American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler A Documentary History edited by Jiirgen Heideking & Christpf Mauch with the assistance of Marc Frey Urn WestviewPress A Division of HarperCollinsPublishers Contents Acknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations xix Editorial Methods and Principles xxi Introduction 1 1942 1 10 April 1942 Memorandum by Paul Hagen: How to Collaborate with the Anti-Nazi Underground in Germany 17 2 23 April 1942 Memorandum by Adolf A. Berle, Assistant Secretary of State: Political Propaganda Campaign Directed - Toward Germany 20 3 8 May 1942 Letter from Allen W. Dulles (COI New York) to COI William J. Donovan: Suggestions for Psychological Warfare 23 4 22 July 1942 Memorandum by Heber Blankenhorn (OSS Washington): The Labor Factor in Psychological Warfare Plans for Western Europe 25 5 15 August 1942 Telegram from Myron Taylor (OSS Stockholm) to OSS Washington: German Criticism of British Policy 31 6 16 December 1942 Memorandum by OSS Adviser Kurt Bloch: The Opposition Potential of the Foreign Workers in Germany 32 1943 7 13 January 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: German Efforts to Establish Contact with Americans 37 8 14 January 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Adam von Trott's Criticism of the Western Allies 38 vll vlli Contents 9 3 February 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to David K. E. Bruce (OSS London): C. G. Jung's Analysis of Hitler's Mind 40 10 4 February 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Psychological Warfare Suggestions Against Germany 41 11 23 February 1943 Memorandum from Arthur J. Goldberg to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Labor Division of the Office of Strategic Services 42 12 17 May 1943 Memorandum from William L. Langer (OSS Research and Analysis Branch) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: New Possibilities for Psychological Warfare in Europe 44 13 3 August 1943 Memorandum from Irving H. Sherman (OSS Counterintelligence Branch) to Hugh R. Wilson (OSS Planning Group): Proposal for the Establishment of a Committee of German Exiles 49 14 6 August 1943 Memorandum from James Grafton Rogers (OSS Planning Group) to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Manifesto to the German People by the Moscow National Committee of Free Germany . 52 .15 11 August 1943 Memorandum from John C. Wiley (OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch) to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Comments on the Moscow Manifesto to Germany 56 16 19 August 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Thoughts for Political Warfare 59 17 31 August 1943 Memorandum by the OSS Morale Operations Branch in London: Suggestions for a German Underground Plan 60 18 8 September 1943 Report from Lanning Macfarland (OSS Istanbul) to OSS Washington: Founding of a Free German Movement in the Service of the Western Allies 70 19a 9 September 1943 Report by the British War Cabinet's Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee: Probabilities of a German Collapse 83 19b 21 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: Possible Patterns of German Collapse 87 19c 21 October 1943 Memorandum from the U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Probabilities of a German Collapse 94 Contents • ix 20 21 September 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Nuclei of the German Opposition 96 21 25 September 1943 Memorandum by Willy Brandt (Stockholm): Opposition Movements in Germany . 97 22 27 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Underground Movement in Germany . 116 23 30 September 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Foreign Laborer in Germany as an MO Target 125 24a 5 and 6 October 1943 Report by OSS Agent Theodore A. Morde: Conversations with German Ambassador Franz von Papen in Turkey 130 24b 26 October 1943 Memorandum from Robert E. Sherwood (OWI Overseas Director) to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Veto Against the Morde-Papen Plan 143 24c 29 October 1943 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Support for the Morde-Papen Plan . 