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The Godesberg Programme and Its Aftermath
Karim Fertikh The Godesberg Programme and its Aftermath A Socio-histoire of an Ideological Transformation in European Social De- mocracies Abstract: The Godesberg programme (1959) is considered a major shift in European social democratic ideology. This article explores its genesis and of- fers a history of both the written text and its subsequent uses. It does so by shedding light on the organizational constraints and the personal strategies of the players involved in the production of the text in the Social Democra- tic Party of Germany. The article considers the partisan milieu and its trans- formations after 1945 and in the aftermaths of 1968 as an important factor accounting for the making of the political myth of Bad Godesberg. To do so, it explores the historicity of the interpretations of the programme from the 1950s to the present day, and highlights the moments at which the meaning of Godesberg as a major shift in socialist history has become consolidated in Europe, focusing on the French Socialist Party. Keywords: Social Democracy, Godesberg Programme, socio-histoire, scienti- fication of politics, history of ideas In a recent TV show, “Baron noir,” the main character launches a rant about the “f***g Bad Godesberg” advocated by the Socialist Party candidate. That the 1950s programme should be mentioned before a primetime audience bears witness to the widespread dissemination of the phrase in French political culture. “Faire son Bad Godesberg” [literally, “doing one’s Bad Godesberg”] has become an idiomatic French phrase. It refers to a fundamental alteration in the core doctrinal values of a politi- cal party (especially social-democratic and socialist ones). -
Beyond Social Democracy in West Germany?
BEYOND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN WEST GERMANY? William Graf I The theme of transcending, bypassing, revising, reinvigorating or otherwise raising German Social Democracy to a higher level recurs throughout the party's century-and-a-quarter history. Figures such as Luxemburg, Hilferding, Liebknecht-as well as Lassalle, Kautsky and Bernstein-recall prolonged, intensive intra-party debates about the desirable relationship between the party and the capitalist state, the sources of its mass support, and the strategy and tactics best suited to accomplishing socialism. Although the post-1945 SPD has in many ways replicated these controversies surrounding the limits and prospects of Social Democracy, it has not reproduced the Left-Right dimension, the fundamental lines of political discourse that characterised the party before 1933 and indeed, in exile or underground during the Third Reich. The crucial difference between then and now is that during the Second Reich and Weimar Republic, any significant shift to the right on the part of the SPD leader- ship,' such as the parliamentary party's approval of war credits in 1914, its truck under Ebert with the reactionary forces, its periodic lapses into 'parliamentary opportunism' or the right rump's acceptance of Hitler's Enabling Law in 1933, would be countered and challenged at every step by the Left. The success of the USPD, the rise of the Spartacus move- ment, and the consistent increase in the KPD's mass following throughout the Weimar era were all concrete and determined reactions to deficiences or revisions in Social Democratic praxis. Since 1945, however, the dynamics of Social Democracy have changed considerably. -
A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term -
Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory
To Our Dead: Local Expellee Monuments and the Contestation of German Postwar Memory by Jeffrey P. Luppes A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Germanic Languages and Literatures) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Andrei S. Markovits, Chair Professor Geoff Eley Associate Professor Julia C. Hell Associate Professor Johannes von Moltke © Jeffrey P. Luppes 2010 To My Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a dissertation is a long, arduous, and often lonely exercise. Fortunately, I have had unbelievable support from many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation committee chair, Andrei S. Markovits. Andy has played the largest role in my development as a scholar. In fact, his seminal works on German politics, German history, collective memory, anti-Americanism, and sports influenced me intellectually even before I arrived in Ann Arbor. The opportunity to learn from and work with him was the main reason I wanted to attend the University of Michigan. The decision to come here has paid off immeasurably. Andy has always pushed me to do my best and has been a huge inspiration—both professionally and personally—from the start. His motivational skills and dedication to his students are unmatched. Twice, he gave me the opportunity to assist in the teaching of his very popular undergraduate course on sports and society. He was also always quick to provide recommendation letters and signatures for my many fellowship applications. Most importantly, Andy helped me rethink, re-work, and revise this dissertation at a crucial point. -
