American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler A Documentary History

edited by Jiirgen Heideking & Christpf Mauch with the assistance of Marc Frey

Urn WestviewPress A Division of HarperCollinsPublishers Contents

Acknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations xix Editorial Methods and Principles xxi

Introduction 1 1942 1 10 April 1942 Memorandum by Paul Hagen: How to Collaborate with the Anti-Nazi Underground in Germany 17 2 23 April 1942 Memorandum by Adolf A. Berle, Assistant Secretary of State: Political Campaign Directed - Toward Germany 20 3 8 May 1942 Letter from Allen W. Dulles (COI New York) to COI William J. Donovan: Suggestions for Psychological Warfare 23 4 22 July 1942 Memorandum by Heber Blankenhorn (OSS Washington): The Labor Factor in Psychological Warfare Plans for Western Europe 25 5 15 August 1942 Telegram from Myron Taylor (OSS Stockholm) to OSS Washington: German Criticism of British Policy 31 6 16 December 1942 Memorandum by OSS Adviser Kurt Bloch: The Opposition Potential of the Foreign Workers in Germany 32 1943 7 13 January 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: German Efforts to Establish Contact with Americans 37 8 14 January 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Adam von Trott's Criticism of the Western Allies 38

vll vlli Contents

9 3 February 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to David K. E. Bruce (OSS London): C. G. Jung's Analysis of Hitler's Mind 40 10 4 February 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Psychological Warfare Suggestions Against Germany 41 11 23 February 1943 Memorandum from Arthur J. Goldberg to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Labor Division of the Office of Strategic Services 42 12 17 May 1943 Memorandum from William L. Langer (OSS Research and Analysis Branch) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: New Possibilities for Psychological Warfare in Europe 44 13 3 August 1943 Memorandum from Irving H. Sherman (OSS Counterintelligence Branch) to Hugh R. Wilson (OSS Planning Group): Proposal for the Establishment of a Committee of German Exiles 49 14 6 August 1943 Memorandum from James Grafton Rogers (OSS Planning Group) to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Manifesto to the German People by the Moscow National Committee of Free Germany . 52 .15 11 August 1943 Memorandum from John C. Wiley (OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch) to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Comments on the Moscow Manifesto to Germany 56 16 19 August 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Thoughts for Political Warfare 59 17 31 August 1943 Memorandum by the OSS Morale Operations Branch in London: Suggestions for a German Underground Plan 60 18 8 September 1943 Report from Lanning Macfarland (OSS Istanbul) to OSS Washington: Founding of a Free German Movement in the Service of the Western Allies 70 19a 9 September 1943 Report by the British War Cabinet's Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee: Probabilities of a German Collapse 83 19b 21 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: Possible Patterns of German Collapse 87 19c 21 October 1943 Memorandum from the U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Probabilities of a German Collapse 94 Contents • ix

20 21 September 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Nuclei of the German Opposition 96 21 25 September 1943 Memorandum by Willy Brandt (Stockholm): Opposition Movements in Germany . 97 22 27 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Underground Movement in Germany . 116 23 30 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Foreign Laborer in Germany as an MO Target 125 24a 5 and 6 October 1943 Report by OSS Agent Theodore A. Morde: Conversations with German Ambassador Franz von Papen in Turkey 130 24b 26 October 1943 Memorandum from Robert E. Sherwood (OWI Overseas Director) to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Veto Against the Morde-Papen Plan 143 24c 29 October 1943 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Support for the Morde-Papen Plan . 145 24d 10 November 1943 Memorandum from Adolf A. Berle, Assistant Secretary of State, to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Denial of a Passport to Theodore A. Morde 146 25 27 October 1943 Report from "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz, OSS Istanbul] to OSS Washington: OSS Channel to the German High Command 147 26 3 November 1943 Report from Lanning Macfarland (OSS Istanbul) to OSS Washington: "Free German Movement" Under Anglo-American Auspices 149 27 8 November 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: An Estimate of the German Opposition Against Hitler 152 28 23 November 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Opposition of the German Churches 154 29 26 November 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: "Free Germany": An Experiment in Political Warfare 156 30 December 1943 Memorandum from Willem Visser't Hooft (World Council of Churches, Geneva) to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): The Situation of the Protestant Church in Germany 162 X Contents

