Black forest map pdf

Continue For other purposes, see the (disambigation). Black Forest Mountain Range View from Hochfelsen near SeebachHighest PointElevation1,493 m (4,898 ft) Coordinates48'18'00N 8'09'00E / 48.300'N 8.150'E / 48.300; 8.150Coordinates: 48'18'00N 8'09'00E / 48.300'N 8.150'E / 48.300; 8.150 DimensionsLengt160 km (99 miles) Area6,000 sq km (2,300 sq m) GeographyMeg Germany with Black Forest, The green CountryGermanyStateBaden-W'rttembergParent rangeSouthwest German Uplands/ScarplandsGeologyOrogenyCentral UplandsType of rockGneiss, Banter Sandstone Black Forest, is a large ˈʃvaʁtsvalt forest ridge in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg in southwestern Germany. It is confined to the Rhine Valley to the west and south. The highest peak is with a height of 1,493 meters above sea level. The area is approximately oblong in shape, with a length of 160 km (100 miles) and a width of up to 50 km (30 miles). Historically, the area was known for ore deposits, which led to mining in the local economy. In recent years, tourism has become the main industry, accounting for about 140,000 jobs. The area is home to a number of destroyed military fortifications dating back to the 17th century. The geographical forests and pastures of the High Black Forest near Breitnau Black Forest extend from the High Rhine in the south to Kraichgau in the north. In the west it is bounded by the Upper Rhine plain (which, in terms of the natural region, also includes a low chain of foothills); in the east it passes to G'u, Baar and hill country west of Klettgau. The black forest is the highest part of the South German Scarplans, and most of it is densely wooded, a fragment of the Gerkin forest of antiquity. It lies on the rocks of the crystal cellar and the sandstone of Banter, and its natural boundary with the surrounding landscapes is formed by the appearance of a muhelkalka, which is absent in the foundation of the Black Forest. The fertility of the soil depends on the underlying rock; This line is the boundary of vegetation, as well as the border between Altsiedelland (an old land village) and the Black Forest, which was not permanently settled until the Middle Ages. From north to south, the Black Forest stretches for more than 160 km (100 miles), reaching a width of up to 50 km (30 miles) in the south and 30 km (20 miles) in the north. Tectonically, the range forms a raised fault block that rises to a prominent location west of the Upper Rhine Plain; From the east, it has the appearance of a heavily wooded plateau. Natural regions Of the Black Forest are separated by different features. Geomorphologically, the main division is located between the gentle eastern slopes with their mostly rounded hills wide plateau (the so-called Danuba relief, especially outstanding in the north and east on the sandstone Banter) and a deeply rugged, steeply falling area in the west, which falls into the Upper Rhine Graben; so-called Valley of the Black Forest (Talschwarzwald) with its Renan aid. It is here, in the west, are the highest mountains and the largest local differences in height (up to 1000 meters). The valleys are often narrow and ravines like; but rarely in the shape of a pool. The tops are rounded and there are also remnants of plateau and arete-like sushi shapes. Geologically the clearest division is also between east and west. Large areas of the eastern Black Forest, the lowest layer of the South German Scarlets, consisting of Banter sandstone, are covered with seemingly endless coniferous forest with their island meadows. The open basement in the west, predominantly composed of metamorphic rocks and granites, was, despite its reliable topography, easier to settle and seems much more open and attractive today with its diverse valleys of meadows. Feldberg, the highest mountain in the Black Forest, southwest of Freiburg is the most common way of separating the regions of the Black Forest, however, from north to south. Until the 1930s, the Black Forest was divided into the Northern and , the boundary of which was the line of the Kinsig Valley. Later the Black Forest was divided into the heavily wooded , the lower, central part, predominantly used for agriculture in the valleys, was the Central Black Forest and well above the southern Black Forest with its distinctive alpine economy and ice age ice relief of the Ice Age. The term High Black Forest refers to the highest areas of the southern and southern Central Black Forest. However, the drawn boundaries were very diverse. In 1931, Robert Gradmann named the Central Black Forest a catchment area of Kinziga, and in the west - a site to the lower and tributaries of Gutah. Pragmatic division, focused not only on natural and cultural regions, uses the most important cross valleys. On this basis, the Central Black Forest is bordered by Kinzigol to the north and the line from Dreisam to Gutah in the south, which corresponds to the Bonndorf Graben area and the course of modern B 31. In 1959, Rudolf Metz merged earlier divisions and proposed a modified tripartite division that combined natural and cultural regional approaches and was widely used. Its Central Black Forest is bounded to the north by a watershed between Acher and , and then between Murgol and Kinzigo or Forthing and Kinzigram, in the south of the Bonndorf Graben zone, which limits the Black Forest to the east, as does Freudenstadt Graben further north by its transition to the Northern Black Forest. Work The German Natural Region Department's Guide to Natural Region, published by the Federal Office for Regional Geography (Bundesanstalt f'r Landeskunde) since the early 1950s, lists the Black Forest as one of the six highest-level major landscape regions in the mid-level region in the South German Scarplands and, at the same time, one of the nine new major landscape groups. It is divided into six so-called main units (level 4 landscapes). This division was improved and modified in several successor editions (1:200,000 individual card sheets) prior to 1967, each covering separate sections of the map. The mountain range was also divided into three regions. The northern boundary of the Central Black Forest in this classification runs south of the Rench and Knibis valleys near Freudenstadt. Its southern border changed with each edition. In 1998, the State Department of Baden-Wuerttemberg Environmental Protection (now the State Department of Baden-Wuerttemberg For Environmental Protection, Surveying and Conservation) published a redesign of the Baden-Wuerttemberg Department of Natural Areas. Он ограничен уровнем естественных региональных крупных единиц и с тех пор используется для государственного управления по охране природы: Natural region Areain km2 Population Pop./km2 Settlementareain % Open landin % Forestin % Majorcentres ofpopulation Middle-sizedcentres ofpopulation 150 Black Forest Foothills[10] 0930 268,000 289 7.69 29.33 62.92 Pforzheim Calw,Freudenstadt 151 Black Forest Grinden and Hills[11] 0699 060,000 086 1.92 06.39 91.51 152 Northern Black Forest Valleys[12] 0562 107,000 190 4.12 19.48 76.41 Baden-Baden,Gaggenau/ 153 Central Black Forest[13] 1,422 188,000 133 3.35 30.25 66.39 Haslach//,Waldkirch, 154 Southeastern Black Forest[14] 0558 080,923 112 3.03 32.44 64.49 Villingen-Schwenningen 155 High Black Forest[15] 