Adenauer SPD - PV, Bestand Erich Ollenhauer
Quellen und Literatur A) Quellen: Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik (ACDP) Dörpinghaus, Bruno 1-009 Ehlers, Hermann 1-369 Fricke, Otto 1-248 Gottaut, Hermann 1-351 Gottesleben, Leo 1-359 Hermes, Andreas 1-090 Hilpert, Werner 1-021 Hofmeister, Werner 1-395 Kather, Linus 1-377 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg 1-226 Küster, Otto 1-084 Laforet, Wilhelm 1-122 Lenz, Otto 1-172 Merkatz, Joachim von 1-148 Meyers, Franz 1-032 Strickrodt, Georg 1-085 Wuermeling, Franz-Josef 1-221 CDU-Landesverband Hamburg III-010 CDU-Landesverband Schleswig-Holstein III-006 CDU-Landesverband Westfalen-Lippe III-002 Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten (RCDS) IV-006 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Demokratischer Kreise (ADK) VI-010 CDU-Bundespartei - Bundesvorstand VII-001 - Vorsitzende VII-002 - Wahlen VII-003 - Bundesgeschäftsstelle VII-004 Nouvelles Equipes Internationales (NEI) IX-002 Archiv der sozialen Demokratie (AdsD) Korrespondenz Ollenhauer - Adenauer SPD - PV, Bestand Erich Ollenhauer 665 Quellen und Literatur Archiv des Liberalismus (AdL) A 15 Bundesparteitag 1953 A 1-53 Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus (StBKAH) 05.05 06.09 12.12 12.29 12.32 II/4 111/47 Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BA) Bestand Bundeskanzleramt: B 136/1881 NL Friedrich Holzapfel NL Jakob Kaiser Bundestag, Parlamentsarchiv (BT PA) Ges.Dok. I 398 Bundesgesetzblatt, Gesetz- und Verordnungsblätter der Länder, Verhandlungen und Drucksachen des Deutschen Bundestages und dgl. sind nicht eigens aufgeführt. B) Literatur: ABGEORDNETE DES DEUTSCHEN BUNDESTAGES. Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen. Hrsg. vom Deutschen Bundestag. 3 Bde. Boppard 1982-1985. Zit.: ABGEORD- NETE. ABS, Hermann J.: Konrad Adenauer und die Wirtschaftspolitik der fünfziger Jahre. In: KONRAD ADENAUER 1 S. 229-245. Zit.: ABS: Konrad Adenauer. -
1 Introduction
Notes 1 Introduction 1. What belongs together will now grow together (JK). 2. The well-known statement from Brandt is often wrongly attributed to the speech he gave one day after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the West Berlin City Hall, Rathaus Schöneberg. This error is understandable since it was added later to the publicized version of the speech with the consent of Brandt himself (Rother, 2001, p. 43). By that time it was already a well known phrase since it featured prominently on a SPD poster with a picture of Brandt in front of the partying masses at the Berlin Wall. The original statement was made by Brandt during a radio interview on 10 November for SFP-Mittagecho where he stated: ‘Jetzt sind wir in einer Situation, in der wieder zusammenwächst, was zusammengehört’ (‘Now we are in a situation in which again will grow together what belongs together’). 3. The Treaty of Prague with Czechoslovakia, signed 11 December 1973, finalized the Eastern Treaties. 4. By doing this, I aim to contribute to both theory formation concerning inter- national politics and foreign policy and add to the historiography of the German question and reunification policy. Not only is it important to com- pare theoretical assumptions against empirical data, by making the theoretical assumptions that guide the historical research explicit, other scholars are enabled to better judge the quality of the research. In the words of King et al. (1994, p. 8): ‘If the method and logic of a researcher’s observations and infer- ences are left implicit, the scholarly community has no way of judging the validity of what was done.’ This does not mean that the historical research itself only serves theory formation. -
Fraktionssitzung: 19
SPD – 04. WP Fraktionssitzung: 19. 01. 1965 101 19. Januar 195: Fraktionssitzung AdsD, SPD-BT-Fraktion 4. WP, Ord. 23.6. 1964 – 16.2. 