NOTES Introduction 1 . Siân Echard, Arthurian Narrative in the Latin Tradition , Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 36 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 ), p. 14; Helen Cooper, The English Romance in Time: Transforming Motifs from Geoffrey of Monmouth to the Death of Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 ), pp. 26–27; Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, “The Dark Dragon of the Normans: A Creation of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Stephen of Rouen, and Merlin Silvester,” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 2.2 ( 1992 ): 2 [1–19]. 2 . Julia Briggs discusses the Vortiger and Uther Pendragon plays per- formed by Philip Henslowe’s company as well as William Rowley’s The Birth of Merlin and Thomas Middleton’s Hengist , “New Times and Old Stories: Middleton’s Hengist ,” Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century , ed. Donald Scragg and Carole Weinberg, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 ), pp. 108–9 [107–21]. 3 . For evidence supporting a late 1138 date for Geoffrey’s HRB , see Wright, introduction to HRB Bern , p. xvi [ix-lix] and John Gillingham, “The Context and Purposes of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain ,” Anglo-Norman Studies 13 (1991 ): 100 n5 [99–118]. 4 . Clarke, introduction to VM , p. vii [vii-50]; Echard, Arthurian Narrative , p. 218. 5 . Lee Patterson, Negotiating the Past: The Historical Understanding of Medieval Literature (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 ), pp. 160, 201, 170, and 187; Virgil, Aeneid in Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid I-VI , trans. H. Rushton Fairclough (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926 ) and Aeneid VII-XII and the Minor Poems , trans. H. Rushton Fairclough (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1950). 6 . Eneas: roman de XIIe siècle ( Le roman d’Eneas ), ed. J.-J. Salverda de Grave, Les classiques français du moyen âge 44 and 62, 2 vols. (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1925–29); Chrétien de Troyes, Erec et Enide , ed. Mario Roques, Les classiques français du moyen âge 80 142 NOTES (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1955); Alliterative Morte Arthure: A Critical Edition , ed. Mary Hamel (New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1984 ). 7 . Maureen Fries, “Boethian Themes and Tragic Structure in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” in The Arthurian Tradition: Essays in Convergence , ed. Mary Flowers Braswell and John Bugge (Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1988 ), pp. 29–30 and 37 [29–42]. 8 . Susan M. Shwartz, “The Founding and Self-Betrayal of Britain: An Augustinian Approach to Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” Medievalia et Humanistica n.s. 10 ( 1981 ): 34 and 48 [33–53]. 9 . Laura D. Barefield, “Gender and the Creation of Lineage in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” Publications of the Medieval Association of the Midwest 9 (2002 ): 1–3 [1–14]. 10 . Stephen Knight, Arthurian Literature and Society (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 58. 11 . Knight, Arthurian Literature , pp. 60–63. 12 . Knight, Arthurian Literature , p. 59. 13 . Michelle R. Warren, History on the Edge: Excalibur and the Borders of Britain, 1100–1300 (Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2000 ), p. 46. 14 . Warren, History on the Edge , pp. 35, 37–38, 45–47, and 49. 15 . Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, Of Giants: Sex, Monsters, and the Middle Ages , Medieval Cultures 17 (Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), pp. 46–47. 16 . Cohen, Of Giants , p. 46. 17 . Cooper acknowledges the HRB ’s importance, The English Romance in Time , pp. 26–27. 18 . Cooper, The English Romance in Time , pp. 23, 191, 24, 74, 129, 184, and 405. 19 . In Cooper’s The English Romance in Time , there are three mentions of Geoffrey as an author (pp. 27, 412, and 414) along with one reference to The Prophecies of Merlin (p. 191), three pages on which The History of the Kings of Britain is discussed (pp. 23–24 and 405), and three on which The Life of Merlin is discussed (pp. 74, 129, and 184). 20 . Cooper notes Geoffrey’s “endlessly inventive spawning of legends” that enabled many romancers to add their own “quasi-historical mate- rial,” his use of the Troy legend that later enabled the Elizabethans to advance “nationalist agendas,” and his inclusion of both Leir and Arthur that led to both Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur and Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene , The English Romance in Time , p. 24. See Sir Thomas Malory, The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , ed. Eugène Vinaver, rev. P. J. C. Field, 3rd edn., 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990 ) and Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene , ed. A. C. Hamilton, Hiroshi Yamashita, Toshiyuki Suzuki, and Shohachi Fukuda, 2nd edn. (New York: Longman, 2006 ). NOTES 143 21 . Lori J. Walters, introduction to Lancelot and Guinevere: A Casebook , ed. Lori J. Walters, Arthurian Characters and Themes 4 (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996; repr. New York: Routledge, 2002 ), p. xv [xiii-lxxx]. 