Die Freie Deutsche Bühne and Das Deutsche
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
COMPETING GERMANIES: THE FREIE DEUTSCHE BÜHNE AND THE DEUTSCHES THEATER IN BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA, 1938-1965 By Robert Vincent Kelz Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in German August, 2010 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Meike G. Werner Professor Vera M. Kutzinski Professor John A. McCarthy Professor Christoph Zeller TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: Argentina’s Competing German Theaters...........................1 1. Contextualizing Argentina’s German Theaters in German Exile Studies ..........................................................................................................2 2. Recent Developments in Research on German Exilic Literature......................................................................................................6 3. Navigating an Underexplored Topic in German Studies.......................16 4. Chapter Overview ..................................................................................18 II. GERMAN BEUNOS AIRES ASUNDER ........................................................24 1. German-speaking Emigration to Argentina...........................................24 1.1 Argentine Immigration Policy .................................................31 2. Argentine Politics, 1930-1945 ...............................................................37 2.1 Trouble at the Theater: Ferdinand Bruckner’s Die Rassen at the Teatro Cómico, 1934 .....................................................................49 2.2 Detainment of the Crew of the Admiral Graf Spee ..................53 3. Nationalist German Media, Schools, and Cultural Institutions in Argentina, 1933-1945 ....................................................................57 3.1 Synchronized German Schools in Buenos Aires .....................57 3.2 Institución Cultural Argentino-Germano.................................66 3.3 The Deutsche Arbeitsfront and the Unión Alemana de Gremios..........................................................................................70 3.4 A War of Words: The Deutsche La Plata Zeitung and the Argentinisches Tageblatt ...............................................................74 4. Antifascist German Media, Schools, and Cultural Institutions, 1933-1945 ..................................................................................................80 4.1 The Pestalozzi-Schule..............................................................80 4.2 Verein Vorwärts.......................................................................90 4.3 Das Andere Deutschland .........................................................96 4.4 La Voz del Día .......................................................................101 4.5 Relations among German Political Antifascist and Jewish Organizations on the River Plate .................................................106 III. THEATER ON THE MOVE.........................................................................118 1. Tracing Itinerancy: Following Ludwig Ney from Germany to Argentina .............................................................................................118 1.1 From the Military to Mannheim: Ludwig Ney’s Path to the Theater .........................................................................................118 ii 1.2 Nazi Controls on Dramatic Performanc ......... ......................122 1.3 The Romantische Kleinkunstbühne: A National Socialist Stage?...........................................................................................125 1.4 From Nazi Germany to Paraguay ..........................................131 1.5 Arrival in Buenos Aires, Argentina .......................................136 1.6 German Theater in the alte Kolonie , 1934-1938 ...................138 2. Paul Walter Jacob: Theater in Times of Crisis ....................................144 2.1 Communicating Community .................................................148 2.2 Theater as Business................................................................152 2.3 Rethinking the Repertoire......................................................156 3. Expulsion, Exile and Arrival: Routes to the Freie Deutsche Bühne....162 3.1 Paul Walter Jacob (1905-1977) .............................................162 3.2 Jacques Arndt (1914-2009)....................................................170 3.3 Ernst Wurmser (1882-1949) ..................................................185 4. Raising the Curtain: The Foundation of the Freie Deutsche Bühne. ...194 4.1 Funding ..................................................................................196 4.2 Ensemble................................................................................204 IV. THEATER OF INCLUSION: COMEDY, COMMUNITY, MEMORY, AND INTEGRATION AT THE FREIE DEUTCHE BÜHNE.....................................211 1. Presenting the Freie Deutsche Bühne ..................................................211 1.1 Debut: Ladislaus Bus-Fekete’s Jean , April 20, 1940 ............216 2. “Das echte Theater ist Leben zur Potenz!“—Pedagogical Theater .....218 3. Comedies at the Freie Deutsche Bühne ...............................................238 3.1 Behind the Curtain: Working Conditions and Questions of Authority..................................................................................238 3.2 Laughing instead of Crying ...................................................247 3.3 Charley’s Aunt Travels to the River Plate .............................253 3.4 Who are ‘we’? Defining Community in Carl Rössler’s Die fünf Frankfurter .....................................................................270 4. Disputing the Repertoire: “Jedes Publikum hat das Theater, das es verdient”.......................................................................................299 V. CONFRONTATION AND CONFLICT: POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS DRAMA AT THE FREIE DEUTSCHE BÜHNE, 1940-1945 ...........................321 1. A Tenuous Start: Contextualizing the FDB’s Inaugural Season, 1940 ............................................................................................321 2. A Changing Theater for Turbulent Times: The FDB in 1942 .............339 3. Commitment, Acclaim, Consequences: Die Unbesiegten (Watch on the Rhine ) ...............................................................................349 4. Testing Community: Losing the Casa del Teatro ................................398 5. The Freie Deutsche Bühne: An “anti-jüdisches” Theater?..................410 5.1 Defining a Jewish Theater and its Obligations ......................410 5.2 Forcing the Issue: Zionist Dramas at the FDB.......................413 iii 5.3 “Ich will nicht mehr weinen!”................................................422 5.4 The Overlapping “Überlebenswissen” of S.L. Jacobowsky and the neue Kolonie ....................................................................428 5.5 Jacobowsky und der Oberst : Immediate and Lasting Impressions .....................................................................445 5.6 Jacobowsky’s Ghost...............................................................451 VI. HERITAGE, VOLK, AND NAZISM AT THE DEUTSCHES THEATER IN ARGENTINIEN ..................................................................................................457 1. Constituting a Community of German Nationalists: Comedies at the Ney-Bühne, 1938-1942............................................................................457 1.2 Laughter and Loyalty: 1943-1944 ........................................475 2. Theatrical Nationhood: The German Classics at the Ney-Bühne........494 2.1 Goethe’s Faust and Götz von Berlichingen as Popular Entertainment in the Service of Nazi Ideology............................494 2.2 Performing Propaganda: German Nationalist Theater in Argentina .................................................................................507 2.3 Deployment of the German Classics to Define and Preserve a Nationalist German Community in Buenos Aires......524 3. Dedicated but Distinct: Dramas by Members of the alte Kolonie .......537 VII. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................553 1. Enduring Competition in Postwar Argentina.......................................553 1.1 Peronist Argentina .................................................................553 1.2 The Freie Deutsche Bühne: Stymied Reconciliation, Continued Conflict.......................................................................554 1.3 The Ney-Bühne: Further Fascism and the Nazi Diaspora. ....556 1.4 Germany on Stage..................................................................558 2. Contrasting Strategies for Constituting Competing Immigrant Communities............................................................................................560 3. Argentina’s German Theaters as German Emigrant Literature ...........565 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................576 1. Public Archives....................................................................................576 2. Private Collections...............................................................................576 3. Interviews.............................................................................................576 4. Newspapers, Magazines, and Yearbooks, 1916-1971 .........................577 4.1 Argentina................................................................................577