or in close comprised of both parachute and heli- proximity of the town, village or hamlet. Civil copter-borne troops. Paratroopers defense groups, like self-defense units, are local with their troop carrying aircraft are security forces. Police, which may be under the located to meet established reaction control of civil authorities, normally provide time criteria for reaching planned ob- assistance in population control and in the jective areas in the shortest possible maintenance of law and order. See chapter 11 time. Operational control of these for detailed discussion of paramilitary forces. units is usually maintained at a higher level than that of helicopter-borne 32. Area and Command Structure units. Parachute units provide troops A country may be organized into zones, area to assault objective areas which are too distant for helicopter-borne or commands, sectors, districts and other military other forces. Both parachute and or political subdivisions to suit the conditions helicopter-borne units should maintain that prevail or to best use the resources of the a portion of the force on an alert country. These areas may correspond to the status in the vicinity of the aircraft. military force structure in the country, i.e., Aircraft and a proportionate number corps, division, brigade, or regiment, or to of crews are also maintained in a political subdivisions. They also may be classi- similar status. fied according to the type of operations re- b. Paramilitary Forces. These forces are quired. It can be expected, though, that areas comprised of civil guards, self-defense units, classified in the latter manner will change con- civil defense groups, and local, municipal and stantly from one type to another. See ap- national police. Civil guards may be organized pendix V.

AGO 6448A CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL ACTiON FORCE AND SAF BACKUP FORCES, ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES

33. General (2) Deploying its operational detachmenta and mobile training teams by land, sea This chapter describes the missions, organi- or air when provided appropriate zation, capabilities, and concepts for the em- transportation. ployment of the separate elements of the SAF (3) Establishing the nuclei of four special and brigade-size backup forces. These forces forces operational bases when re- are organized with the primary mission of quired. providing training, advisory support and opera- (4) Providing up to four (4) operational tional assistance to a host country's forces en- detachments C, twelve (12) opera- gaged in counterinsurgency operations. There- tional detachments B and forty-eight fore, the organizational structure is based on (48) operational detachments A, each the mobile training team and detachment con- area-oriented, parti a11 y language- cept with each possessing skills which are qualified and trained for a counterin- needed to execute all the functions pertinent surgency mission assignment. How- to a counterinsurgency mission assignment. ever, when fully committed, another The SAF is a provisional organization com- special forces group must provide a posed of elements organized under approved rotational base. tables of organization and equipment. Similar- (5) Providing training and assistance to ly, the various elements and mobile training appropriate indigenous elements in teams of the backup force are provisionally guerrilla and counterguerrilla opera- organized from resources within the parent tions. organization. (6) Planning and executing appropriate aspects of civic action programs. 34. Mission (7) Controlling, by long-range communi- The counterinsurgency mission of special cations, the operations being con- forces is to provide training, operational advice ducted by its subordinate elements. and assistance to indigenous forces. c. Employment. The special forces group is assigned to the U.S. Army Component com- 35. Airborne Special Forces Group mand for operations under the operational con- a. Organization. The special forces group trol of the overseas unified command and is an consists of a headquarters and headquarters operationally ready element of the theater company, signal company, aviation company army counterinsurgency force. Whether operat- and four special forces companies (fig. 1). ing as a separate organization or as the major element of the SAF, and when appropriately Capabilities. At full strength the special b. augmented, the group trains its detachments forces group is capable of- and mobile training teams to meet theater re- (1) Providing, for counterinsurgency op- quirements. Detachments and teams are com- erations, the organizational frame- mitted as required in the host country; how- work, including appropriate command ever, a task force capable of establishing an and control, for a special action force SFOB is committed when most of the capa- and its component elements. bilities of the SAF are required.

AGO 6448A ABN SF G P

.

r --- HQ 8 HQ SIG AVN SF CO CO D ET CO LIIL Figure I. Airborne special forces group. - Figure 2. Headquarters and headquarters company, airborne special forces group. 36. Headquarters and Headquarters Com- (3) Terminate landline and radio circuits pany from adjacent and higher headquar- a. Mission. To provide command and con- ters. trol, and administration, training, intelligence, (4) Provide third echelon maintenance of and logistical support for assigned forces. cryptographic equipment for the b. Organization. See figure 2. For the de- special forces group, and organiza- tailed organization, see FM 31-21 and current tional and limited third echelon main- tables of organization and equipment. tenance of all signal equipment less avionics and navigation, organic to c. Capabilities of the company for counter- the special forces group. insurgency operations. b. Organization. The signal company is com- (1) Provides staff and planning support prised of a company headquarters, one base op- for assigned special forces elements erations platoon, two base radio platoons and prior to deployment. one mobile radio platoon (fig. 3). (2) Determines requirements for logistical c. Capabilities. At full strength, the signal support. company is capable of performing the following (3) When required, provides personnel functions : and equipment to augment SAF Task (1) Providing communications for a Spe- Forces for establishment of an in- cial Forces Operational Base on a country SFOB. 24-hour basis, to include message (4) Supports administrative and training center and cryptographic services, activities for the special forces group and telephone, teletypewriter and and attached units. radio communications. d. Group Commander and Staff. The com- (2) Providing long-range communications mander of the special forces group commands between a Special Forces Operational and supervises the activities of the Special Ac- Base and assigned special forces op- tion Force. In addition to the customary unit erational eleinents, and/or attached staff, the group headquarters includes the fol- units. lowing special staff elements : group surgeon, (3) Providing limited ground messenger signal officer, civil affairs officer, engineer, service. military police, psychological warfare officer, (4) Providing personnel and equipment to and chaplain. When the headquarters of the the special forces group headquarters SAF is the superior in-country headquarters, to operate a main SFOB and person- a judge advocate should be included. The re- nel and equipment to augment opera- sponsibilities and duties of the commander and tional detachments C to concurrently principal staff officers are as detailed in FM provide four subordinate small opera- 101-6 and FM 31-21. tional bases (less landline teletype). (5) Providing personnel and equipment 37. Signal Company, Airborne Special Forces augmentation to the operational de- Group tachments C to provide communica- a. Mission. To provide signal communica- tions to include landline teletype, tions for the special forces group and its de- cryptographic and message center ployed operational detachments. Tasks to be facilities for up to four separate op- performed include- erational bases. (1) Establish internal communications for (6) Providing mobile radio communica- a Special Forces Operational Base. tions support for committed opera- (2) Establish long-range communications tional detachments B when required for command and control of special to effect operational control of sub- forces operational elements. ordinate elements.

AGO 64486 SIG co

- CO BASE MBL BASE HQ OP PLAT RAD PLAT RAD PLAT

. 3

Figure 3. Signal company, ai~bornespeoial forces group. - 38. Employment of Signal Compaqy (3) Provide air movement of personnel, supplies, and equipment in unconven- The organization of the operational elements tional warfare operations within the of the signal company provides a flexible means capabilities of the aircraft. for supporting the SAF, SAF Task Forces when operating separately, and other subordi- (4) Provide parachute and airlan'ded de- nate elements as required. The two methods of livery, or ground or aerial pickup of employment described below exploit the full personnel engaged in unconventional capabilities of the signal company. warfare operations within the capa- bilities of the aircraft. a. SAF With Three abordinate Task Forces. The signal company can support four separate (5) Provide limited spot aerial photog- operational bases, each with landline teletype raphy. terminal facilities. This is accomplished by (6) Support psychological operations by using one base radio platoon with the SAF provision of airborne loudspeakers or headquarters, one base radio platoon with one air drop or air landing of materiel, operational detachment C, and one-half of the personnel, atid equipment within the communication center section of the base ogera- capabilities of the aircraft. tions platoon and one mobile radio team With (7) Provide training assistance and advice each of the other two operational detachments to indigenous forces in the conduct of C. Additional radio support can be provided airmobile operations. for up to seven operational detachments B when (8) Provide support to civic action pro- the latter are employed to exercise operational grams in counterinsurgency opera- control of subordinate elements. tions. b. Four Separate SAF Task Forces. The sig- (9) Provide other aviation support such nal company can be employed to support four as reconnaissance and evacuation of operational detachments C when the latter are casualties within the capabilities of deployed to separate areas and each is required the aircraft assigned or attached. to establish an operational base. The employ- (10) Organic third echelon aircraft main- ment of the signal company is the same as de- tenance including the repair and main- scribed above except that a base radio platoon tenance of avionics and navigation supports an additional operational detachment equipment. C instead of the SAF headquarters. Landline teletype terminal facilities are available for all 40. Employment of Aviation Company four bases. a. General. This organization will be em- 39. Aviation Company, Airborne Special ployed to support special warfare operations Forces Group within the context of counterinsurgency, psy- chological, and unconventional warfare opera- a. Migsion. To support counterinsurgency, tions. While it is organic to an airborne special unconventional warfare, and psychological op- forces group, it may be attached to elements of erations. a special action force, or placed in direct sup- b. Organization. See figure 4. port of various elements. c. Capabilities. At full strength this special (1) Elements of the organization may be warfare organization has the following capa- employed to support civic action; to bilities : transport indigenous personnel, sup- (1) Provide limited aerial fire support, to plies, and equipment, to provide air include escort of air serials, in coun- delivery of personnel and supplies, for terguerrilla operations. evacuation of indigenous sick and (2) Provide tactical air movement of per- wounded ;for dissemination of propa- sonnel, supplies, and equipment in ganda; for any other support of the counterinsurgency operations. host country; for internal support of AVN CO I I I I I I COMD EL CON COMD 8 CON MAlNT CO HQ COMM SEC PLATOON PLATOON SVC PLAT (FIXED WING) (ROTARY WING) I I *

TEAM STRIKE TEAM TEAM

Figure 4. Aviation company, airbwns ape& forces group. elements of a special action force; and operating under conditions of little or for support of other U.S. civilian and no external support. military agencies. (3) Flight operations section. This section (2) The organization can provide advice directs flight operations for the com- and training in appropriate aspects in mander ; makes available command the conduct of airmobile operations and control aircraft, with additional and can be employed for aerial recon- radios, for close supervision and co- naissance and surveillance. ordination operations requiring an (3) Elements of this organization are em- airmobile operations command post ; ployed to assist in dissemination of and establishes Iighting and a naviga- propaganda by airborne loudspeaker tional aid for the primary air facility. broadcasts, leaflet drops, airlift and (4) Communications section. This section air drop of psychological operations furnishes the equipment and operators personnel and equipment, and support essential for communications between of civic actions designed to promote the company headquarters and higher the objectives of the host country gov- , and lower units, at distances of up to ernment. 150 miles. Personnel to repair the communications and electronic navi- b. Method of Operation. gation equipment on aircraft of the (I) General. The aviation company, or organization are in this section. A elements thereof, will be deployed into photographic laboratory and neces- a foreign country at the invitation of sary personnel are in this section to that country, either alone or with ele- support a limited capability for aerial ments of a special forces group. Spe- photography. cific direction and missions will be re- (5) Comrrmnd and control platoon head: ceived from the MAAG or other ele- quarters (fixed wing). The section ment of the U.S. Country Team to best headquarters team provides the con- support the host country's counterin- trol headquarters for the fixed wing surgency operations and other opera- teams of the company. However, to tions in the fields of psychological and obtain maximum flexibility in tailor- unconventional warfare. The unit may ing elements for specific missions, the be further deployed within the country commander is trained to control and at one or more locations to best con- employ any aircraft elements of the duct operations. company, together with other essential (2) Company headquarters. The company support atta zhments, for extended headquarters plans for and controls periods of time in areas distant from operations of subordinate elements of the company headquarters. the company; effects liaison with other (6) Fixed wing utility team. Equipped U.S. elements in the country and with with the U-10 aircraft, this team can indigenous forces as required; pro- operate from areas not normally ac- vides the control and planning head- cessible to other fixed wing aircraft in quarters for miscellaneous aviation the Army inventory. It provides the augmentation teams; directs the spe- company with an aircraft which can cial training required by elements of serve in a wide variety of roles, to in- the company; and provides the com- clude utility transport, observation, mand element when other operational courier, evacuation of casualties, radio aviation elements are attached. It con- relay and psychological operations. tains the normal mess and other ad- The capabilities of the aircraft permit ministrative personnel less medical its employment in widely separated

and personnel administration, re- areas, by individual aircraft, or with i quired to support an organization, other aircraft from the company.

AGO 6448A (7) Fixed wing transport team. This team, tions in scale with the small number equipped with cargo aircraft, is used of aircraft involved. as the primary means of furnishing (11) Maintenance and service platoon. This logistic support to deployed elements platoon provides third echelon field of the company, special forces group, maintenance, motor maintenance sup- and other elements of a special action port, and POL and ammunition han- force. Its good cargozcarrying capa- dling and storage. Elements from this bility, together with the short takeoff platoon are attached to other elements and landing characteristics of the air- of the company which are operating craft, make it ideal in furnishing air- for extended periods of time at great lift support between refined air facili- distances from the main base of the ties which can be used by Air Force- company. type aircraft and the smaller strips which can normally be used only by 41. Special Forces Company Army-type aircraft. a. Mission. To provide command/control of (8) Command and control platoon head operational detachments and mobile training quarters (rotary wing). This section teams and to plan for, advise, train, and assist headquarters has the same capabilities indigenous forces in the conduct of counterin- as the fixed wing command and con- surgency operations. trol section headquarters. Normally, b. Organization. The special forces company when the rotary wing reconnaissance consists of an administrative detachment, one and strike and transport teams are eperational detachment C, three operational de- employed in airmobile operations, the tachments B, and twelve operational detach- team commander, together with the ments A (fig. 5). This company was organized, indigenous ground force commander, as such, for garrison purposes, i.e., administra- will be located together in a command tion, mess, and training. Its flexible organiza- control helicopter from the flight tion, however, with appropriate augmentation operations section. from components of the SAF facilitates its (9) Rotary wing reconnaissance and strike organization for counterinsurgency mission as- team. This team provides additional signments. The special forces company com- aerial reconnaissance and surveillance mander is also the commander of the opera- means in support of indigenous forces. tional detachment C. Its fire support capability, rockets and c. Operational Detachment C. This detach- machine guns, is employed to support ment is the senior operational unit of the special ground troops, to attack targets of op- forces company. It is capable of- portunity and as escort for the trans- (1) Participating in counterinsurgency port helicopters. operations with indigenous forces. (10) Rotary wing transport teams. These (2) Exercising operational control over teams provide the principle means of subordinate detachments. reaching remote areas in carrying out (3) Providing the nucleus for the estab- all aspects of counterinsurgency and lishment of a special f~rcesopera- psychological operations. They trans- tional base within a host country to port personnel, supplies, materiel, and support the activities of a MAAG/ equipment of elements of the special Mission or other U.S. military author- action force. These teams provide the ity in support of the indigenous coun- type of airlift most frequently lacking terinsurgency effort. in developing countries where the com- (4) Providing training, operational advice pany is most likely to be employed. and assistance in counterinsurgency They provide the essential means for operations to appropriate military and mobility in counterguerrilla opera- paramilitary forces of a host country.

AGO 6448A I OP DET I

L, - L -L OP DET OP DET - "B" "A" -

Figure 5. Special forces company, airborne special forces group. d. Operational Detachment B. This detach- ard procedure when detachments and MTT's ment is capable of- are training, advising and assisting the coun- (1) Exercising operational control over try's national army. Detachments and MTT's assigned or attached operational de- engaged in organizing and training paramili- tachments A and mobile training tary forces in remote areas or training counter- teams. part units may be in a chain of command es- (2) Providing training and operational tablished by the senior commander within the advice and assistance to indigenous country. Their operations may be planned and battalions, regiments or brigades. supervised directly from the SFOB. (3) Performing limited military civic ac- tions. 42. Civil Affairs (4) Participating in counterinsurgency The civil affairs detachment of the SAF ad- operations with indigenous forces. vises and assists indigenous forces in carrying out civil affairs functions. Where indigenous (5) Form mobile training teams as re- quired within its capabilities. civil affairs organization, staff sections and units are in being, the task is simplified. If no e. Operatid Detachment A. This detach- civil affairs organization is present, the indig- ment is capable of- enous commander of the area must rely on (1) Training, advising and providing forces available to him. In such a case, U.S. operational assistance to paramilitary civil affairs elements should encourage the for- forces, indigenous special forces and mation of a provisional indigenous staff organi- other military forces. zation. The Special Forces Group Civil Affairs (2) Form mobile training teams as re- staff officer assists in planning for the employ- quired within capabilities. ment of the civil detachment. (3) Performing limited military civic ac- tions. 43. Civil Affairs Detachment (4) Organizing, training, advising, and a. Mission. The civil affairs detachment and directing as required tribal, village its component elements participate and assist and other remote area groups in coun- in military civic action by providing profes- terinsurgency operations. sional and technical assistance and advice to U.S. and indigenous military forces in the use f. Employment of the Special Forces Com- of military skills and talents in ways which will pany. The special forces company forms the strengthen the social, economic and political nucleus for a SAF task force. The operational posture of the country. detachment C, in its dual role as an operat- ing/control team, establishes an opera- b. Organization. The civil affairs detach- tional base within the host country when re- ment contains appropriate functional teams, quired, and conducts operations in accordance and detachment and platoon headquarters with provisions of the country team plan and drawn from TOE 41-500. The teams are se- supplementary directives of superior military lected and are expanded or reduced to meet the headquarters. The base is located to facilitate requirements of the mission and the character- operations and is in the vicinity of an air fa- istics of the area of operations. A type civil cility and support installations. The task force affairs detachment (fig. 6) may be organized to commander may employ operational detach- include a detachment headquarters, three pla- ments B to control and administer the activities toon headquarters, two economic sections, two of subordinate elements in a designated area of government sections, two public facilities sec- operations. However, separate detachments and tions, two special functions sections, and two mobile training teams may also be placed under language teams. The following skills are repre- the operational control of MAAG advisors when sented in this type detachment: economics, assigned missions within the latter's area of agriculture, public health and sanitation, public responsibility. The latter course may be stand- welfare, public education, labor, public works

AGO 644RA 7CA DET - - - 'I- 7 SPECIAL LAN GUAGE DET HQ PLAT HQ 60VT SEC FUNCTI0 N S SEC TEAM I I I L

ECONOM lC S FACILITIES

Figure 6. Type civil affairsdetachment, special actwn force. and utilities, public communications, public b. When a contingent of the SAF, such as a transportation, and civil information. The de- task force, is deployed, a civil affairs platoon tachment also may include the skills repre- with sections, teams and individuals may be sented by veterinary, public administration and attached as required. The civil affairs platoon specialized medical personnel. may support the task force as follows : c. Capabilities. The civil affairs detachment (1) Place civil affairs MMT's in support is capable of- of operational detachments B to plan, (1) Providing basic instruction, advice, coordinate and assist in the develop guidance and assistance in civic action ment and implementation of civic ac- program of a host country. tion programs at military area and (2) Analyzing conditions to determine the provincial level. In implementing civic basic causes of insurgency and recom- action programs these teams provide mend action to reduce or eliminate instruction and advice to both indig- these causes. enous military and civilian leaders. (3) Providing augmentation to an opera- (2) Provide technical assistance, advice tional detachment C when the latter and instruction for indigenous forces is deployed to a host country as the being trained by operational detach- command element of a task force. ments A or other SAF MTT's which (4) Providing mobile training teams to require support in civic action pro- support the activities of SAF MTT's grams. and MAAG advisory detachments. c. The civil affairs detachment operates un- (5) Providing personnel with professional der the command of the SAF except as noted skills to assist MAAG or other U.S. above. Signal communications support is pro- military headquarters and agencies vided by the SAF, operational detachment C represented on the country team by or MAAG/Mission, as appropriate. organizing civil affairs operating staffs and units, and establishing d. The civil affairs detachment is provided training programs. administrative and logistic support by the SAF, operational detachment C or MAAG/Mission (6) Providing assistance in the prepara- tion of area studies and area surveys. as appropriate. (7) Providing instruction for other ele- ments of the SAF in the conduct of 45. Medical Service military civic actions. In several counterinsurgency situations medi- cal service has proven to be one of the most 44. Employment of Civil Affairs Detachment effective instruments available within the U.S. a. The civil affairs detachment, with its Army's resources for helping to gain the sup- flexible organization, supports the mission of port of the civilian population. Civic action the Special Action Force. Its component programs should include medical service clinics platoons, sections, functional teams and in- and MTT's which can provide training, advice, dividuals may be attached to elements of the and operational assistance to indigenous mili- SAF or to MAAG's/Mission, other U.S. head- tary and paramilitary forces. They also provide quarters or indigenous military forces in sup- port of counterinsurgency programs. During emergency medical treatment and evacuation the early stages of phase I, elements of the de- of civilians, assistance to civilian medical fa- tachments may be deployed to a host country cilities, and assistance to aid-men in district ahead of other components of the SAF. In such and village dispensaries. The inclusion of the cases these civil affairs elements would be as- medical service detachment in the SAF pro- signed to the MAAG/Mission or other U.S. bides, in part, a capability to carry out these component within the host country and operate functions. Its cellular organization facilitates at the national, provincial, and local level. tailoring for specific missions.

AGO 6448A MED SERVICE DET

MEDICAL MEDICAL CONTROL SUPPORT TEAMS TEAM (MTT) 1 a (TOTAL OF 21 MOBILE TRAINING TEAMS)

Figure 7. Type medical service detachment, special action force. 46. Medical Service Detachment teams to support a deployed SAF Task Force. a. Mission. To provide planning, training and operational assistance to indigenous mili- d. Employment of Medical Service Detach- tary forces of a host country with particular ment. emphasis on the latter's development of civic (1) Organizational flexibility permits the action projects. The detachment will provide, detachment to provide medical control within its capabilities, unit level medical serv- teams and medical support teams for ice for U.S. personnel. support of elements of the SAF as b. Organization. The detachment contains required. Normally one medical con- appropriate functional teams drawn from TOE trol team and 6 to 10 medical teams 8-500. A type detachment (fig. 7) might con- will be attached to a special forces op- sist of three medical control teams (Team SA) , erational detachment C when the lat- and 21 medical support teams (Team SB) con- ter is deployed as the major unit of sisting of a chief medical specialist, a medical the SAF. These teams may be placed specialist and a preventive medicine specialist. in support of operational detachments The senior control officer commands the detach- A and B. Medical teams may remain ment when the SAF is deployed as an entity or under the operational control of the in garrison prior to deployment. The number operational base when required to of medical support teams that can be con- work independently with indigenous trolled and supervised by a medical control team medical units and civic action projects will vary according to the situation; however, not involving special forces participa- control teams are allocated on the basis of 6 to tion. 10medical support teams deployed. (2) Medical control and support teams may be placed under the operational c. Capabilities. The detachment is capable control of MAAG advisory detach- of- ments operating with indigenous mili- (1) Providing training, advice and opera- tary forces. tional assistance to indigenous mili- tary and paramilitary forces engaged (3) As required, medical control and sup- in counterinsurgency operations. port teams may be deployed sepa- . rately to a host country and assigned (2) Establishing clinics to provide limited to a MAAG/Mission or other U.S. medical treatment to indigenous military authority. civilians as a part of the coordinated civic action program. 47. Military Engineers (3) Providing medical support to special Military engineers provide support in coun- forces operations in remote areas. terinsurgency operations in both a combat role (4) Providing supervision, advice, and as- and supporting civic action projects. U.S. Army sistance in instituting preventive engineers have adequate technical and mana- medicine programs to include public gerial capacity for their cold war mission. Con- hygiene and insect and rodent control versely, indigenous forces in the newly develop- programs. ing countries lack a sufficient number of trained (5) Providing medical service in district engineers. or village dispensaries on a scheduled part time basis. 48. Engineer Detachment (6) Providing medical support, within its a. Mission. The engineer detachment pro- capabiltiies, to U.S. personnel. vides training, advice and assistance to indig- (7) 1n furtherance of the above capabil- enous engineer units, and to other forces en- ities the detachment provides medical gaged in counterinsurgency operations or per- control teams and medical support forming civic action.

AGO 6448A rlENGR DET

I CONTROL n ADVISORY 1 lkF,- TEAM I 1

Figure 8. Type engineer detachment, special arch fm. b. Organization. The engineer detachment (1) One control team and three or more contains appropriate functional teams drawn advisory teams with each task force from TOE 5-500. A type engineer detachment when the latter is deployed to a host (fig. 8) might consist of control teams (Team count?y. The mission of the teams are KA) and advisory teams (Team KB). The con- planned and controlled from the op- trol team has a staff engineer, a public works- erational base. utilities officer, a construction inspector (2) Advisory teams providing training, (NCO), a clerk-typist and a construction advice and assistance to indigenous draftsman. The advisory team consists of a engineer units or other forces may be civil engineer and four engineer NCO's (con- placed under the operational control struction inspector, equipment maintenance of a MAAG advisory detachment supervisor and an assistant, and a construction when the latter has primary responsi- foreman). Engineer equipment organic to these bility within a given area or command. teams includes survey levels, drafting and dup- (3) Under some circumstances, the engi- licating equipment and pioneer tool kits. The neer detachment or its elements may control team usually is allocated on a basis of be deployed to a host country prior to one control team per four to nine advisory other components of the SAF. In this teams. case the detachment or its elements c. Capabilities. The engineer detachment is would be placed under command of the capable of- MAAG or other U.S. military author- (1) Providing training, advice, and limited ity. operational assistance to indigenous (4) The engineer detachment or its ele- engineer units and other military and ments will be provided administrative paramilitary forces engaged in civic and logistical support by the special action projects such as construction of action force structure except when de- farm-to-market roads, bridges, village ployed as indicated in (3) above. wells and sanitation developments; construction of schools, hospitals or 49. Military Police other type public buildings. Many aspects of counterinsurgency opera- (2) Providing assistance to indigenous en- tions involve purely police actions. Police meth- gineer units in supporting their own ods and techniques are applicable throughout troops in counterinsurgency opera- all phases of insurgency. Police actions include tions. riot control, area control, public relations, (3) Supervising operations with indig- police information, physical security, and gen- enous engineer counterparts when re- eral investigation. The indigenous counter- quired. insurgency force must obtain these capabilities (4) Providing assistance and advice to within its organizational structure if it is to U.S. military forces when committed deal effectively with an insurgent movement. Many of the functions required in police opera- in support of indigenous forces. tions can be performed by regular troops. (5) Providing support to special forces op- erations in remote areas. 50. Military Police Detachment (6) Providing teams as required to a SAF task force when the latter is deployed a. Mission. To provide planning, training and operational assistance to both indigenous to a host country. military and paramilitary forces in accordance d. Employment. The engineer detachment with the countersubversion and the general is under the command of the SAF commander military police program. The military police prior to deployment or when the SAF is de- detachment also has the task of effecting neces- ployed as an entity. A normal method of em- sary liaison with national and U.S. police ployment is- agencies.