31 Second Half of December 1943 Herman Plan. Expose on the Readiness of a Powerful German Group to Assist Allied Military Operations Against 172 32 29 December 1943 Letter from OSS Agent "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz, OSS Istanbul] to U.S. Military Attache General Richard D. Tindall (Ankara): Plea for the Support of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke's Peace Initiative 177 1944 33 8 January 1944 Report by the OSS Labor Branch: Ongoing Projects 183 34 27 January 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Report on an Opposition Group Called "Breakers" 191 35 27 January 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Political Orientation of the "Breakers"

Movement v 192 36 4 February 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Leading Members of the "Breakers" 193 37a 28 February 1944 Memorandum from Professor Karl Brandt to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Advantages of the Herman Plan 194 37b 15 March 1944 Memorandum from William L. Langer (OSS Research and Analysis Branch) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Dangers of the Herman Plan 201 37c 3 April 1944 Memorandum by the OSS Planning Group: Rejection of the Herman Plan 204 38 6 March 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Cooperation with the Free Germany Movement in Switzerland 206 39 4 April 1944 Memorandum by OSS Istanbul Agents "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz] and "Magnolia" [Alexander Riistow]: Secret Meetings Between German and Allied Emissaries 207 40 5 April 1944 Memorandum by Willy Brandt (Stockholm): Forces of the German Revolution 210 Contents xi

41 21 April 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Labor Opposition in Germany 214 42 4 May 1944 Minutes of a Meeting of the OSS Planning Group: Propaganda Use of Free Germany Committees 217 43 16 May 1944 Memorandum from OSS Assistant Director G. Edward Buxton to Secretary of State Cordell Hull: Overtures by German Generals and Civilian Opposition for a Separate Armistice 219 44 1 June 1944 Memorandum by OSS Washington: German Oppositional Overtures to Ex-Chancellor Heinrich Bruning 222 45 12 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Anticipation of a Dramatic Event in Germany 1 224 46 13 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Russian Policy Toward Germany 225 47 13 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Oppositional Generals Are Concentrated in the Area 229 48 15 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Last Opportunity for the "Breakers" Movement to Act 231 49 18 July 1944 Summarizing Report of OSS Washington: Nazi Opposition Group Reports Progress 232 50 20 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Attempt on Hitler's Life 233 51 21 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to Brigadier General Thomas J. Betts (London): "Breakers" are Breaking ' 235 52 22 July 1944. Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Protestant and the Catholic Churches in Germany 237 53 22 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Situation in Germany 240 54 22 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Summarizing Report on the Attempt on Hitler's Life 243 xii Contents

55 24 July 1944 Memorandum from Wallace R. Deuel (OSS Washington) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Current Events in Germany 250 56 24 July 1944 Telegram from David K. E. Bruce (OSS London) to OSS Washington: Anglo-American Intelligence Cooperation 252 57 24 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to General George C. Marshall, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Attempt on Hitler's Life, Conclusions and Propositions 253 58 26 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Adviser Walter C. Langer: A Fake Assassination Attempt? 255 59 26 July 1944 Directive by the OSS Morale Operations Branch: Denunciation of German Officers and Nazis 259 60 27 July 1944 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Attempt on Hitler's Life and Its Consequences 260 61 28 July 1944 Telegram from OSS Director William J. Donovan to David K. E. Bruce (OSS London): OSS Directives Concerning the "Breakers" Correspondence 273 62 1 August 1944 OSS Propaganda Directive: Faked Resistance Movements 274 63 3 August 1944 Memorandum by OSS Stockholm: Position of German Communists 275 64 18 August 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Eastern and Western Oriented Resistance 277 65 18 August 1944 Report by OSS : An Interview with Father Georg Leiber in the Vatican , 278 '66 23 August 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Are the Nazis Planning to Liquidate All Foreign Workers? 281 67 15 September 1944 Memorandum from William A. Kimbel (OSS Washington) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Additional Information About the July Plot 283 68 October 1944 Memorandum by the OSS Morale Operations Branch: Das Neue Deutschland—An Example of a Propaganda Newspaper 292 69 16 October 1944 Telegram from Myron Taylor (OSS Stockholm) to OSS Washington: German Peace Overtures in the East 294 Contents . xiii

