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Introduction Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Translation of Female Kingship 1 NOTES Introduction Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Translation of Female Kingship 1 . For Henry of Huntingdon’s account of how he discovered the existence of Geoffrey’s history, see his EWB 1.558–59, a text which also appears in Robert of Torigni, Chronica , in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I , ed. R. Howlett, 4 vols. (London: Longman & Company, 1884–89), 4:65–75. Editor and translator of the Vita Merlini Basil Clarke dates the poem to about 1150, introduction to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Vita Merlini / Life of Merlin , ed. with introduction, facing translation, tex- tual commentary, name notes index and translations of the Lailoken tales by Basil Clarke (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973), p. vii [vii–50]. 2 . Fiona Tolhurst, Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Feminist Origins of the Arthurian Legend , Studies in Arthurian and Courtly Cultures (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 3 . J. S. P. Tatlock, “Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Motives for Writing his Historia ,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 79.4 (1938): 695 and 701 [695–703]. 4 . J. S. P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae and Its Early Vernacular Versions (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950), pp. 286–88. 5 . Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), pp. 206 and 208. 6 . Martin B. Shichtman and Laurie A. Finke, “Profiting from the Past: History as Symbolic Capital in the Historia regum Britanniae ,” Arthurian Literature 12 (1993): 22 [1–35], republished as Chapter 2 of King Arthur and the Myth of History (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004), pp. 35–70. 7 . Laura D. Barefield, “Gender and the Creation of Lineage in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” Publications of the Medieval Association of the Midwest 9 (2002): 1–3 [1–14]. 8 . Sir Thomas Malory, The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , ed. Eugène Vinaver, rev. P. J. C. Field, 3rd edn., 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). Galfridian females other than Ganhumara receive occasional attention. For 262 NOTES Ganieda, see Lucy Allen Paton, “Merlin and Ganieda,” Modern Language Notes 18.6 (1903): 163–69 and Inge Vielhauer-Pfeiffer, “Merlins Schwester: Betrachtungen zu einem keltischen Sagenmotiv,” Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Ästhetik 8 (1990): 161–79. For Estrildis, see J. S. P. Tatlock, “The Origin of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Estrildis,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 11 (1936): 121–24 and Katherine Olson, “Gwendolyn and Estrildis: Invading Queens in British Historiography,” Medieval Feminist Forum 44.1 (2008): 36–52. For Igerna, see Martine Thiry-Stassin, “Ygerne entre Geoffroy de Monmouth et Wace,” in Conjointure arthurienne , ed. Juliette Dor (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Institut d’Études Médiévales, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2000), pp. 109–21. For Morgan, see Maureen Fries, “From The Lady to The Tramp: The Decline of Morgan le Fay in Medieval Romance,” Arthuriana 4.1 (1994): 1–18. For examples of studies of female figures in Le Morte Darthur , see Virginia Moran, “Malory/ Guenevere: Sexuality as Deconstruction,” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 1.2 (1991): 70–76; Georgiana Donavin, “Elaine’s Epistolarity: The Fair Maid of Astolat’s Letter in Malory’s Morte Darthur ,” Arthuriana 13.3 (2003): 68–82; and Donald L. Hoffman, “Perceval’s Sister: Malory’s ‘Rejected’ Masculinities,” Arthuriana 6.4 (1996): 72–83. For studies of female figures in romances before Malory, see Anne Clark Bartlett, “Cracking the Penile Code: Reading Gender and Conquest in the Alliterative Morte Arthure ,” Arthuriana 8.2 (1998): 56–76 and Susann T. Samples, “‘Problem Women’ in Heinrich von dem Türlin’s Diu Crône ,” Arthuriana 11.4 (2001): 23–38. 9 . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight survives in British Library MS. Cotton Nero A.x. and Beowulf in British Library MS. Cotton Vitellius A.xv. The former is available in The Complete Works of the Pearl -poet , trans. with introduction by Casey Finch, ed. Malcolm Andrew, Ronald Waldron, and Clifford Peterson (Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles, CA; Oxford, England: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 209–321 and the lat- ter in Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg , ed. with introduction, bibliog- raphy, notes, glossary, and appendices Fr. Klaeber, 3rd edn., with first and second supplements (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1950). For descriptions of the more than 200 extant manuscripts of Geoffrey’s Historia regum Britanniae , see Julia C. Crick, The Historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth 3: A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 1989). Crick records the survival of fifty-eight twelfth-century manuscripts, The Historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth 4: Dissemination and Reception in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 1991), p. 216. Francis Ingledew notes Geoffrey’s pivotal position as a historian, “The Book of Troy and the Genealogical Construction of History: The Case of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae ,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 69 (1994): 669–70 [665–704]. 