AGO 644RA MP DET

- MOBILE - DET HQ TRAINIffi TEAM I

Figure 9. Type rnilitwy police detachment, special action force. b. Organination. The military police detach- forces or paramilitary police organi- ment contains appropriate functional teams zations in coordination with the drawn from TOE 19400. A type detachment USAID mission. (fig. 9) might consist of a detachment head- (2) When military police subteams are quarters and three mobile training teams. Each supporting indigenous military police training team is organized with a team head- and regular forces in military police quarters, riot control subteam, area control sub- functions, techniques and employ- team, police public relatiom subteam, physical ment, they may be attached to a security subteam and a general investigation MAAG advisory detachment for op- and poIice subjecjs subteam. erational control. c. Capubilities. At full strength the military (3) Under certain circumstances, elements police detachment is capable od- of the military police detachment may (1) Command, control, staff planning, and be deployed to a host country ahead of supervision of operations of assigned other elements of the SAF to support or attached elements. the activities of MAAG/Mission or (2) Staff planning, advice, and assistance other U.S. military authority. to the special action force commander (4) Normally, the assignment of missions and indigenous military police on mili- for the military police mobile training tary police and related matter~. team and its subteams is effected at (3) Performing the above mission in the the operational base within a host following specific areas : area control, country and will vary widely in the riot control, physical security, police different phases of insurgency. This public relations (to include civic ac- planning is closely coordinated by tions), police information, and gen- MAAG or other U.S. Army compon- eral investigation and police subjects. ent staff to insure effective utilization of its training and advisory capabil- (4) Performing such other military police ities. or related missions as may be directed or as may be inherent in or essential to the accomplishment of the overall 51. Military lntelli(lence special action force mission. Military intelligence operations perform a (5) Providing support for up to three sep- vital role in counterinsurgency and must insure arately deployed special action force a thorough coverage of all aspects of combat task forces. intelligence, intelligence collection, and counter- (6) Providing support, as required, to intelligence. Intelligence staff sections and MAAG advisory detachments. units must be manned and supported by a suffi- cient number of trained specialists to maintain d. Employment. The military police detach- a constant impetus behind collection, process- ment will be under the command of the special ing, dissemination and planning. Experience action force commander prior to deployment to indicate$ that intelligence operations against an operational area or when the SAF is de- insurgency require a larger number of opera- ployed as an entity. Additionally, the detach- tional intelligence and counterintelligence per- ment may be employed as follows: sonnel than are needed for normal combat op- (1) A military police mobile^ training team erations. Successful intelligence operations de- may be attached to an operational de- pend on the proficiency and imagination of re- tachment C when the latter is de- sponsible officials, agents, agent handlers, ployed to a host country as the senior patrol leaders and small unit commanders. element of task force. In this connec- Through training and application of principles tion, military police subteams may be learned, valuable intelligence assets can be de- assigned missions to train, advise or veloped in national and local civilian police provide operational assistance to organizations, and in military and paramilitary indigenous military police and regular forces. Development of such sources of infor-

AGO 6448A COUNTER INTELLIGENCE DET HQ COLLECTION TEAM INTERROGATION f EAM TEAM

F

ORDER OF BATTLE (0B ) IMAGERY INTERPRETATION

(I I) TEAM

Figure 10. Type military intelligence detachment, ~pecialaction force. mation can be enhanced through close coordi- tary intelligence aspects of terrain, nation and cooperation with the military police weather, and enemy; imagery inter- detachment. The military intelligence detach- pretation ; interrogation procedures ; medt within the SAF contains the necessary reporting procedures ; counterintelli- skills to provide instruction, advice and opera- gence and security ; intelligence tional assistance to indigenous military and aspects of scouting and patrolling ; paramilitary forces in developing a sound mili- and cover and deception. tary intelligence capability. The detachment is d. Employment. also employed to provide intelligence training and support to other elements of the SAF. (1) The military intelligence detachment can be utilized as an entity or it can be fragmented into several MTT's 52. Military Intelligence Detachment with the detachment headquarters re- a. Mission. The detachment provides plan- maining in support of the SAF. ning, training, and operational assistance to (2) The headquarters detachment remains indigenous military and paramilitary intelli- in support of the SAF and assists in gence and counterintelligence organizations re- the higher level intelligence activities sponsible for countersubversion and related in- of the host country's military forces. telligence activities in either latent, incipient MTT's, however, can directly support or active counterinsurgency operations. also It the MAAG/Mission by assisting has the mission of providing intelligence sup major subordinate indigenous mili- port for special forces operations, psychological tary or paramilitary forces, intelli- operations and civic action programs. gence schools, or agencies. A special b. Organization. A type military intelligence MTT having only collection and coun- detachment (fig. 10) includes a headquarters, terintelligence cells may be employed and order of battle, collection, counterintelli- to support a special intelligence school gence, imagery interpretation, and interroga- or agency. tion teams. c. Capabilities. The military intelligence de- 53. Psychological Operations tachment is capable of- Military psychological operations in support (1) Providing training, advice and opera- of counterinsurgency involve the psychological tional assistance to indigenous mili- operations detachment in training, advising, as- tary and paramilitary intelligence sisting and maintaining liaison with their organizations engaged in counterin- indigenous counterparts. The ta& frequently surgency operations. will involve developing and understanding of (2) Providing intelligence planning for the nature and employment of psychological 017- the SAF and its subordinate elements. erations among U.S. and indigenous military (3) Supporting special forces operations personnel and developing an indigenous organi- in remote areas. zational structure capable of performing the (4) Establishing and conducting intelli- mission. gence schools for indigenous intelli- gence and counterintelligence agents. 54. Psychological Operations Detachment (5) Assisting indigenous military and a. Mission. The detachment provides plan- paramilitary forces in the organiza- ning, liaison, training and operational assist- tion, training and planning employ- ance to the SAF and the indigenous military ment of intelligence units. establishment in order to develop an integrated, (6) Providing training for indigenous in- coordinated psychological operations effort telligence personnel and units in- within the host country counterinsurgency pro- basic theory of military intelligence ; gram. It also provides support for civil affairs collection; processing inforfnation and USIS activities, and for U.S. forces when into intelligence ;order of battle'; mili- committed.

AGO 6448A MBL OP ELEMENT ELEMENT I I I - COMMAND U COMMAND AND I TEAM EPRESS TEAM paPRINTING AND RADIO tfLJ4-1 AND FILM TEAM

Figure 11. Type psychological operations detachment, special action force.

*] SVC SPT :I Mi 1 7 .. Isvc Ij3-j -7,(+) tE- I 0. 1- ,,,,,,ATTACHED NON-MVISIOMAL UNITS. -,,,-.- WVtSlOW AN0 NU#- D~VISIONLU.COMBAT SUPeORT UbCUS ARE ATTACHED AS MQUIRED.

Figure 12. Type brigade-size backup force. command, control, and planning for command and staff positions on the all subordinate elements when the team should include representation brigade backup force is comprised of from infantry, artillery and armor only mobile training teams and is com- units. The team functions in a man- mitted as an entity in an advisory and ner similar to the special forces opera- training role. The provisional brigade tional detachment B when the latter headquarters detachment may be is subordinate to an operational base organized from the brigade head- within a host country. quarters and headquarters company. The detachment may consist of a pro- 59. Backup Force Training Elements visi Pnal brigade headquarters, detach- a. Infantry Mobile Training Teams. The ment headquarters, and aviation, rifle company, infantry or airborne battalion, communication, military police, sup- can organize four five-man infantry training ply and transportation, maintenance, teams. Each team may consist of one officer, an and medical elements. Military intelli- NCO assistant team leader, one machine gun- gence, civil affairs, ASA, and psycho- ner, one 81mm mortar specialist and one radio logical operations augmentation teams operator. The infantry MTT can provide train- are provided for the provisional ing, advice and assistance in infantry tactics brigade headquarters detachment and the use of infantry weapons for indigenous from resources available to the unified small units up through battalion level. Train- command or CONUS, as' appropriate. ing, advice and assistance emphasizes counter- The detachment provides the capabil- insurgency/counterguerrilla operations. The ity for establishing an operations base team may be placed under the operational con- to support its activities when deployed trol of a MAAG advisory detachment as appro- to a host country. Personnel assigned priate. The team can provide limited advice or ear-marked for the provisional and assistance on military civic actions. brigade headquarters detachment will receive training iv their duty assign- b. Artillery and 4.2 Inch Mortar Mobile ments, and will be area oriented and Training Teams. The Arty/4.2 inch mortar partially language qualified as re- MTT's are constituted from the heavy mortar quired. The personnel grade structure platoon of the infantry battalion and the 105- will be in accordance with the size of mm,field artillery battalion. These MTT's can the provisional brigade organization be organized with an officer team leader, NCO as required by theater contingency assistant team leader, gunner, a 4.2 inch mortar plans. sergeant, and radio operator. These teams are capable of providing training, advice, and op- (2) Provisional battalion command/con- erational assistance in the tactics and tech- trol teams may be organized to exer- niques of employment of light artillery and cise command, control and planning for attached mobile training teams heavy mortars to indigenous artillery and and to provide training, advice, and heavy mortar units. The team can provide operational assistance to indigenous limited advice on military civic actions. They counterinsurgency forces. A typical may be placed under the operational control of battalion command/control team con- a MAAG advisory detachment when providing sists of a commander, executive offi- training for indigenous forces. cer, unit staff, sergeant major, opera- c. Armored Cavalry Mobile Training Team. tions sergeant, intelligence sergeant, Each armored cavalry troop can provide the administrative supervisor, medical personnel for one armored cavalry MTT. Each specialist, and radio operators. The team may consist of an officer team leader, NCO team is capable of exercising com- tank commander, gunner and a radio operator. mand, control, and planning for a The armored cavalry MTT provides training, minimum of fifteen (15) MTT's. The advice and operational assistance to indigenous

AGO 6448A troop-size units in the tactics and techniques f. Military Police Component. A military of the employment of tanks and personnel car- police element from the MP company will be riers against guerrillas. Training and advice tailored to meet the requirements of the pro- emphasize employment in both offensive and visional backup force. With some special train- I security roles. The team provides limited ad- ing, personnel of this element can be organized vice on military civic action projects. It may be into MTT's to provide training and advice to placed under the operational control of a indigenous military, paramilitary police, and MAAG advisory detachment when employed in police organizations in riot control, area con- a host country. trol, police public relations (to include civic action), police intelligence, physical security, d. Aviation Component. The aviation com- general investigation, and police subjects. The ponent, organized from the division aviation military police element or its constituted MTT's battalion, provides the provisional brigade may be placed under the operational control of backup force with necessary airlift to support the MAAG/Mission or other U.S. authority its activities when deployed to a host country when deployed to a host country. as an entity. The organization should include, as a minimum, one airlift section of the air- g. Signal Component. The forward area sig- mobile company, one observation helicopter nal center platoon, with minor personnel and equipment changes, can provide the necessary from the tactical support section of the gen- I eral support aviation company, and mechanics. communication support required by the pro- Sufficient equipment is provided to sustain a visional brigade backup force elements operat- second echelon aircraft maintenance capability. ing in a host country. The installation section The primary mission of the aviation component can be eliminated by adding two wiremen to is to provide administrative and logistical sup- the telephone section. The following specialists port to the widely dispersed mobile training should be added to the platoon headquarters: one still photographer, one still photo lab spe- teams. On a limited basis, personnel, aircraft cialist, one cryptographer, one general crypto- and equipment may be employed to provide graphic repairman and two radio repairmen. training for indigenous units and to support Additional equipment required are a still psychological operations and civic action proj- camera set, laboratory darkroom, and one shop ects. truck with sufficient maintenance equipment to e. Engineer Component. The engineer com- provide second echelon and limited third eche- pany, airborne or infantry division engineer lon signal maintenance. The mission of the battalion, provides the capabilities required for signal component is to support the provisional support of a SAF or provisional brigade backup brigade backup force operational base and its signal activities in a host country. The platoon force. The company may be employed to pro- can provide, on a limited basis, training advice vide training and operational assistance to and operational assistance to indigenous mili- indigenous military and paramilitary forces, tary and paramilitary forces. and combat support to indigenous forces en- gaged in counterinsurgency operations. It can h. Augmentation Units. As required, over- seas unified commands and USCONARC may support civic action programs involving a con- provide military intelligence, civil affairs and struction effort. Details of the roles and mis- psychological operations elements and the sions of engineer units are contained in chap- Chief, USASA may provide additional re- ter 5. The company may be placed under the sources to augment the capabilities of the pro- operational control of the MAAG or other U.S. visional brigade-size backup force. Skills re- military authority when deployed to a host quired in these units are not available within country. When supporting the country's civic the infantry or airborne division. Such units action program, its efforts will be closely co- should have capabilities corresponding to like ordinated with the U.S. AID mission. units in the SAF.

AGO 6448A 45

----- CHAPTER 5 COMBAT AND COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

60. General a., Assisting and supervising indigenous forces in the organization, training and employ- Many countries which are subjected in- to ment of similar units. surgency must depend on the United States for military assistance in those areas of effort b. Furnishing tactical and nontactical air involving sophisticated technology. When train- movement of personnel, aupplies and equipment ing requirements impose an unacceptable lead in counterinsurgency operations. time to attainment of operational status, it may c. Providing reconnaissance, surveillance be necessary to introduce selected U.S. Army and airborne radio relay capabilities in coun- units into the country to assist indigenous mili- tary forces in combat and combat support mis- terinsurgency operational areas. sions. Other factors permitting, indigenous d. Providing supplemental aerial fire sup- personnel should be integrated into these com- port in counterinsurgency operations. bat and corhbat support units. This will not only hasten host-country self-sufficiency but e. Providing leaflet drop and airborne loud- will also help tounter insurgent propaganda. speaker capabilities for civic Action and psycho- Under exceptional circumstances U.S. Army logical operations. combat units may be introduced into a host f. Aeromedical if augmented by country to perform tactical missions. These are medical attendants. discyssed in paragraphs 69 through 80. For the employment of chemicals, see FM 3-10. g. Providing command and control, and liai- son aircraft. 61. Army Aviation h. Providing armed escort for airmobile and U.S. Army aviation units are deployed in surface resupply and aeromedical evacuation. support of counterinsurgency operations, when invited by a host country or to meet previously i. Providing tactical air drop, air landing, established military assistance requirements and aerial pickup of personnel during infiltra- contained in the country internal defense plan. tion or exfiltration operations. Aviation units have the capability to provide operational assistance to indigenous forces in 62. Control of Army Aviation counterinsurgency operations; to support the U.S. aircraft used in support of indigenous MAAG/Mission or the Army component of an forces are retained under the operational con- established unified command; and to support trol of the senior U.S. officer involved in the op- Special Action Forces, brigade-size backup eration. Appropriate request channels and forces, and other U.S. Army units. An aviation procedures must be established to insure that company containing a mix of rotary and fixed- wing aircraft is organic to each special forces aircraft are used on sound missions and the group (Abn). It provides command and con- safety of aircraft and crews are not unneces- trol and administrative and logistical support sarily jeopardized without a, commensurate tac- of the widely dispeksed operational detach- tical gain. These request procedures should in- ments and MTT's. Some types of missiohs for sure that approval decisions are made expedi- Army aviation in counterinsurgenky operations tiously in order that the indigenous force can are- react rapidly to -sudden guerrilla attacks. 63. Employment of Army Aviation tions. Additional missions may in- clude warnings of severe storms, a. Support of Military Civic Action. Army guerrilla attacks, and disease epi- aviation units deployed into developing coun- demics; and issuing directives in riot tries may be used to support civic actions such control operations. as the transport of indigenous medical special- ists and supplies, the airlift of emergency sup- (6) Psychological operations personnel, plies to distressed areas, evacuation of indig- equipment and supplies may be trans- enous sick or injured, transport of indigenous ported by aircraft for parachute or leaders and dissemination of information/ air delivery to isolated areas which propaganda material. All such actions will be cannot be reached by surface routes or in accordance with country-to-country agree- where fast transportation is required. ments and policy directives published by the Small printing devices, public address chief of MAAG. systems, audio-visual units or com- ponents thereof, radio sets, psycho- b. Support of Psychological Operations. logical operations expendable sup- (1) Army aviation supports psychological plies, educational material, and train- activities in counterinsurgency opera- ing aids are some of the more impor- tions through positive deeds, propa- tant items of equipment and supplies ganda dissemination, and transport of which can be transported by aircraft. psychological operations personnel c. Counterguerrilla Operations. and equipment. (1) General. Counterguerrilla operations (2) Civic actions which may promote are marked by requirements for the sympathetic support from the indig- employment of small highly mobile enous population are discussed in task forces. Movement will frequently paragraph 10. These deeds can be ex- be over difficult terrain which may re- ploited by the dissemination of infor- strict or preclude the employment of mation and propaganda through the supporting ground weapons. Aviation several means available to psychologi- support can effect a superior mobility cal operations units. differential. (3) Propaganda dissemination support is (2) Flexibility of Employment. The com- accomplished by Army aviation bination of airmobiIe infantry squads through leaflet drop and airborne with helicopter mounted armament sound broadcast. results in a versatile and relatively (4) Propaganda leaflet drops can be ac- powerful combat force. The radius of complished by means of hand dissemi- operation of such a force employed nation, fuzed leaflet bombs and pack- against a small and relatively isolated ages, and automatic leaflet dispensers. enemy force far exceeds that of an Factors to be considered in planning earthbound force of similar size. Air- leaflet drop missions include the size craft teams may be used to provide of the target area, wind direction, airlift for parachute and air delivery optimum drop altitude, number of of friendly forces and/or aerial sup- leaflets to be dropped, method to be ply, thereby eliminating or reducing used, and guerrilla air defense capa- dependence upon ground lines of com- bilities. munications. The prompt reinforce- (5) Airborne loudspeakers can be used to ment by air of engaged ground ele- broadcast propaganda and informa- ments will provide ' added flexibility tion to both friendly and insurgent and the ability to concentrate the targets. Aerial loudspeakers are espe- necessary force at the decisive time cially effective against isolated targets and place. of an illiterate population having no (3) Attack and Pursuit Role of Aviation. other available electronic communica- Army aviation may support opera-

AGO 6448A tions to entrap and destroy guerrilla tinuous surveillance missions should forces and to deny support to those be flown. These missions accomplish forces. The fleeting targets presented the following : by guerrilla forces dictate that a high (a) They restrict guerrilla daylight volume of saturating area fire from movement to the more difficult areas armed helicopters be directed in mini- with dense vegetation. mum time and before the guerrillas (b)They increase the pilots and observ- disperse. Continuous pressure through ers knowledge of the operational pursuit can be maintained by the use area enabling them to notice of helicopter-borne troops. changes which might have a tactical (4) Command, Liaison, Courier, and Com- significance. munications. Commanders of indig- (c) They become so commonplace that enous counterguerrilla forces use fixed reconnaissance flights for airmobile or rotary wing aircraft to observe op- operations do not warn the enemy erations in progress and be in a posi- of im~endinn- action. tion to move rapidly to critical points (d) They can locate and report all suit- to personally influence the action. able landing and drop zones so that Such aircraft are also used by com- the information is readily available manders and staff officers to effect in fast moving situations such as re- liaison visits between widely separate action force employment and emer- counterguerrilla forces and echelons gency medical evacuation. of command. Army aviation may pro- (e) They can discourage or detect am- vide air courier service to effect a bushes where road or rail nets exist. rapid and relatively safe means of cir- culating tactical and administrative (f) They can provide emergency radio information and thus relieve or com- relay stations. plement electrical signal communica- (g) They have a favorable psychologi- tions traffic. Communication is ef- cal effect on both guerrillas and un- fected by radio for air-to-ground, air- committed civilians who constantly to-air and air relay traffic and through see them as an example of superior- message drop and pickup between ity in equipment. ground units and headquarters in spe- (h) They can provide border or coastal cial situations. surveillance to detect the movement (5) Reconnaissance and Surveillance. of large scale support. Army aviation provides the indig- (6) Aerial Photography. Aircraft may be enous counterguerrilla force a means equipped with aerial cameras to pro- of reconnoitering large and distant vide rapid and timely photographic areas which are difficult to reconnoiter coverage of suspected areas. This cov- by ground elements because of area erage should include daylight and size and/or location. Weather and ter- night photography. rain are major considerations in the (7) Direction Finding. Under certain cir- selection of aerial reconnaissance cumstances, aircraft may be equipped tasks. Aerial reconnaissance is ac- with a direction finding capability to complished in conjunction with ac- supplement ground-based units in the tions of and information from ground detection and location of insurgent patrols or other units. The guerrilla forces. obtains many advantages through (8) Aerial Fire Support. Various army knowledge of country, well concealed aircraft may be armed with such .hideouts and his ability to blend into weapons as machine guns and rocket the population. When availability of launchers. Armed helicopters, em- light fixed-wing aircraft permits, con- ployed in reconnaissance and search

AGO 6448A missions, attack targets of opportun- conditions encountered, such as ter- ity and provide suppressive fires in rain, weather, guerrilla dispositions support of counterguerrilla forces. and avenues of escape. Standing Such fires are directed through voice operating procedures should be pre- radio, smoke, panels, arm and hand pared for helicopter assault opera- signals or other prearranged signals. tions. Once the operation is under When counterguerrilla forces are de- way, particularly after the initial ployed within guerrilla small arms assault wave has been committed, range, suppressive fires are provided schedules should be adhered to as from lead or supporting helicopters closely as possible. Helicopters prior to and during landing and with- must be rapidly evacuated, and dis- drawal of troops. embarked troops must immediately (9) Airmobile Support. gain contact or pursue the guer- rillas. A small element should cover (a)In newly developing areas air trans- planned subsequent landings of portation may be the only suitable troops or supplies in conjunction means for rapid movement. This with aerial fire support. transportation includes the move- ment of forces, such as reaction or (d) Fixed wing aircraft can support reserve forces, to execute counter- counterguerrilla operations in those guerrilla operations, the movement areas not suited for air landings or of reinforcements and the shifting when the radius of action is not and relocation of these forces as re- within the capability of helicopters. quired to improve the relative force Such operations Fay be conducted ratio in favor of the counterguer- where guerrillas have succeeded in rilla force. establishing firm control over a large land area and penetration is (b) To obtain maximum advantage desired. Parachutists may be from the use of transport aircraft, dropped with appropriate tools to designated counterguerrilla forces clear areas for subsequent personnel with their organic equipment must and supply deliveries by helicopter. be in close proximity to departure sites. Selected troop units and sup- (10) Aeromedicd Evacuation. Under those porting air crews must be on an circumstances where airborne assault alert status. When possible, rotary operations are required, the most wing aircraft should be so located ptactical means of evacuating sick and that the operational flight time to wounded will be by air. Additionally, the most likely areas of employment the possession of this capability will is no greater than 20 minutes. improve the morale of committed troops. Medical and aviation personnel (c) Helicopter assault operations are are trained to assist in loading and conducted in mass with emphasis on unloading casualties. mobility, surprise and speed. Tac- tical surprise is achieved through delivery of assault forces immedi- 64. Logistical Support Requirements ately adjacent to a known or sus- Army aviation units deployed to an opera- pected guerrilla force. Trained tional area are supported through both MAAG shock troops are committed in the and indigenous support resources. Aviation initial assault wave. Control of heli- maintenance and service units are deployed to copter assault operations are best operational areas in accordance with require- effected by the force commander ments and augmented with indigenous labor to

from an airborne command post. the extent possible. POL and repair parts are I Helicopter formations and landing supplied through unit distribution to the maxi- procedures are determined by the mum extent practicable.

AGO 6448A 65. Engineer Support struction companies. Among its capabilities which make this unit especially suitable for The Corps of Engineers has wide experience support of a host country's civic improvement in both civil and military engineering. The program are- Corps of Engineers has performed construction work related. to the development of emerging (1) Construction or rehabilitation of nations ;it has gathered a storehouse of practi- routes of communication, bridges, and cable experience in the area of foreign assist- forward tactical and forward cargo ance through construction. The construction of airfields and heliports. public works has a beneficial effect on the popu- (2) Construction of buildings, structures lation and its attitude toward the established and related facilities. government. Such facilities as roads, railroads, (3) Construction of pipelines and storage airports and waterways not only provide valu- tanks. able mobility for the military forces, but also (4) Construction and rehabilitation of help the general economic growth. The purpose railroads, ports, depots, hospitals and of this section is to describe how engineer units utilities. can exploit their capabilities. (5) Limited bituminous paving. (6) Producing potable water. 66. U.S. Army Engineer Organization c. Division Engineer Battalions or Corn- A wide variety of engineer units are available panies. These units may, if deployed as part of within the U.S. Army structure. These units a task force, be employed within their capa- are organized and possess a wide range of capa- bilities to support a host country's civic im- bilities to provide training and operational as- sistance to a host country's indigenous military provement program when not engaged in tactical operations. The capabilities correspond forces and other agencies in support of a with those of the combat engineer battalion and counterinsurgency effort (FM 5-1). Engineer companies. units considered most suitable for deployment to support counterinsurgency operations are d. Engineer Topographic Company, Corps. described below. The company organization includes a company a. Engineer Combat Battalion. The battalion headquarters, survey platoon, photo mapping is organized with a headquarters and head- platoon and a reproduction platoon. It is capable quarters company and three engineer combat of-- companies. Capabilities which are especially (1) Preparation of sketches, drawings, applicable in supporting a host country's maps and map substitutes. counterinsurgency operations are- (2) Reproduction of existing maps, and (1) Engineer reconnaissance and intel- other intelligence material. ligence. (3) Distribution of maps and similar (2) Construction, repair, and maintenance materials. of roads, fords, culverts, fixed or float- (4) Accomplishment of surveys as re- ing bridges, landing strips, command quired for topographic mapping and posts, supply installations, shelters, to furnish geodetic control for the use and defensive installations. of the field artillery. (3) Preparation and removal of obstacles, e. Engineer Base Survey Company. The com- including minefields. pany organization includes a company head- (4) Installation and operation of field quarters, operations section, aircraft section water supply facilities. and three survey platoons. It is capable of- b. Engineer Constructicm Battalion. The bat- (1) Providing organic topographic survey- talion is organized with a headquarters and ing. headquarters company, engineer equipment and (2) Performing geodetic survey of second maintenance company, and three engineer con- and third order precision, including

AGO 6448A leveling and establishment of base or combat support to indigenous fotces lines. engaged in combat. (3) Performing topographic surveys using (2) Provide advice and training to conventional field methods. counterpart forces, in order that these (4) Providing necessary control data for forces may take over combat support compilation of new or the revision of missions. existing topographic maps by stereo- (3) Provide operational assistailce to photogrametric methods. indigenous paramilitary forces with f. Otl~rUnits. Other engineer units which emphasis on the development of field may be used to support projects established in fortifications for secure villages and a country internal defense plan are dump truck communications centers. companies, port construction companies, pipe- (4) Construct and repair major roads, line equipment companies, forestry companies, bridges, landing strips and helipads light equipment companies, construction sup- in forward or remole areas, railroads port companies, and a number of TOE 5-500 and waterways, and operate ferries teams such as firefighting, equipment operating, when these projects contribute di- construction, utilities and electrical power, rectly to the combat effort of indige- topographic and intelligence teams and dredge nous forces. crews. (5) Advise, assist, and train indigenous mi-litary and paramilitary forces in 67.' Employment of U.S. Army Engineers neutralizing guerrilla mines and booby I a. General. Engineer advisors, teams or units traps, clear vegetation and destroy may be required to support counterinsurgency faoilities useful*to guerrillas. operations in a host country during all levels c. Engineer Contribution to Civic Zmprove- of intensity of subversive insurgency. It is rnent. The following list is considered repre- necessary that engineer support be closely co- sentative of engineer tasks : ordinated with other U.S. agencies to insure (1) Construction of simple irrigation and efficient programming. Coordinatiw and free drainage systems. exchange of ideas with the local civil authorities (2) Reclamation of land by clearing and is of equal importance. Whenever possible, draining swamps. projects should be set up as joint enterprises between indigenous military and civil forces. (3) Grading operations. Engineer units may be deployed separately to (4) Forestry activities such as planting, a host country for the accomplishment of thinning, and harvesting. specific projects or with a counterinsurgency (5) Setting up and operating saw mills. task force. In many situations, engineer func- (6) Devising and constructing flood con- tions will involve pioneer tasks accomplished trols. with local materials and limited equipment. Improvisation and the use of field expedients (79 Assessment and development of ac- will be the rule rather than the exception. To ceptable sand and gravel resources for fulfill his combat role the engineer must be road work and general construction. thoroughly familiar with the tactics and meth- (8) Construction of housing and other ods of the insurgent force and with the methods buildings. used by a counterinsurgency force. (9) Construction, repair, or improvemqnt ' b. Engineer Combat Role. In those areas of of roads, bridges, railway equipment, a country where the level of insul'gency has and airfields. escalated and the defeat of the insurgents re- (10) Improvement of sanitary conditions. quires major military action, engineer units or (11) Devising acceptable methods of dis- advisory teams may be employed to- posing of hultlan waste when this (1) Provide technical service support and/ waste is not used for fertilizer.

