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Gears and Gearing Part 1 Types of Gears Types of Gears
Gears and Gearing Part 1 Types of Gears Types of Gears Spur Helical Bevel Worm Nomenclature of Spur-Gear Teeth Fig. 13–5 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Rack A rack is a spur gear with an pitch diameter of infinity. The sides of the teeth are straight lines making an angle to the line of centers equal to the pressure angle. Fig. 13–13 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Tooth Size, Diameter, Number of Teeth Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Tooth Sizes in General Industrial Use Table 13–2 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design How an Involute Gear Profile is constructed A1B1=A1A0, A2B2=2 A1A0 , etc Pressure Angle Φ has the values of 20° or 25 ° 14.5 ° has also been used. Gear profile is constructed from the base circle. Then additional clearance are given. Relation of Base Circle to Pressure Angle Fig. 13–10 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Standardized Tooth Systems: AGMA Standard Common pressure angles f : 20º and 25º Older pressure angle: 14 ½º Common face width: 35p F p p P 35 F PP Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Gear Sources • Boston Gear • Martin Sprocket • W. M. Berg • Stock Drive Products …. Numerous others Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Conjugate Action When surfaces roll/slide against each other and produce constant angular velocity ratio, they are said to have conjugate action. Can be accomplished if instant center of velocity between the two bodies remains stationary between the grounded instant centers. Fig. 13–6 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Fundamental Law of Gearing: The common normal of the tooth profiles at all points within the mesh must always pass through a fixed point on the line of the centers called pitch point. -
Gear Cutting and Grinding Machines and Precision Cutting Tools Developed for Gear Manufacturing for Automobile Transmissions
Gear Cutting and Grinding Machines and Precision Cutting Tools Developed for Gear Manufacturing for Automobile Transmissions MASAKAZU NABEKURA*1 MICHIAKI HASHITANI*1 YUKIHISA NISHIMURA*1 MASAKATSU FUJITA*1 YOSHIKOTO YANASE*1 MASANOBU MISAKI*1 It is a never-ending theme for motorcycle and automobile manufacturers, for whom the Machine Tool Division of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) manufactures and delivers gear cutting machines, gear grinding machines and precision cutting tools, to strive for high precision, low cost transmission gears. This paper reports the recent trends in the automobile industry while describing how MHI has been dealing with their needs as a manufacturer of the machines and cutting tools for gear production. process before heat treatment. A gear shaping machine, 1. Gear production process however, processes workpieces such as stepped gears and Figure 1 shows a cut-away example of an automobile internal gears that a gear hobbing machine is unable to transmission. Figure 2 is a schematic of the conven- process. Since they employ a generating process by a tional, general production processes for transmission specific number of cutting edges, several tens of microns gears. The diagram does not show processes such as of tool marks remain on the gear flanks, which in turn machining keyways and oil holes and press-fitting bushes causes vibration and noise. To cope with this issue, a that are not directly relevant to gear processing. Nor- gear shaving process improves the gear flank roughness mally, a gear hobbing machine is responsible for the and finishes the gear tooth profile to a precision of mi- crons while anticipating how the heat treatment will strain the tooth profile and tooth trace. -
Design and Development of Open Differential for Transmission System of Quad Bike
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 12 | Dec 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Design and Development of Open Differential for Transmission System of Quad Bike Utkarsha Chaudhari1, Prathamesh Sangelkar2, Prajval Vaskar3 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Kondhwa ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – A differential is an important torque 2. ANALYTICAL CALCULATIONS transmitting device in most of the rear wheel drive vehicles. An ATV is a vehicle which is used to ride in off-road terrains; 2.1 Primary Calculations for Gear Reduction hence continuous application of traction is a vital factor which showcases its performative aspect. The paper describes Input Data: designing and manufacturing an open differential for an off road ATV (Quad Bike) so that the vehicle maneuvers sharp Turning radius of vehicle: - 3m corners without losing traction to the driving wheels. Rear Track width: - 40” Rear tire diameter: - 23” Key Words: Open differential, traction difference, ANSYS, CREO, gear, pinion, centre pin. 1. INTRODUCTION A differential is a gear train with three shafts that has the property that the rotational speed of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others, or a fixed multiple of that average. In automobiles, the differential allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn. This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other. The average of the rotational speed of the two driving wheels equals the input rotational speed of the drive shaft. -