1,990 213,000 107 2.44 26.93 70.31 Schopfheim,Titisee-Neustadt Slopes of the Northern Black Forest to the Upper Rhine Plain (Northern Black Forest Valleys) The Black Forest Foothills (Schwarzwald-Randplatten , 150) geomorphologically form plateaux on the north and northeast periphery of the mountain range that descend to the Kraichgau in the north and the Heckengäu landscapes in the east. They are tilted by valleys, especially the valleys of the Nagold river system, into separate confluences; The narrow northwesterly finger extends beyond Enz near Neuenbrug, and also borders the middle reaches of Alba in the west, to a point directly above Ettlingen. To the southwest it adjoins the hills of the Black Forest and Enz (Greendenshwarswald and Enjechen, 151), along the upper reaches of Enza and Murga, forming the heart of the Northern Black Forest. To the west of the Northern Black Forest formed the Northern Black Forest of the valley Talschwarzwald, 152) with Murg averages reached around Gernsbach, the Oos course middle to Baden-Baden, the averages reached B'hlz over the B'hls and the upper reach of the Rench around Oppenau. Their weekend valleys of the mountain range are oriented to the northwest. The economy of the meadows in the side valleys of Kinziga, the Central Black Forest Central Black Forest (153) is mainly limited to the catchment area of the Kinzig River above Offenburg, as well as Schutter and the low hills north of Elz. The southeastern Black Forest (Susstliche Schwarzwald, 154) consists mainly of the catchment areas of the upper Danube, Brigach and Brega, as well as the left side valleys of Wutaha north of Neustadt and thus depleted from the northeast of the southern Black Forest. To the south and west it adjoins the High Black Forest (Hochschwarzwald, 155) with the highest peaks in the entire range around Feldberg and Belchen. Its eastern part, the southern plateau of the Black Forest, is oriented towards the Danube, but drained over Wutah and Alb in the Rhine. In the west, the southern crest of the Black Forest is deeply divided by the Rhine into numerous ridges. Immediately to the right of the over Lerrach rises a relatively small Banter Sandstone-Rotligendes table Weintenauer Bergland in the far southwest of the Black Forest; morphologically, geologically and climatically it is separated from other parts of the southern Black Forest and, in this classification, is also considered part of the High Black Forest. Belchen in the southern Black Forest with a bare dome, overlooking the Mountains of Munstertal See also: The list of mountains and hills in the Black Forest At an altitude of 1493 m above sea level (NHN) Feldberg in the southern Black Forest is the highest peak of the range. Also in the same area are Hercedenhorn (1415 m) and Belchen (1414 m). In general, the mountains of the southern or highlands are higher than in the Northern Black Forest. The highest peak of the Black Forest north of the Freiburg-Hellental-Neustadt line is Candel (1241.4 m). Like the highest point of the Northern Black Forest, Hornisgrid (1163 m), or southern mountain-watchers of the Black Forest, Scowinsland (1,284.4 m) and Blauen (1,164.7 m) is located near the western edge of the range. The rivers and lakes of the Shiltach River in Schiltah Schlachze, north of the St. Blaen rivers in the Black Forest include the Danube (which originates in the Black Forest as the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers), Enz, Kinzig, Murg, Nagold, Nekkar, Rench and Wiese. The black forest occupies part of the continental chasm between the Atlantic Ocean catchment (drained by the Rhine) and the Black Sea drainage (drained by the Danube). The longest rivers of the Black Forest (the length includes areas outside the Black Forest): Enz (105 km, 65 miles) Kinzig (93 km, 58 miles) Elz (90 km, 56 miles) Wutach (91 km, 57 miles) Nagold (90 km, 56 miles), hydrological main artery of the Nagold-Enz Danube systems (86 km, 53 miles), head streams: Breg (46 km, 29 miles)ach (40 km, 25 miles) Murg (79 km) , 49 miles) Rench (57 km, 35 miles) Schutter (56 km, 35 miles) Wiese (55 km, 34 miles) Aher (54 km, 34 miles) Dreisam (inclusive. Rotbach 49 km, 30 miles) Alba (including Mensenschwander Alb 43 km, 27 miles) Glatt (37 km, 23 miles), Mulin (32 km, 20 miles) Wolf (31 km, 19 miles) Shiltach (30 km, 19 miles) Vehra (in Ruttebach 28 km. , 17 miles) Oos (25 kilometers, 16 miles) Glasbach (18 km, 11 miles), the hydrological main artery system Neckar Important lakes of natural, glacial origin in the Black Forest include Titisee, Mummelsee and Feldsee. Especially in the Northern Black Forest there are a number of other, smaller tarns. Numerous reservoirs such as - previously natural, but much smaller - Schluchsee with other lakes Schluchseewerk, Schwarzenbach Reservoir, Klein Kinzig Reservoir or Nagold Reservoir are used to produce electricity, flood defences or drinking water. Geology This article needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: Black Forest - News newspaper book scientist JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this pattern message) Topography of the Black Forest Black Forest consists of a sandstone lid on top of the core of gneis and granites. It has previously shared tectonic evolution with the nearby Voges Mountains. Later during the Middle Eocene, the rift period affected the area and caused the formation of the Upper Rhine Plain. In the last ice age of the Verme Glacier, the Black Forest was covered with glaciers; several tarns (or lakes) such as Mummelsee are the remnants of this period. The basement of the Geological Foundation of the Black Forest is formed by the crystal base of the Variskan cellar. It is covered in the east and northeast with sandstone slabs, so-called platforms. On the western edge of the descending, turn-based, foothill zone is bordered by the Upper Rhine Graben, consisting of the cliffs of the Triassic and Jurassic periods. The dominant rocks of the basement are gneisses (ortho- and paragneiss, in the south also migmatites and diatexites, for example, on Shauinsland and Candel). These gneiss were infiltrated by a number of granite bodies during the carbonipher period. Of of them Triberg Granite and Granite, the youngest is Berhalde Granite. In the south is the -Leantskirch zone, where Paleozoic rocks (volcanotes and sedimentary rocks) are preserved, which are interpreted as intercalated remnants of microcontinental collision. Even further southeast (around Todtmus) there are a number of exotic inclusions: gabbro from Ersberg, serpentinites and pyroxenites near Todtmus, norit near Gorbach), which may be the remnants of the accretion wedge from the continental collision. Also notable are the pools in The Rothligenda, such as the Schramberg or Baden-Baden Basin, with thick, quartz-porphyry and tuff plates (exhibited, for example, on the Butterton stone massif near Baden-Baden). The thick rock rotligendes, covered by a rebel, is also found in the north of the Dingelberg block (several hundred meters thick in the Basel Geothermal Well). Further south-east, under the Jurassic, is the North Swiss Permocarbocarbon Basin. The rise of the mountains After the fall of upper Rhine Graben in the Eocene era, two shoulders on either side were raised: the Black Forest to the east and Voges in