1965 (alt 1036, neu 16). Über- schrift: »Fraktion der SPD im Bundestag. Kurzprotokoll der Fraktionssitzung vom 19. Januar 1965«. Anwesend: 162 Abgeordnete; Fraktionsassistenten: Bartholomäi, Ber- meitinger, Goller, Jäger, John, Laabs, List, Niemeyer, Scheele, Scheja, P. Schmidt, Schubart; PV: Castrup, Dingels, Nelke; SPD-Pressedienst: Dux, Exler. Prot.: Hofer. Zeit: 15.10 – 17.05 Uhr. Tagesordnung: 1.) Vorbereitung der Plenarsitzungen 2.) Ergänzung der Geschäftsordnung 3.) Termine 4.) Verschiedenes Fritz Erler eröffnet die Sitzung um 15.10 Uhr. Vor Eintritt in die Tagesordnung macht Fritz Erler folgende Mitteilungen: Peter Blachstein wird wegen Erkrankung vor März seine parlamentarische Arbeit nicht wieder aufnehmen können. Auch Alwin Kulawig leidet noch an den Folgen eines Un- falls.1 Fritz Erler begrüßt Heinrich Ritzel in der Fraktion.2 Der Vorsitzende unterrichtet die Fraktion über die Verhandlungen des Bundesminis- ters des Innern mit den Ländern über einen geeigneten Termin für die Bundestagswah- len. Minister Höcherl habe als günstigsten Termin den 19. September 1965 vorgeschla- gen.3 – Die Fraktion ist mit diesem Termin einverstanden. Fritz Erler unterrichtet die Fraktion von dem Inhalt seiner Ausführungen in Berlin, die zu Fehlinterpretationen über seine Auffassung zum deutsch-polnischen Verhältnis geführt haben.4 Er macht auf seine Pressekonferenz vom 18. Jan. 1965 in Bonn auf- merksam und weist darauf hin, daß der Text seiner Ausführungen in Berlin und in 1 Blachstein nahm erst ab 11. 5. 1965 und Kulawig ab 29. 6. 1965 wieder an Fraktionssitzungen teil. 2 Heinrich Georg Ritzel gehörte dem Bundestag in der gesamten 4. -
Bd. 5: Deutsch- 29 Hs
willy brandt Berliner Ausgabe willy brandt Berliner Ausgabe Herausgegeben von helga grebing, gregor schöllgen und heinrich august winkler Im Auftrag der Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung band 1: Hitler ist nicht Deutschland. Jugend in Lübeck – Exil in Norwegen 1928 – 1940 band 2: Zwei Vaterländer. Deutsch-Norweger im schwedischen Exil – Rückkehr nach Deutschland 1940 – 1947 band 3: Berlin bleibt frei. Politik in und für Berlin 1947 – 1966 band 4: Auf dem Weg nach vorn. Willy Brandt und die SPD 1947 – 1972 band 5: Die Partei der Freiheit. Willy Brandt und die SPD 1972 – 1992 band 6: Ein Volk der guten Nachbarn. Außen- und Deutschlandpolitik 1966 – 1974 band 7: Mehr Demokratie wagen. Innen- und Gesellschaftspolitik 1966 – 1974 band 8: Über Europa hinaus. Dritte Welt und Sozialistische Internationale band 9: Die Entspannung unzerstörbar machen. Internationale Beziehungen und deutsche Frage 1974 – 1982 band 10: Gemeinsame Sicherheit. Internationale Beziehungen und deutsche Frage 1982 – 1992 willy brandt Berliner Ausgabe band 5 Die Partei der Freiheit Willy Brandt und die SPD 1972 – 1992 Bearbeitet von karsten rudolph Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH Die Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung bedankt sich für die groß- zügige finanzielle Unterstützung der gesamten Berliner Ausgabe bei: Frau Ursula Katz, Northbrook, Illinois Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung, Essen Otto Wolff von Amerongen-Stiftung, Köln Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft e. V., Essen Stiftung Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin Deutsche Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG Herlitz AG, Berlin Metro AG, Köln Schering AG, Berlin Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; dataillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. -
Kurzbiographien Der Gescheiterten Kanzlerkandidaten 435
Kurzbiographien der gescheiterten Kanzlerkandidaten 435 Kurzbiographien der gescheiterten Kanzlerkandidaten Kurzbiographien der gescheiterten Kanzlerkandidaten Kurt Schumacher (geb. 1895) war Kriegsfreiwilliger im Ersten Weltkrieg. Er studierte Rechtswissenschaften und Nationalökonomie, 1926 erfolgte die Promo- tion. Von 1920-30 arbeitete er für die Parteizeitung „Schwäbische Tagwacht“. Seit 1918 Mitglied der SPD, war er 1924-31 Abgeordneter seiner Partei im würt- tembergischen Landtag, seit 1928 gehörte er dem Fraktionsvorstand an. 1930-33 war er Abgeordneter des Deutschen Reichstages. Im Nationalsozialismus war er 1933-43 im KZ inhaftiert und wurde 1944 erneut verhaftet. Auf dem ersten Nachkriegsparteitag 1946 übernahm er den Parteivorsitz der Westzonen-SPD. Bei den Wahlen zum Ersten Deutschen Bundestag trat der als Spitzenkandidat der SPD an. Bis zu seinem Tod 1952 war Schumacher Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages und Fraktionsvorsitzender der SPD. Erich Ollenhauer (geb. 1901) trat 1918 in die SPD ein. Seit 1920 war er Sekre- tär und Mitglied des Hauptvorstandes des Verbands der Arbeiterjugendvereine Deutschlands und 1928-33 Vorsitzender des Verbands der Sozialistischen Arbei- terjugend Deutschlands. Zugleich arbeitete er 1923-46 als Sekretär der Sozialis- tischen Jugend-Internationale. Seit April 1933 Mitglied des SPD-Parteivorstands, gehörte er 1933-46 dem Exilparteivorstand in Prag, Paris und London an. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Deutschland wurde er 1946 stellvertretender Parteivorsit- zender. 1949-63 war er Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages. 1952 trat er die Nachfolge Schumachers im Parteivorsitz und im Vorsitz der Bundestagsfraktion an, beides blieb er bis zu seinem Tod 1963. Bei den Bundestagswahlen 1953 und 1957 war er Spitzenkandidat der SPD. Willy Brandt (geb. 1913) wurde als in Lübeck geborener Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm 1929 Mitglied der Sozialistischen Arbeiterjugend und trat im Jahr darauf in die SPD ein. -