Gear Cutting Solutions
Gear cuttingsolutions 2 E2F Z TRINITY ORIGIN SWISS MADE SWISS 8100 DUPLEX REVOLUTION 8700 Gear cutting solutions Type Name of tool Standard modules* Tool Tool Machined part Page Tooth by tooth m 0.03 - 1.00 5 gear cutter Z² m 0.015 - 1.000 6 Hobs for epicyclic & involute teeth ORIGIN m 0.015 - 0.800 7 m 0.015 - 1.000 8 Two-way hob cutter m 0.015 - 0.800 9 ORIGIN DUPLEX *Depends on the gearing norm Other modules upon request swiss made Gear cutting solutions Type Name of tool Standard modules* Tool Tool Machined part Page Hobs for asymmetrical 10 gears and special by profi le profi les REVOLUTION Hobs for frontal F 2 m 0.05 - 0.50 11 gear cutting E Hobs for conical m 0.05 - 0.30 12 gears TRINITY Hob cutters for involute gears ISO53 / DIN867 m 0.05 - 1.00 13 DIN quality AAAA 8100 Skiving cutter for m 0.05 - 1.00 internal gear teeth 14 8700 *Depends on the gearing norm Other modules upon request swiss made DUPLEX ORIGIN Hobs for epicyclic New & involute teeth Hobbing with two hob cutters is known to produce burr-free hobbing. It is a functional process, but requires a sometimes tedious start-up. It is necessary to make an adjustment for each hob, and the stacking of the arbor, tools and spacers results in a bad roundness and warping. Louis Bélet SA has found a simple solution that can be used by everyone to solve these problems: ORIGIN DUPLEX hobs. ORIGIN DUPLEX on a shank Circular ORIGIN DUPLEX Made of one-piece solid carbide, these cutters have two cutting areas, one on the right and one on the left. -
Parametric Instability Investigation and Stability Based Design for Transmission Systems Containing Face-Gear Drives
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2012 Parametric Instability Investigation and Stability Based Design for Transmission Systems Containing Face-gear Drives Meng Peng [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls Commons, and the Propulsion and Power Commons Recommended Citation Peng, Meng, "Parametric Instability Investigation and Stability Based Design for Transmission Systems Containing Face-gear Drives. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1434 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Meng Peng entitled "Parametric Instability Investigation and Stability Based Design for Transmission Systems Containing Face-gear Drives." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Mechanical Engineering. Hans A. DeSmidt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: J. A. M. Boulet, Seddik M. Djouadi, Xiaopeng Zhao Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Parametric Instability Investigation and Stability Based Design for Transmission Systems Containing Face-gear Drives A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Meng Peng August 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my primary advisor, Dr. -
Mechanical Advantage Use the Equation for Mechanical Advantage to See How Machines Multiply Force
Name Date Class WORKSHEET MATH SKILLS USED Division MATH IN SCIENCE: PHYSICAL SCIENCE 53 Decimals Mechanical Advantage Use the equation for mechanical advantage to see how machines multiply force. The mechanical advantage of a machine is the factor by which the machine multiplies force. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be used to determine how well a ma- chine works and whether it can perform a particular job. output force EQUATION: mechanical advantage (MA) ϭ ᎏᎏ input force SAMPLE PROBLEM: What is the mechanical advantage of a lever that requires an input force of 20 N and lifts an object that weighs 60 N? 60 N mechanical advantage (MA) ϭ ᎏ 20 N MA ϭ 3 Practice Your Skills! Use the equation for mechanical advantage to answer the following questions: 1. Amanda uses a wheelbarrow to lift a load of bricks. The bricks weigh 600 N, which is more than Amanda could normally carry. However, with the wheelbarrow, Amanda can lift the bricks with as little as 120 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the wheelbarrow? 2. Marshall wants to remove a tree stump from the ground. To do this, he puts one end of a long beam under the stump and puts all of his weight on the other end. His weight is just enough to lift the stump. The stump weighs 400 N. Marshall weighs 250 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the lever Marshall is using? 3. A system of pulleys allows a mechanic to lift an 1800 N engine. t and Winston. All rights reserved. -
