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Studies inContemporary European History Studies in Studies in Contemporary Contemporary A State of Peace in Europe A State of Peace in Europe European European West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 History History West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 Petri Hakkarainen In a balanced way the author blends German views with those from Britain, France and the United States, using these countries’ official documents as well. His book represents a very serious piece of scholarship and is interesting to read. It excels with a novel hypothesis, a very careful use of varied archival sources, and an ability not to lose his argument in the wealth of material. Helga Haftendorn, Free University, Berlin Petri Hakkarainen I don’t know of any other book that deals so thoroughly with German CSCE policy in the years described here…The author has done a vast amount of research, using documents from different archives and different countries…While he is of course not the first scholar to write about the origins of the CSCE, the author does contribute new elements and interpretations to the topic. Benedikt Schönborn, University of Tampere, Centre for Advanced Study From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s West German foreign policy underwent substantial transformations: from bilateral to multilateral, from reactive to proactive. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was an ideal setting for this evolution, enabling A StateofPeaceinEurope the Federal Republic to take the lead early on in Western preparations for the conference and to play a decisive role in the actual East–West negotiations leading to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975. Based on extensive original research of recently released documents, spanning more than fifteen archives in eight countries, this study is a substantial contribution to scholarly discussions on the history of détente, the CSCE and West German foreign policy. The author stresses the importance of looking beyond the bipolarity of the Cold War decades and empha- sizes the interconnectedness of European integration and European détente. He highlights the need to place the genesis of the CSCE conference in its historical context rather than looking at it through the prism of the events of 1989, and shows that the bilateral and multilateral elements (Ostpolitik and the CSCE) were parallel rather than successive phenomena, parts of the same complex process and in constant interaction with each other. Petri Hakkarainen received his doctorate in Modern History from the University of Oxford in 2008. In 2009 he was awarded the Willy Brandt Prize for the ‘advancement of outstanding young scholars’ by the Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation. He joined the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 2006 and currently works at the Finnish Embassy in Berlin. Cover image: Chancellor Helmut Schmidt at the CSCE Summit in Helsinki on 31 July 1975. In front of Schmidt, Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other members of the West German delegation. Behind him, Erich Honecker with the East German delegation. From Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, B 145 Bild-00006965, Photographer: Engelbert Reineke. Used with permission. History / Politics & Economics Berghahn Books NEW YORK . OXFORD Petri Hakkarainen www.berghahnbooks.com 9 780857 452931 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. A State of Peace in Europe This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Studies in Contemporary European History Editors: Konrad Jarausch, Lurcy Professor of European Civilization, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and a Senior Fellow of the Zentrum für Zeithistorische Studien, Potsdam, Germany Henry Rousso, Senior Fellow at the Institut d’historie du temps présent (Centre national de la recherché scientifique, Paris) and co-founder of the European network “EURHISTXX” Volume 1 Between Utopia and Disillusionment: A Narrative of the Political Transformation in Eastern Europe Henri Vogt Volume 2 The Inverted Mirror: Mythologizing the Enemy in France and Germany, 1898–1914 Michael E. Nolan Volume 3 Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories Edited by Konrad H. Jarausch and Thomas Lindenberger with the Collaboration of Annelie Ramsbrock Volume 4 Playing Politics with History: The Bundestag Inquiries into East Germany Andrew H. Beattie Volume 5 Alsace to the Alsatians? Visions and Divisions of Alsatian Regionalism, 1870–1939 Christopher J. Fischer Volume 6 A European Memory? Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance Edited by Małgorzata Pakier and Bo Stråth Volume 7 Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe Edited by Jörg Echternkamp and Stefan Martens Volume 8 Children, Families, and States: Time Policies of Childcare, Preschool, and Primary Education in Europe Edited by Karen Hagemann, Konrad H. Jarausch, and Cristina Allemann-Ghionda Volume 9 Social Policy in the Smaller European Union States Edited by Gary B. Cohen, Ben W. Ansell, Jane Gingrich and Robert Henry Cox Volume 10 A State of Peace in Europe: West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 Petri Hakkarainen This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. A STATE OF PEACE IN EUROPE West Germany and the CSCE, 1966–1975 ( Petri Hakkarainen Berghahn Books NEW YORK • OXFORD This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. First published in 2011 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2011, 2019 Petri Hakkarainen Open access ebook edition published in 2019 The author of this study has been awarded the Willy Brandt Prize for the Advancement of Rising Young Scholars by the Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation (Berlin). All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hakkarainen, Petri, 1976-- A state of peace in Europe: West Germany and the CSCE, 1966-1975/ Petri Hakkarainen. p. cm. — (Studies in contemporary European history ; v. 10) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-85745-293-1 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-78920-107-9 (open access ebook) 1. Europe—Foreign relations—Germany (West) 2. Germany (West)—Foreign relations—Europe 3. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1972 : Helsinki, Finland) 4. European cooperation. 5. Detente. 6. Cold War. I. Title. — JZ1592.H35 2012 327.430409’047—dc23 2011025037 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84545-552-1 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78920-107-9 (open access ebook) An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access versioncan be found at knowledgeunlatched.org This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribu- tion Noncommercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. The terms of the license can be found at https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For uses beyond those covered in the license contact Berghahn Books. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. CONTENTS ( List of Abbreviations and Acronyms viii Acknowledgements xi 1. Introduction: Era of Negotiations 1 European Détente 3 The CSCE 5 West German Foreign Policy 6 On Structure and Sources 8 2. 1966–69: Incubation of Strategies 17 The Early Years and the Eastern ‘Propaganda Circus’ 19 The Budapest Appeal: ‘We Could Have Drafted it Ourselves’ 23 Consultations Abroad, Electioneering at Home 29 Nobody Expects the Finnish Initiative 33 Promises of East–West Cooperation or an Instrument of Deutschlandpolitik? 39 Chancellery versus Auswärtiges Amt 47 Emphasis on Linkage: Bahr’s Foreign Policy Plans on the Eve of the Election 49 Bonn and the Security Conference during the Interregnum 53 Conclusion 56 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. vi | A State of Peace in Europe 3. 1969–70: Bilateral Leverages and European Security 67 Western Support for the Linkage of CSCE Plans with Deutschlandpolitik 69 Horse-Trading in Moscow 72 Rethinking the Linkage Strategy 79 Berlin Surpasses Other Preconditions 83 Discovering the Potential of the CSCE 89 Conference on Security or Conference on Cooperation? 94 Conclusion 99 4. 1970–71: Transition to Western Multilateralism 108 Following the French Lead on the Berlin Connection 110 Defending the Berlin Precondition in Lisbon 114 Divergent Interpretations of the ‘Successful Conclusion’ 118 Nothing Quiet on the Western Front 120 Broadening the German Horizon in the NATO Framework 126 From America’s Advocate to the Main Proponent of EPC 131 Conclusion 135 5. 1971–72: Towards a European Peace Order? 142 The Decline of the Linkage between the CSCE and the Inner-German Treaty 144 Hesitating on the Berlin Precondition 149 Blackmailing the Finns? 153 An Inner-German Shotgun Wedding 157 Europeanisation of Ostpolitik 161 In Defence of the Eastern Treaties and Bonn’s Sovereignty 169 A New Flow of German Activity 172 Peaceful Change, Self-Determination of Peoples and Military Security 176 Freer Movement: Change through Rapprochement? 182 Berlin as a CSCE Location? 190 Avoiding Bilateralism 193 Conclusion 198 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched.
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