AGO 6448A (12) Providing safe water supply systems. such as bamboo mats, planks, corduroy, and (13) Providing technical training to indig- log tread roads should be explored, but other enous military personnel which will more permanent type surfacing should be used be useful to them upon their return to whenever possible. Surfacing will normally a civilian status. consist of natural or processed materials such (14) Preparation of necessary maps and as crushed rock, coral, caliche and tuff; or charts as required for planning: road, stabilized soil surface. Soil cement can be used railroad, and airfield projects; irriga- as a wearing course for roads and other hard- tion and land development ; political stands. If proper types of mixing machinery subdivisions and geographical fea- are available, such hardstands are simple and tures; and land use. easy to construct and do not require excessive amounts of cement. It can also be used for (15) Construction, repair, and operation of lining ditches and canals for bank stabilization. utility systems. In the construction of helicopter landing areas in rugged terrain it may be necessary to con- 68. Engineer Counterinsurgency Techniques struct elevated or raised platforms. The discussion of the following techniques c. Bridges, Ferries and Rafts. may be beneficial to engineering personnel. (1) Bridges may be constructed of steel, a. Field Fortifications. Defenses around fixed concrete, lumber or logs, or even rope. installations such as supply points, and secure Depending on the time and materials villages and communications centers will be available, bridges may vary from a required. Field construction as provided for in permanent multilane bridge to the FM 5-15 is generally applicable to counterin- very crude expedient type (TM 5- surgency operations, but the protection needed 258). Const~uctionequipment may be will be more from direct fire and infiltration in very limited supply, and maximum rather than from the blast caused by large use must be made of hand labor and explosives. This will minimize the requirement such techniques as gin poles, tripods, for overhead construction and wide dispersion. shears, boom derricks, cable runs and Subject to local conditions, consideration should expedient pile drivers. be given to interconnecting trench type fortifi- (2) Expedient ferry systems include fly- cations around small field installations. Local ing ferries using cable and bicycle materials can be used for revetments to reduce traveler, hand operated ferries, and the requirement for sand bags or other items. river ferries using dugouts and bam- Areas for observation and fields of fire should boo outriggers. be cleared. The use of impenetrable brush and (3) Raft construction will often be of nuisance items such as sharpened stakes around locally available materials, and impro- a position may be effective. Improvised booby vised. These include a framework traps, man traps, camouflage pits and snare- covered with canvas, a brush raft, type traps can be used as warning devices for wrapping vehicles with tarpaulins, local security or in areas frequented by guer- bamboo rafts, and a combination of rillas. Extreme caution must be used to prevent dugout canoes. local inhabitants.from being injured by these d. Building Construction. Construction of devices. Construction of watch towers and office buildings, barracks, mess halls, commu- moats at fortified areas may prove valuable. nity buildings and homeg for relocated families b. Roads, Railzuays and Airfields. The con- or displaced persons may be required. The con- struction of good transportation facilities not struction should be simple, durable, economical only assists in combatting the guerrilla, but and easy to maintain. Standard plans may also helps the economy of the country. Heavy have to be modified to meet local conditions. reliance must be placed on local labor and ma- Often it will be necessary and advisable to fab- terials. Since unusual soil conditions may pre- ricate or manufacture the needed construction vail, the use of expedient type road surfaces materials. Some examples are-

AGO 6448A (1) Making of brick from local clays (TM rodents and other pests can be a major 5-742). problem. Types of control measures (2) Making of concrete block (TM 5-742). are construction and maintenance to build up and keep out severe pest prob- (3) Operating saw mills, blacksmith shops lems, proper drainage, filling, rodent and rock quarries (TM 5-342, TM 5- proofing, ease of termite inspection 728, TM 5332). and use of treated lumber. Biological (4) Engineers must be prepared to build control, to include protection of bene- facilities similar to native construction ficial parasites and predators, use of (straw roofs, bamboo framework, traps and barriers for the prevention adobe siding) and to construct with- of infiltration and use of pesticide out such essentials as steel nails. Drift chemicals should be considered (TM pins, mortise and tenon, dove tail 5-632). joints, proper rigging techniques, and the use of fasteners or other materials f. Area Damage Control Operations. To can substitute for these devices. minimize danger and to expedite recovery oper- ations, engineers help organize area damage (5) The decision to utilize permanent or control teams to engage in recovery operations temporary construction must be ap- after natural or other disaster. Further, engi- proached with judgment and a conser- neers can train paramilitary forces to include vative attitude. Permanent construc- SDU's in fire fighting, fire prevention, and other tion must not be indulged in to meet repair and rehabilitation work in the event of a short-term mobilization capacity natural disaster. when operational plans indicate that requirements for such capacity will g. Assistance to Agriculture. Engineers can pass within the life of temporary con- provide valuable assistance to local farmers. A struction. few examples are soil erosion control by means of check dams and terracing ;maximum utiliza- e. Sanitation. Water supply and distribu- tion of available forest resources by proper tion, rodent and pest control and refuse collec- selection, grading, classifying and controlled tion and disposal are all areas in which the cutting; mechanization of the grain grinding local population needs assistance. process; movement of water for irrigation pur- (1) The local water system will often be a poses; and clearing of land and building of primitive unsanitary type. Ancient homes to open up new areas for farming. methods of securing water from shal- low hand dug pit wells are still prac- h. Power Production. In most undeveloped ticed. Improved systems may be obi areas, work is almost exclusively done by hand tained by the use of gravel-filled gal- labor. Engineers can introduce such power pro- lery intake, and the use of bamboo, duction by harnessing devices as the windmill, hollow logs or concrete lined ditches or the water wheel and the gasoline, steam or troughs and windmill powered pumps. diesel engines. The production and limited dis- Water may sometimes be obtained in tribution of electrical power might also be ex- arid and semi-arid regions by digging plored. or drilling in dried lakes and river i. Construction, Planning and Manageme7~t. beds. In planning work, the engineer must take (2) Simultaneously with improvement of proper cognizance of the skills, prejudices and the water supply should come refuse customs of the local work force. He must also collection and disposal. Covering of know the amount, type and condition of equip- human waste, use of latrines, and dis- ment available for the project. In order to plan posal of garbage and other refuse in construction projects special experience factors sanitary fills or incinerators should be must be compiled and then adjusted to meet encouraged. varying conditions. The less developed coun- (3) In tropical climates the control of tries are characterized by limited resources and

AGO 6448A operate on severely restricted budgets; avail- might profitably be applied in civic action pro- able money must be stretched to the utmost. grams. Imagination must be given free play, This requires the best in engineering, planning however, to cope with nontraditional situations. and management. Some of the artillery skills and equipment \ available to aid in counterinsurgency are dis- 69. U.S. Army Artillery cussed in this section. U.S. Army Artillery units may be required to provide tactical support to indigenous forces. 71. Advantages and Limitations Normally the commitment of these artillery a. The advantages gained through the use of units will not occur until the intensity level of artillery fire in counterinsurgency are essen- insurgency has reached phase 111. The role of tially the same as in conventional situations but artillery in counterinsurgency operations, its with the added advantage of possibly a greater advantages and limitations, techniques of em- psychological impact on the enemy forces ployment and various types of artillery fire, (guerkillas). Some of these advantages are as and some special capabilities which artillery follows : units possess for performing civic action pro- (1) All-weather and all terrain capability. grams are explained in paragraphs 70 through (2) Continuous operations. 74. Additionally, the information accumulated in the succeeding paragraphs can be used in the (3) Flexibility. advice and assistance to indigenous artillery (4) Surprise. units. (5) Accuracy and mass. (6) Psychological impact. 70. Role of Artillery (7) Show of force. a. The role of artillery in support of counter- insurgency operations is not materially differ- b. The limitations in the use of artillery fire ent from its role in conventional warfare; how- in counterinsurgency operations,are essentially ever, the tactics and employment of artillery the same as in conventional situations. Some of must be modified to meet the specialized re- the more pronounced limitations are- quirements of these operations. (1) Difficulties in identification of the guerrilla. b. In counterinsurgency operations, artillery fire support will be of great value. Plans must (2) Difficulties in observation of artillery be coordinated and executed in such a manner fire. that the resulting artillery fires will not cause (3) Difficulties in the movement of artil- ill effects or perhaps alienate the population and lery weapons. cause them to support the insurgents. (4) Lack of survey control. c. The psychological impact of artillery in (5) Restrictions placed on the use of artil- support of counterguerrilla operations will lery fire. probably be out of proportion to the damage that the fire has actually accomplished. Con- 72. Employment stant harassing fires directed against guerrilla In addition to the basic principles used when safe havens may cause the guerrillas to keep employing artillery under conventional condi- moving and thus induce serious morale prob- tions, the following will generally apply when lems. Timely and accurate artillery fire deliv- supporting counterinsurgency operations. ered on a guerrilla force is a two-prong morale factor; it is both devastating to the guerrilla a. The necessity for movement of artillery and reassuring to the counterguerrilla. weapons by air, boat, pack-mule, and often per- haps by hand-tow. d. Artillery units contain personnel with specialized skills developed through artil1,ery b. Observation of artillery fire in difficult training. In addition, artillery units contain terrain will often require the employment of various types of specialized equipment which aerial observers.

AGO 6448A c. Survey data, in the form of trig lists and guerrilla force. Because artillery fire may ex- bench marks, will in most cases be nonexistent pose guerrilla installations by destroying natu- or unuseable. The observed firing chart, and ral cover and camouflage, aerial photographs when time is available, the high burst registra- should be taken before and after the prepara- tion will become the norm. tion is fired. Aerial observation should be in- d. Fire planning must be extensive in order creased greatly during the firing in order to to have preplanned concentrations on call to detect and report guerrilla activity. The possi- neutralize, block and canalize fleeting targets. bilities and the opportunities to employ recon- naissance by fire in a counterinsurgency situa- tion are extremely limited. The indiscriminate 73. Fire Support mixture of friendly populace and hostile insur- In addition to the normal fire support plans, gents preclude any large scale use of this tactic. certain fires peculiar to operations against Indigenous artillery units should be capable of guerrilla forces must be planned. These plans employing this technique, however, since there are innovations or variations of fire plans used are occasional "free zones" in which reconnais- in conventional artillery support. Among these sance by fire can be practiced indiscriminately. are- g. Preparatory Fires. Artillery preparatory a. Flushing. These fires are prepared to sup- fires may be planned to- port counterguerrilla operations by "flushing" (1) Suppress guerrilla activity in objec- the guerrilla into an ambush. They are em- tive areas of air assaults or landings. ployed in rough and difficult terrain and in (2) Achieve surprise and create confusion vegetation near paths, roads, and streams that in the raiding or assault of guerrilla are used as routes of communication. bases. b. Harassing Fire. These fires are planned h. Aid to Navigation. A preplanned air to deny use of communication routes, selected burst on specified coordinates will often enable areas and terrain features, and to disrupt guer- patrol leaders to definitely locate themselves in rilla operations. These fires may also be used difficult terrain. in conjunction with ground operations in the area. The amount of such fire must be well 74. Skills and Equipment Useful in Civic Ac- controlled to prevent wasting ammunition. tion Programs c. Neutralization Fire. Artillery may be a. Communications. The very complete com- used for the destruction of guerrilla bases or munications facility which is organic to most camps. U.S. artillery units may be used to augment or d. Blocleing or Barrier Fires. These fires are provide communications systems for civil use planned to support infantry operations by deny- in remote areas. ing guerrillas ingress or egress in the area of (1) Wire. Artillery units can furnish tele- operations, preventing escape, and denying re- phone line construction personnel, inforcements. These fires may be especially switchboard operators, and telephone effective where the movement of guerrillas is operators, with necessary equipment, canalized by waterways or jungle trails. and installation and repair capabili- e. Illuminating Fires. The illumination fire ties to augment the civilian facilities, plan is made to assist friendly troops by ex- particularly within the perimeters of posing guerrilla activity and deterring infiltra- secured areas. tion. It is particularly effective in support of (2) Radio and Radio Teletype. Techni- night ambush operations, and it may be used to cians are available who are capable of orient friendly patrols. installing, operating, repairing, and f. Reconnaissance by Fire. Reconnaissance supervising these communications by fire is conducted to obtain target locations. media. It is accomplished by firing on suspected target b. Survey. The unit survey crew, with some areas in order to produce reactions from the additional training, can provide invaluable as-

AGO 6448A sistance in aiding civic actions by laying out and air cavalry elements are especially suitable unsophisticated roadways, bridges, building to this type operation. Ground armored cavalry sites, airstrips, and other installations. is limited to objective areas that can be ap- c. Trangportution. Transportation available proached by vehicles. Armored units are capa- in most artillery units can be of great assistance ble of moving at high speed and attacking to the local government and the populace. promptly. They can carry sufficient riflemen to root out hidden insurgents and have sufficient d. Motor Maintenance. Although the number fire power to overcome any of the usual targets. of mechanics within an artillery unit is limited, Armored personnel carriers should habitually some instruction and supervision can be offered overrun the objective area so as to gain maxi- to indigenous personnel. mum shock action. This technique should be e. Electronics Maintenance. After a short applied vigorously until such time as insurgent transition period, maintenance personnel can forces gain a repressive anti-tank capability. be used as radio mechanics and repairmen to b. Pursuit. In every possible instance, fleeing aid the local populace. insurgents should be relentlessly pursued, f. Administration. Administrative assistance pinned down, and killed or captured. SincSe dis- can be provided local governments from organic persing guerrillas usually use preplanned sources. Although this capability is limited, routes of withdrawal, or if pressed, simply scat- instructors and supervisors can be supplied in ter to rally later at a predesignated point, any this field. pursuit must be undertaken immediately both on the ground and in the air. Infantrymen are 75. Army Armor and Armored Cavalry necessary to conduct the ground pursuit. Arm- ored personnel carriets possess a distinct capa- The circumstances under which U.S. Army bility for ground pursuit in high grass, small Armor and Armored Cavalry units may be com- brush and any terrain the vehicle is capable of mitted to support indigenous forces are the negotiating. The speed, armored protection, same as for artillery units discussed in para- fire power and elevated position of an observer graph 69. The assumption is that the commit- in the vehicle hatches make this a particularly ment of these types of units will not normally effective technique when flushing insurgents occur until the intensity level of insurgency has from positions. reached phase 111. For additional guidance on c. Ambush. Indigenous infantry are best the employment of armor/armored cavalry suited for this mission since they are not lim- units, see FM 31-16. ited by terrain conditions. Air cavalry and dis- mounted armored cavalry troops are also well 76. Armor in Limited Field Offensive Opera- organized and equipped for this type action. tions Since insurgent tactics consistently call for The types of offensive actions in which arm- withdrawal into areas relatively inaccessible to ored units may participate successfully are- vehicles, the successful employment of mounted raid, pursuit, ambush, and counterattack. With armored cavalry units in an ambush role is the exception of ambush, these operations in- doubtful. Air cavalry units may be employed to volve the movement of forces which must have establish impromptu ambushes to cut off with- greater mobility, fire power, and staying power drawing insurgents. than the insurgents. Additionally, armored d. Counterattuck. To be effective, the coun- units may support infantry attacks against in- terattacking force must be able to move swiftly surgents. This role may become the more com- into the battle area and assault the insurgents mon during the latter phases of insurgency. in the face of a large volume of automatic weap- a. Raid. The most important characteristics ons fire. They must close with the enemy to of a raid are secrecy and speed. Raiding ele- destroy or disperse them. If the insurgents ments must be able to move rapidly to an objec- withdraw, they are relentlessly pursued. Armor tive area, and attack simultaneously before the protection and great numbers of automatic and target disappears. Armored cavalry platoons large bore weapons are useful in assaulting an enemy and overcoming his heavy automatic fire. ploited to the fullest by aggressively overrun- A mobile, indirect fire support capability should ning and destroying the objective area. be available to the counterattacking force. All a. Armored vehicles are employed to move the required characteristics for a successful through and control streets, destroy barricades counterattack force are available in an aug- and reduce strong points. To prevent insurgent mented armored cavalry squadron. snipers from killing crew members who man e. Support of Infantrg Operations. The em- automatic weapons, and to keep insurgents ployment of infantry in counterinsurgency from throwing grenades into open hatches, it is operations may take place in terrain not suit- desirable to have armored vehicles which can able for vehicles. The infantry can move into button up and still employ machineguns. This forests, jungles, and mountains to search out applies to scout vehicles and armored personnel and destroy the insurgents. The infantry will carriers, as well as tanks. Armored vehicles are execute these types of operations by constant especially effective in riot control. deep patrolling, raids and ambushes. There will b. Air cavalry can play an important role in be instances, however, when infantry will be developed areas. Armed helicopters can hover fighting in open terrain, especiallly during or patrol over the area, observing, reporting, phase I11 conditions when large insurgency and interdicting any movements of insurgents forces take to the field in force to engage gov- across rooftops or in streets hidden from view ernment troops. At such times, armor/armored of the friendly troops. Helicopters can attack cavalry elements can play a decisive role by insurgents hidden on rooftops, and can easily providing armor support lo the infantry. Dur- maneuver behind barricades or weapons posi- ing phase 111, the insurgents can be expected tions to place machineguns or rocket fire on to have antitank weapons, such as rocket them. If necessary to reduce a strongpoint, the launchers and recoilless rifles. Generally their air cavalry troop can land riflemen on rooftops anti-tank capability will be limited And their to attack downward into a building or to secure troops vulnerable to armored attack. Armored a better vantage point for covering fire. cavalry can be employed as a maneuvering ele- ment, provide direct and indirect fire support, c. In addition to its suitability for combat in or provide other support that will assist the cities, the armored cavalry squadron can also infantry to complete its mission. subdue and disperse rioting mobs, provide mo- bile communications for police, and protect key 77. Armor Operations in Developed Areas government and industrial facilities. The. types of developed areas are villages, towns and cities. Villages usually consist of 78. Security Force poorly fabricated Huts clustered in a disorderly One of the first steps in counterinsurgency arrangement convenient to the local industry. operations is to convince and show the people In many countries, houses provide no cover for that the established government will protect weapons crews, but are often used for conceal- them. The government must take positive ac- ment of insurgent supply caches, especially for tion to insure that insurgents cannot enter food and ammunition. In some areas, there may populated areas at will to assassinate officials, be permanent structures in towns and cities, terrorize the people, and appropriate whatever such as factories, major stores, warehouses, supplies they need. It is necessary, therefore, temples, schools, and government facilities. to outpost villages with small, powerful ele- Combat against insurgents in these highly de- ments which can be promptly reinforced by veloped areas will be conducted in the same highly mobile forces from adjacent troop bases. manner as against hostile troops. In the attack An armored cavalry platoon reinforced with of rural villages consisting of the bamboo and indigenous infantry would be useful in this role. thatched hut construction, armored vehicles can The vehicles are effective in moving quickly operate in the same manner as outlined in para- under &R to different parts of the village as graph 76b. In the absence of an enemy antitank required. The village defense is undertaken in capability the inherent shock action can be ex- the same way as the organization of a strong

AGO 6448A point, explained in FM 17-36. To place an arm- specified for meeting engagements. See appen- ored cavalry platoon in all villages, however, dix IV for details on transportation security. would require far more units than are nor- mally available. Even a massive program of 80. Reconnaissance and Surveillance resettling the populace in secure village com- a. Reconnaissance, other than route recon- plexes may be insufficient, and leave a large naissance discussed in paragraph 79, will be number of villages undefended. Once a village conducted primarily by aerial and dismounted is apparently progovernment, has organized a elements. Finding specific insurgent bases or self-defense system, and has participated in camps will be extremely difficult because of the some actions against the insurgents, it can be lack of adequate intelligence. In pinpointing outposted by an indigenous infantry element suspected insurgency forces, reconnaissance or left with only its own self-defense forces should be made by aircraft since speed is essen- and thus relieve armored vehicles for other tial. Air cavalry aircraft and crews are well missions. Armored cavalry units may remain suited for this type mission. To avoid opera- in major towns, however, to free troops for a tional intentions, reconnaissance aircraft should more active counterinsurgency mission. not hover over or appear to show unusual inter- est in any particular area. Periodic flights over 79. Security of Routes of Communication suspected areas will accustom the insurgents to This mission involves keeping the roads, such reconnaisance and tend to make them less trails, and waterways open for traffic. Securing cautious when a specific objective is searched. land routes requires constant reconnaissance This will also permit continuous photographic coverage for comparative checks. and surveillance to discover and eliminate mines, roadblocks, and ambushes. It is manda- b. Dismounted armored cavalry elements tory that units performing route security have a usually conduct zone reconnaissance and often high probability of surviving ambushes. They patrol selected areas. This area reconnaissance must be able to destroy or disperse ambushing mission has a three-fold purpose-it permits elements and inflict casualties on the insurgents the troops to become thoroughly familiar with with minimum casualties to themselves. Since the trails, cul-de-sacs, and habitations in the ambushes are frequently conducted by insur- local terrain; it threatens the insurgents with gents, continuous employment of properly the loss of supply caches and hidden cultivated equipped armored cavalry units can be an effec- food plots; and it forces the insurgents to keep tive instrument in the defeat of the insurgents. constantly on the move or to stay dispersed. Actions are similar to standard route reconnais- Caution must govern the scheduling, size and sance and passage through defile techniques de- routes of such patrols, however, since they are scribed in FM 17-36, and follow the tactics vulnerable to ambush.

AGO 6448A CHAPTER 6 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

81. General 82. Medical Service This chapter covers those combat service sup- a. General. Medical service units are de- port units which may be required in a host scribed fully in FM 8-5. Units which are con- country to support U.S. and indigenous counter- sidered especially suitable for support of U.S. insurgency forces. Concurrently with planning and indigenous military forces engaged in coun- for the employment of a SAF in a disturbed terinsurgency operations are briefly described country, planning for the provision of adequate below. All of these units can make vital con- and effective combat service support also must tributions to civic action programs. All medical be accomplished. Normally the size of a U.S. service units should utilize indigenous person- force in a disturbed country is small, and logis- nel to the maximum extent possible, providing tical systems are tailored from all in-country them on-the-job training, classes, and assign- participating services. The system may fre- ment to positions of responsibility commensu- quently parallel a U.S. Army post, camp, and rate with thbir training and capabilities. station arrangement in the CONUS, even though the troops are widely dispersed. It may b. Medical and General Dispenmries (TOE 8-500). The mission of medical and general be more practical, for example, to establish a dispensaries is to provide outpatient service for commissary rather than a class I supply point units or personnel stationed in areas not pro- or depot. It may be necessary under some condi- vided with their own unit dispensaries. Support tions for the U.S. Army to provide and operate capabilities : Team MA-2,000 to 5,000 popula- part or all of the combat service suppgrt for tion, Team MB--5,000 to 10,000 population, and indigenous forces which have had insufficient Team MC-1,500 to 3,000 population. Because time to organize and train their own units. The of the wide dispersion of U.S. units and person- types and numbers of combat service support nel in a host country it may be necessary to units required for support of U.S. forces in a employ a greater number of these teams than host country will depend on the number of would be required normally. However, this will troops supported and the type units to which permit a much greater participation in medical these troops are assigned. If the U.S. troop civic action. Each of the teams is commanded strength reaches a high figure, or indigenous by an officer of the medical corps and each can Bupport requirements are extensive, considera- perform dental, surgical, internal medicine and tion may be given to introducing a logistical pharmacy functions. Team MA also has an command to command, control, plan and operate EENT section ;Team MB has an EENT section the combat service support organization. It is and also a laboratory section. Team MC has 10 normal practice to provide military medical beds available for overnight care and observa- service support for U.S. personnel deployed tion. overseas. In addition, appropriate supply sup- port and some form of maintenance support c. Medical Detachment (Team OA). The will be needed. Certain ancillary support activi- primary mission of the detachment is to pro- ties such as post exchange, postal, finance, and vide dispensary service for troops not otherwise chaplain services should be considered. There provided unit medical service. It is capable of also may be a requirement for judge advocate providing service for approximately 1,000 support. troops.

AGO 6448A d. Dental Operating Detachment (Team KZ). hospital unit is staffed and equipped to provide The detachment is capable of providing emer- medical and surgical treatment of all types of gency dental treatment and a limited scope of cases ;however, it prepares patients for evacua- routine dental care to 1,000 troops in isolated tion who cannot be returned to duty within pre- areas. scribed limitations. e. Helicopter Ambulance Medical Detach- h. Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (TOE 8- ment (Team RA). The principal mission of this 57'1). Units of this type may be required to unit is to furnish organization or field medical support U.S. or indigenous forces if the level evacuation service by air for patients requiring of intensity of insurgency reaches phase 111. immediate and definitive medical treatment and i. Evacuation Hospital, Semimobile (TOE services. The detachment may be attached to 8-581). The primary mission of the evacuation one of the major medical service installations hospital is to provide hospitalization for all for operational control. However, the low dens- classes of patients within the combat zone and ity of troops, great distances involved, unusual to prepare patients for further evacuation as and difficult terrain, and inadequacy of road necessary. The normal basis for allocation is nets, may dictate that some of the five helicop- one per U.S. division in a limited or general war ters be dispersed to support local dispensaries situation. It may be advantageous to employ a or other established evacuation systems. Added unit of this type for treatment and evacuation to these factors which may require unusual of U.S. troops when other permanent facilities methods of employment is the very austere are available within the theater to treat cases medical service support provided in a host beyond its capability and it would not be feasi- country. ble to establish adequate treatment facilities f. Field Hospital (TOE 8-510). The field within the host country. hospital is designed to provide a single hospital j. Medical supply, optical, and equipment facility of 400-bed capacity, or 3 separate, inde- maintenance detachments are also provided by pendently operating, hospitalization units of TOE 8-500. A Veterinary Food Inspection De- 100 beds each. This flexibility in organization tachment Team JA (TOE 8-500) may be permits commitment of one or more of its 100- required. bed units to meet requirements as they occur. The hospital is capable of providing station hos- 83. Medical Service for the Indigenous Popu- pital type support on an area basis and operat- lation ing a specialized treatment facility when aug- mented by professional service teams. Included In coordination with the U.S. AID mission in its responsibilities are provisions for medical- and appropriate agencies of the host country, surgical care and treatment for patients nor- U.S. Army medical service units and personnel mally requiring a limited period of hospitaliza- should provide support and assistance to the tion and preparing patients for further evacua- maximum extent possible to the indigenous pop- tion. Each of the separate 100-bed hospitaliza- ulation. Probably in no other area of military tion units can provide support for troop civic action can so much good will be gained. In concentrations of up to 4,000. In computing consonance with the availability of indigenous requirements consideration should be given to personnel, all U.S. Army medical service units, the allocation of a numbec of beds for emer- facilities, and personnel should be encouraged gency treatment of indigenous civilians. to utilize and train indigenous personnel to the limit of their abilities. In connection with medi- g. Station Hospital, Communications Zone cal training, English language training should (TOE 8-563-8-567). There are five types of be given to facilitate learning. Other medical station hospitals: loo-, 200-, 300-, 500-, and services which may be provided are- 750-bed. These units may be increased in multi- ples of 20 beds. The organization of each in- a. The establishment of outpatient clinics, cludes three major components--the hospital operated by indigenous personnel, with sched- headquarters, an administrative complement uled visits by a U.S. Army medical officer. and a professional complement. Each station b. Medical supplies.