Chapter 14 Work, Power, and Machines
0161_hsps09_GRSW_Ch14.qxd 7/27/07 3:33 PM Page 157 Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________ Chapter 14 Work, Power, and Machines Summary 14.1 Work and Power For a force to do work on an object, some of the force must act in the same direction as the object moves. If there is no movement, no work is done. • Work is the product of force and distance. • Work is done when a force moves an object over a distance. Any part of a force that does not act in the direction of motion does no work on an object. • The joule (J) is the SI unit of work. • When a force of 1 newton moves an object 1 meter in the direction of the force, 1 joule of work is done. Doing work at a faster rate requires more power. To increase power, you can increase the amount of work done in a given time, or you can do a given amount of work in less time. • Power is the rate of doing work. • The SI unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to one joule per second. • One horsepower (hp) is equal to about 746 watts. 14.2 Work and Machines Machines make work easier to do. They change the size of a force needed, the direction of a force, or the distance over which a force acts. •Amachine is a device that changes a force. Because of friction, the work done by a machine is always less than the work done on the machine. -
Ring Gear and Pinion Tooth Pattern Interpretation
RING GEAR AND PINION TOOTH PATTERN INTERPRETATION The final pinion position will be verified by using the GEAR CONTACT PATTERN METHOD described as follows: The TOE of the gear is the portion of the tooth surface at the end towards the center. The HEEL of the gear tooth is the portion of the tooth surface at the outer-end. The TOP LAND of a gear tooth is the surface of the top of the tooth. Every gear has a characteristic pattern. RING GEAR TOOTH PROFILE There are two types of gears which are determined by the machining method. One is manufactured by FACE HOBBING, while the other one is manufactured by FACE MILLING. You must first determine the type of gear that you have in order to know which gear pattern chart to use as described in this bulletin. To do this, notice the depth of the ring gear tooth - dimension "A" and "B". If the gear was manufactured using the FACE HOBBING method, both "A" and "B" will be of equal depth. If the gear was manufactured using the FACE MILLING method, "A" will be larger than "B". Once the type of ring gear machining method has been identified, refer to the proper gear pattern chart. FACE HOBBING FACE MILLING NOTE: WHEN MAKING CHANGES, NOTE THAT TWO VARIABLES ARE INVOLVED. EXAMPLE: IF YOU HAVE THE BACKLASH SET CORRECTLY TO THE SPECIFICATION AND YOU CHANGE THE PINION POSITION SHIM, YOU MAY HAVE TO READJUST THE BACKLASH TO THE CORRECT SPECIFICATION BEFORE CHECKING THE PATTERN. REFER TO PATTERN INTERPRETATION. BULLETIN 5717-A 5/02 1 of 3 Spicer Technology, Inc. -
Basic Gear Systems
Basic Gear Systems A number of gears connected together is called a “Gear Train”. The gear train is another mechanism for transmitting rotary motion and torque. Unlike a belt and pulley, or chain and sprocket, no linking device (belt or chain) is required. Gears have teeth which interlock (or mesh) directly with one another. Advantages The main advantages of gear train transmission systems are that because the teeth on any gear intermesh with the next gear in the train, the gears can't slip. (An exact ratio is maintained.) Large forces can be transmitted. The number of turns a gear makes can be easily controlled. High ratios between the input and the output are easily possible. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of a gear system is it usually needs a lubrication system to reduce wear to the teeth. Oil or grease is used to reduce friction and heat caused by the teeth rubbing together. Gear systems to increase and decrease rotational velocity Gears are used to increase or decrease the speed or power of rotary motion. The measure of how much the speed or power is changed by a gear train is called the gear ratio (velocity ratio). This is equal to the number of teeth on the driver gear divided by the number of teeth on the driven gear. To decrease the speed of the output the driver gear is smaller than the driven gear. (This will reduce the speed but increase the “torque”.) This diagram shows a small gear (A) driving a larger gear (B). Because there are more teeth on the driven gear there is a reduction in output speed. -
Chapter 8 Glossary