A State of Peace in Europe
Studies inContemporary European History Studies in Studies in Contemporary Contemporary A State of Peace in Europe A State of Peace in Europe European European West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 History History West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 Petri Hakkarainen In a balanced way the author blends German views with those from Britain, France and the United States, using these countries’ official documents as well. His book represents a very serious piece of scholarship and is interesting to read. It excels with a novel hypothesis, a very careful use of varied archival sources, and an ability not to lose his argument in the wealth of material. Helga Haftendorn, Free University, Berlin Petri Hakkarainen I don’t know of any other book that deals so thoroughly with German CSCE policy in the years described here…The author has done a vast amount of research, using documents from different archives and different countries…While he is of course not the first scholar to write about the origins of the CSCE, the author does contribute new elements and interpretations to the topic. Benedikt Schönborn, University of Tampere, Centre for Advanced Study From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s West German foreign policy underwent substantial transformations: from bilateral to multilateral, from reactive to proactive. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was an ideal setting for this evolution, enabling A StateofPeaceinEurope the Federal Republic to take the lead early on in Western preparations for the conference and to play a decisive role in the actual East–West negotiations leading to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975. -
Bstu / State Security. a Reader on the GDR
Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Imprint Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic Department of Education and Research 10106 Berlin [email protected] Photo editing: Heike Brusendorf, Roger Engelmann, Bernd Florath, Daniela Münkel, Christin Schwarz Layout: Pralle Sonne Originally published under title: Daniela Münkel (Hg.): Staatssicherheit. Ein Lesebuch zur DDR-Geheimpolizei. Berlin 2015 Translation: Miriamne Fields, Berlin A READER The opinions expressed in this publication reflect solely the views of the authors. Print and media use are permitted ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE only when the author and source are named and copyright law is respected. token fee: 5 euro 2nd edition, Berlin 2018 ISBN 978-3-946572-43-5 6 STATE SECURITY. A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE CONTENTS 7 Contents 8 Roland Jahn 104 Arno Polzin Preface Postal Inspection, Telephone Surveillance and Signal Intelligence 10 Helge Heidemeyer The Ministry for State Security and its Relationship 113 Roger Engelmann to the SED The State Security and Criminal Justice 20 Daniela Münkel 122 Tobias Wunschik The Ministers for State Security Prisons in the GDR 29 Jens Gieseke 130 Daniela Münkel What did it Mean to be a Chekist? The State Security and the Border 40 Bernd Florath 139 Georg Herbstritt, Elke Stadelmann-Wenz The Unofficial Collaborators Work in the West 52 Christian Halbrock 152 Roger Engelmann -
“Antisemitism Is a Barometer of Democracy”
“ANTISEMITISM IS A BAROMETER OF DEMOCRACY”: CONFRONTING THE NAZI PAST IN THE WEST GERMAN ‘SWASTIKA EPIDEMIC’, 1959-1960 by Alan Jones Bachelor of Arts, University of New Brunswick, 2017 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Academic Unit of History Supervisor: Lisa Todd, PhD, History Examining Board: Gary Waite, PhD, History, Chair Sean Kennedy, PhD, History Jason Bell, PhD, Philosophy This thesis is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK May, 2019 ©Alan Jones, 2019 Abstract The vandalism of a synagogue in Cologne, West Germany on Christmas Day 1959 by two men in their mid-twenties sparked a wave of Antisemitic and Nazi vandalism across West Germany and the Western world. The “swastika epidemic,” as it came to be known, ignited serious debates surrounding public memory of the Second World War in Germany, and the extent to which West Germany had dealt with its Nazi past. The swastika epidemic became a powerful example of what critics at the time argued was the failure of West Germany to properly confront its Nazi past through the reconstruction policies of Konrad Adenauer. This thesis examines the reactions of West Germany’s government, led by Konrad Adenauer, to the swastika epidemic and its place in the shifting narratives of memory in the postwar era. Adenauer’s reactions to the epidemic were steeped in the status quo memory narratives of the preceding decade which would be increasingly challenged throughout the 1960s. ii Acknowledgements There are several organizations without whose help I would not have been able to finish this thesis.