AGO 6448A c. The use of aircraft for evacuation of emer- c. Support of Indigenous Police and Para- gency cases, especially those resulting from in- military Police. During phases I and 11, the surgency adion. principal function of the military police is to d. Advice and assistance on sanitation. assist the development and the improvement of the indigenous police and paramilitary police. ' e. Emergency dental service. The following are some of the areas of military police activity : 84. Military Police Services (1) Organization of the national police to a. General. Military police units, having the meet the police, security, and safety capability of providing training, advice, and needs of the country. Emphasis is assistance to indigenous forces, and comple- placed on the creation of a police or- menting MAAG/Mission or U.S. Army forces, ganization that will support the social are deployed as a part of the forces in counter- structure of the nation. insurgency operations. The indigenous police (2) Organization of the paramilitary forces will be in thd first line of offense organ- forces to serve as a defense force, yet ized by the established government against sub- complement and support the national version and insurgency. Subversion and insur- police. gency activities are illeqal, and participants are (3) Provide plans, training, advice, and as- considered criminals. 'It has historically fol- sistance for the military police and lowed that police forces and police operating paramilitary police, which will insure methods have been employed with success by their effectiveness in the fields of police different governments in counterinsurgency op- and military activities to include tac- erations. This fact, coupled with the police-type tics and techniques in counterinsur- function of most paramilitary forces, ideally gency operations. indicates the use of military police during all phases of counterinsurgency operations. (4) Development of equipment needs, equipment utilization, and local re- b. Support of ~ilitat-bCivic Action. The in- sources to support the mission of such digenous police force is usually the only govern- forces. mental agency that reaches down to the grass (5) Provide guidance for indigenous police roots level since in the emergent nations very few public services other than police are sup- civic action. plied to the citizenry. The police, having in (6) Provide advice in the handling of in- most cases unlimited authority over the indi- surgency prisoners. vidual, create the fhher image of the state. d. Psychological Aspects. Police type activity The image and support of the indigenous gov- by nature is restrictive and may, by the layman, ernment is correlated to the efficiency and effec- be considered negative. Without a positive pub- tiveness of the police in the performance cf lic relations program based on impartial and these duties. Any civic activities connected with just police operations, the public will easily the operating police will have an immediate form an unfavorable image of the police. Such effect on the local populape. Some specific areas an image is a weapon in the insurgent psycho- of pdice civic action are- logical war. The military police, working in ?, '(1) Training of the local citizens as aux- cooperation with the psychological operations iliary police. team, are a vital link in the war for men's minds. (2) Assisting the development of police As with other army units it is a continuing mis- community relations. sion of the military police to develop among the (3) Developing police youth activity pro- indigenous population an appreciation of the grams. American way of life. (4) Developing a correctional and rehabili- e. Military Police Role in Counterguerrilla tation system. Operations. (5) Developing an effective physical and (1) Military police units, having roles in community security program. all phases of counterinsurgency, may

AGO 6448A be used as a basis for expansion into (6) Another common military palice task counterguerrilla operations. is providing physical security to indi- (2) Jn close cooperation with intelligence viduals and installations, to include and counterintelligence personnel, mil- towns and villages. While performing itary police have the capability of de- this security'the military police unit is veloping a police intelligence net to offensively oriented to defeat possible provide information that will enhance guerrilla activity. the overall intelligence effort. f. Potice Intelligence. The development of a (3) Military police patrols can, when re- police intelligence operation by the indigenous quired, serve as small fighting forces police and the military police complements the capable of overcoming smhll independ- overall intelligence program by suppying infor- ent roadblocks and other small gum- mation. Police intelligence includes- riUa activities. The constant route and (1) An identification program with finger- reconnaissance activities performed by print, photograph, and description the military police complement all activities. other U.S. surveillanae programs. (2) Establishment of police files, a part of These patrols help to maintain open which will be central informatilon file, lines of communication while hamper- modus operandi file, and police records ing the guerrilla movement. sectioh. (4) With the augmentation of automatic (3) It may be necessary to organize a spe- weapons the military police have the cial information section which would capability for conducting fast raids maintain contacts to furnish informa- or patrols into guerrilla operational tion which could assist in the control areas. Mobility, communicati~ne,and of individuals, prevention of crime, training provide the base that allows and the processing of valuable infor- the military police unit to effectively ' mation. perform this task. The posture of the military police performing this role is 85. Trahsportation Services improved with knowledge of the area In accordance with the country plan, U.S. gained from patrolling and coopera- Army Transportation Corps units may be re- tion with the local police. quired to support U.S. and indigenous forces in (5) A major role in any counterguerrilla the host country. Usually high priority require- operation is the control of individuals, ments will exist for general purpose aviation a normal 'police function. The control units and transportation aircraft maintenance of individuals is, in part, within the detachments. There may also be requirements area of police intelligence. This may for motor transport units, although, as a gen- be extended to include operation of eral rule, host countries possessing good routes checkpoiqts, inspection of identifica- of communication will usually have ade~uate tion cards and travel permits, enforce- ground transport. When the U.S. Army com- ment of curfew regulations, hnd in- ponent of a MAAG/Mission or other coqmand vestigation of movements. Also in- has the responsibility for terminal operations, cluded is the control of movements of some motor transportation may be required. weapons, food, medicine, and lother Additionally, much of the U.S. force structure items benefidal to the guerrilla. lacks organic vehicular transportation which Prompt police action in the control of could be provided by transportation light truck individuals reduces the possibility of companies. Other U.S. Army transportation civilian support reaching the guerrilla corps units which hay be employed in a host and of mob action and riots taking country are transportation boat companies, place. If a riot occurs, the military floating craft maintenance teams, terminal serv- poli~eare trained in mob and riot con- ice teams, and railway service units. When re- trol. quired, all transportation units can make valua-

AGO 6448A ble contributions to the host country's civic im- to repair deadlined aircraft on the provement programs by providing transporta- spot. Organic and supporting aircraft tion for goods and services. Back haul should maintenance units should be prepared be planned and exploited for this purpose. to carry a large quantity of slower moving repair parts. Accurate records 86. Supply and Maintenance and data on consumption factors must a. Indig- Forces. Normally a host coun- be maintained. try receiving support under the Military Assist- (2) Normally class I11 and IIIA (POL) ance Program will have and operate its own requirements will involve the largest logistics system. When such is not the case, it tonnages to be handled within a host may be necessary to provide U.S. Army units to country to support U.S. counterin- operate supply points and depots and direct and surgency forces. Due to the usual in- general support units to perform various eche- adequacy of routes of comiunication, lons of maintenance. U.S. Army supply and POL bulk reduction points must be maintenance units should integrate indigenous established to facilitate movement to personnel into their own organizations, when the user. These bulk reduction points qualified by training, as rapidly as possible. should be located as close to the users b. Support fm U.S. Forces. The size and as possible. It can be expected that degree of dispersion of the in-country U.S. large quantities of packaged POL will force will largely determine the type supply be moved by both fixed and rotary and maintenance organizations required. Ex- wing aircraft. Weather considerations perience has shown that even though units and may cause larger than usual stockpiles personnel are widely dispersed, garrison type of POL at local or user storage sites support is the most practical. Unless the host when movement is dependent on air country requests a large combat task force, or transport. Most shipments will be in requires extensive U.S. combat service support, 55-gallon drums and five-gallon cans there is no requirement for a logistical com- which should be appropriately marked mand or comparable organization. Elements of to insure that they are always used for the military services, each with its own capa- the same type fuel. Planners should bilities, may share in providing common sup- make provisions for testing of petro- port items and services. It will be .the usual leum products. practice to provide general support from estab- (3) The probable wide dispersion of U.S. lished logistical installations in the overseas troops in a host country imposes a theater or from CONUS as required. However, distribution problem for rations. Many there are certain areas in supply and mainte- of the teams and detachments do not nance which present unusual requirements. have a capability to receive and store (1) The nature and employment of U.S. perishables and some staple items of Army aviation units may require an food, nor do they have adequate mess- increase above the normal for aircraft ing facilities to prepare meals from maintenance support. This is brought issue rations. In a long range counter- about by the requirement for detach- insurgency effort, generators for small ing subordinate aviation companies or detachments power supply may be elements to support indigenous units issued which will enable refrigerators and thereby separating them from and freezers to be utilized. Usually, a their normal supply and maintenance centrally located commissary, operated support. Additional transportation by the embassy or MAAG, can provide aircraft maintenance detachments and the necessary components to supple- teams should be provided to support ment local perishables. Order and ac- detached units. These detachments countability procedures should be suffi- and teams can be further organized ciently flexible to accommodate re- into small mobile maintenance teams motely located field detachments and

63 an austere transportation system. De- 87. Morale Services liveries frequently can be accomplished a. General. Counterinsurgency forces may only once or twice a week, and often be deployed to a host country in which provi- only by air. In some situations, it sions have not been made for certain ancillary may be necessary to resort to para- support activities. These include postal, finance, chute delivery. The commissary or army exchange, and chaplain services. other established ration point should be prepared to package class I items b. Postal. U.S. mail service to ct particular to fit the method of delivery and to country will always be available. Frequent prevent spoilage before consumption. delivery of mail to the many dispersed elements U.S. personnel working with indige- and personnel of a U.S. Army counterinsur- nous units should make every possible gency force can assist in maintaining high effort to exist on the indigenous diet. morale. Procedures should be established to The attendant physical difficulties that coordinate delivery of mail with air courier and will accompany the adjustment in die- transport service. tary habits must often be accepted if c. Finance. Procedures established for pay- the U.S. Advisor is to be effective. ment of MAAG/Mission personnel are usually (4) Requirements for clothing and individ- adequate for U.S. Army counterinsurgency ual equipment are minimal because the forces. Troops operating in remote areas should tour of duty in the host country is be afforded the opportunity to secure U.S. usually short. Special items of clothing Treasury checks payable to a designated recipi- and equipment required may be issued ent. Provisions should also be made for cashing to individuals on arrival at a staging personal checks. Any of the U.S. military serv- or processing center. ices may be charged with providing finance services for all U.S. military elements within a

(5) The provision of ordnance mainte- host countrv." nance support will depend on the amount of ordnance equipment to be d. Exchange Service. Post exchange facilities supported. Deployed operational units are normally located only where there are troop concentrations. The responsibility for exchange ordm which have operations may be charged to any one of the nance equipment be authorized military services. Provisions should be made maintenance personnel and for delivery to troops who do not have access to a partial third to an exchange with attendant flexible mail maintenance capability- (hdnance di- order and credit procedures. Small mobile ex- rect support maintenance units may be change units containing fast moving items and required to support U.S. Army units mounted on vehic!es or aircraft may make within a host country which lacks a scheduled visits to outlying areas. Establish- sound maintenance capability. Such ment of delivery service to remote areas can maintenance units should be author- be coordinated with other agencies having ized a maintenance float or excess movement requirements. stockage to permit exchange of equip- e. Chaplain. As with the other ancillary ment to the user and the evacuation of support activities, it is not feasible to provide deadline equipment which requires complete chaplain coverage for all the widely higher echelons of maintenance. The dispersed troops. It should be a standard prac- employment and training of indige- tice to station chaplains in the headquarters nous labor in ordnance maintenance area and/or areas of troop density with these units will contribute to the civic action chaplains conducting services at outlying de- program and reduce the number of tachments on a circuit rider basis. A chaplain U.S. military personnel required in a should be ready to go anywhere in the country host country. when troops cannot come to him. Minimal but

AGO 644RA essential chaplain support may be provided by force requirements, the provisions of legal special forces chaplains, or U.S. Armed Forces assistance service for U.S. military personnel chaplains assigned to MAAG's or other agen- should be considered. In countries where only cies. In exceptional circumstances American or a small contingent is deployed, the U.S. Em- foreign missionaries and selected indigenous bassy may be requested to provide minimal sup- clergy may be requested to provide for U.S. port. It may not be feasible, however, to pro- personnel the opportunity to worship, the ad- vide full legal assistance to all dispersed ministration of sacraments, certain other re- personnel at all times. For emergency cases ligious activities and, in some cases, limited procedures should be established which author- counseling. ize personnel to travel to the nearest contact f. Legal Assistance. During planning for point for legal assistance.

AGO 6448A 65

d

PART THREE SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER 7 INTELLIGENCE

88. General are intensified in phase 11; additional assets and reso~rcesmay have to be developed. The a. An adequate and timely intelligence effort liaison, training, and advisory roles of counter- in support of U.S. policies and actions is vital insurgency forces are intensified. Intelligence to the achievement of U.S. overseas internal training programs are initiated after require- defense objectives. ments have been assessed. There is a constant b. See FM 31-22A. revision of intelligence and counterintelligence c. See FM 31-22A. estimates, collection efforts are coordinated, the dissemination and cse of intelligence is as- d. In broadest terms, intelligence can be used sessed. in counterinsurgency to determine the causes of popular discontent, to obtain information about d. Phase I11 insurgency intelligence activities the enemy, weather, terrain, and indigenous resemble those conducted under conditions of people as a whole, to deny information to the prolonged combat. enemy and to identify subversive elements in the country suffering the insurgency. 90. The Responsibilities of the Force Intelli- e. The purpose of this chapter is to isolate gence Officer the problem, examine the requirements, and a. The desired qualifications of the key in- provide guidance for the solution to intelligence telligence officer of a U.S. Army counterin- and counterintelligence requirements peculiar surgency force are manifold. Ideally, the force to counterinsurgency at all levels, but particu- intelligence officer should possess as many of larly those that confront the SAF. the below listed qualifications as possible. He should be a qualified combat arms officer. He 89. The Role of Intelligence in Counterin- must be thoroughly schooled and experienced surgency in military intelligence procedures including all a. See FM 31-22A. those activities and products associated with combat intelligence, strategic intelligence, b. See FM 31-22A. counterintelligence, intelligence collection, and c. Phase I1 insurgency will be marked by technical, communications and electronics in- additional requirements for intelligence. Com- telligence. Ideally, he should be a specialist on bat intelligence efforts to find and identify the the area in which he is to operate and be insurgent who now, overtly, is conducting har- language qualified. assing and interdiction operations, increase in importance. The nature of guerrilla warfare, b. The responsibilities of the intelligence characterized by sudden attacks against targets officer include but are not limited to those of the guerrillas' own choosing and followed delineated in FM 101-5 and FM 30-5. He must by rapid dispersion, make heavy demands on be capable of employing expedients and exercis- intelligence to find the enemy. All activities of ing initiative and ingenuity, based on experi- intelligence agencies in phase I continue and ence, in very sensitive areas of endeavor.

AGO 6448A 67 c. In the beginning, the intelligence officer 91. Intelligence Requirements and Special contributes most to the commander and other Considerations staff officers by making detailed intelligence a. Basic Intelligence. See FM 31-228. and counterintelligence estimates of the situa- b. Phase I. See FM 31-22A. tion. The assembly of all available intelligence c. Phase ZZ. See FM 31-228. bearing on the area facilitates the start of an area study, if required. FM 31-21 contains an d. Phase IZZ. See FM 31-22A. area study outline for special forces personnel. e. Special Considerations. While this study outline is oriented toward (1) Intelligence agencies at all levels sup- guerrilla warfare, rather than to counterinsur- porting counterinsurgency may expect gency, the basic elements to be studied are much many factors limiting their overall the same. FM 30-5 and FM 33-5 give further efficiency. Planning in advance may guidance on area analysis. The necessity for lessen the impact of these factors. The adequate map and air photo coverage for following are general categories : planning and preparation of estimates by all (a) Insurgent penetration of the host staff sections places this requirement early on country governmental structure. the intelligence officer. He must have appropri- (b) Lack of a national registry or census ate map indices not only for his own use but data. for the convenience of other planners. See FM (c) Apathy and/or lack of a spirit of 101-10 and FM 30-5. cooperation. d. In the discharge of his responsibilities the (d) Lack of an adequate governmental structure to receive the preferred intelligence officer must plan for, direct, and military or economic aid. supervise the activities of the SAF intelligence augmentation detachment. This detachment as (e) Language difficulties; inability to communicate. presently composed has the capability of pre- paring operational plans, determining the in- (f) Personality conflicts. telligence training requirements for the host (g) Lack of trained personnel. country's armed forces, preparing a complete (h) Lack of adequate funds and mate- intelligence training program, and either super- riel support. vising, training, or assistihg the indigenous (i) Lack of proper and timely guidance. intelligence units in the conduct of their opera- (j) Personality of chief executive of tions. Doctrinal guidance for utilization of host country, his cabinet and ad- intelligence specialists is contained in the per- visors. tinent DOD publications, Army Regulations, (k) Political factionalism in-country. Field Manuals, Pamphlets, and 30-series TOE. (1) Excessive centralization of author- Basic individual training in collecting and re- ity. porting military information is contained in (2) Formal agreements between the U.S. DA Pam 21-81. The specialists constitute the and the host country, status-of-forces school trained, skilled and experienced cells that agreements, and other jurisdictional will conduct most of the specialized activities arrangements must be thoroughly in the intelligence effort. Decision making rests understood and complied with for ef- on their efforts. The intelligence officer must fective bilateral operations. For these make full and correct use of these assets. All reasons, close liaison and coordination must be maintained with the Judge personnel involved in advising on intelligence Advocate providing legal support for matters within a host country must be conscious the command. of the sensitive manner in which such subjects are dealt with by their indigenous counterparts. (3) The degree of control the government exercises over means of communica- e. See FM 31-228. tions has a bearing on intelligence

AGO 6448A operations. If censorship is in effect, difficulties that will be encountered in i for example, it may provide support initiating a sound military intelligence for certain security operations. operation. There is often an inherent (4) The degree of control the host country reluctance on the part of people to exercises over telecommunications accept training or advice in this field. media, including internal and external Similarly, political bias or jealousies cable service, has considerable bearing at the local level often precludes the on the overall efficiency that may be exchange of vital intelligence infor- expected for certain operations. mation. Maximum efforts are needed (5) Basic intelligence principles and tech- to develgp the confidence of persons or niques can be utilized but must be units being advised and a full appreci- changed to fit the peculiar needs of ation of social and political factors counterinsurgency. Additionally, the must be developed. entire intelligence cycle must be speeded up in order to provide the 92. The Scope of Intelligence Activities in quick response which is necessary. The Counterinsurgency preparation of elaborate reports, rou- tine dissemination, and like proce- See FM 31-22A. dures may not be practicable, and if emphasis is placed on such practices 93. Relationships, Coordination, and/or Col- the inherent delay will seriously laboration Within the Intelligence Com- hamper intelligence operations. munity (6) There must be a recognition of the See FM 31-22A.

AGO 6448A CHAPTER 8 LOGlSTlCS PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES

94. General 95. Supply and Maintenance This chapter covers those aspects of logistics a. Planning for logistic support must be de- peculiar to counterinsurgency operations. tailed and accomplished as far in advance of op- Logistics systems are designed to provide ade- erations as is possible. Counterinsurgency forces quate support for all types of counterinsur- should be provided with only those supplies and gency operations; however, techniques for equipment essential to the accomplishment of logistical support in areas separated from or- assigned missions. Unessential items should be ganic service support units must be geared to left at a base camp or home station so as not to unique operational requirements and may vary encumber the individual soldier or available considerably from conventional operations. transportation. Accompanying supplies and These principles and techniques for logistical equipment should be of such nature and quan- support of counterinsurgency forces are appli- tity that they can be man-packed or transported cable to both U.S. and indigenous forces. Flexi- by any means available. Supply procedures and bility, responsiveness and improvisation are support requirements, especially at the small key factors in supporting counterinsurgency unit level, should be standardized as much as forces, and can be accomplished by : possible and included in unit SOP'S. For exam- ple, a one-day requirement for individual, com- a. Advance planning, so that units are pany, battalion and regimental/brigade basic equipped with minimum essential supplies and loads of rations, ammunition, medical, signal equipment consistent with contemplated opera- and other selected essential supplies can be tions. This is particularly important for opera- computed using experience factors gained in tions in remote areas and where adverse actual operations. Using this one-day require- weather conditions may be encountered. ment as a standard, supply levels can then be planned based on the length and type of antici- b. Stocking supplies at echelons below those pated operations. To facilitate timely suppwt at which stockage is normally maintained in of given operations, standard requirements for order to expedite supply; for example, at regi- companies, battalions and regimentdbrigades mental bases of operations in populated areas can be packaged, rigged for air drop or heli- and at battalion bases of operations in remote copter delivery, and positioned in base areas, areas. ready for immediate delivery. c. Making counterinsurgency forces as self- b. Required quantities of selected expendable sufficient as is practicable, to include living off and combat essential items should be stocked at the land. Food, supplies, equipment, materials, secure locations, such as security posts or com- and facilities requisitioned for military use bat bases, and should be sufficient to support must be paid for to avoid undesirable psycho- the unit for the number of days of the planned logical effects. In areas where food or other operation. To preclude giving any indication of supplies are scarce, local purchase or requisi- imminent operations in a given area, it is essen- tioning should be prohibited. tial to establish stock levels of all types of sup- ply (to include aviation gasoline in many in- d. Accomplishing logistic support by air or stances) at outposts and combat bases through- water when land transportation cannot pro- out the tactical area. This action should be vide timely support. taken far in advance of the-execution date for

AGO 64488 operations in the area concerned. While this extended periods and when timely resupply approach appears to invite dissipation of stocks cannot be effected. In carrying out this con- and to constitute uneconomical dispersion of cept, only essential supplies should be obtained supplies, it is essential. Operations against an from the local economy. Rapport must be es- enemy who has fled the area at the first signs tablished between the government and the popu- of a logistical buildup waste not only supplies, lation in operational areas, to insure that sup- but time, manpower, morale, and prestige. port is readily available and that on-the-spot payment will be made in a satisfactory manner. c. Dispersed stockage will facilitate support In areas where food is available, commanders of combat patrols and larger elements operat- should be provided with funds to purchase food. ing in relatively inaccessible areas. Stocks of This will tend to deny food to the enemy. In this nature can be quickly supplemented or re- remote areas where food is normally in short placed, as used, by aerial resupply, provided supply, and in order to assist in establishing a this does not endanger security by focusing feeling of mutual confidence and support, oper- attention on the operation and if there is rea- ational forces should consider using food and sonable assurance that the supplies and equip- other needed civilian supplies as payment for ment will not fa4 into the hands of the enemy. services rendered by the civilian community, Under these conditions, resupply requests from rather than monetary payment. These supplies using units should be handled by the fastest should be requested from nearby consolidated available means, primarily radio, but also re- supply areas and distributed by the commander lying on runners and prearranged signals when in the name of the government. the situation requires. Supporting units should respond with expedited supply action, accom- f. In consideration of the concept of mini- plishing required administrative accountability mum essential supplies and equipment for oper- at a subsequent time. ating units, it is imperative that the individual soldier be taught the importance of conserva- d. Tactical units should normally receive tion and maintenance of his limited supplies support from the closest combat operations base and equipment. Preventive maintenance must or other supply base in or near the area in which be continually emphasized. This is of prime they are working. In those instances where importance in those areas where adverse resupply of the tactical units must be made by weather and terrain conditions necessitate more air, consideration should be given to the desir- than normal maintenance and where indige- ability of using stocks from supply points near nous forces are not fully familiar with the im- the departure airfield. This action may pre- clude ah unnecessary handling of supplies to portance of maintenance to the efficient useful- resupply the forward operations/supply base. ness of weapons and equipment. Mobile main- When points of contact are used for resupply, tenance teams from combat service support these points of contact will ' be changed fre- units should be available to using units to assist quently during the operation to accommodate in preparation for operations and in rapid re- the movement of the operation, to insure more covery from completed operations. In those rapid response to resupply requirements, and operations where maintenance services cannot to confuse the enemy. In planning for opera- accompany combat units, direct exchange of tions, the combat bases or supply bases which unserviceable items, such as weapons and are to provide support should be designated, radios, must be provided for in the selected and prearranged rendezvous points for resup- stockage which is positioned at security posts ply established. $upply requirements can there- or combat bases. fore be called for by code name on a phased g. Personnel are instructed to destroy dis- basis, or if the situation dictates, delivered on carded supplies and equipment to prevent con- call at other prearranged points. version by the insurgents into vital food needs, e. The principle of self-sufficiency should be weapons or other items. Procedures should be followed to the maximum practicable extent established to safeguard against the loss of when units are operating in hostile areas for equipment by individual soldiers. Such proce-

AGO 8448A dures might include an educational program c. When operational conditions permit, medi- indicating the danger to the unit and to the cal personnel accompanying counterinsurgency individual through failure to safeguard equip- units should provide all possible medical treat- ment, payment by the soldier for lost items, ment, equipment, and supplies to the civilian disciplinary measures where circumstances in- sick and injured. Excess depot stocks or medi- dicate negligence or carelessness, frequent cines approaching unserviceable dates could be equipment checks by patrol leaders and com- specifically provided for this purpose. manders, and, in a positive light, reward or commendation for those who continually accept 97. Transportation responsibility for the security of their indi- vidual equipment. a. The objective of transportation planning for counterinsurgency operations is to provide 96. Hospitalization and Evacuation a reliable transportation system responsive to the requirements of tactics and logistics, capa- a. Direct medical support of counterinsur- ble of operating over varied and difficult ter- gency operations may be as unconventional as the combat operation itself. Since these opera- rain, and employing the various modes of con- tions normally involve small, mobile combat ventional transportation and those unconven- units with few or no organic medical personnel, tional means not organic to units. Control of initial emergency medical treatment will be by transportation should pass to the appropriate attached aidmen, by the buddy system, or by commander during operations, reverting to the self-aid. Because of the shortage of sufficient parent unit upon completion of the mission. numbers of qualified medical personnel, train- b. Certain unique transportation problems ing of all combat soldiers should emphasize the must be considered in providing transportation practical application of emergency treatment, support to counterinsurgency operations. Sup- i.e., pressure bandages, tourniquets, splints, recognition of shock, and so forth, to insure port must be provided under all conditions. essential initial treatment. Medical personnel Minimum essential items required in support must be trained and qualified to accompany of unit operations, which cannot be man-packed airborne units on operations, or to parachute by the soldier or carried by organic vehicles into isolated areas to provide additional medi- because of terrain conditions, must be trans- cal support to operational units. ported by other modes of transportation, such as bicycles, indigen&s porters, pack animals b. Units operating in remote areas may be and rafts and sampans. Such modes of trans- required to hold casualties for extended periods of time before evacuation can be effected. When portation should be planned far in advance, the combat situation allows, medical evacuation and SOP's and control organizations developed should be accomplished expeditiously to the to control their use. These procedural guides nearest medical facility, using the best available should be flexible enough to enable the various means of transportation. Emphasis should be modes of transportation to be selected based placed on air evacuation of wounded, supple- on terrain, environmental and operational con- mented by porters and pack animals. Evacua- ditions. Unconventional modes of transporta- tion procedures should be reflected in unit tion will back up aerial logistic support to for- SOP's, and be flexible enough to facilitate use ward isolated areas as necessary to accomplish of various modes of transportation appropriate the mission. to the terrain and operational conditions. The commander and staff of the indigenous force c. SOP's should include provisions for secu- must be advised of the necessity for including rity of the resupply element, not only on its way medical evacuation in their operational plan- to the unit concerned, but on its return trip. ning. Knowledge of an existing plan for medi- Based on availability and the nature of opera- cal evacuation will improve the morale, and tions, tracked and/or armored vehicles may be consequently, combat effectiveness, of the coun- effectively employed for security of convoys terinsurgency force. and as logistical carriers.

