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Juliana Sylvestre Da Silva Cesila Si La Geste Ne Ment Juliana Sylvestre da Silva Cesila Si la geste ne ment : historicidade e ficcionalidade nas narrativas arturianas medievais. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Yara Frateschi Vieira Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Unicamp 2011 1 Juliana Sylvestre da Silva Cesila Si la geste ne ment : historicidade e ficcionalidade nas narrativas arturianas medievais. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e História Literária do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) como um dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Teoria e História Literária na área de Literatura Portuguesa. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Yara Frateschi Vieira Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Unicamp 2011 3 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do IEL - Unicamp Cesila, Juliana Sylvestre da Silva. Si la geste ne ment : historicidade e ficcionalidade nas narrativas arturianas medievais / Juliana Sylvestre da Silva Cesila. -- Campinas, C337s SP : [s.n.], 2011. Orientador : Yara Frateschi Vieira. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. 1. Idade média. 2. Idade média - Historiografia. 3. Arthur, Rei - Ficção. 4. Literatura medieval. I. Vieira, Yara Frateschi. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. III. Título. tjj/iel Título em inglês: Si la geste ne ment: historicity and fictionality in medieval Arthurian narratives. Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Middle Ages; Middle Ages - historiography; King Arthur - fiction; Medieval Literature. Área de concentração: História e Historiografia Literária. Titulação: Doutor em Teoria e História Literária. Banca examinadora: Profa. Dra. Yara Frateschi Vieira (orientadora), Profa. Dra. Lênia Márcia de Medeiros Mongelli, Prof. Dr. Alexandre Soares Carneiro, Prof. Dr. Raul Cesar Gouveia Fernandes e Profa. Dra. Néri de Barros Almeida. Suplentes: Prof. Dr. Saul Kirschbaum, Prof. Dr. Fabio Akcelrud Durão e Profa. Dra. Vilma Sant'Anna Arêas. Data da defesa: 22/02/2011. Programa de Pós-Graduação: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e História Literária. 4 5 Resumo A literatura arturiana tem início no século XII, mais precisamente com a Historia Regum Britanniae (1135-1138), em que o clérigo Geoffrey de Monmouth traça o perfil do principal personagem das lendas bretãs: o rei Artur. No entanto, a obra de Monmouth não foi aproveitada somente pelos autores que se valeram da Matéria de Bretanha para idealizar seus relatos de aventuras, caso dos romans de Chrétien de Troyes, por exemplo: ela também passou a ser utilizada como fonte histórica para relatos que foram ora lidos como livros de história ora classificados como ficção. A partir de textos arturianos dos séculos XII, XIII e XIV, este trabalho pretende determinar se é possível deduzir da sua análise uma clara distinção entre os conceitos de história e de ficção. Para tanto, examinou-se uma série de obras – das quais participam, em algum momento, Artur e seus cavaleiros –, a fim de realizar um levantamento e uma discussão das passagens em que os diversos autores refletem sobre os fatos passados e sua veracidade, levando-nos ao que poderíamos chamar uma melhor compreensão dos significados dos conceitos de ficção e de história na Idade Média. ABSTRACT The beginnings of Arthurian literature can be found on the twelfth century, with the Historia Regum Britanniae (1135-1138), where the profile of the most important character of the British legends, King Arthur, was delineated by its author, the cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth. His text, however, was not used only for the purpose of creating adventures’ narratives, such as, for example, Chrétien de Troyes’ romans. The Historia Regum Britanniae was also a historical source for others texts which have thereafter been sometimes read as history, sometimes classified as fiction. Based on Arthurian texts written during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, this thesis seeks to determine whether it is possible to draw from their analysis a clear distinction between the concepts of history and fiction. A corpus of Arthurian texts was chosen and examined, in order to identify and discuss those passages where their authors comment on the past and its veracity, leading us, we hope, to a better understanding of the meanings of the concepts of history and fiction in the Middle Ages. 7 Para Rob: companheiro indispensável nessa longa jornada de amor e paciência. “Omnia vincit amor” (Virgílio, 70-19 a.C. Bucólicas , X, 69) 9 Agradecimentos Em primeiríssimo lugar, agradeço à minha orientadora, Yara Frateschi Vieira, por todos os ensinamentos que me proporcionou nesses anos de pesquisa de doutorado. As tardes de