the west. In the center is the Kaiserstuhl volcano, which dates back to the Miocene. In later times, the Mesozoic platform on the highlands was largely undermined, with the exception of the remains of Banter Sandstone and The Rotliegend Group, but it survived the capture itself. During the Pliocene, the pronounced but uneven bulge particularly affected the southern Black Forest, including Feldberg. As a result, the upper surface of the basement in the northern part of the forest around is much lower. In the central Black Forest there was a tectonic synchronization of Kinzig and Murga. Geomorphologist Walter Penk (1888-1923) viewed the Black Forest as a raised geological dome and swept his theory to the Piedmonttreppen (Piemont benches) on it. The most stable surface layers on the rugged terrain of the Grinden hills and the heights around the upper reaches of Enza, which were heavily undermined by the murg tributaries, is the silico-major conglomerate (Middle Banter). In the east and north there are napapes Upper Banter (platten gerbils and red clays). To the south of Kinzig, the rebel sandstone zone narrows to the edge at the east of the mountain range. Ice Age and topography is thought to have proven that the Black Forest was heavily glaciation during peak periods of at least Riss and Verme glaciation (up to about 10,000 years ago). This glacial geomorphology characterizes almost all The tall Black Forest, as well as the main ridge of the Northern Black Forest. In addition, it is noticeable only from a large number of circuses, mostly facing the northeast. Especially in this direction, snow accumulated on the shaded and leeward slopes of the plateau tops to form short circus glaciers that made the sides of these funnels a form of depression. There are still tarns in some of these old circuses, partly as a result of the man-made height of the underside of the lip circus, such as Mummelsee, , Schurmsee, Glaswaldsee, Buhlbachsee, Nonnenmattweiher, and Feldsee. Titisee is formed as a glacial lake behind the glacial moraine. The climatic mountain range has lower temperatures and higher precipitation than the surrounding countryside. The Black Forest Highlands is characterized by regular rainfall throughout the year. However, the temperature does not drop evenly with the increase in height, and does not increase precipitation evenly. Rather, precipitation rises rapidly even in the lower areas and is disproportionately strong on the rainier western side of the mountains. Winter rainfall on Schauinsland. In the background are the Wet Highlands area around Hornisgrinde in the north and around Belchen and Feldberg in the south, where the annual rainfall reaches 1,800-2,100 mm. There voges act as a rain shield in the face of prevailing winds. On the open east side of the Central Black Forest, it is much drier again. Thus, the annual rainfall here is only about 750 l/m2 in places. Temperature and sun thermal, higher heights of the Black Forest are characterized by relatively small annual fluctuations and vapor extreme values. This is due to frequent light winds and greater cloudiness in summer. During the winter months, frequent high pressure means that the peaks often bathe in the sun, while the valleys disappear under a thick blanket of mist as a result of cold air hotspots (temperature inversion). The story of the Black Forest on Tabula Peutingeriana: a mountain range with fantastically formed trees as a symbol of the unsettled and virtually inaccessible terrain of the Black Forest Farm, 1898 Unmarried Woman Black Forest wearing red Bollenhut, 1898 In ancient times, the Black Forest was known as Abnoba mons, after the Celtic deity, Abnoba. During the Roman Empire (late antiquity) it was called Silva Marciana (Marsinian Forest, from the Germanic word Mark and the border). The black forest was probably the Border Area of Marcomanni (border people) that was inhabited east of the Roman limes. They, in turn, were part of the German tribe of Suebi, subsequently gave its name to the historic state of Swabiya. With the exception of the Roman perimeter settlements (e.g. the Banni in Badenweiler and the mines near Badenweiler and Sulzburg) and the construction of the Roman road Kinzigtalstrasse, the colonization of the Black Forest was carried out not by the Romans, but by the Alemanni. They settled and first colonized the valleys, crossing the old border of the settlement, the so-called red sandy border, for example, from the Baar area. Soon after, increasingly high areas and adjacent forests were colonized, so that by the end of the 10th century, the first settlements could be found in the red (rebel) sandstone area. These include, for example, Retenbach, which was first mentioned in 819. Some of the uprisings (including the bundschuh movement) that preceded the German Peasant War, originated in the 16th century from the Black Forest. Further peasant unrest, in the form of saltpetre uprisings, took place over the next two centuries in Hotzenwald. The remnants of military fortifications of the 17th and 18th centuries can be found in the Black Forest, especially on mountain passes. Examples include the numerous baroque fieldwork of Margrave Louis William from Baden-Baden or individual defensive positions such as Redut Alexandra, Rushenshanze and Swedish Redoubt (Schwedenshanze). Originally, the Black Forest was a mixed forest of deciduous trees and spruce trees - to see the history of the forest in Central Europe. Spruce also grew on the hills. In the mid-19th century, the Black Forest was almost completely cut down by intensive forestry and subsequently replanted, mostly with monocultures of spruce. In 1990, major damage to the forest was caused by Hurricanes Vivian and Vibke. On 26 December 1999, Hurricane Lothar raged throughout the Black Forest and caused even more damage, especially to the monocultures of spruce. As happened after the 1990 storms, large numbers of fallen logs were stored in temporary wet storage facilities for years. The effects of the storm are demonstrated by Lothar Path, a forest education and adventure trail at the Ruhestein Nature Centre in a 10-hectare high-altitude forest forest that was destroyed by the hurricane. Several storm damage zones, large and small, have been abandoned by nature and have now evolved into a natural mixed forest again. The economy of the mining hornisgrinde plateau and raised the swamp (2004). Behind: Transmission masts and wind turbines Mining industry developed in the Black Forest because of its ore deposits, which were often boat-shaped. Formation of these deposits (Schauinsland Pit: zinc, lead, about 700-1000 g of silver/ton of lead; barite, fluorite, less lead and zinc in the Kinzig Valley; BiCoNi ore near Wittic, uranium discovered in Krunkelbach valley near but never officially mined) were often associated with the invasion of carbon granite in para- and orthoginess. More recent studies have shown that most of these toppings of the ankles are much younger (triassic to tertiary). Economic deposits of other minerals included: fluoride in the Northern Black Forest near Pfoorsheim, barit in the central region near Freudenstadt, fluorite along with lead and silver near Wildshapbach, barite and flurite in the Rancach Valley and near Olsbach, in the southern Black Forest near Todtnau, Viden