AGO 6448A 98. Construction sion of shelters, the clearing of trails and drop Construction performed by tactical units zones by machete, and construction of access operating in hostile areas will normally be lim- roads: bridges and ferries. ited to pioneer activities. This includes provi-

AGO 6448A 73

d CHAPTER 9 COMMUNICATIONS

99. General munications security and thorough mainte- nance. This chapter will cover bahic communications requirements in support of counterinsurgency b. Wire. The establishment of wire lines in operations. It covers not only the communica- rugged terrain is generally impractical, pri- tions systems required in support of the Special marily because of the difficulties in laying wire Action Force operations within a disturbed through areas with marginal roads. While it is country, but also the general civilian and mili- often possible to lay wire by aircraft where tary communications of the indigenous forces there are no roads, such wire lines are easy prey within the country. Throughout it should be for destruction by either insurgent forces or remembered that military civic action in provi- the weather. In countries or areas faced with sion of better indigenous communicaiion facili- pro'blems of insurgency, wire communications ties, to include training for indigenous person- are not considered as a major method of com- nel, not only serves the normal purposes of munication except in those areas which are military civic action, but also provides addi- well-populated and controlled by security forces. tional active communications support and facil- c. Other Methods of Communications. Other ities for the tactical aspects of counterguerrilla traditional means of communication, such as warfare. use of messengers, visual signals, and sound signals also play a role in providing communi- 100. The Communications Problem in Coun- cations. However, their use and effectiveness in terinsurgency support of counterinsurgency operations is For protection against attack by counterin- generally limited by time and distance. surgency forces, insurgent elements generally attempt to operate in terrain which is rugged 101. Communications Resources and inaccessible to large, conventionally The civilian and military communications equipped military forces. These areas generally systems within a disturbed country or area are are mountainous, swampy, or jungle in nature. generally primitive and inadequate by modern Within these areas it is difficult to obtain reli- standards. In most cases, they will pose a able, secure, and rapid communication for both serious problem to counterinsurgency forces. the insurgents and the counterinsurgency forces alike. The various communications a. Civilian communications facilities will methods which may be used to support counter- usually be limited. Equipment will likely be insurgency operations are the following : obsolescent, unreliable and located only in heavily populated urban areas. Major cities a. Radio. The most flexible, reliable, and usually will have some form of a local telephone rapid method of communication in rugged ter- system, but in rural areas, telephone systems rain is radio. The ability to communicate by radio over mountains, through swamps and to will be marginal or nonexistent and radio or messenger service will likely provide the only a lesser extent, through jungle makes radio an extremely valuable means of communications in links in communications. the hands of counterinsurgency forces. How- b. As a rule, military communications in dis- ever, the use of radio under these conditions turbed countries or areas generally will be requires prior planning, good training, com- better and more dependable than their counter-

74 AGO 644RA part civilian communications. Indigenous mili- h. Special factors. tary units situated in designated areas or zones i. Sources of information for survey. usually will be linked together by radio. How- ever, much of their equipment will probably be j. Recommendations. of World War I1 vintage and may often be of other than US manufacture. While better than 103. Measures to Improve Communications the civilian radio systems, military radio com- Measures which may be taken to improve munications still will probably not meet modern existing communications in a country faced standards and probably will not adequately with insurgency, in addition to the introduction meet counterinsurgency communication needs. of new equipment, are as follows : c. When communications are poor or margi- a. Establishment of better and more thorough nal in quality, counterinsurgency forces are at maintenance procedures to include special a disadvantage. Consequently, one of the major maintenance shops and/or techniques. requirements in the support of counterinsur- gency operations is the improvement of exist- b. Modification of existing equipment for in- ing communication. A village radio system for creased effectiveness. both security and administration is vital to the c. More effective use of equipment and per- operation of an effective counterinsurgency sonnel. operation. The hardware for this radio system d. Modification of the communications sys- will frequently be developed and funded tem. However, modification of the existing through USOM channels and resources. communication system is generally a major undertaking which requires the full support of 102. Communications Requirements the host government. The requirement for improving communica- e. Establishment of a training program to tions in a country faced with insurgency may increase the number and raise the caliber of be fulfilled in two ways. New communications communications personnel. The program may equipment may be introduced into the country include the establishment of schools, special and/or the already existing communications courses, and supervised on-the-job training. facilities and methods may be improved. In Overall training should stress the practical as- either case, the first step in any program of pects of communications, rather than concen- communications improvement is the develop- trating on theory. One manner in which maxi- ment by the SAF/MAAG planner of a compre- mum effectiveness can be obtained, particularly hensive and thorough survey of the communica- with limited numbers of personnel, is to cross- tions systems as they exist. The survey should train personnel in equipment and procedures. be as complete as time permits and should give a complete picture of the various communica- 104. Tactical Considerations tions systems in the country. These include the military communications system, the civilian When insurgency reaches phase I1 or I11 in- system, the police system, and any other special tensities, more emphasis must be placed on tac- system which might exist. The survey should tical communications. The success of counter- include but not be limited to the following: guerrilla operations, both defensive and offen- sive, depends now more than ever directly upon a. Communications general background. reliable and rapid communications. Even b. Wire. though all methods and means of communica- tion are used, the method of primary import- c. Radio. ance is radio. Through radio, effective and d. Other methods of communications. rapid control may be established and main- e. Radio broadcasting stations and television. tained over widely scattered and dispersed units, particularly those operating in rugged f. Communication training. and adverse terrain. 'In addition, radio can be g. Electric power. used by villages and kamlets to provide rapid

AGO 6448A and early warning of guerrilla attacks and for tively communicate with one another. This the dissemination of timely information re- communications capability does not have to be garding insurgent activities. With regard to direct, but the systems used should insure that the use of radio in counterguerrilla operations, there is a minimum of delay involved. consideration should be given to the following: c. Although transistorized, modularized and a. Radio intercept serves as a means by single-sideband (SSB) radios are in use for our which well-organized insurgent forces may own forces it is likely that the standard radios learn of impending counterguerrilla operations of World War I1 will comprise for some time in time to escape or evade an attack. Communi- the principal types available for counterguer- cations therefore should stress security even rilla communications. though specific operations may often be de- signed to be accomplished so rapidly that guer- 105. U.S. Army and Special Action Force rilla elements will not be able to take advantage (SAF) Communications of their intercepted information. The follow- ing are a few of the standard communications a. U.S. Army communications channels into techniques which can be applied to assist in a disturbed country or area will be provided by maintaining security : one or more terminal stations of the Defense (1) Stations can use different frequencies Communication Agency Network, an integrated for transmission and reception. world-wide U.S. military communications sys- tem. This system, providing immediate voice (2) Transmission sites can be changed and teletype circuits, has the capability for frequently ; transmissions can be made just prior to moving to a new linking terminal commands as well as with location. CONUS. (3) Transmissions can be made at sched- b. Within the Special Action Force (SAF), uled but irregular intervals. integral special forces communications ele- (4) Brevity codes to reduce the length of ments will provide communications for sub- transmission should be used as often ordinate units of the SAF and, if required, as possible. provide a link between an operational base and (5) Keep transmission to a minimum. elements of the SAF operating in remote areas (6) Encrypt all transmissions. of the country. (7) Avoid predictable operations in com- c. The special forces operational base com- munications. munication complex, described in FM 31-21 b. It is important that counterinsurgency can, with little modification, support the SAF forces at all levels be able to rapidly and effec- in counterinsurgency operations.

AGO 644RA 1 CHAPTER 10 PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

106. General must be countered in advance by the proper use of the above-mentioned themes apropos to the a. Fields in which the U.S. can provide sup- situation. port to a developing nation in countering the threat of insurgency, whether potential or actual, are-civic action, community develop- 107. U.S. Army Psychological Operations Re- ment, social projects, health and sanitation, sponsibilities education, agriculture, transportation, commu- Psychological operations are the responsibil- nications, labor and youth activities, police, ity of many governmental agencies and depart- and military activities. Inherent in each and ments as well as the services. While each mili- overlapping all fields of activity is the politico- tary service has responsibilities for psychologi- psychological field. This field, interwoven with cal operations in support of its own activities, each of the other programs, is of extreme im- the U.S. Army is the only service which always portance and may very well be the final deter- operates in the close environment of people. mining factor in the success or failure of all Psychological operations take place mainly in areas of endeavor. Every action or inaction of the environment of armies and of soldiers, of the local government, and all aspects of the sup- guerrillas and local defense forces, and of the port provided by the U.S. have both political people who live on the land. The Army, there- and psychological implications. As such, psy- fore, has responsibility for maintaining organ- chological operations programs are part of all ized units with the primary mission of provid- activities in countering subversive insurgency ing psychological operations support, and is and are indispensable to the overall U.S. effort. capable of conducting these operations in a b. When preparing plans for the conduct of primitive and hostile ground environment, or psychological operations atboth the national level advising and assisting indigenous military and the local level, and in all phases of insur- forces in conducting such operations. The gency, it must be borne in mind that there are Army is also responsible for the formal train- three major target audiences-the armed forces ing of officers and men in psychological opera- of the host country, the civil population, and tions, and is the only service that maintains the insurgent. The first two of these audiences school facilities for instruction and professional must understand that U.S. participation in the training in psychological operations. counterinsurgency effort is both legal and nec- essary; that the U.S. is participating at the 108. U.S. &my Psychological Operations invitation of proper authority in the host coun- Capabilities try as an act of collective security; that actions a. The Army has resources, in both indi- of the United States are designed not to isolate viduals and units, for the conduct of psycho- or crush the host nation ;and that United States participation is temporary and is advisory in logical operations in counterinsurgency. The nature, without any desire for territorial ag- employment of these capabilities in specific grandizement. The third audience, the insur- psychological operations must be coordinated gent, must be induced to cease his activities to with other government agencies responsible for the maximum extent possible, and as a mini- associated or parallel functions and be in con- mum, an insurgent propaganda campaign seek- sonance with host country's objectives and de- ing to capitalize on the presence of U.S. forces sires. Radio, press, and audio visual means are

AGO 6448A available as tools to implement the psychologi- operations employing specialized as- cal operations program. sets for propaganda research and b. Army psychological operations officers analysis, content development, radio and loudspeaker broadcasting, print- may be assigned to the staffs of unified and ing, and consolidation operations. specified commands, and to MAAG's and Mis- While the printing facilities of the sions. Psychological operations units are as- theater army unit are primarily fixed- signed to army component commands, and, in plant or heavy-mobile, they can back addition to the usual planning functions, pro- up in-country activities. This organi- vide Mobile Training Teams (MTT), and oper- zation also provides mobile training ational assistance for cold war and counterin- teams in support of MAAG, Mission, surgency psychological operations. U.S. Army and Attache requirements and proce- psychological operations forces are organized dures. The field army psychological into two echelons, from which the commanders operations unit has loudspeaker and of unified commands, chiefs of MAAG's and light-mobile printing capabilities Missions, and Army Attaches, as appropriate, which may be employed as additional may draw in order to conduct or support psy- backup support to other psychological chological operations. The first echelon is com- operations elements as required. posed of counterinsurgency psychological oper- ations units which are part of a SAF. The sec- ond echelon units are the theater, theater army, 109. Planning and Coordinating and field army type units authorized by a cellu- a. The country internal defense plan contains lar TOE with the inherent flexibility of tailor- the objectives for U.S. psychological action, ing the organization of teams with the skills propaganda and information programs in the and equipment needed for specific mission re- area, and the desired approach for advice, guid- quirements. They are committed when the ance, and coordination of the responsible in- capabilities of the SAF and local in-country digenous military and civilian agencies. A command assets are exceeded. coordinated information and psychological op- (1) SAF psychological operations unit. erations program which supports and exploits (Advisory and support.) The SAF the positive actions of the indigenous govern- psychological operations unit is ment and the support rendered by the U.S. will trained for cold war and counterinsur- help to close any gap between the government gency psychological operations, in- and the people and provide a basis for long- cluding language and area training. range, popular support of the established au- This unit is composed of specialist thority. teams trained to support and augment b. Coordinated planning and programming other U.S. agency operations, and to for mass communication support and advice to advise and train indigenous military the indigenous government will normally be forces on basic psychological opera- conducted through the establishment of a Coun- tions planning, to include themes, try Team subcommittee for psychological oper- targets, and media, intelligence, print- ations. This subcommittee, usually chaired by ing, and audio visual operations. The the public affairs officer (PA0)-the USIS unit also can, in the rare instances station director-in his role as primary coordi- when it is required, provide opera- nator of U.S. psychological operations activi- tional assistance in the field through ties, will be formed with representation from its printing and audio visual units, as each of the other U.S. departments and agen- well as its specialist personnel. cies on the Country Team. Meeting on a peri- (2) Theater army and field army units. odic basis, the subcommittee formulates psy- The theater army and field army psy- chological plans, programs and activities, and chological operations units are area coordinates the requirements and operations of oriented and trained in the conduct of all the agencies based upon the policy directives strategic or country level propaganda of the Country Team. Problems or recom-

AGO 644SA mendations that cannot be resolved by the com- key to success of a national program in cold mittee through direct contact with the separate war and counterinsurgency situations. For an agencies are forwarded to the Chief of the effective and credible program, military and Country Team for decision. civilian psychological planning and operations must be integrated and coordinated at this c. In countries where the insurgent threat is U.S. level. In most situations, the only psychological critical, and agencies become more active operations and information representatives at in operations, it may be necessary to establish the lower administrative and military command a full time inter-agency psychological opera- levels are Army psychological operations per- tions staff working group. This working group sonnel. acts as a staff for the subcommittee and pro- ! vides the day-May research, analysis, and planning necessary for a coordinated, positive, 110. Employment of Psychological Opera- ; tions Resources ; military/civilian indigenous propaganda pro- gram. a. General. (1) d. Planning guidance, propaganda intelli- In the conduct of cold war and coun- terinsurgency activities, the U.S. gence, and opinion target analysis and propa- Army psychological operations re- ganda analysis, prepared by the psychological operations working group are integrated with sources are used generally to accom- plish the following missions: similar information from indigenous sources. This information is the basis for the U.S. ad- (a)Provide advice to the commander visory effort or operational assistance for the and his staff on psychological opera- conduct of psychological operations at all levels tions and the psychological aspects in the country. At lower levels, locally avail- and implications of all operations, able information will augment information and activities or inactivities of the com- guidance received from higher authority. mand. (b) Through the MAAG, Mission or e. Counterinsurgency psychological opera- Army Attache, provide advice and tions, planned at the national level, differ in training support for the develop- some respects from those planned for the local ment of psychological operations level. Programs implemented at the national capabilities in indigenous armed level are in support of national strategy and forces and paramilitary forces. objectives and employ radio and printed com- munications generally addressed to the entire (c) Provide operational advice and as- country. Local psychological operations are sistance to indigenous forces in the more closely tuned to local intelligence and actual conduct of psychological op- addressed to more specific target groups in sup- erations. port of civic actions, tactical operations, or (d) Develop military requirements for other programs in a particular area. Materials and support U.S.civil agencies. used in national level operations exploit the (2) In areas where potential or actual in- broad aspecta of the counterinsurgency pro- surgency exists, the Army may become gram as it affects the majority of the popula- involved in one or more of these mis- tion. As such, the material is general in scope sions concurrently dependent on the and deals primarily with national policy and level of insurgency in the particular programs. If regional radio stations are avail- area. Participation in these missions able, more specific propaganda is employed by is discussed in the following para- these stations towards this segment of the graphs. population. In countries with large or impor- b. Training Support to MAAG's or Missions. tant minority ethnic groups, psychological oper- (1) ations also include efforts conducted in the MAAG's and Missions are responsible minority languages. for establishing psychological opera- tions capabilities within indigenous f. Local psychological operations hold the forces by providing training advice

AGO 6448A and assistance through the employ- c. Advice and Assistance to Indigenous ment of individual advisors or mobile Forces. training teams. In addition, U.S. (1) In those foreign countries supported forces provide training advice and by the U.S., the normal activity of assistance to friendly foreign govern- army psychological operations person- ments in counterinsurgency opera- nel is to provide advice in the conduct tions, and conduct or assist in the con- of psychological operations by the in- duct of psychological operations. The digenous forces. Planning is directed terms of reference for MAAG's and to insure adequate coverage of the Missions provide for qualified U.S. whole country. Only in cases where psychological operations officers on local psychological operations forces their advisory staffs, who evaluate the are nonexistent or inadequate should it requirements for adequate indigenous be necessary to provide operational as- psychological operations forces and sistance. It is normally not politically training. The MAAG/Mission advis- acceptable or prudent to have U.S. ory effort includes- military personnel actually conducting (a) Advice in organizing psychological psychological operations for the indig- operations units. enous government. The use of mili- tary psychological operations in coun- (b) Providing necessary mass communi- terinsurgency operations augments ac- cations equipment for supported tivities of the civilian information psychological operations units. agencies and is closely coordinated (c) Establishing psychological opera- with them. This is required because tions schools. the target audiences of both agencies (d) Augment the capabilities of USIS overlap and are often identical, par- and support other U.S. civil agen- ticularly in those cases where U.S. cies. advisors are working directly with paramilitary forces, self -defense (e) Advise in the preparation of propa- forces and tribal groups. ganda programs, materials and the conduct of psychological operations. (2) The Role of the Individual. (2) The type and capabilities of psycho- (a) The purpose of psychological opera- logical operations forces organized in tions in combatting subversive in- friendly foreign nations through the surgency is to gain and maintain the military aid program are evaluated in loyalty of the people towards the the context of cold war and hot war re- government and specifically to win back the support of those ele- quirements. In those countries where ments of the population which are potential or incipient insurgency ex- supporting the insurgent force. ists, the emphasis is placed on the de- Every representative of the govern- velopment of psychological operations ment, including the personnel of forces to provide an internal counter- indigenous military forces, is a insurgency operational capability. The reflection of the character, vitality, type of units organized and the train- progressiveness and attitude of the ing provided emphasize psychological government. In many areas of the activities at the local level among the country, the only members of the civilian population. These require- national government with whom the ments are supported by a more sophis- people come in contact are military ticated military psychological planning personnel. The manner in which and production capability at the na- these military personnel act in their tional level to support field require- association. with the people has a ments. definite effect upon their attitude to-

AGO 644RP. wards the government. Arrogance especially in emergency situations re- on the part of officers and enlisted quiring immediate action. In this re- men towards civilians will turn them gard, the personnel and materiel assets away from the government. Reck- of army psychological operations or- lessly driven and speeding military ganizations are often called upon to vehicles have adverse effects on the augment existing USIS facilities. In people. On the other hand, if the most cases these army resources would. soldier treats his fellow citizens with be deployed to provincial/village level respect, assists them as occasions where they are capable of operating arise, and maintains a friendly atti- effectively under hostile or primitive tude at all times, he is doing a great conditions. part in winning support of the popu- (2) The range of support which army psy- lation. He is performing his task in chological operations are capable of the conduct of positive psychological furnishing U.S. civil agencies includes operations. The role of the individ- propaganda research, analysis, intelli- ual soldier cannot be overempha- gence, content development, news col- sized. His face-to-face contact with lection, broadcast monitoring, and the the people, a reflection of the govern- hardware of mass communications ment he represents, is a powerful media, together with pertinent skills. force in the psychological battle be- These elements may be in direct sup- tween the opposing forces. While port of the PAO, and under the admin- this is a normal command responsi- istrative control of the MAAG, Mis- bility, the psychological operations sion or Army Attache. While use of advisor can do much to emphasize army psychological operations assets its importance to the overall psycho- to augment USIS occurs primarily in logical operations program. potential subversive insurgent areas, (b) Similarly, the role of the U.S. officer it may be necessary to continue such and enlisted man is of great impor- support during periods of higher in- tance in psychological operations. tensity insurgent activity. Personnel on duty in foreign coun- (3) Support requirements for other agen- tries, particularly in the country- cies are provided as directed. side, have a profound effect on the image the civilian has of the United (4) It is reiterated that psychological op- States. The importance of being a erations, particularly at the local level, "grass roots ambassador" is appar- must be conducted by indigenous per- ent in order to offset the image of sonnel and attributed wholly to the the United States projected by the host government. communists. All personnel must be (5) It is vital that the key communicators imbued with a spirit of helpfulness in the host country be employed and and understanding of the local peo- that face-to-face communications be ple and their problems. utilized wherever possible. d. Support to U.S. Civil Agencies. (6) The lack of radios and movie theaters, (1) As the official U.S. overseas informa- and the high illiteracy rate, etc., will tion and propaganda agency, USIA, preclude the use of sophisticated com- through its overseas service (USIS), munication media and the operator conducts operations on a world-wide must seek other means of disseminat- basis. In some areas operations in sup- ing propaganda based on local facili- port of Country Team requirements ties and patterns of behavior, e.g., use have been so extensive that they strain of itinerant troubadors and puppet the capabilities and resources of USIS, shows.

AGO 6448A CHAPTER 11 INDIGENOUS PARAMILITARY FORCES

11 1. General long period of time. Generally, police are armed and wear a uniform. They perform police a. Paramilitary forces are distinct from the and internal security duties throughout the regular armed forces of any country, but re- country. They exercise law enforcement, intel- semble them in organization, equipment and ligence and countersubversive duties as directed mission. by appropriate authority. They also support b. The size and organization of paramilitary indigenous army units in punitive actions and forces will vary considerably in countries which relieve military units of internal security duties are likely targets for subversive insurgency. In in pacified areas. If the insurgency escalates some countries, paramilitary units provide the into a phase I1 situation, the organizational major source for both internal and external capabilities of the police force in the affected security. In other countries, paramilitary forces area may rapidly deteriorate and be eliminated are relatively small, being comprised primarily as an effective law enforcement agency. In a of police organizations concerned with law, phase I11 situation, where areas change hands order, and internal security. frequently, police may lose their identity com- c. This chapter describes some of the types pletely. In most countries, civil police may be of indigenous paramilitary units which might divided into three types-national police, mu- exist in some countries, the necessity for these nicipal police and rural police. In some coun- forces, their capabilities, and some problems tries rural police functions may be performed which may be encountered in screening, organ- by the national police. izing, equipping, supplying, training, and pay- (1) National police are comprised of both ing them. uniformed and nonuniformed armed personnel and are directed and super- 112. Paramilitary Organizations vised by an agency of the national gov- There are numerous titles for the various ernment. This agency, usually headed paramilitary organizations located in the differ- by a civilian, may also be responsible ent parts of the world, such as civil or home for administering the nation's armed guard units, constabulary police, volunteer de- forces. National police perform police fense corps, gendarmerie and many others; functions that relate to law enforce- however, this chapter will be limited to a dis- ment and security measures which are cussion of only four general types: civil police, promulgated at the national level. Na- civil guard, self defense units, and civil defense tional police are organized alcng mili- groups. tary lines and their authority tran- scends all political boundaries within a. Civil Police. Most governments depend the country. primarily on a police force to constitute the first line of defense against subversion and insur- (2) Municipal police are uniformed civil- gency. Police are normally trained and equipped ian police who perform law enforce- to deal with conspiracy, subversion, and minor ment missions in urban areas. They forms of violence. Police are also a sensitive are usually under control of the town point of contact between the government and or city authorities. These police are its citizenry, close to focal points of unrest, and armed and may possess limited quan- recognized as keepers of law and order over a tities of short range radios. Their au-

AGO 6448A thority usually extends only to the offensive missions. These units are made up of town or city limits. local volunteers and organized into platoons or (3) Rural police functions as mentioned in squads. They are prepared to defend their (1) above, may be performed by the villages at all times. These units man local out- national police. In some countries, posts in villages and towns, engage in periodic rural police may be organized to per- around-the-clock perimeter patrols of the com- form law enforcement functions under munity and maintain local alert forces available the control of the head of a political for defense missions. In limited offensive subdivision such as a province or dis- missions, self defensive units employ patrols, trict. The organization is usually ambushes and raids. To a lesser extent, they geared to small detachments to per- participate in large scale attacks with the civil form short term and short range func- guard, regular army, or both. Additionally, tions. Rural police posts may have they may assist emergency relief missions in radios to communicate with their local areas stricken by fire, flood, storms, or headquarters and/or adjacent posts, other natural disasters. Self defense units are but frequently this will not be the case. armed and, often, wear a uniform which identifies them as belonging to the self defense b. Civil Guard. Normally, the civil guard is organization. a provincial security type force, charged with the primary mission of providing internal se- d. Civil Defense Groups. Although these curity within a given political subdivision. The groups are somewhat similar to self defense organization of these units, however, may be units in mission, organization, capabilities, and similar to regular army units. They are fre- functions, they are treated separately because quently constituted from volunteers indigenous of their origin, status, and method of manage- to the area, whose knowledge of the terrain and ment and support. Also, the requirement for people is equal to that of the insurgents. Civil these forces is generated only after an escala- guard units are composed of uniformed and tion of the insurgency to a phase I1 situation. armed personnel and have the primary mission Civil defense groups are more likely to be of relieving the national army of internal se- identified with primitive tribes in distant and curity duties. Armament for civil guards will remote areas, people in rural areas, minority consist primarily of individual weapons, light ethnic groups, and misceIlaneous groups such machine guns, and small mortars. Communica- as workmen's militia, youth organizations and tions equipment, at best, will be provided on female auxiliaries. They are usually a non- an austere basis. Civil guard units are usually uniformed, unpaid, part-time volunteer force. of battalion and company size and may be Except for the miscellaneous group, they are trained to perform limited combat tactical mis- organized and trained to provide local and in- sions. More often they are charged with en- ternal security of their own hamlet or village forcing the law and maintaining public order when these have been organized and fortified. and security in rural areas. In its security role, They are armed with light weapons and in some civil guard units conduct raids, ambushes, and cases with only shotguns, carbines, and an oc- limited objective attacks, either alone or with casional pistol or rifle. The primitive tribal self defense units, regular army units, or with groups, which are of special interest to SAF both. Civil guard units may be called upon to advisory training personnel, may also be or- reinforce security posts under insurgency at- ganized and trained for a limited counterinsur- tack or to pursue the insurgents after their gency role as hunter-killer teams, trail withdrawal. watchers, and for border surveillance, and to c. Self Defense Units. The self defense units lesser extent in the ambush and raid of insur- are normally found to be the primary paramili- gent forces. tary force charged with the responsibility for the security of the villages and hamlets, guard- 113. Necessity for Paramilitary Forces ing headquarters, bridges, and key intersec- a. In countering insurgency, it is dangerous tions, local airstrips, and conducting limited for the national government to utilize all its

AGO 6448A regular military forces on static security duty 115. Training Paramilitary Forces throughout the country. It is essential that paramilitary forces be organized to perform a. Requirements. static security missions in order that the na- (1) The paramilitary force training pro- tional army may be relieved of these tasks to gram should insure the development of concentrate on offensive operations. Addi- basic military skills and, at the same tionally, paramilitary units can support the time, promote long-term benefits by national army in the conduct of counterinsur- providing citizenship training. gency operations when the latter are being (2) Instruction given to paramilitary conducted in their own province or political forces should be based on local geo- subdivision. graphic considerations and emphasize those tactics and techniques which are b. The organization of paramilitary units most applicable to the particular unit and the maintenance of these units at the local and its respective mission. level, not only gives the local population a feel- ing of security and increases their morale, but (3) Paramilitary training programs it makes them a part of the national effort. should insure that behind all counter- insurgency actions stands the opera- c. The organization and presence of effective tive governmental authority for which local defense units can neutralize the insur- the paramilitary force acts only as an gents' efforts to gain support from the people; agent. Throughout the conduct of mili- the insurgent must face the realization that it tary training programs, attention may now be necessary to fight for support, should be focused on the government's whereas before, persuasion or threats were plans and policies which must be im- sufficient. plemented. (4) Training programs should emphasize 114. Responsibilities of the Indigenous Gov- instruction for positive political be- ernment havior, protection of the population a. When civilians cooperate or join the para- under combat conditions, and render- military units in campaigning against the in- ing military civic action in both secure surgents, it must be remembered that they do and crisis areas. so at a certain sacrifice and risk to themselves. (5) The control of available training ten- This fact is often forgotten or ignored. In ters or areas should be centralized to soliciting civilian cooperation, the government, assure maximum utilization of all particularly the armed forces, must be ready to facilities. assume some responsibilities. Most important of these responsibilities is the protection of the b. Type Training Programs. Suggested train- lives and property of the civilians who run the ing programs for paramilitary units are con- risk of being listed for reprisal by the insur- tained in appendix VII. gents. The government should also provide funds for families of those members who are 116. U.S. Assistance killed in action. Additionally, financial aid Assistance for organizing, equipping, and should be provided for the support of the fami- training paramilitary forces may be provided lies of paramilitary force personnel whose mili- through the Military Assistance Program, the tary duties prevent them from pursuing their U.S. AID Mission (for civil police), or other regular occupations. elements of the Country Team. The MAAG/ Mission in the host country provides and directs b. Being aware of these responsibilities is not the advisory support effort involving the MAP. enough. It is important that the government Representatives of U.S. AID Mission are re- assure the people that it stands ready to reward sponsible for supervising the assistance pro- citizens who demonstrate their loyalty by co- vided by that agency. The Special Action Force, operating with the armed forces. under command of the MAAG/Mission or other

AGO 6448A U.S. component provides advisory personnel (3) Payments should include compensa- and mobile training teams to advise, train and tion for lengths of service, and alloca- provide operational assistance for paramilitary tions for dependents and special skills. forces. In coordination with representatives of U.S. AID Mission, the military police detach- b. Paramilitary personnel should be paid in ment and other appropriate elements of the proportion to the time devoted to the cause. Special Action Force may be required to assist c. A survival benefits program should be in the training of the civil police. established for dependents of paramilitary per- sonnel. 117. Pay and Benefits d. Payments should be timely and accurate. a. A standard prescribed pay scale for para- From past experience this has proven to be one military forces favorable to that of the indige- of the most critical factors. nous civilians should be established to alleviate morale problems. 118. Supply and Equipment : (1) Monetary payments for self defense type personnel should be based on that Equipment and supplies for the various in- of the local economy. In certain cir- digenous paramilitary forces may be provided cumstances it may be advisable or ap- through the national government's military propriate to provide part or all of the logistics system. Advantages which might ac- compensation for self defense person- crue from such a support arrangement are- nel in the form of commodities in kind, particularly foodstuffs, provided a. Accounting and control. from U.S. surplus stocks under PL b. Security. 480. c. Cooperation between military and para- (2) Civil guard units should be paid on a military units. standard which is in consonance with operational requirements. d. Economy in administration and overhead.