70a 17 October 1944 Letter from Stewart W. Herman (OSS Washington) to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): A Recent Report on the German Protestant Church 296 70b 31 October 1944 OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Report from Switzerland on the German Churches 299 70c Early September 1944 Memorandum by Hans Schonfeld (World Council of Churches) to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): German Church Opposition Against the National Socialist Regime . • 300 71 November 1944 Memorandum by Emmy Rado (OSS New York): History and Significance of the Confessional Church in Germany 312 72 31 October 1944 OSS Black Radio Speech: General Beck Speaks Again 317 73 15 November 1944 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: Some Criteria for the Identification of Non-Nazis and Anti-Nazis in Germany 323 74 16 November 1944 Telegram from Myron Taylor (OSS Stockholm) to OSS Washington: Simulating a German Underground . 328 75 20 November 1944 Memorandum from Paul Mellon (OSS Morale Operations Branch) to Colonel David K. E. Bruce (OSS London): C. G. Jung and OSS Propaganda 329 76 27 November 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Black Propaganda Treatment of Unconditional Surrender 331 77 1 December 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: OSS Preparations for the Post-War Period 337 78 5 December 1944 Report by Eugene Warner (OSS Rome): German POWs as OSS Agents in 339 79 19 December 1944 Lieutenant Colonel K. D. Mann (OSS Morale Operations Branch) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The "Sauerkraut" Missions 343 80 30 December 1944 Telegram from OSS Washington to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): OSS Agents for Germany 347 xiv Contents 1945 81a 5 January 1945 Memorandum by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (): OSS Black Radio Project "Matchbox" 351 81b 18 January 1945 Memorandum by the Representative of the British Chiefs of Staff: Veto Against Project "Matchbox" 353 82 10 January 1945 Minutes of OSS Inter-Branch Meeting: OSS Relations with the CALPO Resistance Group 354 83a 20 January 1945 Memorandum from OSS Assistant Director Charles S. Cheston to Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius: Last Effort to Save Helmuth James Graf von Moltke . 360 83b 2 November 1943 OSS Biographical Files: Personal Data of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke 362 84 22 January 1945 Memorandum from the OSS to General Dwight D. Eisenhower: Arming of Foreign Workers in Germany 364 85 24 January 1945 Letter from David Williamson (OSS Morale Operations Branch) to Lieutenant Colonel John S. Roller: A Successful Denunciation 369 86 24 January 1945 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: The Escape of a "Breakers" Emissary 370 87 25 January 1945 Telegram from OSS Assistant Director Charles S. Cheston to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): , Congratulations on OSS Bern's Work 371 88 25 January 1945 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Secret OSS Channels to German Commanders in the West 372 89 27 January 1945 Memorandum from OSS Assistant Director Charles S. Cheston to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Danger of a Bolshevized Germany • 373 90 5 February 1945 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: How Should the United States React to the Russian Free German Committee? 375 91 26 February 1945 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Possibilities of Ending the War in the West . 377 Contents XV

92 27 February 1945 Telegram from OSS Washington to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): Guideline for Recruiting German Agents 379 93 8 March 1945 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Hopes for Secret Surrender 381 94 10 March 1945 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Secret Talks Between Allen W. Dulles and Nazi Leaders 382 95a 27 March 1945 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan tothe Joint Chiefs of Staff: Approaches from Austrian and Bavarian Nazis 386 95b 9 April 1945 Memorandum from OSS Assistant Director G. Edward Buxton to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Bavarian Surrender Proposals 392 96 31 March 1945 Memorandum from Colonel Edward W. Gamble Jr. (OSS Washington) to General Dwight D. Eisenhower: Special Sabotage Operations Against Nazi and Gestapo Personnel 393 97a 15-30 April 1945 Field Report by the OSS Morale Operations Branch: Comebacks on Black Newspaper Das Neue Deutschland 395 97b 9 July 1945 Report by Robert M. Allen (OSS Morale Operations Branch): Evidence of the Effectiveness of Das Neue Deutschland 397 98 June 1945 Report by the OSS Morale Operations Branch: Black Radio Capricorn 399 99 June 1945 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: OSS Penetration of Germany 404 100 June 1945 Memorandum by OSS Wiesbaden (Germany): Views of a Group of Reliable and Democratic Germans 406 101 10 September 1945 Army Intelligence Consolidated Interrogation Report: The Political and Social Background of the 20 July Incident 413 102 15 October 1945 Field Intelligence Study by Franklin Ford (Strategic Services Unit, Germany): Political Implications of the 20th of July ' 417 xvi Contents

Bibliography . 425

About the Book and Editors v 441 Name Index 443 Subject Index 453