and Urberg. Small liquid magmatic deposits of nickel-magnetite gravel in the norite were mined or found in the Hotzenwald forest near Gorbach and Todtmus. Strata-related deposits include iron ore in the Dogger layer in the foothills and uranium near Mullenbach/Baden-Baden. Coal can only be found near Berghaupten and Diersburg, but has always been of only local significance. Timeline: Stone Age hematite mining (like red pigment) near Sulzburg. By the 5th and 6th centuries BC, iron ore was mined by the Celts in the Northern Black Forest (e.g. Neuenburg). Especially in the Middle Black Forest, but also in the south (e.g. in the Munster Valley) ore mining is already likely to occur in Roman times (silver and lead ore mining; evidence of this in Sulzburg and possibly Badenweiler). Until the high middle century, the High Black Forest was virtually unsettled. During the internal colonization in the late Middle Ages, even the highlands were cultivated by settlers from the Abbey (St. Peter, St. Mergen). In the late Middle Ages (around 1100) mining experienced another boom, especially around Todtnau, in the Munster and Suggen valleys, and then in Schainsland. It is believed that by the end of the Middle Ages, between 800 and 1,000 miners lived and worked in the Munster Valley. After the plague that struck the valley in 1516, the German Peasant War (1524-1526) and the Thirty Years' War, mining in the region declined until only a few pits remained. An important mining area was the Kinzig Valley and its side valleys. The small mining village of Wittic near Shenkenzell in the upper Kinziga Valley had many pits from which miners dug up barite, cobalt and silver of many kinds. A circular geological path passes by old pits and tips today. Another boom began in the early 18th century after the loss of Alsace to France. This continued until the 19th century. Many pits of this period can be visited today as a show-min; for example, the Teufelsgrund pit (Munstertal), the Finstergrund pit near Wieden, the Hoffnungsstststalen pit in Todtmus, the mine in Shauinsland, the previously particularly silver-rich Venzel pit in Obervolbach and Gr. Segen Gottes (Great Blessing of God) in Hassah-Schnellingen. Non-ferrous metals mining The black forest continued until the mid-20th century near Wilrsapbach and on Shauinsland (until 1954); fluoride and barite are still mined today in the Clara pit in the Rancach Valley in Obervolfah. Iron ore forming Dogger worked until the 1970s near The Ringsheim and smelled in Kel. Compared to the Mountains of Harz and Ore, the amount of silver mined in the Black Forest was quite modest and reached only about ten per cent of the production in other regions of silver mining. There are many mine shows in the Black Forest. These include: the Pit Frischglyuk near Neuenburg, the pit of Ella Gluck near Neubulach, the Yama Silbergrendle near Seebach, the Pit of Himmlich Heer near Hallwangen, Heilige Drei Koenige pit near Freudenstadt, pit of Segen Gottes near Haslach, Wenzel pit near Obervolfak, Pit Caroline near Sexau, silver mine Suggental near Waldkirch, Shauinsland pit near Freiburg, Finstergrund Yama near Widen and Hoffnungsllento The forest trunks of the White Firth of Gersbach hold the largest unsupported wooden roof in the world at Expo 2000 For several centuries logs from the Black Forest were rafted on the rivers Enz, Kinzig, Murg, Nagold and Rhine for use in the shipping industry, as construction timber and for other purposes. This industry flourished in the 18th century and led to large-scale clearances. Since most of the long, straight pine logs were transported down the river for shipbuilding in the Netherlands, they were named by the Dutch. The logs were used in the Netherlands primarily as piles for the construction of a house in sandy and wet soil. Even today, a large number of historic buildings are being built at these posts in Amsterdam, and the reforestation of the Black Forest with spruce monocultures is evidence of the destruction of the original mixed forest. With the expansion of the rail and automotive network as an alternative transport, rafting largely came to an end in the late 19th century. Today, loggers harvest spruces, especially very high and without branched, mainly for shipment to Japan. The global promotional impact of Expo 2000 has contributed to the resumption of timber exports. The importance of Black Forest forest resources has also increased dramatically recently due to the growing demand for wood pellets for heating. Glass production, charcoal burning and potassium mining The Black Forest Forest resources were the basis for other sectors of the economy that have now largely disappeared. Coal burners (Koeler) built their wooden piles (Mailer) in the forest and produced charcoal, which, like the products of potash boilers, was processed, in particular, for glass production. The black forest supplied raw materials and energy for the production of forest glass. This is evidenced today glass-blowing houses, for example, in Hllental in Todtnau and Wolfach and the Forest Glass Centre in Gersbach (Schopfheim), which is open to the public. Precision engineering, watches and jewelry produced by the watchmaking workshop in the living room (postcard from about 1900) The main article: The hours of production in the Black Forest In the relatively inaccessible Valleys of the Black Forest industrialization did not arrive until the end of the day. In winter, many farmers made wooden cuckoo clocks in addition to their income. This developed in the 19th century into an industry of fine engineering and watch, which boomed with the arrival of the railway into much of the valleys of the black forest. The initial lack of their remote location, which led to the development of high-precision wooden crafts, was a competitive advantage because of their access to raw materials: wood from the forest and metal from the mines. As part of the Structural Support Programme, the Baden State Government established the first hour-long school in Furtwangen in 1850 to ensure that small artisans receive good training and thus better opportunities for sale. Due to the growing demand for mechanical devices, large companies such as Junghans and Kienzle have become established. In the 20th century, consumer electronics production was developed by companies such as SABA, Dual and Becker. In the 1970s, the industry declined due to Far Eastern competition. However, the Black Forest remains a center of metalworking and is home to many high-tech companies. Since the beginning of industrialization in Pfolcheim, there have been many companies that produce jewelry and work with precious metals and stones. There is also a jewellery school in Pfoolcheim. Hydropower Straserhof Mill in Hornberg, typical Agricultural Factory Black Forest in the Hornberg Basin near Herrishrieda, upper reservoir of the Wer storage pumping station (empty, May 2008). Due to the large rainfall and changes in height, the Black Forest has significant hydropower potential. It was used until the 19th century, especially for the operation of numerous mills, including sawmills and hammer mills, and was a local factor in the industrialization of some of the Black Forest valleys. Beginning in the 20th century, the Black Forest has witnessed large-scale electricity