22 . Susann Samples, “Guinevere: A Re-appraisal,” in Lancelot and Guinevere: A Casebook , ed. Lori J. Walters, Arthurian Characters and Themes 4 (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996 ; repr. New York: Routledge, 2002 ), pp. 219–20 [219–28]. 23 . Samples, “Guinevere,” in Lancelot and Guinevere , ed. Walters, p. 220. 24 . Samples concludes, “Thus, in History Geoffrey devotes little attention to the courtship, and the marriage of Guinevere and Arthur is never developed. This lack of interaction between Guinevere and Arthur is also mirrored in Geoffrey’s description of knights and ladies at Arthur’s court, where the entourages are segregated: Arthur has a following of brave and noble warrior-knights, and Guinevere, of fair and lovely ladies. During a banquet, the knights eat in one hall, the ladies in another; and later, two separate masses are sung to accommodate the knights and ladies,” “Guinevere,” in Lancelot and Guinevere , ed. Walters, pp. 219–20. 25 . Peter Korrel, An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development and Characterization of Arthur, Guinevere and Modred (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984 ); Charlotte A. T. Wulf, “A Comparative Study of Wace’s Guenevere in the Twelfth Century,” in Arthurian Romance and Gender , ed. Friedrich Wolfzettel (Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1995 ), pp. 66–78; Fiona Tolhurst, “The Britons as Hebrews, Romans, and Normans: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s British Epic and Reflections of Empress Matilda,” Arthuriana 8.4 ( 1998): 69–87 and “The Once and Future Queen: The Development of Guenevere from Geoffrey of Monmouth to Malory,” Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society 50 ( 1998): 272–308; and Fiona Tolhurst Neuendorf, “Negotiating Feminist and Historicist Concerns: Guenevere in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 3.2 (1993 ): 26–44. 26 . J. S. P. Tatlock, “Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Motives for Writing His Historia ,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 79.4 ( 1938): 695 and 701 [695–703]. 27 . J. S. P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae and Its Early Vernacular Versions (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950), pp. 286–88. 28 . Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), pp. 202–4. 29 . Gransden, Historical Writing , pp. 206 and 208. 30 . Gransden, Historical Writing , p. 208. 31 . Martin B. Shichtman and Laurie A. Finke, “Profiting from the Past: History as Symbolic Capital in The Historia regum Britanniae ,” Arthurian Literature 12 ( 1993): 22 [1–35], republished as Chapter 2 of King Arthur 144 NOTES and the Myth of History (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004 ), pp. 35–70 citing Gransden, Historical Writing , pp. 207–8. 32 . Shichtman and Finke, “Profiting from the Past,” pp. 22–27. 33 . Patterson, Negotiating the Past , pp. 8–9 and 77. 34 . Maureen Fries, “Female Heroes, Heroines and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition,” in Popular Arthurian Traditions , ed. Sally K. Slocum (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1992), pp. 5–17. 35 . Fries, “Female Heroes,” in Popular Arthurian Traditions , ed. Slocum, p. 15. 36 . Donald L. Hoffman argues that Malory’s Guenevere appears to retain a bit of the magical power that might once have been hers as the Giant’s Daughter and eventually takes on mystical power as she leads Lancelot to salvation, while Malory’s Morgan turns out to be a potentially parodic goddess and finally a healer; this situation makes Guenevere a potential counter-heroine and Morgan an imperfect counter-hero, “Guenevere the Enchantress,” Arthuriana 9.2 (1999 ): 31, 33, and 34 [30–36]. 37 . Joan Cadden, Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 2. 38 . Judith M. Bennett, “Medievalism and Feminism,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 68 (1993 ): 322 [309–31]. 39 . Jean Blacker argues for her “belief in the referentiality of historical nar- rative” in the Middle Ages, The Faces of Time: Portrayal of the Past in Old French and Latin Historical Narrative of the Anglo-Norman Regnum (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), pp. xiii-xiv while Nancy F. Partner approaches historical narrative in a similar manner, Serious Entertainments: The Writing of History in Twelfth-Century England (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1977). 40 . Nancy F. Partner, “No Sex, No Gender,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 68 (1993 ): 443 and 423–33 [419–43]. 41 . Oxford English Dictionary Online , entry for ‘feminism, n.,’ accessed March 1, 2011 http://dictionary.oed.com/. 42 . Ruth Evans and Lesley Johnson, introduction to Feminist Readings in Middle English Literature: The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect , ed.