Technology: Engineering Our World © 2012 Chapter 8: Machines—Glossary friction. A force that acts like a brake on moving objects. gear. A rotating wheel-like object with teeth around its rim used to transmit force to other gears with matching teeth. hydraulics. The study and technology of the characteristics of liquids at rest and in motion. inclined plane. A simple machine in the form of a sloping surface or ramp, used to move a load from one level to another. lever. A simple machine that consists of a bar and fulcrum (pivot point). Levers are used to increase force or decrease the effort needed to move a load. linkage. A system of levers used to transmit motion. lubrication. The application of a smooth or slippery substance between two objects to reduce friction. machine. A device that does some kind of work by changing or transmitting energy. mechanical advantage. In a simple machine, the ability to move a large resistance by applying a small effort. mechanism. A way of changing one kind of effort into another kind of effort. moment. The turning force acting on a lever; effort times the distance of the effort from the fulcrum. pneumatics. The study and technology of the characteristics of gases. power. The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is converted from one form to another or transferred from one place to another. pressure. The effort applied to a given area; effort divided by area. pulley. A simple machine in the form of a wheel with a groove around its rim to accept a rope, chain, or belt; it is used to lift heavy objects. -
Chain Drives 759
Chain Drives 759 C H A P T E R 21 Chain Drives 1. Introduction. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Chain Drive over Belt or Rope Drive. 3. Terms Used in Chain Drive. 4. Relation Between Pitch and Pitch Circle Diameter. 5. Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives. 6. Length of Chain and Centre Distance. 7. Classification of Chains. 8. Hoisting and Hauling Chains. 9. Conveyor Chains. 10. Power Transmitting Chains. 11. Characteristics of Roller Chains. 12. Factor of Safety for Chain Drives. 21.1 Introduction 13. Permissible Speed of We have seen in previous chapters on belt and rope Smaller Sprocket. 14. Power Transmitted by drives that slipping may occur. In order to avoid slipping, Chains. steel chains are used. The chains are made up of number of 15. Number of Teeth on the rigid links which are hinged together by pin joints in order Smaller or Driving Sprocket or Pinion. to provide the necessary flexibility for wraping round the 16. Maximum Speed for driving and driven wheels. These wheels have projecting Chains. teeth of special profile and fit into the corresponding recesses 17. Principal Dimensions of Tooth Profile. in the links of the chain as shown in Fig. 21.1. The toothed 18. Design Procedure for wheels are known as *sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. Chain Drive. The sprockets and the chain are thus constrained to move together without slipping and ensures perfect velocity ratio. * These wheels resemble to spur gears. 759 760 A Textbook of Machine Design Fig. 21.1. Sprockets and chain. The chains are mostly used to transmit motion and power from one shaft to another, when the centre distance between their shafts is short such as in bicycles, motor cycles, agricultural machinery, conveyors, rolling mills, road rollers etc. -
Back to Basics
BACK TO BASICS. • • Gear Design National Broach and Machine Division ,of Lear Siegler, Inc. A gear can be defined as a toothed wheel which, when meshed with another toothed wheel with similar configura- tion, will transmit rotation from one shaft to another. Depending upon the type and accuracy of motion desired, the gears and the profiles of the gear teeth can be of almost any form. Gears come in all shapes and sizes from square to circular, elliptical to conical and from as small as a pinhead to as large asa house. They are used to provide positive transmis- sion of both motion and power. Most generally, gear teeth are equally spaced around the periphery of the gear. The original gear teeth were wooden pegs driven into the periphery of wooden wheels and driven by other wooden Fig. 1-2- The common normal of cycloidal gears is a. curve which varies wheels of similar construction ..As man's progress in the use from a maximum inclination with respect to the common tangent at the of gears, and the form of the gear teeth changed to suit the pitch point to coincidence with the direction of this tangent. For cycloidal gears rotating as shown here. the arc B'P is theArc of Approach, and the all; application. The contacting sides or profiles of the teeth PA, the Arc of Recess. changed in shape until eventually they became parts of regular curves which were easily defined. norma] of cydoidal gears isa curve, Fig. 1-2, which is not of To obtain correct tooth action, (constant instantaneous a fixed direction, but varies from.