generation using steering power plants and pumping storage power plants. From 1914 to 1926, Rudolf Fettweis' company was founded in the Murg Valley in North Schwarzenbach. In 1932, the Shloy reservoir with a new dam became the upper basin of the pumping and storage power plant. In 2013, the Schluchseewerk Association of the Southern Black Forest owned five power plants with 14 storage tanks. In topographical conditions, the Hornberg Basin allows 625m water to control the turbines before it flows into the Wehra reservoir. In the 21st century, after the Renewable Energy Act, numerous small power plants built as a result of river downtime were reopened or built. Political jurisdiction Administrative, Black Forest is wholly owned by the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg and includes the cities of Pforzheim, Baden-Baden and Freiburg, as well as the following districts (Craze). To the north: Enz, and Kalv; in the middle: Freudenstadt, Ortenaucrais and Rottvale; south: Emmendingen, Schwarzwald-Baar, Breisgau-Hochswartzwald, Lerrach and Waldshut. Tourism and transport Hinterzarten in the Southern Black Forest: The church and Adler ski jump The main branch of the Black Forest is tourism. The Black Forest Tourism (Black Forest Tourismus) estimates that there are about 140,000 direct full-time jobs in the tourism sector and about 34.8 million overnight tourists in 2009. In spring, summer and autumn, an extensive network of hiking and mountain bike trails allows different groups of people to use the natural region. In winter, of course, on the first day there are various types of winter sports. In many places there are opportunities for both descent and Scandinavian skiing. Tourist attractions Altstadt Altensteg in the Northern Black Forest are the most frequently visited tourist destinations and resorts in the Black Forest Titisee and Schluchsee. Both lakes offer opportunities for water sports such as diving and windsurfing. From Freiburg these lakes can be reached on B 31 via Mullal, through the monument Hirschsprung located at the narrowest point of the valley, and the Oswald Chapel below the Ravenna Gorge. One of the often visited towns is Baden Baden with thermal baths and a festival hall. Other thermal baths are located in the resorts of Badenweiler, Bad Herrenalb, , Bad Krosingen, Bad Libenzell and Bad Bellingen. Other tourist destinations include the old imperial town of , the former counties of Wolfach, Shiltach and (both on the German Timber Frame road) and the flower and wine village of Susbachwalden at the foot of Hornisgrind. Beautiful old towns can be visited in Altenstage, Dornsteten, , Guernsbach, Willingen and Sell am Harmersbach. Baiersbronn is a center of gastronomic excellence, Freudenstadt built around the largest market in Germany. Gersbach's floral exhibits have won awards for both the German Golden Village of 2004 and the European Golden Village of 2007. Known for its beautiful interiors are the former monastery of St. Blaien, as well as the Abbey of St. Trudpert, St. Peter and St. Mergen. Abbey and the ruined Hirso Abbey were built of red Hirso-style sandstone. Another idyllic rural building - The Abbey of Wittic next Also popular are the Murg Valley, the Kinzig Valley, the Triberg Falls and the Vogtsbauernhof Open Air Museum. Mummelsee along the Black Forest High Road Lookout Mountains include Feldberg, Belchen, and Schauinsland in the Southern Black Forest; and Hornisgrinde, Schlifkopf, Hohloh, Merkur and Teufelsm'hle in the Northern Black Forest. There are well-known winter sports fields around Feldberg, near Todtnau with its FIS descent ski run Fakhler and in Hinterzarten, a center and talent forge for German ski jumpers. In the Northern Black Forest, winter sports areas are concentrated along Black Forest High Road and on the ridge between the Murg and Enz rivers around . Mummelsee, located along Black Forest High Road, is a recreational lake and the starting point for a number of hiking trails including The Kunstpfad am Mummelsee (sculpture trail in Mummelsee). Differences in altitude in the mountains are used in many places for hang gliding and paragliding. The Black Forest pedestrian routes have a large number of very diverse routes; some of the pan-regional significance. European long-distance route E1 crosses the Black Forest along the routes of some local long-distance routes. Their frame is a network of long-distance paths with main routes and side branches, many of which were laid in the early 20th century by the Black Forest. The most famous of these is the complex Western Way () with its many steep slopes. After 1950, circular walks were built to meet changing demand, first from a relatively dense rail network and then, mainly from local tourist parking lots. Nowadays, special, more experience-oriented themed paths are being laid out, such as Dornstetten Barefoot Park (Barfupark Dornstetten), Park of All Senses (Park mit Allen Sinnen) in Ghouta (Black Forest Railroad), and those designed to attract the walker more directly in contact with nature (e.g. Schluchtensteig). Thus, roads and wide forest paths are used less frequently than they have been so far. There are many short paths suitable for day walks, as well as mountain bikes and ski slopes. The total network of pistes is about 23,000 km (14,000 miles) and is maintained and supervised by volunteers of the Black Forest Club, which has about 90,000 members (data from Bremke, 1999, p. 9). Western Way (Westworld) Pfoorsheim-Basel Middle Way () Pfoorsheim-Waldshut East Way (Ostev) Pmorsheim-Schaffhausen Rottvale-Lahr Trail (Kverweg Rott Vail Lar ( 4 days) Gengenbach-Alpirsbach Trail (Kverweg Gengenbach-Alpirsbach) (2-3 days) Hansiakob Way I (Hansjakobweg I, round walk, 3 days) Hansjakob Path II (circular walk, 4 days) Murgleiter (5 days, premium trail) Guernsbach Walk (Gernsbacher Runde, 2-3 days, premium trail) Schluchtensteig (long way, 5-6 days) Beyersbronn Lake Trail (Byersbronner Seensteig) (circular walk, 5 days) Freiburg-Lake Constance Trail (queerweg Freiburg-Bodense) (6-7 days) Candel Ridgeway (Candelheueg), Oberkirch Freiburg (5 days) Two valleys Trail (5 days) The Black Forest- Swag Trail of Jura-Algu (Black forest-Schwebiche-Alb-Algu-Veg), also main path (Hauptwanderweg) 5, runs more than 311 kilometers to the Museum of the Algu Museum Open Air Vogtsbauerhof in The Huts Valley Black Forest Open Forest Air Museum at Vogtsbauernhof Farm in Gutah has original homes in Black Forest offering a view of the 16th and 17th centuries of agriculture. The buildings were dismantled on their original plots, parts are moderate, and then rebuilt in exactly the same plan in the museum. The in Furtwangen represents the 100th place in the history of the watch and watch industry. With this early precision engineering of a previously important phonographic industry developed in the 20th century; The history of leisure electronics is presented at the German Museum of Fono in St. George. The Schutteshage Museum in Schiltah will hold information and live demonstrations covering lumbering and rafting in the Kinzig Valley, as well as tanning. The Black Forest Costume Museum in Haslach im Kinzigtal offers an overview of the traditional costume of the entire Black Forest and its peripheral areas. Also in Haslach the Hansjakob museum and