Exam Notes

Global Foundations of Design

L1 : Indigenous Australia

Name : Pitjantjatjara camp Location : Konapandi, Musgrave Ranges, South Australia

• Individual families - each in windbreak • Stone pillows & more than 200 fires a night • Societal understanding of society privacy - no formal plan for their refuge, but all separated by the same amount of distance • Each has a resident dingo

Name : Humpy (gun-yah - Aboriginal hut) Location : South-west Queensland

Traits • No organisational structure • Vernacular structure • Strong association with supernatural and natural (e.g rain men, suger ant woman, animism)

Classifications • Open winter winbreaks • Summer wet-weather enclosed shelters • Clod / wet weather enclosed shelters • Shades for diurnal use

1 L9 : Temples of the Ancient East

Hindu Temples

• Are houses of Gods - places to worship Gods - objects of worship themselves • Geometry, orientation to cardinal points and axiality in design - mandala represents the universe, a spiritual symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism - Major entrances faces east • Most Hindu temples include forms that are symbolic of : - holy mountain - sacred cave - cosmic axes

Key Structural Parts of Stupa

• Torana - consists of 2 square based columns, supporting 3 beams. Central part of the beams are curved. - Shows the use of basic symmetrical geometry Name : Great Stupa • Verdika Location : Sanchi, India - Important element as it articulates Date : c. 250 BC - 250 AD and encloses a gallery space • Harmika - Similar tole to that of verdika; • Plan of Sanchi stupa - diagrammatic representation of the teaching of generates a sort of internal gallery Buddhism. - This part of structure is inaccessible, which indicates a central space that’s • Strong sense of symmetry in plan. Symmetry is important as it not physical accessible. Represents symbolises balance and translates enlightenment which is a spiritual the teachings of Buddhism in an achievement not physical architectural form achievement. • Buddhism teaching - about thinking • Chattri and reflecting about one self. - Buddha attained enlightenment when sitting under Bodhi tree. Chattri symbolises Bodhi tree and serves as a reminder to follows about how 14 Buddha achieved enlightenment.

Name : Palazzo Pitti Location : Florence, Italy Date : c.1458 - 1631 Architect : Filippo Brunellschi and Luca Fancelli

• Owned by Medici family • Built the Vasari coridoor, an elevated walkway from Palazzo Vecchio through Uffizi and to Palazzo Pitti - Duke and family could move easily and safely from their official residence to their garden residence across the Arno river

VENETIAN PALAZZO

• Differs from the ones from Florence I QUATTRO LIBRI • In Venice, the main traffic access is DELL’ARCHITETTURA canals - houses have openings, where • The Four Books of Architecture you’d get off gondola • 1570 - On one side, looking out into • Written by Andrea Palladio, founder of canal, on other side of Pallandianism and rewrote classical building, looking out into style. courtyard

36 Name : Hadrian’s Villa Location : Tiboli Date : 120 - 130 AD

• Villa - more elaborate version of domus, for the upper class - built in countryside or rural setting, NOT in the city • Acted as a retreat from Rome • Over 30 buildings, informal layout • Courtyard is the defining element in the villa • Maritime Theatre - connected to the villa by drawbridges - small house with atrium, library, baths

PALATIUM

• More elaborate than domus • Emperor’s official residence on the Palatine Hill in Rome - Palatine Hill became exclusive domain of the Emperor at the end of 1st C - Each Emperor added to the Palace

IMPORTANCE OF DOMUS, INSULAE, VILLA & PALATIUM

• All examples of vernacular architecture - make use of regional forms, materials at a particular place and time • Courtyard house very popular - bounding walls of the perimeter walls offers security and privacy and defence - inner bounding wall offers privacy

31 Name : Monastery of Cluny III Location : Burgundy, France Date : 1888 - 1130

• Cluniac Order - key, most dominant order - Stricter following of Benedictine • Largest Romanesque church, largest abbey ever built Had a basilica plan •

Name : Abbey of Fontenay Location : Burgundy, France Date : 1139 - 47

• Cisterian Order - Bernard of Clairvaux (1091 - 1153) - More austere reading / interpretation of Benedict Order • 11th C - new monastic groups • More plain and austere design

Name : The Certosa Location : Pavia, Italy Date : 1396

• Carthusian Order - Clermont Charterhous - Order is called silent order as there was no speaking allowed. • Inspiration for this monastery was to combine the hermit’s experience and the common life in one monastery - each monk had own house and own garden. - Hermit-like existence but still living 24 together collectively Name : Markets of Trajan Location : Rome Date : 100 - 112 AD Architect : Apollodorus of Damascus

• Acts as retaining wall • Expansion of forum into markets.

L7 : Temples of Nile

Name : Mentuhotep’s Mortuary Temple Location : Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt Date : c.2061 - 2010 BC

• Combines temple and tomb chamber in a single composition • Gradation of function and hierarchy - Public → Semi-public → Private • Deep inside, at the end of the axis, the tomb of Mentuhotep is located • Features a hypostyle hall

Name : Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Location : Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt Date : 1473 - 1458 BC Architect : Senmut

• Axiality is key - goes from an open space to the darkness of the tomb at the end of the axis • Trabeated architecture 10 L24 : Birth, death and Renewal

Name : Ise Shrine Location : Uji-Yamoda, Japan Date : c. 690

• Rebuilt every 20 years (2013) - belief of death and renewal - this process is called Sengu • Shinto shrine - where kami dwell • Mitarashi - sacred abolution site

Enclosure here is the ‘heart pillar’ or central column, called the shin-no- mihashira. This is called the oi-ya 45