café, panetone e conversas tão agradáveis em São Paulo serão inesquecíveis. Ao CNPq agradeço a bolsa de estudos a mim concedida. Agradeço aos professores Lênia Márcia de Medeiros Mongelli e Raúl Fernandes – que participaram das bancas de qualificação e defesa e cujas sugestões foram muito úteis e bem-vindas – e aos professores Alexandre Soares Carneiro (a quem devo também os ensinamentos utilíssimos das épocas da Iniciação Científica e do Mestrado, quando foi meu orientador) e Néri de Barros, que vieram enriquecer nosso trabalho com suas presenças na defesa da tese. Registro aqui meus agradecimentos também aos professores suplentes da banca de defesa: Fábio Durão, Saul Kirschbaum e Vilma Sant’Anna Arêas. Agradeço também aos funcionários do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem: sempre prestativos, simpáticos e atenciosos para comigo nesses quinze anos de convivência, desde a graduação até o doutorado. Agradeço ao meu pai, Seu Antonio, à minha mãe, Dona Cida (sempre acreditando em mim mais do que eu mesma) e à minha irmã Aline (cada vez mais parecida comigo!). Um “obrigada” também ao Nenezinho, gato listrado e fofo, sempre presente nos momentos de estudo (“que liiindo!”). O Robson não merece só um “obrigada”, merece um capítulo à parte nessa tese. Boa parte da coragem para fazer esse trabalho não existiria sem seu suporte emocional. Agradeço, enfim, a todos que de alguma forma me encorajaram nos momentos mais difíceis e que me deram forças para “dar cabo” a essa “aventura” a que chamamos doutorado. “(...) eu me meti à aventura, como os outros meus companheiros, e, se aprouver a Deus que me venha daí bem, agradar-me-á. ” (Demanda do Santo Graal). 11 ÍNDICE APRESENTAÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 15 INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 21 CAPÍTULO 1 – OS PRIMÓRDIOS DA MATÉRIA DE BRETANHA ....................... 29 1.1 Geoffrey de Monmouth e a Historia Regum Britanniae ................................................... 34 1.2 O Roman de Brut de Wace e o início da tradição vernácula na narrativa arturiana .......... 50 CAPÍTULO 2 – A FICCIONALIDADE EM CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES ..................... 63 2.1 O autor ............................................................................................................................... 63 2.2 As obras de Chrétien que fazem parte do corpus .............................................................. 66 2.3 O roman enquanto gênero literário ................................................................................... 73 CAPÍTULO 3 – UMA NOVELA (DE CAVALARIA) DO SÉCULO XIII: A DEMANDA DO SANTO GRAAL ........................................................................................................ 99 3.1 A Demanda e os ciclos de romances ............................................................................... 100 3.2 Um mundo de aventuras no “tempo das aventuras” ........................................................ 107 3.3 A Demanda : uma “verdadeira estória” ........................................................................... 120 CAPÍTULO 4 – A GENERAL ESTORIA E O LIVRO DE LINHAGENS : POR FIM A HISTÓRIA? .................................................................................................................. 127 4.1 Os primeiros nomes da historiografia na Península Ibérica ............................................ 130 4.2 A corte de Afonso X e a historiografia em língua romance ............................................ 136 4.3 A introdução da Matéria de Bretanha na historiografia peninsular ................................. 140 4.4 Afonso X, o Sábio: “El Rey faze um libro” .................................................................... 142 4.5 A Historiografia em Portugal: a contribuição de Pedro de Barcelos ............................... 160 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ....................................................................................... 185 BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................................... 189 13 APRESENTAÇÃO O presente trabalho é fruto de um aprofundamento de questões levantadas ao longo do curso de mestrado, empreendido nesta mesma universidade, no ano de 2004. 1 Na ocasião, o escopo da pesquisa era o levantamento do uso da Matéria de Bretanha – isto é, as obras que tinham como tema o rei Artur e seus cavaleiros – em textos que se encontravam circunscritos tanto no universo daquilo a que hoje chamamos de ficção, quanto naquilo a que se pode definir como sendo o relato histórico. Menos interessada nos conceitos de “história” e “ficção”, a dissertação buscava delimitar o espaço que a matéria arturiana ocupava nas mais variadas narrativas. Portanto, pode-se dizer que o cerne daquele trabalho
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