the Hansjakob library with numerous works of writer, priest, politician, historian and chronicler, . The MiMa Museum of Mineralogy and Mathematics in Obervolfach houses minerals and mountain exhibits from all over the Black Forest, and they associate them with mathematical explanations. Car transport Several tourist routes pass through the Black Forest. Notable holiday destinations are Black Forest High Road (B 500) and German Clock Road. Thanks to its winding soaked wet, the Black Forest is a popular destination for motorcyclists. This tourism arm is controversial because of the large number of accidents and wide-ranging noise pollution and has been limited through the introduction of speed limits and by placing some roads outside limits. For example, since 1984, motorcyclists have been banned from using the Shauinsland mountain route on summer weekends. The Carriage of the Gutach Bridge railway on the railway H'llental all black forest was once connected by rail. In the eastern part of the Northern Black Forest on the Enz Valley railway from Pforzheim to Bad Wildbad, on the Nagold Valley railway from Pforzheim via Kalv and Nagold to Horb am Nekkar, in the Wurttemberg Black Forest from Stuttgart to Kalyu and the Gou Railway from Stuttgart to Freudenstadt or its modern section from Eutingen to Freudenstadt. Many railway lines run from the Rhine Plain to the valleys to the Black Forest: the Alba Valley Railway runs from Karlsruhe to Bad Errenalba, the Murgh Valley Railway from Rusttta to Freudenstadt, the Aher Valley Railroad from Ahern to Ottenhefen by the Black Forest and the Reng Valley Railway from Appenweier to Bad Grisbach. The Baden-Black Forest Railway has connected Offenburg with Constance on Lake Constance since 1873, running through House, Triberg, St. George, Willengen and . In Hausah, the Kinzig Valley railway is cut off to Freudenstadt, in Denzlingen elz Valley Railway exfoliates towards Elzach, the Hulental Railway runs from Freiburg to Breisgau through the Mullental Valley to Donaushingen, Munstertal Railway from Bad Crosingen to Munstertal, Kander Valley Railway from Haltingen near Basel through the Kander Valley to Kander and Wiesen Valley Three Lakes Railway branches off at Titisee from Hulentalal Railway and runs at Windgf'llweiher and Schluchsee. Along the border between Baden-Wuerttemberg and Switzerland, the Wutach Valley Railway connects Waldshut-Tiangen with Immendingen on the Black Forest Railway. Most of these routes are still busy today, while some are popular heritage lines. The administration since January 2006, Black Forest Tourist Organization, Black Forest Tourismus, whose head office is located in Freiburg, is responsible for managing tourism in 320 municipalities of the region. Until now, there were four separate tourist associations. Winter attractions on Schauinsland: The famous Windbuchen Beeches bent by the wind there are many historic cities in the Black Forest. Popular tourist destinations include Baden-Baden, Freiburg, Kalyu (born Hermann Hesse), Gengenbach, Staufen, Shiltah, Haslach and Altenstage. Other popular destinations include Feldberg, Belchen, Kandel and Shauinsland; Lakes Titisi and Schluzzee; All Saints Falls; Triberg Falls, not the tallest but most famous waterfall in Germany; and the Wutah River Gorge. The Black Forest Open Air Museum shows the life of 16th- and 17th-century farmers in the region with a number of reconstructed farms in the Black Forest. The German Clock Museum in Furtwangen depicts the history of the watch industry and watchmakers. For drivers, the main route through this region is the fast motorway A 5 (E35), but various designated scenic routes such as the Black Forest (60 km (37 miles), Baden-Baden-Freudenstadt, Schwarzwald-Tolerstrasse (100 km (62 miles), the Murg and Kincig or Badishe-Weinstrasse (Badishe-Weinstrasse) (Badishe-Weinstrasse) (Badishe-Weinstrasse) (Baden-Weinstrasse) The 160 km (99 miles) wine route from Baden-Baden to Weil am Rhine offers more relaxed driving on high roads. The latter is a scenic journey that begins in the south of the Black Forest to the north and includes numerous old wineries and tiny villages. Another, more specialized route is the German Hour Route, a circular route that traces the region's mountain history. Black Forest track Due to the rich history of mining dating back to the Middle Ages (Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions in Europe around 1100) there are many mines reopened to the public. Such mines can be visited in the Kinzig Valley, Saggentale, Munster Valley and around Todtmus. The Black Forest visited Count Otto von Bismarck several times during his work as Prussian and then German Chancellor (1862-1890). Allegedly he was particularly interested in Triberg Falls. A monument to Bismarck, who appears to be enjoying the tranquillity of the region, is now erected in Triberg, escaping from his day-to-day political responsibilities in Berlin. The Black Forest is featured in the philosophical development of Martin Heidegger. Heidegger has written and edited some of his philosophical works in a small hut in the Black Forest, and will be taking visitors there for walks, including his former student Hannah Arendt. This hut is clearly in his essay Building, Living, Thinking. His walks in the Black Forest are supposed to have inspired the title of his collection essay Holzwege, translated as Off The Beaten Track. Black Forest National Park, founded in 2014, is the first national park in Baden-Wuerttemberg. It covers an area of 10,062 hectares and is located on the main crest of the Northern Black Forest between Byersbronn and Baden-Baden. There are two natural parks named after the Black Forest that cover the region: the Central/Northern Black Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Black Forest Mitte / Nord) and the Southern Black Forest Nature Park (Sudshwartzwald Nature Park). Their aim is to preserve the countryside as a cultural landscape, to sell local produce more efficiently and to make the area more suitable for tourism. The 394,000-hectare Black Forest Nature Park, the largest in Germany, covers the southern part of the Central Black Forest, the southern Black Forest and surrounding areas. The Central/Northern Black Forest Nature Park covers 375,000 hectares and is thus the second largest in Germany. It begins in the southern part of the Central Black Forest, is bordered by the southern Black Forest Nature Park and covers the rest of the Black Forest to the north. In addition, there are numerous nature reserves, protected areas, forest reserves and bird sanctuaries. In addition, wildlife species are expected in the European forest area, the following species of animals can be observed in Forest. [34] [34] Cattle forests, which belong to the rare breed of cattle Hinterwald Giant earthworm Lumbricus badensis, which is found only in the region of black forest 35 Black Forest horse, a breed once essential for the hard work of the field Western caper culture Arnold Lyongr'n: Spring in the Black Forest, the oil pattern of the Black Forest is mostly rural, with many large villages and a few large towns. Tradition and customs are celebrated in many places. The forest is best known for its typical farmhouses with its wide half-cold roofs, its goto of the Black Forest, black