AGO 6448.4

PART FOUR TRAINING CHAPTER 12 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR U.S. ARMY COUNTERINSURGENCY FORCES

119. General POI see the current school catalogue published a. Training of U.S. Army Counterinsurgency by USCONARC. Forces stresses the development of skills, con- cepts, and procedures that must be taught to 120. Special Action Forces host country forces and the learning and, teach- The commander of the special forces group ing techniques required to impart these skills is responsible for the training of all assigned to individuals whose cultural background differs and attached units in the SAF. Normally, those from that of the U.S. soldier. Training emphasis professional skills contained in the various on what and how to teach indigenous forces augmentation detachments are MOSqualified will vary, according to the country require- prior to assignment to a SAF. However, the menh, force composition, and U.S. programs. commander must make provisions for service However, U.S. standards of training for com- school training of selected personnel in special- bat, combat support, and combat service sup- ized courses such as civil affairs, engineer, med- port units provide the basic guides for pre- ical, psychological operations and intelligence. paring U.S. forces to advise host military Area orientation and language training re- authorities in the organization and methods of quirements for each SAF differ. The base employment of indigenous forces combatting SAF in CONUS, however, can provide limited insurgents. Individual training for U.S. per- predeployment training for detachments in con- sonnel should include development of profi- sonance with assignment requirements. Train- ciency in basic MOS skills, area orientation, ing missions within the SAF are assigned con- varying degrees of language skill, and physical sistent with the availability of instructors, conditioning. When feasible, maximum cross training facilities, and the type training re- training should be given to members of mobile quired. Training supervision is centralized and accomplished through the normal-chain of com- training teams. Training of MTT's should mand. emphasize instructor skills to include tech- niques for teaching by demonstration with mini- 121. Special Forces Training mum use of language (voice) and proper tech- niques for use of interpreters. Consult FM 3-10 a. Training Objectives. The highly devel- for guidance and information concerning train- oped capability of special forces to organize, ing in the use of chemical weapons. equip, train, and direct indigenous forces, to- gether with their knowledge of guerrilla war- b. Courses of instruction are given by the fare tactics and techniques makes them effec- U.S. Army Special Warfare School and the tive in counterinsurgency support operations. U.S. Army Civil Affairs School to provide se- Special forces predeployment training should lected officers and noncommissioned officers also include, as a minimum, the academic sub- with a working knowledge of counterinsur- jects listed below. This additional training pre- gency operations including civic action pro- sumes that Army Training Program require- grams and activities. For course lengths and ments have already been satisfied.

AGO 6448A 87 b. Area Study. Scope: Geography ; popula- struction planning ;engineer tools and tion and ethnic groups; communications and construction equipment ; concrete con- transport ; industry and agriculture ; history ; struction techniques ; water supply general character of the society; sociology and and waste disposal systems ;defensive nationalism ; attitudes and reactions ; customs works construction; military airfields and taboos ;social values and patterns of living ; and heliports; gasoline and diesel en- religion, education, sects and cults; structure gine maintenance and repair; and use of the family; current domestic political situa- and maintenance of mine detectors. tion in the country; national and tactical organ- (3) Medical. Scope: Village health pro- ization for counterinsurgency operations; U.S. gram ; physical diagnosis ; drugs ;hel- assistance programs ; armed forces ; paramili- minthic diseases; gastro- intestinal tary forces; insurgent forces; civilian defense diseases ; respiratory diseases ; hepa- group concept ; physical security ; evasion and titis ; malaria ; dermatology ; nutri- escape; intelligence situation briefing ; public tional diseases ; dental procedures ; order and safety; returnee briefing; and cur- potable water supply, waste disposal, rent intelligence. night soil ;animal (rodent) and insect- c. Democracy us Communism. Scope: Amer- borne disease control; treatment of ican democracy and political theory; American eye and ear infections; emergency foreign policy; communist philosophy and ob- child birth; shock and hemorrhage; jectives; country criticism of the US.; and burns, wound management and soft comparison of the democratic and communist tissue injury; venereal disease; chemi- systems. cal and physical agents; medical in- telligence ; immunization procedures ; d. Language Study. Scope : Subfluency level training in organizing and equipping of attainment and concentration on military a 25-bed field hospital and supporting terms and most commonly used words and it logistically. phrases. (4) Communications. Scope : Organiza- : e. Counterinsurgency Operations. Scope tion of village communication system ; Background ; patrolling ; intelligence ; psycho- preparation of a communications logical operations and civic actions; immediate training program and conduct of in- action drills; small unit counterinsurgency tac- struction; visual and audio communi- tics; search and seizure techniques; host coun- cations means ;radio sets ;operational try air operations to include airmobile opera- maintenance ;public address systems ; tions; methods of instruction in the host coun- electrical lighting systems and genera- try; and tactical deficiencies of host country tors ; telephones and switchboards; troops. preparation of expedient codes and f. MOS Training. This training is provided review of code systems; field expedi- on the basis of MOS requirements. ent antennas; fundamentals of elec- (1) Weapons and operations. Scope: Or- tronic equipment repair; reduced dis- ganization of the village ;development tance nets; and increased distance of training and operations programs ; nets ; and indigenous equipment. records, orders, and reports ;familiar- ization in basic psychological opera- g. MOS Cross Training. In addition to spe- tions; preparation of field expedient cific MOS training, the special forces opera- ranges, training areas, and conduct of tional detachment personnel are cross trained training; a wide variety of rifle and in the other MOS skills to include- hand grenades, rocket launchers, (1) Weapons. mines, mortars, and recoilless rifles; and indigenous weapons. (2) Engineering and demolitions. (2) Engineering and Demolitions. Scope: (3) Medical. Village construction and defense ;con- (4) Communications.

AGO 6448A h. General Subject Selected Personnel. The jects. Training should emphasize field expedi- environment in which a special force detach- ents and the use of locally available materials. ment is normally employed may require skills The following subjects should be covered in not assigned to the detachment. Selected per- the program of instruction : sonnel in the detachment will require special- (1) Field fortifications. ized training or a specialist may be attached to (2) Construction and repair of roads, rail- the detachment to provide the skills required. roads, and airfields. An example that has been most common is a requirement for a vehicle mechanic within the (3) Bridges, ferries, and rafts. detachment. (4) Waterways. i. Special Forces Operational Base. During (5) Building construction. field training exercises the SF operational de- (6) Sanitation and water supply. tachment C, with appropriate augmentation (7) Area damage control. should establish and operate an SFOB. Sub- (8) Assistance to agriculture. ordinate detachments and MTT's should be realistically dispersed over a wide area and be (9) Power production. provided logistics and administrative support. (10) Use and maintenance of engineer-type Communications procedures should be thor- equipment. oughly tested. (11) Engineering and design. (12) Construction planning and manage- 122. Augmentation Units ment. a. General. Training for augmentation de- e. Military Police Detachment. As a part of tachments of the SAF should be integrated into area orientation, members of the detachment the special forces group training program for should receive detailed instruction in subjects area orientation, language training, common relating to civil and military law of the antici- subjects, and field training exercises. Physical pated area of deployment. This orientation conditioning should be stressed in order to de- should emphasize authority and jurisdiction. velop an ability to function under adverse cli- The program of instruction should include, as matic and sanitary conditions. Positions re- a minimum, the following subjects : quiring professional skills should be filled by (1) Military and paramilitary police in personnel who are already trained. riot control to include riot control for- b. Civil Aflairs Detachment. Training for mations, use of chemical agents and personnel assigned to the Civil Affairs Detach- equipment, and mob psychology. ment in a SAF should include a detailed review (2) Area control operations to include and study of the functional areas of civil affairs police patrolling; operation of check- to include low level actions as they apply to the points ;road blocks and strong points ; anticipated area of employment. The scope of personnel identification systems; civil training should include all levels of civic action defense; police security investiga- programs. tions ; and customs enforcement con- c. Medical Detachment. In addition to MOS trol. training,' members of the medical detachment (3) Police public relations to include res- should receive instruction in the treatment of cue squad operations, safety planning, diseases indigenous to the area of anticipated fire protection measures, sponsorship deployment. The medical and preventive medi- of civic actions, schoolboy patrols, cine specialist should be given extensive on- athletic leagues, and town "clean up." the-job training in local hospitals and dispen- (4) Physical security operations to include saries. physical security surveys; security of d. Engineer Detachment. Members of the ports, airports, railroads, oilfields, and engineer detachment should receive instruction terminals; security of critical public in both combat support and civic action sub- utilities, industrial facilities, and mili-

AGO 6448A tary installations; and security of (4) Civic action programs. critical and sensitive materials. (5) SAF operations in remote areas. (5) General investigation and police sub- (6) Preparation of psychological opera- jects to include circulation control of tions programs. individuals, traffic control, training and supervision ;military and civilian h. ASA Special Operations Detachment prisoners, prisoners of war ; law and (SOD). Initially the SOD will be trained as order, criminal investigation, crime directed by the chief of USASA. In addition prevention ;weapons instruction ; and to technical training, the SOD'S receive pre- communications. assignment instruction in languages, airborne, (6) Development of a police intelligence ranger and similar subjects. Other training system which will complement crimi- will be in accordance with the training pro- nal investigation and military intelli- grams established by the commander of the gence efforts. SAF to which the detachment is assigned. (7) Military police combat patrols, strik- ing force operations, route and area 123. Brigade Size Backup Forces reconnaissance, and airmobile opera- a. General. Backup forces, like the SAF's, tions. are specifically oriented for deployment to par- f. Military Intelligence Detachment. Mem- ticular areas of the world. Accordingly, each bers of the MI detachment should receive de- U.S. Army division designated is required to tailed instruction on the organization and func- develop training programs for the brigade and tions of U.S. and indigenous intelligence sys- its subordinate elements selected for deploy- tems in the anticipated areas of deployment. ment to areak in which the capabilities of As a minimum, the program of instruction MAAG's and SAPS have been exceeded. Unit should include-- training programs must be modified to accom- (1) Intelligence and counterintelligence modate counterinsurgency training for the functions in counterinsurgency opera- brigade as a tactical unit but with primary em- tions to include support for civic ac- phasis being placed on the use of brigade ele- tion programs, psychological opera- ments organized as mobile training teams tions, and military and paramilitary (MTT). Personnel assigned to MTT's should operations. be thoroughly trained in their respective MOS skills and personnel within each MTT should (2) Clandestine intelligence operations be given MOS cross-training to the extent prac- and techniques for selected personnel. ticable. FM 31-16 provides information and (3) Combat intelligence operations for an- guidance for training of the brigade and its ticipated area of employment. subordinate elements in its tactical counter- g. Psychological Operations Detachment. guerrilla role. The members of the unit should receive detailed instruction in the various communication b. Training Objectives. The backup forces media being utilized in the anticipated area of training objectives are- deployment. They should also receive instruc- ('1) To be proficient in MOS skills. tions on agreed activities between both U.S. (2) To be highly proficient in counterin- and indigenous agencies having psychological surgency operations. activities responsibilities. Special emphasis should be placed on training of all assigned (3) To understand the role of backup personnel in psychological operations in sup- forces in the Army Special Warfare port of- Program. . (1) Area orientation (detailed). (4) To be familiar with the designated (2) Counterinsurgency operations. area. (3) Intelligence, police and related coun- (5) To maintain language skill levels tersubversion operations. through refresher training.

AGO 8448A c. Area/Country Orientation. This program tion should include minimum refresher training will closely parallel the area study program con- of one hour per week of supervised practice. ducted by the SAF. When the backup force For this purpose each division should maintain orientation is directed to a region with several a minimum of one qualified instructor per as- nations, country priorities may be established signed language. Normally the very limited based on the best available intelligence. Brigade number of instructors and language facilities commanders may elect to assign each battalion available will require that language instruction and its augmentation a particular country. A be centralized, for control and scheduling, at typical subject schedule would include the fol- brigade or higher level. lowing : e. Guerrilla Tactics and Techniques. In addi- (1) Geography. tion to instruction contained in the area orienta- (2) Communications media and transpor- tion study program, backup force personnel tation systems. should receive instruction in the tactics and (3) History. techniques employed by guerrillas. A method by which this training may be accomplished is (4) Religion, cults and sects. by participation as guerrillas in the regularly (5) Industry and agriculture. conducted special forces training exercises. (6) Nationalism, customs and taboos. f. Engineering/Demolitions. Personnel as- (7) Government. signed to backup force MTT's should receive (8) Armed forces. training in antipersonnel mines, antitank mines, (9) Insurgent forces. hand grenades, trip flares, and those engineer- ing subjects likely to be of use. (10) U.S. Assistant Program. (11) U.S. Military Assistance Advisory g. Medical. Instruction in sanitation, severe Groups. weather hygiene, and subjects in first aid ap- propriate to the area of operation should be (12) Intelligence Briefing. provided all personnel in the backup force. d. Language Study. Language proficiency h. Communicaticms. All personnel in the for personnel assigned to the backup force will MTT's should be provided familiarization in- be in accordance with standards prescribed by appropriate headquarters. Each division might struction in the use and operation of portable maintain a pool of native-speaking or school- radio sets, to include selected international trained linguists to support the brigade. It is morse code emergency formats. important that personnel assigned to MTT's i. Civic Action. The U.S. Army Civil Affairs learn to speak and read words and phrases School provides a course of instruction for offi- which are pertinent to their duty position. For cers scheduled for a counterinsurgency assign- example, the machine gunner in the infantry ment. This course is described in section V MTT should learn words and phrases which will below. Civic action training for MTT person- enhance machine gun instruction to indigenous nel should emphasize the role and conduct of troops. The language training program should the individual soldier and techniques for ac- provide for maximum use of existing labora- complishment of simple projects at the "grass tory equipment, training facilities and assigned root" level. instructors. Professional civilian instructors j. Survival, Evasion and Escape. All mem- may be provided on approval of Department of bers of the provisional brigade backup force Army. Backup force personnel should be en- should be provided instruction in survival and couraged to enroll in appropriate language evasion and escape with emphasis on techniques courses available through the general educa- applicable to the designated area of operations. tional development program. Additionally, quotas can be obtained to send selected individ- k. Physical Conditioning. All personnel must uals to the U.S. Army Language School. Since be physically conditioned to perform and endure linguistic skill deteriorates rapidly through dis- adverse climatic and dangerous sanitary con- use, backup force language proficiency instruc- ditions.

AGO 64481 124. Training Requirements include as a minimum area/country orientation, organization, tactics and techniques of indig- a. Combat Units. The deployment of combat enous forces to be supported, and language units to support a host country will be made only instruction for selected personnel. The program under exceptional circumstances, and then as a of instruction should include civic action func- show of force or to conduct counterinsurgency tions and practical work on projects which can operations in phase 111. Except for those in- be executed within the units' capabilities. Spe- fantry, armored, and artillery units organic to cial instruction should be provided in the care the designated brigade backup forces, only mini- of equipment and supplies in preparation for mal additional training is required. Usually an anticipated deployment to countries possessing abbreviated area/country orientation program unusual climatic conditions. will suffice. In this respect area orientation should emphasize those subjects which will en- c. Combat Service Support Units. Training hance military operations, such as terrain stud- requirements for combat service support units ies, indigenous military force organizations, will be as indicated for combat support units. tactics and techniques, and the enemy. Commanders, staffs and selected personnel should become thoroughly familiar with and b. Combat Support Units. These type units be trained to support both U.S. and indigenous may be required for deployment in an early forces in the host country. Medical service phase of insurgency to provide both military units should be trained to treat diseases and and civic action operational assistance to the recognize health and sanitary hazards which indigenous military forces or agencies of the are indigenous to the anticipated country of host country. Predeployment training should deployment.

AGO 6448A APPENDIX I REFERENCES

1. General JCS Pub 1 Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage. JCS Pub 2 Unified Action Armed Forces. (C) AR 10-122 U.S. Army Security Agency (U) . (C) AR 105-87 Electronic Warfare (electronic countermeasures and electronic coun- ter-countermeasures) (U). AR 320-5 Dictionary of U.S. Army Terms. AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. (FOUO) AR 380-8 Policy Guidance for Security of Special Forces Activities. AR 380-200 Armed Forces Censorship. (C) AR 381-25 Army Intelligence Collection Instructions (U) . (C) AR 381-100 Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army Missions, Functions, and Employment of Personnel and Units (U) . AR 381-115 Counterintelligence Investigative Agencies. (C) AR 381-205 Procedures Facilitating Intelligence Bxploitation of Captured Enemy Personnel (U) . Army Aviation ;Organization and Employment. Aviation Battalion, Infantry, Airborne, Mechanized and Armored Divisions. Army Aviation. Engineer Troop Organizations and Operations. Field Fortifications. Use and Installation of Boobytraps. Engineer Construction and Construction-Support Units. Engineer Topographic Units. Field Artillery Tactics. Field Artillery Techniques. Infantry, Airborne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry Battalions. Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division Brigades. Medical Service Units, Theater of Operations. Medical Service, Theater of Operations. Transportation of the Sick and Wounded. Ordnance Service in the Field. Ordnance Direct Support Service. Quartermaster Service in Theater of Operations. Quartermaster Organization and Service in Army and Corps. Field Radio Relay Techniques. Signal Operations, Theater of Operations. Tactical Signal Communication Systems, Army, Corps, and Division. Signal Corps Pictorial Operations.

AGO 6448A Signal Battalion, Armored, Mechanized and Infantry Division. FM 17-1 Armor Operations. FM 1736 Divisional Armored and Air Cavalry Units. FM 19-5 The Military Policeman. FM 19-10 Military Police Operations. FM 19-15 Civil Disturbances and Disasters. FM 19-20 Military Police Investigation. FM 19-25 Military Police Traffic Control. FM 19-30 Physical Security. FM 1940 Handling Prisoners of War. FM 20-32 Land Mine Warfare. FM 21-5 Military Training. FIM 21-6 Techniques of Military Instruction. FM 21-10 Military Sanitation. FM 21-31 Topographic Symbols. FM 21-50 Ranger Training and Ranger Operations. FM 21-76 Survival. FM 21-77 Evasion and Escape. (C) FM 21-778 Evasion and Escape (U) . FM 23-series As required. FM 24-16 Signal Orders, Records and Reports. FM 24-18 Electronic Warfare (ground based) (U) . (C) FM 24-150 Field Radio Techniques. FM 30-5 Combat Intelligence. (S) FM 30-9A Military Intelligence Battalion Field Army (U) . FM 30-10 Terrain Intelligence. (C) FM 30-15 Intelligence Interrogation (ZT) . FM 30-19 Order of Battle Intelligence. FM 31-15 Operations Against Irregular Forces. FM 31-16 Counterguerrilla Operations. (C) ,FM 31-20 Special Forces Operational Techniques (U) . FM 31-21 Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations. (S) FM 31-21A Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations (U). FM 3130 Jungle Operations. (C) FM 3140 Tactical Cover and Deception (U) . FM 31-50 Combat in Fortified Areas and Towns. FM 31-72 Mountain Operations. (CM) FM 32-5 Community Security (U). (S) FM 32-10 United States Army Security Agency in Support of a Field Army (U). Psychological Operations. Joint Manual for Civil Aff airsiMilitary Government. Civil Affairs Operations. Transportation Services in Theater of Opera t'lons. Transportation Corps Reference Data. Army Forces in Joint Airborne Operations. Airmobile Operations. Pile Construction. Construction in the Theater of Operations. Pits and Quarries.

AGO 6448A Bituminous, Concrete and Expedient Paving Operations. Logging and Sawmill Operations. Railroad Construction. Insect and Rodent Control. Refuse Collection and Disposal ;Repairs and Utilities. TM 5-700 Field Water Supply. TM 5-728 Engineer Foundry Practices. TM 5-742 Concrete and Masonry. TM 5-766 Electric Power Generation in the Field. TM 57-210 Air Movement of Troops and Equipment. DA Pam 21-81 Individual Training in Collecting and Reporting Military Information. DA Pam 30-26 A Guide to the Collection of Technical Intelligence. (C) DA Pam 30-100 Intelligence Collection Guide :Telecommunications (U) . (C) DA Pam 30-102 Intelligence Collection Guide :Identification of SMD (U).

2. U.S. Marine Corps FMFM-21 Operations Against Guerrilla Forces.

AGO 6448A 95 APPENDIX II EXAMPLES OF CIVIC ACTION

Examples of military civic action that may be a portable generator for lighting the village performed in one or more parts of a country school one or two nights a week to permit adult faced with insurgency are indicated below. education classes, providing heavy equipment I. Use of individual talents or knowledge, for assistance in construction or repair work acquired in the military service or prior to being accomplished by civilians, or providing military service, by soldiers to provide advice transportation of heavy or bulky materials for and assistance in helping to solve problems of civilians for construction projects. the people. This includes farmers, mechanics, 11. Provision of escort for convoys of critical teachers, medical personnel, administrative per- products to markets where they are badly

sonnel, engineers,- fishermen, electricians, car- needed. penters, lawyers, or any other special talent 12. Establishment of military-civilian coun- possessed by the individual soldier. cils at village and hamlet levels to promote 2. Provision of troop labor for construction better relations, discuss mutual problems and projects, harvesting crops, or preparation of provide for mutual assistance. ground for planting. 13. Provision of teachers for primary level 3. Provision of safe water supply by provid- and adult literacy schools, until public education ing advice, assistance, and material for digging organizations can assume this task. wells or installing simple pumps and filtration 14. Sponsorship, organization, and training systems. of youth and women's groups until this can be 4. Supervision, advice, and assistance in con- assumed by the government. struction of simple access roads from hamlets to villages and to main roads, to include con- 15. Provision of a means of communication struction of simple bridges and culverts. between hamlet, village, and district offices by using existing military means and tying in with 5. Supervision, advice, and assistance in con- civilian community facilities where available, struction of community development projects or using spare army equipment until civilian to include markets, schools, community build- facilities can be established. ings, nurseries, dispensaries, canals, and houses. 16. Provision of emergency food, clothing, 6. Provision of emergency medical treatment medical support, and shelter for civilians in the and evacuation of civilians by armed forces event of insurgent attack, fire, flood, crop fail- facilities. ures, or other disaster. 7. Provision of ambulance service to civilians 17. Provision of advice and assistance to when not required for army personnel. civilian agencies, both private and govern- 8. Assistance by military doctors or aidmen mental, to enable them to accomplish their in civilian medical facilities. mission more effectively. This may range from 9. Supervision, advice, and assistance in pure technical advice to provision of personnel, instituting public hygiene and insect and rodent supplies, and equipment on a temporary basis. control programs. 18. Provision of assistance and advice to the 10. Provision on a temporary basis of facili- local paramilitary units in the training of ham- ties or equipment not locally available, such as let and village defense forces.

96 AGO 6448A 19. Provision of technical advice and super- model villages, or relocated villages to reduce vision of hamlet and village administrations the time required to establish the hamlet or vil- until this can be assumed by civilian agencies. lage, and provide assistance to villages in con- 20. Operation of local administrations where struction of homes and preparation of ground. they are inoperative or nonexistent, until ap- 24. Conduct open house activities at military propriate civilian agencies can take over. installations, and participate in civil ceremonies 21. Provision of security for hamlets and vil- when the security situation permits. lages until this can be accomplished by other 25. Coordinate the establishment of military means. dependent communities, or integrate military 22. Provision of surplus or salvage items. dependents into the community, with local offi- For example, salvage generators given to tech- cials to provide maximum assistance and cause nical or vocational schools to provide cutaway the least disruption of normal activity. models, salvage or surplus medical equipment 26. Contribute to local welfare agencies at given to welfare agencies for distribution to every opportunity, either by providing funds or needy installations, and turning over to public by providing personnel or equipment. health officials medical supplies which will shortly become salvage due to expiration date 27. Supervision, advice, and assistance in of effectiveness and which are not required by establishing indigenous public services to in- the army. clude police, paramilitary police, civil defense 23. Construction of public buildings, defense unit, fire protection, disaster relief, and physi- works, and public facilities of secure hamlets, cal security.

AGO 6448A 97 APPENDIX Ill SECURE POPULATION CENTERS

1. General thorough study of the counterinsurgency situa- tion be made before a program of establishing In addition to military and paramilitary ac- village complexes begins. Such a gtudy should tions undertaken to defeat insurgency, the civil- answer the following questions : :an population can and must play a decisive role if the insurgency is to be defeated. This ap- (1) Does the situation actually warrant pendix presents the principles of a concept for the establishment of village com- the organization of villages or hamlets into plexes ? mutually supporting complexes. This concept (2) Is the development of village com- envisions all members of a village being organ- plexes within the capability of coun- ized for their own mutual support into a village terinsurgency forces ? complex. This mutual support not only in- (3) Does the terrain or area favor the cludes defense, but also will include other activ- establishment & village complexes? ities, such as the general economic improve- (4) How will the inhabitants react to the ment of the village, public health, village sani- establishment of village complexes? If tation, and extensions of democratic principles reaction is unfavorable, how can this and procedures through such things as the be changed ? formation of village and hamlet committees. (5) Will the advantages accrued by the Thus, by organizing villages or hamlets into establishment of village complexes complexes, there will be derived not only the outweigh the disadvantages ? initial advantage of security of the complex from outside insurgent attack, but also the b. Plans, though varying for each province following secondary advantages : or subarea of the country, should consider- a. Insurgent forces will be prevented from (1) Establishment of priorities for dm& establishing and maintaining contact with local opment of complexes in each province inhabitants. or subarea. b. Identification of insurgent elements living (2) Selection of village complex sites. outside the complex will be made easier. (3) Methods by which villagers will be c. With civilians grouped together, general induced or motivated to enter into the civilian control measures will be made easier. village complex program voluntarily. (4) Procurement of materials for con- 2. Establishment of Village Complexes struction of village complex defense systems. a. The establishment of village complexes is a serious course of action in the counterinsur- (5) Engineer assistance to help prepare gency battle. Since the establishment of village the defense system. complexes usually will involve at least some de- (6) Training of villagers so that they can gree of resettlement of inhabitants, such a step defend themselves. will have deep and far-reaching effects amongst (7) Organization of the village complex the populace. Without very careful planning, administration system, to include ap- the establishment of village complexes may pointment and duties of the village hurt, rather than help, the counterinsurgency council, committees, and other agen- program. Therefore, it is important that a cies.

AGO 6448A 3. Security Concept of the Village Complex b. Providing training aids where possible. The concept of the security of the village c. Organizing and providing facilities for complex is not only that of a static defense, but communicating between the village complex through the use of patrols and mobile reserves and regular counterinsurgency forces. Through is also an offensive defense. The security of these communication facilities there will be the village complex includes- passed not only information concerning the a. A secure zone around the entire perimeter guerrillas, but also word of any guerrilla at- of the village complex in which village security tack against the complex. forces, organized into paramilitary units, are d. Providing reconnaissance patrols of regu- continually on patrol, particularly during the lar counterinsurgency forces which will fur- hours of darkness. ther contribute to the security of the village b. Division of the village complex for defen- complex. sive purposes into areas of responsibility with each village or area generally patrolled by secu- 5. Economic Improvement rity forces of that village or area. Activities to improve the economic situation c. Establishment of a limited number of within the village complex will include such routes on which all traffic is checked in and out military-civic actions as are listed in appendix of the village complex. A minimum number of 11. routes will be utilized at night. During the day, additional routes may be used for miscellaneous 6. Extension of Democratic Procedures reasons, such as reducing the distance farmers must travel to and from their fields. These activities consist of the normal ad- ministration by village officials, and also in- d. Maintenance of a mobile reserve at village clude committees within each village who act level to move rapidly to the assistance of any as advisory groups to village officials. The one village in the complex which might be under military, political, psychological and economic attack. This reserve will generally be made up leaders of the village complex are a part of the of paramilitary units. The village complex overall control committee. concept envisions outside military assistance from regular military forces in case of large scale guerrilla attacks. 7. Summary e. Establishment of an intelligence network The initial aim of the village complex con- in the community for the purpose of developing cept is to-hatetraffic between guerrilla sympa- information about guerrillas in the area and to thizers physically located among the population insure the prompt exposure of any undercover and the guerrilla forces, regular and militia- insurgent sympathizers in the community. type, which live in the open country. Within the villages are political, propaganda, economic, 4. Organization and Training for Village intelligence and terrorist elements which sup- Security Forces port the guerrilla forces. When this support In view of the importance of village security has been effectively stopped, the guerrilla, in forces, special emphasis must be given to the order to exist, is forced to smash the estab- organization, equipment, and training of these lished barriers surrounding the village com- forces. The military commander of the counter- plex. A concurrent aim of the village complex insurgency forces assists in this program of concept is the total participation by all members organizing and training these village security of the community in providing for their own forces by- defense. This is accomplished by the integra- a. Providing initial training cadres and tion of military, political, economic and socio- training facilities. logical activities into one operation.