145 24d 10 November 1943 Memorandum from Adolf A. Berle, Assistant Secretary of State, to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Denial of a Passport to Theodore A. Morde 146 25 27 October 1943 Report from "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz, OSS Istanbul] to OSS Washington: OSS Channel to the German High Command 147 26 3 November 1943 Report from Lanning Macfarland (OSS Istanbul) to OSS Washington: "Free German Movement" Under Anglo-American Auspices 149 27 8 November 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: An Estimate of the German Opposition Against Hitler 152 28 23 November 1943 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Opposition of the German Churches 154 29 26 November 1943 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: "Free Germany": An Experiment in Political Warfare 156 30 December 1943 Memorandum from Willem Visser't Hooft (World Council of Churches, Geneva) to Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern): The Situation of the Protestant Church in Germany 162 X Contents 31 Second Half of December 1943 Herman Plan. Expose on the Readiness of a Powerful German Group to Assist Allied Military Operations Against Nazi Germany 172 32 29 December 1943 Letter from OSS Agent "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz, OSS Istanbul] to U.S. Military Attache General Richard D. Tindall (Ankara): Plea for the Support of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke's Peace Initiative 177 1944 33 8 January 1944 Report by the OSS Labor Branch: Ongoing Projects 183 34 27 January 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Report on an Opposition Group Called "Breakers" 191 35 27 January 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Political Orientation of the "Breakers" Movement v 192 36 4 February 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Leading Members of the "Breakers" 193 37a 28 February 1944 Memorandum from Professor Karl Brandt to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Advantages of the Herman Plan 194 37b 15 March 1944 Memorandum from William L. Langer (OSS Research and Analysis Branch) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Dangers of the Herman Plan 201 37c 3 April 1944 Memorandum by the OSS Planning Group: Rejection of the Herman Plan 204 38 6 March 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Cooperation with the Free Germany Movement in Switzerland 206 39 4 April 1944 Memorandum by OSS Istanbul Agents "Dogwood" [Alfred Schwarz] and "Magnolia" [Alexander Riistow]: Secret Meetings Between German and Allied Emissaries 207 40 5 April 1944 Memorandum by Willy Brandt (Stockholm): Forces of the German Revolution 210 Contents xi 41 21 April 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Labor Opposition in Germany 214 42 4 May 1944 Minutes of a Meeting of the OSS Planning Group: Propaganda Use of Free Germany Committees 217 43 16 May 1944 Memorandum from OSS Assistant Director G. Edward Buxton to Secretary of State Cordell Hull: Overtures by German Generals and Civilian Opposition for a Separate Armistice 219 44 1 June 1944 Memorandum by OSS Washington: German Oppositional Overtures to Ex-Chancellor Heinrich Bruning 222 45 12 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Anticipation of a Dramatic Event in Germany 1 224 46 13 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Russian Policy Toward Germany 225 47 13 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Oppositional Generals Are Concentrated in the Berlin Area 229 48 15 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Washington: Last Opportunity for the "Breakers" Movement to Act 231 49 18 July 1944 Summarizing Report of OSS Washington: Nazi Opposition Group Reports Progress 232 50 20 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: The Attempt on Hitler's Life 233 51 21 July 1944 Telegram from Allen W. Dulles (OSS Bern) to Brigadier General Thomas J. Betts (London): "Breakers" are Breaking ' 235 52 22 July 1944. Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Protestant and the Catholic Churches in Germany 237 53 22 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Situation in Germany 240 54 22 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Summarizing Report on the Attempt on Hitler's Life 243 xii Contents 55 24 July 1944 Memorandum from Wallace R. Deuel (OSS Washington) to OSS Director William J. Donovan: Current Events in Germany 250 56 24 July 1944 Telegram from David K. E. Bruce (OSS London) to OSS Washington: Anglo-American Intelligence Cooperation 252 57 24 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Director William J. Donovan to General George C. Marshall, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Attempt on Hitler's Life, Conclusions and Propositions 253 58 26 July 1944 Memorandum from OSS Adviser Walter C. Langer: A Fake Assassination Attempt? 255 59 26 July 1944 Directive by the OSS Morale Operations Branch: Denunciation of German Officers and Nazis 259 60 27 July 1944 Report by the OSS Research and Analysis Branch: The Attempt on Hitler's Life and Its Consequences 260 61 28 July 1944 Telegram from OSS Director William J. Donovan to David K. E. Bruce (OSS London): OSS Directives Concerning the "Breakers" Correspondence 273 62 1 August 1944 OSS Propaganda Directive: Faked Resistance Movements 274 63 3 August 1944 Memorandum by OSS Stockholm: Position of German Communists 275 64 18 August 1944 Telegram from Allen W.