10 . Robert Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 500. NOTES 263 11 . R. William Leckie, Jr., The Passage of Dominion: Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Periodization of Insular History in the Twelfth Century (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 1981), p. 119; R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, introduction to Gesta regum Anglorum , by William of Malmesbury, vol. 2: General Introduction and Commentary , ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors and completed by R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), p. xxxviii [xvii–xlvii] with pp. xxxvi–xlvi reprinting Revd. J. Sharpe, preface to The History of the Kings of England and the Modern History of William of Malmesbury , trans. Revd. J. Sharpe (London: Longman, 1815), pp. vii–xvii [vii–xx]. For an edition of Bede’s history, see HE . 12 . Ingledew, “The Book of Troy,” 703. 13 . Michelle R. Warren, History on the Edge: Excalibur and the Borders of Britain, 1100 –1300 (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 10; Laura Keeler, Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Late Latin Chroniclers 1300–1500 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946), pp. 88 and 130; George R. Keiser, “Edward III and the Alliterative Morte Arthure ,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 48 (1973): 37 [37–51]. 14 . Siân Echard, “‘Whyche Thyng Semeth Not to Agree with Other Histories . ’: Rome in Geoffrey of Monmouth and His Early Modern Readers,” Arthurian Literature 26 (2009): 121 [109–29]. 15 . Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, “The Dark Dragon of the Normans: A Creation of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Stephen of Rouen, and Merlin Silvester,” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 2.2 (1992): 2 [1–19]. Rupert Taylor credits Geoffrey of Monmouth with introducing political prophecy to England as well as with making the genre “accessible to England and the Continent,” The Political Prophecy in England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1911; repr. New York: AMS Reprint, 1967), pp. 7–9 and 24, but Tatlock is more moderate in his claims, The Legendary History , pp. 403–21. 16 . Julia Crick, “Geoffrey of Monmouth, Prophecy and History,” Journal of Medieval History 19 (1992): 360 n13 [357–71]; Jean Blacker, introduction to Anglo-Norman Verse Prophecies of Merlin , Arthuriana 15.1 (2005): 10 [1–26]. 17 . Blacker, introduction to Anglo-Norman Verse Prophecies , 10. 18 . Blacker explains that Wace could have omitted The Prophecies because he found them difficult to interpret, or thought his lay audience could not understand them, or hoped to avoid the potential awkwardness of reproducing prophecies that might have had the purpose of presenting “a more glorious future for a minority population” such as “the indigenous Britons or Welsh,” introduction to Anglo-Norman Verse Prophecies , 1, 11, and 16. 19. Julia Crick, “Geoffrey and the Prophetic Tradition,” in The Arthur of Medieval Latin Literature: The Development and Dissemination of the Arthurian Legend in Medieval Latin , ed. Siân Echard, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 6 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2011), p. 70 [67–82] citing Joachim of Fiore, De prophetia ignota: Eine frühe Schrift Joachims von 264 NOTES Fiore , ed. Matthias Kaup, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Studien und Texte 19 (Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1998), pp. 128–29. 20 . Ad Putter, “Finding Time for Romance: Mediaeval Arthurian Literary History,” Medium Ævum 63.1 (1994): 12 [1–16]. 21 . Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner, Shaping Romance: Interpretation, Truth, and Closure in Twelfth-Century French Fictions (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 4. 22 . For the French Vulgate Quest, see Albert Pauphilet, ed. La queste del Saint Graal: roman du XIIIe siècle (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1923) and The Quest for the Holy Grail , trans. E. Jane Burns in Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation , gen. ed. Norris J. Lacy, 5 vols. (New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995), 4:3–87. 23 . Gransden, Historical Writing , pp. 202–4. 24 . Christopher Brooke, “Geoffrey of Monmouth as a Historian,” in Church and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to C. R. Cheney on His 70th Birthday , ed. C. N. L. Brooke, D. E. Luscombe, G. H. Martin, and Dorothy Owen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 78 and 83 [77–91]. 25 . Stephen Knight studies only the Arthurian section of Geoffrey’s history in Arthurian Literature and Society (London: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 38–67 while Geraldine Heng bases her interpretation of Geoffrey’s history on the Mont Saint-Michel episode of the Arthurian section, “Cannibalism, the First Crusade, and the Genesis of Medieval Romance,” Difference s : A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 10.1 (1998): 98–174.
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