AGO 6448A 99 APPEN~IXIV TRANSPORTATION SECURITY

1. General e. The use of air cover as convoy support is In areas'. where insurgent forces are known important. When aircraft are employed in this or suspected to be operating, the security of all role they help prevent and/or minimize the forms of transportation is a serious problem. effect of ambushes. Good security and safety from insurgent attack requires careful prior planning, detailed train- 3. Military Classification of Roads ing, responsive movement procedures and, In an insurgent area, highway or road sys- particularly, a complete awarenesa of the seri- tems may be identified according to estimated ousness of the problem. This appendix describes risks from insurgent activities. One system, certain procedures that may be used to improve using a color code, is as .follows : the s+urity of road, rail, and inland waterway a. Green Roads. These roads generally are movements. In addition, certain counteram- within the limits of major cities and secure bush techniques will be considered as far as areas. Normally, military personnel are per- they affect friendly mounted forces. mitted to travel unarmed in any type vehicle on 2. Preventing and/or Minimizing Ambushes these roads. The only effective method to prevent an am- b. Yellow Roads. These are roads upon bush is to avoid it. How~ver,since avoidance which there is limited risk of insurgent am- is not always possible, other methods for mini- bush. Along these roads, the pattern of in- mizing ambushes must be found. Some of these surgent activity will take the form of sniping other methods are as follows : at odd vehicles and/or minor hit-and-run at- tacks. In an insurgent area the majority of a. Timely, accurate intelligence is an effec- roads will be yellow. In considering a specific tive means for reducing the effectiveness of route, however, various degrees of risk may be guerrilla ambushes. Such intelligence can be encountered. The following procedures should developed by a variety of methods: One parti- be applied to movement of military, police or cularly important source of intelligence is the civilian vehicles on Yellow Roads : loyal population. The security and well-being of local civilians should be established and (1) All military personnel traveling in maintained. vehicles should be armed. b. In gaerrilla infested areas where- jungle (2) Each military vehicle should carry at growth is barticularly thick, programs may be least two men. undertaken to clear the roadsides of jungle (3) Convoys should be responsible for growth, either manually or through the use of their own protection. defoliants. (4) Whenever possible, air cover will be c. For the protection of- particularly im- provided. portant convoys or routes, troop units may be (5) Whenever possible, armed escort vehi- ,positioned along the route and/or used to con- cles will be provided with a desirable duct route or argreconnaissance. ratio of one armed escort vehicle to d. The known patterns of insurgent activities every five "soft" vehicles. may provide planning factors for countering (6) Vehicles should be close enough to future ambushes. each other to render mutual assistance

AGO 6448A in case of emergency, but not so close a. Appointment and Duties of Convoy and that a small ambush will catch several Vehicle Commanders. vehicles. (I) A commander must be detailed for (7) Travel at night should be restricted each convoy. The convoy commander to cases of operational necessity. will position himself where, according to the circumstances, he can best ac- (8) Irregularity of movement should be complish his mission. This will not practiced to make guerrilla planning necessarily be in the first or last vehi- more difficult. cle. An armored vehicle or an armed (9) Additional precautions may be speci- soft vehicle, such as the 1/4, ton truck fied for certain sectors of the road. with LMG mounted, should be used Examples of these additional precau- as the commander's vehicle. Radio tionary measures are as follows: communications must be provided for (a) Mounted and dismounted patrols movement control of convoys and noti- should reconnoiter and patrol ahead fication to alert forces of an ambush. if possible, and to the flanks of the In addition, provision must be made convoy. for passage of command in the event the commander becomes a casualty. (b) Check points should be established and single vehicles required to halt (2) A vehicle commander must be detailed and wait until a "provisional" con- by name for each vehicle. The vehicle voy of four or five vehicles can be commander's primary mission is to formed. When a single vehicle must command the troops in his vehicle and travel alone, reconnaissance by fire control the vehicle should the convoy may flush small ambushes. Extreme be ambushed. caution must be exercised on return b. Organization of the Convoy. leg of round trip when an alternate (1) Reconnaissance elements will travel route is not available. ahead of the convoy. These elements c. Red Roads. These are roads lying within will attempt to trigger prematurely active combat areas. Convoys traveling on Red any potential ambush. Roads can expect to be ambushed at any point, (2) Vehicles in convoys should not be and all movements of vehicles on Red Roads overloaded with personnel or equip- will be of a tactical nature. In addition to the ment. If vehicles are loaded to their measures outlined for Yellow Roads, the fol- maximum, troops will be unable to lowing measures should be implemented : effectively use their weapons. In a 2y2 (1) Convoys will always be escorted by ton truck, for example, 16 or 18 in- armored vehicles and supporting dividuals should be the maximum troops. carried. Similarly, the number of men carried in other types of vehicles must (2) Travel at night will be limited to oper- be restricted to ensure freedom of ational necessity. movement. (3) Whenever possible, armed aircraft or (3) Personnel in troop-carrying vehicles observation aircraft should be as- must be constantly on the alert and signed for reconnaissance and to assist be prepared for immediate action. in control of the convoy. Selected individuals should be posted as lookout-men or guards. In large 4. Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) vehicles it is usual that four men are Every unit should have complete and com- posted, two at the front and two at prehensive orders or plans covering movement the rear of each vehicle, with each as- by roads. These should cover in detail the signed an area of observation cover- following points : ing 90" from the center of the road

AGO 644812 to the side in each direction. These Phosphorous grenades are particular- guards should be armed with auto- ly effective, for they not only produce matic weapons as well as with smoke an immediate and effective smoke and fragmentation grenapes. Phos- screen, but are also a feared and pain- phorous smoke grenades are particu- ful casualty producer. larly useful as an antiambush weapon. d. Preparation of the Vehicles. It should be If ambushed, the posted guards fire stressed that armed troops in a vehicle must to cover disembarking troops. The have all-around visibility. They should be able guards may also assist in control of to fire their weapons without hindrance and the convoy by informing the vehicle be able to disembark quickly. "Soft" vehicles commander when the vehicle follow- should be "hardened" as much as possible, us- ing halts or drops back. ing such material as sandbags and armor-plate. (4) Armored escort vehicles can be placed One simple and readily available method of in various parts of the convoy. In ad- "hardening" a soft vehicle such as the 2% ton dition, the armored escort vehicle may truck consists of placing a single row of sand- serve as a mobile CP for the convoy bags, stacked five high, down each side of the commander. When large convoys truck. This single row of sandbags will stop move on main roads, vehicles should most small arms fire. A wooden bench may be be divided into blocks of five or six, rigged down the middle of the truck bed on with armored escort vehicles placed which troops sit facing outwards. In addition, in each block. The armored escort the following general preparatory actions vehicles has two important functions should be taken : during an ambush action: first, it (1) Vehicles should normally have tar- provides immediate protection for paulins and bows removed. personnel caught in the killing zone by (2) The tail gate should either be removed driving into the ambush and engaging or be capable of being placed in a the enemy at point-blank range, and horizontal position upon instant second, it provides direct fire support notice. for the counter attack. (3) "Chicken wire" should be placed over (5) Radio communications should link all the open windows of larger trucks to command elements of the convoy and prevent insurgents from throwing any reinforcing alert forces. grenades into the cabs of vehicles. c. Location and Disposition of Weapons. (4) A cutting or deflecting bar should be (1) Automatic weapons. Standard or im- attached to the front of vehicles to provised mounts constructed so that prevent barrier cables or wires guns can be quickly removed from the stretched across roads from decapitat- truck are recommended. Weapons ing or otherwise injuring personnel should be placed to ensure that im- riding in the vehicle. This is particu- mediate automatic fire can be brought larly important in the case of the to bear on any ambushing party. smaller vehicles such as the Y4 ton (2) Crew-served weapons. These weapons truck. should be distributed throughout the (5) Beds of trucks and floors of vehicle length of the convoy to provide in- cabs should be protected by at least direct fire support. They can easily be one layer of sandbags to minimize removed from a vehicle and rapidly casualties from mines detonating placed into firing position or they can under the vehicle. be fired from a vehicle bed. e. Immediate Action Procedures. Whatever (3) Rifle Grenades. All men armed with precautions are taken and whatever prepara- riflle grenades should be trained to tions made, the properly planned ambush will fire them immediately upon contact. always be an unexpected encounter. Immediate

AGO 6448A action drills are simple courses of action de- (b) Dismount from the vehicle on com- signed to deal with the problem of the un- mand and attack ambush positions. expected encounter. They aim particularly at (c) Troops mounted in a "hardened" neutralizing the ambush and regaining the ini- vehicle may not be required to tiative through immediate and positive action. evacuate the vehicle immediately. Experience indicates that it is near-fatal to They will fire all available weapons halt in an area which guerrillas have carefully at guerrilla ambush positions and chosen as a killing zone. From superior tactical await the first "lull" in the initial positions they endeavor to bring heavy and guerrilla fire, or for supporting fire effective fire to bear on convoy elements in the from friendly armored escorts or killing zone. area-fire type weapons, as appropri- (1) The basic immediate action procedure, ate. Dismounting will then take therefore, is to endeavor to continue place on order and in manner moving when fired upon, to halt only similar to the dismounting proce- when the killing zone is either cleared dure from a soft vehicle. or before entering it, and to counter- (3) Immediate action procedures should attack immediately from the flanks of be rehearsed frequently by infantry their own choosing. Therefore, when units. Where miscellaneous vehicles vehicles are fired upon- are formed into a convoy, two or three (a) Drivers should not stop, but should immediate action procedure drills attempt to reach positions which should be held before the convoy are clear of fire. enprs the danger zone. (b) Lookout men and guards should im- mediately bring fire to bear on the 5. Counter Ambush Procedures estimated ambush positions. Men in a. General. Guerrillas are particularly sen- each vehicle will fire all available sitive to threats to their rear or flanks. Offen- weapons to disrupt and confuse the sive action to develop such threats can best be enemy. carried out by troops which are beyond the (c) As vehicles clear the killing zone limits of the killing zone. Commanders so they should stop to permit oc- situated should launch an immediate flanking cupants to detruck in order to take attack on guerrilla ambush positions, using as immediate offensive action. supporting fire any crew-served weapons which (d) Vehicles other than armored escort are available. It is difficult to launch an attack should not attempt to run the quickly from positions ahead of the ambush, be- gauntlet of the ambush. Com- cause troops will have moved ahead of the scene manders halted clear of the area of action and will require reorientation. In should detruck their troops in order this case, the attack must be mounted as quickly to take immediate offensive action. as troops can be assembled and brought back to the scene of action. It is difficult to prescribe (e) Elements of the convoy under at- precise courses of action in these counterattack . tack will immediately effect com- situations and it must be (made clear at the munications with other elements of convoy commander's briefing which particular the convoy and/or with other subordinate commanders, if any, are to act on friendly. forces who may provide their own initiative. For example, friendly support. forces may be on both sides of a killing zone. (2) Troops in vehicles which are unable to In this case, a determination must be made as drive clear of the area should take ac- to which group will mount the main encircling tion as follows : attack against the guerrilla ambush positions. (a) Immediately open fire and launch If both groups attack at the same time, without grenades on the estimated ambush coordination, an inter-unit clash may result. It positions. may be made standard practice that those

AGO 644BA troops which have not yet entered the killing seminated on a need-to-know basis and as close zone should launch the counterattack. to departure time as possible. b. Armored Vehicle Tactics. Armored vehi- f. Plans should be formulated for alternate cles can assist in counterattack actions by driv- routes and deceptive measures. ing into the ambush and engaging the guerrillas at very short range. In this way the armored g. Convoys should be assembled at the latest- vehicle will be able to- possible time before departure. (1) Reduce the pressure on friendly troops which might be caught in the 8. Communications killing zone. Provision must be made for communications (2) Provide direct fire support for the in the movement of all convoys. Requirements counterattack. will exist for communications for the convoy c. Training. The counterambush techniques commander to control his convoy. In addition, outlined above should be practiced in varying there will be a requirement for a means of com- situations until the natural reaction to a guer- munication whereby other forces with a sup- rilla ambush is the application of immediate port capability may monitor the progress of the action procedures followed by the counterattack convoy or establish two-way communications. procedures described. a. The principal means of communication within a convoy will be radio. The convoy com- 6. Briefing mander in particular must be able to communi- All personnel traveling in the/convoy will be cate at all times with the leading element as thoroughly briefed prior to movement. This well as the rear element of his convoy. In ad- briefing will include- dition to radio, various visual and audio signals, a. Details of route, speed, check points, order such as smoke grenades and whistles may often of march and maintenance of intervals and be employed. contact between vehicles. b. When helicopters and/or other aircraft b. Personnel loading of vehicles. accompany the convoy as escort, it is essential c. Distribution of weapons. that the convoy commander be able to com- municate with these aircraft. It is desirable d. Appointment and duties of vehicle com- manders and vehicle guards. that escort aircraft be able to monitor fre- quencies within the convoy. While other friend- e. Immediate action to be taken in the event ly forces in the area may monitor the convoy of guerrilla ambush. frequencies, it is more likely that in the event f. Counterattack plans. of an ambush on the convoy, they will be alerted on an established emergency frequency. 7. Security Maximum precautions should be taken to 9. Protection of Railroads and Trains prevent guerrillas from gaining information Railroads are particularly vulnerable to guer- concerning vehicle movements. Points to con- rilla attack because the movement of a train is sider are- directly determined by the condition of the rails. a. Telephone systems may not be secure. The cutting of rails can produce effects com- b. Radio messages may be intercepted. parable to direct attacks on trains, particularly when the guerrilla objective is to stop a train c. Loyalty of civilians cannot be guaranteed. or prevent the delivery of critical goods. Even d. Fixed regularity or pattern in the move- when friendly forces dominate the area, there ment of convoys invite ambush. is always a potential for deliberate sabotage e. Information concerning the timing, route, and overt attack against railroad lines. General and composition of a convoy should be dis- protective measures may include-

AGO 6448A a. Security Measures. Measures which may 10. Protection of Inland Waterways be taken to protect rail movements include but Critical points such as bridges, locks, dams, are not limited to the following : and restricted areas along rivers and water- (1) Tfains should run on irregular sched- ways should be guarded continously. Points of- ules. fering favorable ambush sites should be cleared (2) Railroad security elements should both of vegetation to the range of effective small precede and follow individual trains. arms fire. Security measures may include- (3) Flat cars loaded with sand may be a. Irregular schedules for movement. pushed in front of each train to guard b. Mounting automatic weapons on all craft. against derailment by mines or cuts in the tracks. c. Adequate communication-means for each craft. (4) Automatic weapons should be mount- ed to deliver fire along the right-of- d. Establishmegt of waterway patrols in way as well as into adjacent areas. fast, heavily armed craft. (5) A right-of-way may be cleared on e. Patrol of waterways from the air. each side of the rail line to the range of small arms fire and the cleared area 11. Conclusion declared a restricted zone. Should Guerrillas should how,that every ambush clearance of the entire right-of-way be they execute may result in rapid, violent, and impractical, areas around critical loca- relentless pursuit by friendly forces. Such ac- tions, such as defiles, tunnels, and tion, executed automatically as a matter of first bridges may be cleared. priority, is most important to the overall effort (6) Air cover of train and reconnaissance to reduce the effectiveness and frequency of along the right-of-way may be made guerrilla ambushes. First, it ensures an early at unscheduled intervals. relief of the ambushed unit; second, it increases (7) Guard posts may be established at the possibility of friendly forces making con- critical installations and rail facilities tact with the guerrilla ambush party before it such as tunnels, bridges, and stations. disperses; third, it reduces the time available b. Train Guards. to the guerrillas to destroy the ambushed forces and to loot vehicles;' and, finally, successful (1) Train guards may be assigned from pursuit operations will improve the morale of civil police, military police or other troop units specially qualified for friendly units while having a corresponding op- security duty. Economic use of per- posite effect upon the guerrilla forces. An air sonnel and greater efficiency will re- cavalry unit or helicopter or parachute alert sult if units are attached to a particu- force, positioned with aircraft ready for instant lar railroad organization or division employment, provides an excellent relief and for the specific purpose of providing pursuit capability. Armored personnel carriers security for railroad operations. and/or armored reconnnaissance' vehicles may (2) The guard force on a cargo train also be used in the pursuit role since they- have should be concentrated in one or two the mobility means required. Pursuit of guer- positions and should have radio com- rilla ambush forces must be initiated with the

\, munications with friendly units in the least possible delay, with only that degree of area that can provide support in the caution required to prevent falling into a larger event of ambush. and perhaps the primary guerrilla ambush.

AGO 6448A APPENDlX V SPECIAL COUNTERINSURGENCY MEASURES

1. General b. Registration of aU civilians, and establish- Successful pacification of subversive insur- ment of an identity system which cannot easily gency requires the isolation of the insurgent be altered or duplicated. This will include reg- from internal and external support. Measures istration of all non-residents and aliens enter- described in the succeeding paragraphs are ad- ing the area. dressed to this problem. c. Establishment of a curfew, with due con- sideration of civilian needs, to reduce the op- 2. Population Control Measures portunity for contact with the enemy. This The nature and scope of measures necessary must be effective in controlling the population to defeat the enemy in a designated area may elements who may want to contact the guer- require actions by military commanders which rillas, and yet must not cause undue hardship impinge on the liberty and property rights of on those persons who have a legitimate require- the citizens of the affected area. Such actions ment for moving about within the area or de- would normally be preceded by an announce- parting from the area. Examples of these per- ment of a declaration of emergency by the head sons are fishermen whose activities are related of the government. Application of the strictest to the tides, farmers who must transport per- of population controls may be required. Martial ishables to market at some distant point, medi- law would be declared only as a last resort. Ini- cal personnel and clergy. tially, all travel is controlled, including trade d. In the imposition of travel restrictions, entering or leaving the area. The leaders of the care should be exercised to insure that persons community, including the business men, are are able to perform legitimate and necessary made to realize that they have no choice other travel. Such travel, for example, includes au- than to support the government forces with thorization of farmers to go to and from their information of the insurgents. Even during fields, to transport their produce to market, etc. this drastic phase of control, however, the mili- In addition, medical personnel and clergy are tary must continually emphasize positive meas- often required to perform considerable travel ures to win over the people. Civil affairs pro- in accomplishing their services. The activities grams must ensure that essentials such as fuel, of each person who has special travel permis- food, and medicines are brought into the area sion should be carefully observed. Patrols, road under military control. Special population con- blocks, and the frequent changing of check- trol measures may be taken to control the points are some of the methods employed in the population and to minimize its ability to collab- enforcement of travel restrictions and curfews. orate with the guerrillas. Some control meas- e. Establishment of restricted areas, from ures which may be completely or partially in- which civilians are prohibited, to reduce the op- stituted are- portunity for sabotage, espionage, and ter- a. Confiscation of weapons and ammunition rorism. to reduce availability to insurgents, with an as- f. Suspension of civil rights to permit search sociated licensing and accountability system for of persons, property, and houses, and arrest those who may be authorized possession. It is and confinement on suspicion. These are important that the authorities maintain control drastic measures from the civilian point of in this area to ascertain that authorized weap- view, and enforcement should be accomplished ons are not being used to assist insurgents. in a very careful and circumspect manner.

AGO 6448A g. Evacuation of areas to forestall acts of u. Establishment of a system of awards, collaboration, or for the protection of the civil citations, rewards, and other public recogni- population. This may entail the relocation of tion for those civilians actively contributing to entire hamlets or villages, or the relocation counterinsurgency operations. Public recogni- or exchange of suspected individuals or families tion will be given only when the government to unfamiliar neighborhoods, away from rela- can furnish protection. Publicity does not tives or friends who may be serving with the apply to persons who are working clandestine- insurgents. See appendix 111. ly for the government. h. Controlled possession of drugs and v. Publication of appropriate proclamations, medicines to reduce availability to the guer- edicts, orders, notices, and other official declara- rillas. This entails limiting possession to per- tions, informing the civil population of the sons who logically need drugs and medicines in measures taken and the punishments that may the normal treatment of the civil population. be given for noncompliance. i. Establishment of a reporting system w. Immediate publicity for any acts on the whereby administration of selected drugs, part of army or civilian authorities in aiding treatment of specific wounds or injuries, and or assisting the civilian population in any way. medical aid must be reported. This is important in offsetting the harassment j. Establishment of a reporting system of the added restrictions placed upon the whereby absentee employees are immediately population. reported for investigation. x. Establishment of an information program k. Controlled licensing of those raw mate- directed at the civil population and designed to rials which may be of value to the insurgents, explain, justify, and publicize measures taken. such as nitrates and other chemicals, building This should be supported by psychological op- materials, and fuel. erations designed to influence the attitude and I. Registration of all livestock, and establish- behavior of the civilian population in favor of ment of a system of accountability to reduce operations against the insurgents. their availability to the guerrilla. y. Exemplary conduct on the part of Army m. Establishment of a price control and ra- and civil personnel and agencies in the enforce- tioning system on essential food, fuel, clothing, ment of control measures. Prompt disciplinary and medical supplies to minimize diversion to action at the place of commission, with attend- the insurgents. ant publicity, must be taken for any misuse of authority or undue harassment by military and n. Confiscation of property, real and ger- civil personnel in the enforcement of established sonal, of those individuals adjudged guilty of control measures. collaboration. o. Imposition of stringent monetary controls 3. Area Orgadization and Control to deny use of guerrilla funds to the civil a. In order to isolate guerrillas from the population. people, control of an area must be established p. Denial of public utilities beyond areas so that the actions necessary to identify and which can be controlled by the government. eliminate hard core, willing supporters can be q. Censorship. implemented, and those who are apathetic or neutral in attitude can be persuaded to support r. Prohibiting possession of radio transmit- the government. This control of an area must ting devices and printing machinery, except be accomplished by seizing the initiative accord- those expressly authorized and controlled. ing to a cohesive, coordinated plan to regain the 8. Licensing and control of all forms of freedom to act, rather than react. transportation. b. Upon dividing or selecting an area for t. Requiring the population to live within pacification operations, the following specific secure areas to deny contact with the enemy. actions are required :

AGO 6UBA (1) Special emphasis is placed on the 4. Denial Operations establishment of an intelligence net a. Operations are initiated simultaneously to produce detailed and accurate intel- with other counterinsurgency operations to ligence of the target area. deny guerrilla elements the benefit of safe (2) Ranger forces are reinforced to in- havens across international boundaries, and sure an adequate operational screen- support by an external sponsoring power. These ing capability in the area. operations require effective measures to secure (3) Completion of the orientation of extensive land borders or seacoast areas and to troops that are to move into the area, preclude communication and supply operations and initiation of training in civic ac- between a sponsoring power and the guerrilla tion and psychological operations tech- forces. niques. b. The methods 6f contact and delivery of personnel, supplies, and equipment whether by (4) Movement of a substantial force into the area. air, water, or land must be determined at the earliest possible time. Detailed surveillance of (5) Establish and stock a base of opera- border areas must be conducted continuously to * tions. determine the- (6) Establish a curfew and notify the (1) Location of ingresdegress routes and p~pulationthat they are in a con- crossing sites. trolled area. The area would be de- (2) Frequency of crossing. fined for the people, with the explana- (3) Volume of traffic. tion furnished of the conditions that (4) Type of transportation. they must meet before control meas- ures will be lifted. Substantially, they (5) Terrain conditions. must learn to police themselves. (6) Probable locations of safe havens across the border. (7) Divide the area into battalion and company operational areas. c. Military units may be given the primary mission of preventing ingress/egress across a (8) Announce a general amnesty for any bcundary or shore line, or they may be re- insurgents who voluntarily surrender. quired to conduct denial activities concurrently Concurrently, the area would be with the conduct of combat operations against saturated with a positive psychological the guerrilla force. operations campaign, explaining to the people that the area is to be d. The surveillance and control of extensive cleared and that some of their privil- coastal areas normally require the use of- eges will be returned once the popula- (1) Coordinated ground patrols on the tion refuses to support the insurgents. shore line. (9) Introduce medical teams with special (2) Coordinated offshore sea patrols of interrogation training to set up a the shore line and river delta areas. treatment center at the base and (3) Reinforcing aerial, visual, and photo- establish mobile teams. The patients, graphic surveillance of the offshore by interrogation through conversation, waters and the shore line. will furnish much information about (4) Static observation posts along the guerrillas and local conditions. A re- shore line in the vicinity of river covered patient is one of the best pos- mouths, good ground lines of com- sible future informants. munication, and accessible portions of the shore line. (10) Assign military police teams to work with local and national police to de- (5) Effective centralized control and co- velop information to produce the de- ordination of all these activities. sired intelligence of the target area. (6) An effective system of licensing and

AGO 6448A identifying all friendly military and and aerial observers, electronic listening posts, civilian watercraft using the offshore and patrols, the continuous surveillance and waters. control of an entire extensive land border is e. While certain definite portions of an in- extremely difficult. Since it is not possible to ternational land boundary may be placed under place military forces at all the crossing sites, a effective surveillance and control by the use of priority system for the sites requiring military static security posts, reaction forces, ground forces is often established.