forest ham, Black Forest dwarves, Kirschwasser and cuckoo clocks. Dialects The main dialect spoken in the Black Forest area is Aleman. Traditional costume Traditional costume from Gutach with unmarried women red Bollenhut Traditional suit or Trachten still sometimes worn today, usually on festive occasions. The appearance of such a suit varies from region to region, sometimes noticeable. One of the most famous costumes of the Black Forest is that of the villages of Kirnbach, Reichenbach and Gutah im Kinzigtal with the characteristic Bollenhut headdress. Unmarried women wear hats with red bobbles or Bollen, married women wear black. Busy women sometimes wear the wedding crown before and on their wedding day, the so-called Shepelle, whose largest specimens from the city of St. George weigh up to 5 kilograms. The art of its rural beauty, as well as the sense of tradition of its inhabitants have already attracted many artists in the 19th and early 20th centuries, whose work made the Black Forest famous all over the world. Hans Thomas of Bernau and his classmates Rudolf Epp, sponsored by Grand Duke Baden Friedrich I., were particularly notable. The artist, J. Metzler, from Dusseldorf traveled through the Black Forest to paint his landscapes. The works of the Gutah colony of artists around Wilhelm Hazemann were widely revered, their landscape and genre motifs captured the character of the Black Forest. Like local writer Heinrich Hansiakob, they were part of the Baden people's costume movement. Crafts Cuckoo Clock In the field of crafts, wood carving not only produces folk art like The Crosses Longinus, but also famous sculptors like Matthias Fuller . Wood carving is a traditional cottage industry in the region and carvings are now produced in significant quantities as souvenirs for tourists. Cuckoo watches are a popular example; See above. The kitchen of Black Forest Ham originated from this region, and so, by name and reputation at least, made the Black Forest goto. It is also known as Black Forest Cherry Cake or Black Forest Cake and is made with chocolate cake, cream, sour cherries and kirsch. Black Forest Variety Flammkuchen is Baden with ham, cheese and cream. Pfannkuchen, crepe or crepe-like (Eierkuchen or Palatschinken) dough, is also common. The Black Forest is also known for its long tradition in gourmet kitchens. The region has at least 17 Michelin-starred restaurants, including two three-star restaurants (Restaurants Bareiss and Schwarzwaldstube in Byersbronn), as well as the only restaurant in Germany that has received a Michelin star every year since 1966. At the Schwarzwald Adler Hotel in Huzern, three generations of same-family chefs have defended the award from the first year, during the first year of the Michelin guide chosen by restaurants in Germany to this day. Fasnet German holiday Fastnacht, or Fasnet, as is known in the Black Forest region, takes place at the time preceding Lent. At Fasnetmendig, or on the Monday before Ash Wednesday, crowds of people line the streets, dressed in wooden, mostly hand-carved masks. One famous style mask called Black Forest Style originated from the Black Forest region. Cego Home article: Cego Black Forest is home to an unusual card game, Cego, which is part of the cultural heritage of the region. After the defeat of Austria in 1805, most of its territory was set aside by the Grand Principality of Baden. During the subsequent Napoleonic wars, soldiers from Baden, along with Napoleon's troops, were sent to Spain, where, among other things, they learned a new card game Ombre. They took it back to Baden and adapted it to play with Tarok playing cards, which were then still in general use in southern Germany. Cego was popular enough to develop into the national game of Baden and Hohenzollern, and these are the only regions in Germany where tarot or Taroka cards are still used for games. The game has grown organically and there are many regional variations, but, in recent years, the creation of the Cego Black Forest Championship has led to the definition of official tournament rules. There are also regular courses and local tournaments, and this is a permanent feature of Alemannic Week, which is held annually in the Black Forest at the end of September. Feldberg Gallery View from Belchen towards the Cattle Alps near Simonswald Titisee, Popular year-round minister in Freiburg, the largest city in the River Kinzig region, passing through the Black Forest Castle Mummelsee Ortenberg near Offenburg (now Youth Hostel) Murg Valley Railway Black Forest is known for its native watchmakers The traditional black forest farmhouse Hausach Paragliding over Baden-Baden-See also Hercin forest (historic) Black Forest , Loretta and Ruben Acciano, Western Europe, Lonely Planet: 2005, page 480. Agricultural, Nutrition and Regional Information Service Ministry of Regional Planning, Nutrition and Consumer Protection in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Robert Gradmann: Southern Germany. Engelhorn, Stuttgart 1931. Reissue: Darmstadt Science Book Society, ISBN 3-534-00124-9. Vol. 2: Individual Landscapes, page 85. State of Baden-Wuerttemberg - Official description by county and municipality. Vol. 1: The total. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-17-001835-3, page 32, or: Christoph Borcherdt(e.g.): Geographic regional studies of Baden-Wuerttemberg. 3rd edition, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1993, p. 169 f. Rudolf Metz: On the natural spatial structure of black forest B: Alemannisches Institute (ed.): Alemannisches Jahrbuch 1959, Schauenburg, Lahr 1959, pp. 1-33 - Emil Meynen, Josef Schmith: Handbook of natural division of Germany. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Remagen/Bad Godesberg 1953-1962 (nine lots in eight books, updated map 1:1,000,000 with main units, 1960). Emil Meynen, Josef Schmith'sen (editors: Handbook of the natural spatial division of Germany. Federal Institute of Regional Studies, Remagen/Bad Godesberg, 1953-1962 (9 issues in 8 books, updated map, 1:1,000,000 with units basic, 1960). Thomas Breunig: Revisiting the natural spatial structure of Baden-Wuerttemberg at the level of major natural spatial units. Archive 19 December 2014 on Wayback Machine in: Nature Conservancy Information 1998, Issue 1 - Major Natural Units of the Region, Baden-Wuerttemberg State Environment Authority, Review and Conservation (pdf, 3.1 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Black Forest Edge Plate (150) - LUBW (pdf, 9.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Grindenschwarzwald and Enzh'hen (151) - LUBW (pdf, PDF 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf, 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf, 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf), 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf, 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf, 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf) , 8.9 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Northern Black Forest (152) - LUBW (pdf, 8.9 MB 9.0 MB) - Natural Region Fact File Middle Black Forest (153) - LUBW (pdf, 9.6 MB) - Natural Region fact file southeast of the Black Forest (153) 154) - LUBW (pdf, 6.8 MB) - Natural Region fact file Hochschwarzwald (155) - LUBW (pdf, 10.1 MB) - Federal Agency for Conservation Of Nature Service Map - Harris, Stuart A. (1968). The concept of stairs (penk). Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. ISBN 978-3-540-31060-0. The Stairway of Piedmont in regional geomorphology. Geography (in German). 5 (4): 294-305. JSTOR 25635740. Sick, Wolf Dieter, Eds. (1984), Black Contribution to regional studies, publication of the Alemana Institute of Freiburg I. Br. (in German) (3 ed.), Byl: Concordia, 47, p. 70, ISBN 3-7826-0047-9 - LUBW, German Meteorological Service: Klimaatlas Baden-Wuerttemberg, Annual Precipitation 1971-2000: Map Description Archived May 20, 2008 by Wayback Machine, KarteArchived Machine 11 November 2013 on Wayback September 3, 2013 - Tabula Patingerian; Ammian Marcellinus 21, 8, 2; These severe storms or cyclones are commonly known as hurricanes, even if they are not true tropical hurricanes. Including private accommodation and visitors by family and friends. Schwarzwald Tourismus GmbH: Tourismusentwicklung im Black Forest 2009 Archive 10 October 2012 in Wayback Machine, received October 12, 2011. Muellerwerbung_wp. Kunstpfad. Erlebnisvelt Mummelsee (in German). Received on September 21, 2020. Parallelus. In the footsteps of the Black Forest Cuckooclock Black Forest Watch Association. Received on September 1, 2020. Baden-Wuerttemberg: Landesregierung will be Motorradl'rm Eindemmen. In: Spiegel Online Date 24 July 2012 - Schauinsland: Motorradfahrer ignorieren Fahrverbot - Radler in Angst. In: Badish Tseitung, June 28, 2010 - Complete guide to the Black Forest. Independent. March 19, 2014. Received on August 9, 2014. - Apropos Werbung, Telefon 07721-98770. The location of the German watch route. German Urenstrasse. Received on August 9, 2014. Ken Barnes (2007). Rough Passage, Volume II: Memories of the Empire. Radcliffe's press. ISBN 9781845112646. Received on August 9, 2014. Sharr, Adam. Hut Heidegger Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mitpress.mit.edu. received on December 24, 2015. Heidegger's Aesthetics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Plato.stanford.edu. received on December 24, 2015. Heidegger, Martin (2002). Heidegger: With the beaten track - Martin Heidegger, Julian Young, Kenneth Haynes. ISBN 9780521805070. Enjoy nature with all the senses / Nature / Home / Inhalt - Schwarzwald Tourismus GmbH - Lamparski, 1985 - Black forest in www.trachten-winkler.com. Received on August 23, 2017. - Schwarzwaldwichtel Archived August 23, 2017 at the wayback machine in www.schwarzwald-laden.de. Received on August 23, 2017. Brigitte Heck: Ein Hut mast Carrier. In: Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (publ.): Baden! 900 Yahre - Gesicten Landes. Info-Verlag, Karlsruhe 2012, ISBN 978-3- 937345-56-7, page 256 (Katalog zur Gro'en Landesausstellung) - Perhaps Germany's most famous cake: Schwarzwalder Kirshorte (Black Forest Cake). European cuisines. Received on December 24, 2015. Michelin restaurants. Through Michelin. Received on June 18, 2011 - Michelin Guide and Chef Sumkeller. Hotel Schwarzwald Adler. Extracted 18 June 2011 - b Cego - Regeln in cego.de. Received on May 17, 2020. b Vermutlich Herkunft in cego-online.de. Received on May 17, 2020. This is in pagat.com. Received on May 17, 2020. Cego - ein altes Kartenspiel, das eine Renaissance erlebt in schwarzwaldregion-freiburg.de. Received on May 17, 2020. The bibliography of Geography by Hartwig Haumrich; Wolfgang Hug; Herbert Lange (1991), Das Grochet Buch wom Black Forest (in German), Stuttgart: Theis, ISBN 3-8062-0819-0. Ekkehard Likhl, Wolf Dieter Sick, ed. (1989), Der Schwarzwald. about regional studies, publication of the Alemana Institute of Freiburg I. Br. (in German) (4th), Buhl: Concordia, 47, ISBN 3-7826-0047-9. Kurt Klein (1988), Hidden Black Forest. Unknown from folklore and history, Edition of Morstadt (in German), Kel, Strasbourg, Basel: Morstadt, Volume 18, ISBN 3-88571-172-9. Max Scheifele (2004), From the forest history of the Black Forest. Tripft of firewood and cabbage. When border stones speak (German), Stuttgart: DRW-Verlag, ISBN 3-87181-010-X. Horst Friedrich Vorwerk (text), Erich Spiegelhalter (picture) (1992), Der Schwarzwald. German cultural landscape in history and present (in German), Freiburg: Herder, ISBN 3-451-22658-8. Economy, geology and mining Michael Blidtner, Manfred Martin (1986), ore and mineral deposits of the Middle Black Forest (in German), Freiburg im Breisgau: Baden-Wuerttemberg Geological State Office, ISBN 978-88-12-65452-9. Eberhard Gotein: The Economic History of the Black Forest and surrounding landscapes. First volume: History of Cities and Trades, publisher Karl J. Trebner, Strasbourg 1892 (digitized). Gregor Markle, Senka Lorenz, Ed. (2004), silver, copper, cobalt. Mining in the Black Forest (in German), Fielderstadt: Markstein, ISBN 3-935129-10-6. Georg Savacki, Horst Peter Hann (2003), Badenweiler-Leantsirkh-Zone (Southern Black Forest): Explanations with tips for excursions, geological map of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1:50,000 (in German), Freiburg im Breisgau: State Administration of Geology, Raw Materials and Mining of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Wolfgang Werner, Volker Dennert (2004), deposits and mining in the Black Forest (in German), Freiburg im Breisgau: State Administration of Geology, Raw Materials and Mining of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Art history by Richard Schmidt: Black Forest (German lands - German art). Munich/Berlin, 1965. Nature of Adolf Hanle: Northern Black Forest (Meyers Naturfuhrer). Mannheim/Vienna/Curich, 1989. Adolf Hanle: Southern Black Forest (Meyers Naturfuhrer). Mannheim/Vienna/Curich, 1989. Ulrike Klugmann: Southern Black Forest, Feldberg and WutahSchlyuk (journal of nature outside). Hamburg, 1983. Hans-Peter Shaub: Black Forest. Natural diversity in the old cultural landscape. Mannheim, 2001. Artistic Literature by Jargen Lodemann and Meyer, Tubingen, 2007, ISBN 978-3-940086-04-4. Herbert Schnierle-Lutz: Reading book in the Black Forest. Stories from the 6th centuries with numerous photographs, 224 pages, Hohenheim Verlag, Stuttgart, 2011, ISBN 978-3-89850-213-9. General Bremke, N. (1999). Black forest. Karlsruhe: Brown. ISBN 3-7650-8228-7. Lamparski, F. (1985). The influence of the species of earthworms Lumbricus badensis on forest soils in the southern Black Forest. A series of publications by the Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition at the University of Albert Ludwig Freiburg i. Br., 15. 0344-2691. English CV Barnes, K. J. (2007). Rough Rough Memories of the Empire of Koefline, Ahim (photos); Huber, Alexander (German text); Freund, Bethann (English translation) (2012), Black Forest: Natur and Landshaft, edition-kaeflein.de, page 228, ISBN 978-3-940788-16-0. External references to the Commons have media related to the Black Forest. Black Forest guide from Wikivoyage Black Forest. Encyclopedia Britannica. 4 (11th - note. 1911. The Black Forest in Curley is extracted from the black forest germany map pdf. black forest germany map area. black forest germany map google. black forest germany train map. road map of black forest germany. tourist map black forest germany. black forest trail map germany. driving map of the black forest germany

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