AGO 6448A APPENDIX VI GUIDELINES FOR ADVISORS AND MEMBERS OF MTT'S

1. General policy. Continually formulate in your mind The guidelines contained in this appendix are how you will answer inevitable questions on based on the experiences and recommendations current topics of the day. of U.S. commanders and individuals involved in h. Don't hesitate to begin a project because the support of counterinsurgency and other you won't be in the country long enough to com- operations abroad. It is recognized that each plete it. Get it started and sell your successor participant must develop personal guidelines on completing it. based on his own and his counterpart's per- i. Don't give up your efforts to analyze train- sonalities. Therefore, these guidelines are pro- ing because it is conducted in the native lan- vided as general principles which permit con- guage; get an interpreter and find out all the siderable latitude in application. details. j. Encourage initiative and inventiveness. 2. Professional Duties and Interests You will find that the average indigenous officer a. Always remember that you are the guest will follow orders to the letter, particularly in of a friendly government and an advisor to an field operations. Even if a modified course of element of its counterinsurgency force. action subsequently appears to be more appro- b. Permit the troops to know and trust you. priate, he will rarely deviate, or request per- Respect their customs, religions, culture, and mission to deviate, from his original instruc- beliefs. Use the native language at every oppor- tions. The advisor can improve this situation tgnity but volunteer to teach English to inter- in two ways-first, he can encourage his coun- ested officers and enlisted men. terpart to request changes in orders when the need is obvious; and, second, he can encourage c. Keep abreast of what is going on in the his counterpart to be receptive to such requests unit, keep in close contact with commanders from his own subordinates. Self-confidence and staff officers to obtain information, and must be developed in the subordinate, and a constantly followup on leads obtained. corresponding confidence felt by the senior in d. Information from your counterpart can- the judgment of his junior leaders. not be accepted with blind faith. It must be checked-discreetly and diplomatically-but k. Encourage frequent command inspections. Indigenous commanders often show a reluc- checked. tance to inspect, relying primarily on corre- e. National politics, economy, customs, and spondence and reports to evaluate the effective- educational development often dictate proce- ness of their units. By persuasion and demon- dures which are considered inefficient and un- stration convince your counterpart of the value economical in our Army. Avoid an arbitrary of direct personal knowledge and the necessity attitude towards these procedures. Try to of conducting frequent command inspections understand them before recommending to determine state of training, maintenance, changes. and combat readiness. Field expedient methods f. Continually stress the advantages of good may be required to maintain items damaged by military/civilian community relations; these lack of maintenance or technical service sup- are Bvic action at its best. port. g. Be able to explain or discuss basic U.S. 1. Encourage the unit to keep a journal of

110 AGO 6448A major events for historical purposes. An ad- v. Don't lose a single opportunity to learn visory filing system which includes a suspense about the area of operations, guerrilla fighting, or periodic check system is essential. Security and security in rear areas. This knowledge will considerations will govern the use and disposi- be valuable to you the rest of your military tion of these systems. career. m. Develop an appreciation of the workload w. Don't make promises which you cannot or of the indigenous commander. He will be un- should not carry out. able to spend the entire day with you although x. Don't let indigenous personnel substitute he will probably never call this to your atten- your chain of command for theirs. tion. Make yourself available at all times, but let him have sufficient time to run his unit and 3. Advisory Techniques do his paper work. a. Do not rush to establish yourself with your n. Conform to and stress the use of the chain counterpart. of command by commanders and advisors at all echelons. Keep your counterpart informed of b. Advising works both ways. Set an exam- any advice you give to his subordinates, and ple for your counterpart by asking his advice; keep your own subordinates and superiors in- you will get many good ideas from him. formed. Your subordinates may be able to im- c. Approach the subject under discussion plement procedures which you cannot. Your from a different direction and with different superiors may be able to help you implement words until you know that your ideas are procedures at your level. understood. o. Do not become involved in personality d. Don't be afraid to advise against a bad clashes between indigenous officers; they are decision but do it in the same manner you would often more concerned with person-to-person recommend a change of-action to an American relationships than with organizational frame- commander for whom you have respect and works. with whom you work on a daily basis. p. When advice is rendered, be sure of your e. It may take some time for the idea to facts and be certain that it is within the capa- germinate, but after planting an idea, let your bility of the unit to carry it out. Remember, ccunterpart take the credit for its initiation your counterpart is responsible for all his unit and practice. Your satisfaction is in the overall does or fails to do. This does not excuse a lack result obtained. of aggressive action when it is obvious the risk f. Transact important business directly with will be rewarded by success. your counterpart to insure his full understand- q. Advise against mistreating suspects or ing of difficult subjects. Written advice will prisoners. also serve as a check lbt for your counterpart. Prepare materials in a form that he can adopt r. Constantly encourage the strengthening of and issue "as is". unit esprit. As in all wars, this will sustain the unit in the face of difficulties. g. When seeking information on sensitive or controversial subjects, work from the "soft s. Persuade indigenous personnel to pass in- sell" to the request for official information ;i.e., formation up, down, and laterally. first, an oral recommendation; second, informal t. Don't hesitate to make "on the spot" cor- note; third, semiofficial letter; fourth, an offi- rcctions ;however, do it tactfully. cial letter requesting information on which to base a "required" reply to higher headquarters. u. Understand that many indigenous soldiers may be illiterate, and that some do not speak h. Exercise patience in all your dealings with even their own language well. Training must your counterpart. Never expect the job to be be repetitious and must emphasize practical done at the snap of a finger; never snap your work rather than lecture or conference-type fingers. instruction. i. If you find it necessary to make a sugges-

AGO 6448A tion or recommendation implying criticism of b. Avoid criticism of local politics in your existing policy or procedures, do so in private, discussions with indigenous personnel. never in the presence of superiors or subordi- c. Study your counterpart to determine his nates of the commander. To change a policy personality and background, and exert every or procedure, a written report to your superior effort to establish and maintain friendly rela- with a copy (and translation if necessary) for tions. your counterpart may be effective. d. Set a good example in dress, posture, and j. ~lwa~$praise at least some part of what conduct, as well as in professional knowledge your counterpart does or plans. If a critique is and competence. required, include tactful suggestions for a modification of procedures or plans. e. Emphasize the importance of doing things on time by being punctual yourself. k. Present your suggestions carefully, in de- tail, with adequate reasons. f. Treat the person with whom you work as equal in every respect. I. If there is a language comprehension prob- lem with your counterpart, use highly qualified g. Show an interest in indigenous customs, interpreters on important matters, followed by language, history and peoples. Your ideas will written memorandums. It must be recognized be more readily accepted if you show an under- that some of our interpreters are marginal in standing of theirs. ability. h. Develop a sense of responsibility toward m. Before advancing important ideas, brief the unit being advised to the degree that you your interpreter thoroughly and give him a can feel a personal gratification for a job well chance to consult a dictionary prior to your done. scheduled meeting. No matter how well pre- i. Most peoples desire appreciation, recog- pared you are, you will be at a definite disad- nition, and understanding; they seek security vantage if your interpreter is not briefed, even and attention; they like to feel important, like if you are presenting a written plan. to contribute, and like to belong. In brief, they n. Become familiar with the age and experi- react to these things just as you do. ence of commanders and staff officers at each j. Make a special effort to keep physically fit. echelon. k. Participate actively in the military, social, o. Don't accept a "yes" answer at its face and athletic functions of your unit. While en- value; "yes" may mean only that the person to gaged with the enemy assist your counterpart whom you are talking understands what you as an additional staff officer. He may have an have said, but it may not indicate that he ac- inexperienced staff or none at all. Record the cepts your suggestion. Occasionally, it is used action as well as possible and conduct an after- to cover a failure to understand. When he indi- action critique. cates that he accepts your suggestion, it may I. As time progresses you may think that you never be implemented. are doing all the "bending over backwards". p. Don't present too many subjects at one If you observe carefully, you will find that this time or prolong unnecessarily the discussion of isn't so and that your counterpart is meeting any one subject; it is better to have another you halfway. conference at a later time. 112. Maintain your sense of humor. q. If custom permits, give advice in the form n. Keep in mind the seriousness and urgency of demonstration ; teach by example, but don't of your mission. persist in doing the job yourself. o. Don't be discouraged. Suggestions and 4. Personal Attitude and Relations advice which may appear to have been disre- a. A careless word or action can negate the garded may have been made the standard for good will and cooperation built up by the U.S. the unit. with great effort and at considerable cost. p. Be aware of all problems, but don't accept

AGO 6448A or become involved in your counterpart's minor, c. Practice moderation in your consumption evetyday problems. Place your advisory em- of alcoholic beverages and observe established phasis on the overall effort. Do not be tied down custom by abstention if required. to the CP, if your counterpart cannot or will not leave it. Checking on your subordinates d. From time to time, invite your counter- helps you know what is going on in the unit. part to your mess for social functions or as your dinner guest if custom permits. 5. Social and Military Customs e. If you cannot accept a social invitation, a. Accept invitations to social events and send your regrets in writing. ceremonies, in accordance with policy, customs and good taste. f. If you are not of higher grade, treat your b. Don't fail to observe and recognize mili- counterpart exactly as if he were your U.S. tary courtesy. senior.

AGO 6448A at3 APPENDIX VII SAMPLE TRAINING PROGRAMS

1. General This appendix contains examples of training (q) Field Fortifications and programs for civil guard, self defense and ham- Expedient Obstacles -- 4 let militia type units. It is useful as a guide to (r) Hand Grenades, Rifle show the types of subjects and relative time Grenades, and Pyro- devoted to each during a training program for technics ------6 these types of units. (s) Land Navigation in Swamp, Mountain and 2. Civil Guard (12 Wk.-588 Hr.) Jungle ------8 4 (t) Individual Day Training : a. Basic Combat and Advanced Individual Counterguerrilla War- Training (352 hrl-8 wk.). fare Day Combat Tech- (1) General sub jects-(160 hr.). niques ------4 Dau Night (u) Individual Night Train- (a) Care and Cleaning----,- 15 ing : Counterguerrilla (b) Inspections ------12 Warfare Night Combat (c) Commanders Time ----- 13 Techniques ------(d) Ceremonies ------4 (v) Survival Training in (e) Military Courtesy and Swamp, Mountain and Customs ------Jungle ------1 (f) Psychological Warfare in (w) Chemical Training ----- 2 Counterguerrilla War- (x) Proficiency Testing ---- 2 fare ------(g) Civic Action ------(h) Organization and Mis- sions of CG ------(2) Weapons. (i) Dismounted Drill ------(a) Rifle sqzcads (178 hr.). (j) Physical Training and I. Rifle Qualification ----- 57 Hand to Hand Combat 2. Carbine Qualification --- 42 (k) First Aid ------3. BAR Qualification ----- 48 (I) Tropical Hygiene ------4. SMG Familiarization --- 4 (m) Maintenance and Supply 5. Pistol Familiarization -- 4 Economy ------6. Night Firing ------12 (n) Procuring Information 7. Quick Reaction Firing-- 11 about Local Insurgents (0) Communications Proce- dure in Counterguer- rilla Warfare ------(b) LMG section (166 hr.). (p) Demolitians, Mines, 1. LMG Qualification 74 Booby Traps, Illumi- 2. Pistol Qualification ---- 13 nants ------3. Carbine Qualification -- 42

AGO 6448A Dan Night Dam Night

4. Rifle Familiarization --- 10 (b) Civic Action --_-_----- 5. SMG Familiarization --- 4 (c) Psychological Warfare in 6. Night Firing ------Counterguerrilla War- 7. Quick Reaction Firing-- 11 fare ------(d) Care and Cleaning------154 (c) Mortar section (174 hr.) . 1. Mortar Qualification --- 82 (2) Tactical training and squad 2. Pistol Qualification ---- 13 jiring (204 hr.). 3. Carbine Qualification --- 42 (a) Movement ------4. Rifle Familiarization --- 10 (b) Occupation and Organi- 5. SMG Familiarization --- 4 zation of Bivouac Area 6. Night Firing ------(c) Squad Battle Drill------7. Quick Reaction Firing-- 11 (d) Immediate Action Drill: - Reaction to Ambushes 162 (e) Technique of Fire and Combat Firing ------(3) Tactics. (f) Squad Night Firing---- (a) Rifle squad (14 hr.) . (g) Squad Defense and Area 1. Attack in Swamp, Jungle, Security ------and Mountain ------8 (h) Squad Check Points: 2. Defense and Retrograde Population Surveil- in Swamp, Jungle, and lance Techniques ---- Mountain ------2 (i) Squad Attack in Swamp, Jungle, and Mountain- (j) Squad Recon Patrol: Surveillance of Local (b) LMG section (26 hr.) . Area ------6 4 1. Attack in Swamp, Jungle, (k) and Mountain ------14 4 Squad Combat Patrol: Seeking Insurgent 2. Defense and Retrograde Contact ------6 4 in Swamp, Jungle, and Mountain ------8 (1) Squad Ambush ------6 4 -- (m) Platoon Battle Drill---- 2 (n) Platoon Defense: Area, Installation, and Oper- (c) Mortur section (18 hr.) . ational Base Security- 2 1. Attack in Swamp, Jungle, (0) Platoon Ambush on Paths and Mountain ------8 4 and Roadways ------2 4 2. Defense and Retrograde (p) Platoon Attack in Jungle, in Swamp, Jungle, and Swamp, and Mountains 6 4 Mountain ------6 (q) Platoon Raid of Insur- -- gent Camp ------6 4 14 4 (7) Platoon Raid and Search b. Basic Unit Training (2.96 hr.- of Insurgent Village-- 6 4 . 4 wk.). (s) Platoon Assistance of a (1) General subjects (32 hr.). Friendly Post ------6 4 (a) Inspections ------9 (t) Helicopter Training ---- 2

AGO 6448A b. Weapons. (u) Close Air Support in (1) Carbine Qualification ----- Counterinsurgent Op- (2) Shotgun Qualification ---- eration ------2 (3) Automatic Rifle Familiari- (v) company in Defense: zation ------Area, Installation and (4) Individual Night Firing--- Operational Base Secu- (5) Quick Reaction Firing---- rity ------2 4 (6) Technique. . of Fire and Com- (w)Company Attack in Jun- bat Firing ------gle, Swamp, and Moun- (7) Squad Night Firing------tain ------6 4 (8) Hand Grenades, Rifle Gre- (x) Company Raid of Insur- nades, and Pyrotechnics- gent Camp ------6 4 (9) Demolitions, Mines, Booby (y) Company Raid and Traps, and Illuminants-- Search of Insurgent Subtotal Hours- Village ------6 4 Weapons ------(2) Company Assistance of Friendly Post (to In- c. Tactics. clude the Use of Heli- (1) Individual Daytime Combat copters) ------6 4 Techniques in Counter- guerrilla Warfare ------(2) Individual Nighttime Com- bat Techniques in Coun- 3. Self Defense Unit Training Program (6 Wk. terguerrilla Warfare - -360 Hr.) (3) Squad Battle Drill ------Day Nigkt a. General Subjects. (4) Squad Reaction to Am- bushes (Immediate Ac- (1) Organization and Missions tion Drill) ------(2) Care and Cleaning ------(5) Squad Ambush ------(3) Drill and Ceremonies----- (6) Squad Surveillance of a (4) Psychological Indoctrina- Local Area (Reconnais- tion ------ance Patrol) ------(5) Civic Action ------(7) Squad Seeking Insurgent (6) Survival Contact (Combat Patrol) (7) Communications and Coun- (8) Squad Attack in Swamps, terguerrilla Operations - Jungles, and Mountains- (8) procurement of Informa- (9) Squad Population Surveil- tion About Local Insur- lance Techniques (Check gents ------Points) ------(9j Maintenance and Supply (10) Squad in Defense and Secu- Economy ------rity of an Area ------, (10) Tropical Hygiene and First (11) Platoon Battle Drill ------Aid ------(12) Platoon in Defense: Area, (11) Hand to Hand Combat---- Installation, and Opera- (12) Land Navigation ------tional Base Security---- (13) Expedient Obstacles and (13) Platoon Ambush ------Field Fortifications ---- (14) Platoon Attack in Swamps, -- Jungles, and Mountain -- Subtotal Hours -Gen (15) Platoon Raid of Insurgent Sub ------89 4 Camp ,------

AGO 6448A Dau Night Dan Night (16) Platoon Raid of Insurgent b. Weapons. Village ------6 4 (1) Carbine Familiarization -- 12 (17) Platoon in Relief of Friend- (2) Shotgun Familiarization -- 4 ly Outpost Under Attack 6 4 (3) Hand Grenades ------4 (18) . . Insurgent Tactics and Tech- (4) Night Firing ------4 4 niques ------8 2 -- (19) Search Techniques ------10 Subtotal Hours- (20) Helicopter Loading and Un- Weapons ------24 4 loading Techniques ---- 5 -- c. Tactics. Subtotal Hours -Tac- (1) Guerrilla Tactics in Attack tics ------98 48 of Hamlets ------4 -- (2) Organization of the Hamlet Total Hours --- 360 = 280 + 80 and Field Fortifications- 12 (3) Defense of the Hamlet Per- 4. Hamlet Militia Training Program (2 Wk. imeter ------8 4 -1 20 Hr.) (4) Alarm System and Alert Dan Night a. General Subjects. Procedures ------2 2 (1) Commander's Time ------6 (5) Underground Tunnel Con- (2) Mines, Booby Traps, and 11- struction and Conceal- luminants ------5 3 ment Within the Hamlet 10 2 (3) Duties of Gate and Fence (6) Counterattacks of Guerrilla Sentry ------3 1 Penetration 4 4 (4) Hand and Arm Signals---- 3 (7) Fire and Movement ------3 I (5) Procurement' of Insurgent (8) Harassment Tactics and Information ------4 Use. . of Hidden Firing Po- (6) Hand to Hand Combat---- 4 sitions ------2 (7) First Aid and Tropical Hy- -- giene ------4 Subtotal Hours-Tac- -- tics ------45 12 Subtotal Hours-Gen- -- era1 Subjects ------29 4 Total Hours ---- 118 = 98 + 20 INDEX

Paragraphs Pagem Paragraphs

Aerial fire support .------63c(8) 48 Capabilities-Continued Aeromedical evacuation ------63c (10) 49 Special forces ------36b, 36c, Agriculture------68g 53 37c. 39c, Airborne operations .------:--. 31a (2) 18 41c, d, e Air cavalry------77b,80a 57,58 Training elements 69 Airborne special forces group ----- 34,35,120 20,87 USASA...... 55 Airmobile support ------63c (9) 49 Chaplain 87e Ambushes------(app IV, 2,3b, 5) 100,103 Civic action ...... 4b, 10a, b, e, Area organization ------(app V, 3) 107 67c, 70d, Area commands - 32 19 74,82a, Area control ------(app V, 3) 107 83,84b, Armor: 115a (4) Ambushes------76c 56 Civic action, examples ------(App II,1-27) Counterattack ------76d 56 Civil affairs ------42,43,44 Offensive operations 76 56 Civil defense groups 31b, 112d Pursuit------.76b 56 Civil guards - 31b, 112d Raid------.-76a 66 Civil police------31b, 111,112a Reconnaissance and surveillance 80 58 National------112a(i) Security force ------78 57 Municipal------.--- ll2a(2) Support...... 766 57 Rural------112a(3) Armored cavalry 59c, 75-80 44,56 Class 1...... 86b (3) Army aviation ------61 46 Class I11 and IIIa ------86b(2) Control------62 46 Clothing - 866 (4) Counterguerrilla operations 63c 47 Combat service support 81-87 Employment ------63 47 Combat support units 60,61 Military civic action ------63a 47 Combat role (Engineer) 67b Psychological operations ------63b 47 Command (Aviation) ----- .... 63c (4) Army, department of the U.S. policy-- 3 3 Commander------36d Army, security agency, U.S. : Communications 99 Special operations detachment .-- 55,56 42 Measures to improve 103 Artillery...... 59b, 69-74 4454 Problems------100 Advantages------71a 54 Radio lOOa Employment------72 54 Requirements 102 Fire support------73 55 Resources 101 Limitations...... 71b 64 SAF...... 105 Military civic action _------70d, 74 54.65 Tactical considerations ------104 Psychological effects ------7Oc 54 Wire------lOOb Role in counterinsurgency------70a 54 Communications, convoy (App IV, 8) Augmentation units 59h 45 Communism 7 Aviation component 59d 45 Construction------l------67,68, Aviation company------39 25 98 Airfields 67b Brigade size backup forces 26,57, 17,42, Bridges------L------680 58,59 44 Buildmga...... 68d Capabilities : Ferries------680 Brigade------. . 27 17 Management------68i Clvll affairs------. 43e 32 Native------. 68d Engineers 48c 36 Planning------68i Medical service------46,82 34,59 68c Military intelligence ------52c 40 Railways...... 67b Military police------6Oc 38 Roads------67b Psychological operations ------54c 42 Country team------13

AGO 6448A .. Paragraphs Paragraphs Pages Defin~t~ons------4 Individual equipment------863 (4) 64 Denial operations ------(app V, 4) Infantry mobile training teams_----- 59a 44 Dental operating detachment ------82d Intelligence...... 51,52, Department of state: 59h, 88, Diplomatic mission ------13 93,121e Direction finding (Aviation) _ ----- 63c (7) Coordination------93 Division engineer battalion ------66c Relationships 93 Requirements 91 Employment: Responsibilities------.. 90 Artillery. . 72 89 Avlat~on. ------.40.63 Scope .. 92 Clvll. affairs 44 Special considerations 91e Engineers ------67 Insurgency: Medical service ------.46d Causes------6 6 Military intelligence ------52d Economics ------.. ._ 6c 7 Military police------5Od M~l~tary------. . 6d 7 Psychological operations 54d, 110 Movements 5.7 4,8 Special forces 36c. 38, Phases------.. 8 8 41f Pol~t~cal------6b 6 Engineer: Prevention------9 8 Base survey comphny------66e Psychological ------6e 7 Combat battalion ------66a Component 59e Legal assistance 87f 65 Construction battalion ------66b Levels of insurgency: Detachment 47,48 Latent and incipient subversion - 8a 8 Support------65-68 Organized guerrilla warfare----- 8b 8 Topographic company------66d War of movement ------8c 8 Evacuation hospital 82i Logistics : Exchange service ------87d Aviation---! ------.64 49 Construetion ------98 73 Field fortifications-_------. Hospitalization and evacuation . 96 72 Field hospital ------Planning...... 94a 70 finance------~------Stockage levels ------94b 70 Fire support: Supply and maintenance ------95 70 Aid to navigation Transportation------97 72 Blocking fires ------Flushing------. Maintenance: Harassing fire Aircraft. . ------Illuminating fires Av~at~on------Nehralization fire ------_ Ordnance------Preparatory fires ------Medical detachment Reconnaissance by Are _------Medical equipment and maintenance Flight operations------detachment. Medical and general dispensaries General purpose units 28 Medical optical detachment _------_ Guidelines for advisors : Medical service ------Attitude and relationship -.-. (app VI, 4) Medical service units Customs------(app VI, 5) Medical supply detachments .------Professional duties------(app VI, 2) Military assistance advisory group _-- Techniques, advisory------(app VI, 3) Military civic action : Helicopter ambulance : Artillery 70d, 74 Medical detachment 82e Conduct------lob Engineer...... 67c History -. 5 Examples------.10c, (app 11) Indigenous forces------20,30 Maintenance------86b (5) Conventional------__------31a (1) Medical service ------82a, 83 Indigenous counterinsurgency 31 Military police------84b forces. Paramilitary------115a(4) Paramilitary------31b Purpose------10a Regular------31a Transportation ------85 Special units ------31a(2) Military intelligence detachment ----- 51,52

AGO 6448A Paragraphs Pages Paragraphn Pages Military police : Organization-Continued Counterguerrilla operations -- 84e 61 Special action force------.-- 23 16 Indigenous police ------_---- 840 61 Special forces _------35a. 36b, 20.23, Intelligence------84f 62 37b. 41b 28 Military civic action ------846 61 USASA detachment .------56 42 Paramilitary police ------84c Paramilitary forces 31b. 111-118 19.82 Psychological aspects ------84d Assistance, U.S 116 84 Military police component ------59f .------Civil defense group 112d 83 Military police detachment------49,50 Civil guard ---- 112b 88 Mission: Civil police 112a 82 Civil affairs------.------43a Military civic action ------115a (4) 84 Civil defense groups ------_--- 112d Civll. . ffuard-----~_------112b Necessity ...... 113 83 Pay and benefits 117 85 Engineer detachment ------48a Responsibilities 114 84 Medical services------46a Self defense units ------112c 83 Military intelligence detachment- 520 Special action force 116 84 Military police detachment ------50a Supply and equipment ------~- 118 85 Military wits-----. ------(app V,4c, d) Traming. . 115 84 Psychological operations detach- 54a ment. Petroleum, oils, lubricants --_------86b (2) 63 Phases/levels of insurgency 8 8 Self defense units-- .------112c Special forces ------34,36,37, Photography------7------63c(6) 48 39a, 4la Political subdivisions ------32 19 USASA------55 Population control : Mobile army surgical hospital------82h Censorship (app V,29) 107 Mobile training teams: Civil rights ------(app V,2f) 106 Armored cavalry------59c Confiscation------(app V,2a, n) 106,107 Artillery. . ------_------593 Curfew...... (appV, 2c) 106 Civil affairs ------.43,44 Drugs and medicines (app V,2h) 107 Engineer...... 66,67 Evacuation of civilians_----. (app V,2g) 107 Infantry------_-.59a Licensing------(app V,2s) 107 medical------^_------45 Livestock, registration------(app V,21) 107 Military intelligence ------52 Monetary control------(app V,20) 107

Military police------50,59f Price control ------~ .------(app V,2m) 107 Psychological operations ---- _--- 54 Registration ------(app V,2b) 106 Special forces ------35c, 41f Reporting absentees------(app V,Zj) 107 USASA------56 Restricted areas------. (app V, 2e) 106 Morale services ...... 87 Travel restrictions------(app V,2d) 106 National agencies : Postal service...... 87b 64 Department of state------13 Power production 68h 53 U.S. Agency for international 14 Psychological operations 4c, 11, 4,10, development. 106-110 77 U.S. Information agency------15 Army ..units . ------1081 (2) 78 Natural disasters 68f Capabilities...... 108 77 Employment of resources 110 79 Operational detachments ------35b (4),41b Organizatiqn : Mobile training teams 108b 78 Area-: ...... (app II1,3) Planning...... 106b, 109 77.78 Army------21 Responsibilities 107 77 Brigade...... 27,57, Special action force 1086 (1) 78 58,59 Support to civil agencies 110d 81 Civil affairs detachment ------43b Targets 106b 77 Convoy------(app IV,4b) Training support------llOb 79 Counterinsurgency forces------2932 Psychologicai operations detachment- 53,54 40 Engineer------48b.66 Purpose------la 3 Indigenous military forces 31 Raid------76a 56 Medical service ------.463,82 Military intelligence ------52b Railroads...... (app IV, 9) 104 Military police ------603 Railway service units ------_- 85 62 Paramilitary------112 Rangers------31a(2) 18 Psychological operations ------54b Reconnaissance and surveillance----- 63c(6) 48 1

120 AGO 6448A Paragraphs Pages Paragraphs Pagw

Sanitation : Teams aviation ------.40 25 Refuse disposal 68e 53 Techniques engineer ------68 52 Rodent/pest control ------68e 53 Terminal operations ------85 62 Water supply------68e 53 Terminal service teams 85 62 lb 3 Training, indigenous: Secure population centers : Advanced individual ------(app VII, 2a) 114 Economics------(app III,5) Basic combat ------(app VII, 2a) 114 Organization ------(app 111.4) Basic unit ------(app VII, 2b) 115 Procedures ------(app III,6) Self defense unit -----_ ---- (app VII, 3,4) 116,117 Security concept ------(app 111,s) Training, U.S. : Training------(app 111,4) Area study------121b, 123c 88,91 Village complexes ------(app III,2) Army security agency -----L 122h 90 Secure villages ------680 Brigade. . size backup force------123 90 Security: Civlc. . action ------123i 91 Ambushes------(app IV. 2, Clvll affairs------122b 89 3b(6), 5) Combat service support units----. 124c 92 Convoy------(appIV,4b) Combat support units ------124b 92 Immediate action _------(app IV, 4e) Cambat units. . 124a 92 Measures------(appIV,9) Communications------123h 91 Rail lines ------(app IV, 9) Engineer------122d, 123f 89,91 Standing operating proce- (app IV, 4) Language...... 1214 123d 88,gl dures. Medical------12% 89 Train guards------(app IV, 9b) Military intelligence ------l22f 90 Transportation ------(app IV) Military occupation specialist---- l2lf 88 Self defense units ------31b, 112c Military police------122e 89 Signal company...... 37 Objectives------122a. 1236 87.90 Signal component 599 Psychological operations ------1229 90 Special action force backup forhe----- 123 Special action force------119422 87 Special action forces------22-25, Special forces ------121 87 29,33 Transportation boat companies------. 85 62 Special forces ------23.24, Transportation services------85.97 62,72 34-36,41 Special forces company------41 U.S. Agency international develop- Special forces operational base ------24,35c, ment. 37c (4), 121i U.S. Air Force ...... United States information agency---- Special forces operational detachment 36b (4), 41c, d, e U.S. Information agency: Special operations detachment 55,56 U.S. Information service ------USASA. U.S. Marine Corps Station hospital------J---- 829 U.S. Navy------Supply and maintenance------86 U.S. Policy Veterinary food inspection detach- Task forces, special action force------29a 17 ment.

AGO 6448A By Order of the Secretaryof the Army: EARLE G. WHEELER, General, United States Army, Official : Chief of Staff. J. C. LAMBERT, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

Distribution : Active Amy: DCSPER (2) Inf Bg (5) DCSOPS (2) Bn (5) ACSFOR (2) ' Co/Btry (2) ACSI (2) USA CD Agcy (1) except DCSLOG (2) USAARMCDA (2) Ofc Res Comp (2) USAARTYCDA (2) CRD (1) USAAVNCDA (2) CINFO (1) USACECDA (2) TIG (1) USAINTCDA (5) TJAG (1) USASWCDA (20) TPMG (1) USAIS (5) TSG (1) USA SW Cen (50) CofEngrs (1) USACAG (2) CofCh (1) USACSSG (2) OPO (2) USASDEG (10) Fin Corps Bd (1) USA CD Experimental Cen (2) USAMC (2) Ofc Sp Wpn Dev (1) USACDC (10) USAARMS (50) USCONARC (10) USAAVNS (5) ARADCOM (1) USAAMS (50) LOGCOMD (1) USACAS (150) Armies (5) USAINTS (50) Corps (3) USAES (100) Div (2) MFSS (12) Div Arty (1) USARSOUTHCOM Sch (Canal Zone) (25) Bde (5) USA Sch Europe (25) Regt/Gp (3) except SW Gp (20) NG: Corps, Div, Div Arty, Bde, Regt/Gp, Bn (2) ; CoIBtry (1). USAR: Same as active Army except one (1) copy to each unit. For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

$? U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1063-700504

AGO 6448A