ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß È ÍÀÓÊÈ ÐÔ ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀßÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈßÑÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈßÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÞ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÈÇÂÅÑÒÈßÂÛÑØÈÕ Ó×ÅÁÍÛÕÇÀÂÅÄÅÍÈÉ

¹6(702) Èþíü 2017 ã.

Íàó÷íî-òåîðåòè÷åñêèéæóðíàë Èçäàåòñÿñìàðòà1958ã. Âûõîäèòîäèíðàçâìåñÿö

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß Â.Í. Àçàðîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, Âîëãîãðàä À.À. Àôàíàñüåâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÓ ÌÃÑÓ, Ìîñêâà À.À. Âîëêîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÓ ÌÃÑÓ, Ìîñêâà Â.À. Âîðîáüåâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÌÀÄÃÒÓ (ÌÀÄÈ), Ìîñêâà Â.Ã. Ãàãàðèí, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÈÑÔ, Ìîñêâà Ì.À.î. Ãàäæèåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÀÓÀÑ, Áàêó, Àçåðáàéäæàí Ó. Ãàéñáàóýð, ä-ð – èíæ., Èíñòèòóò àýðîãàçîäèíàìèêè, Óíèâåðñèòåò Øòóòãàðòà, Ãåðìàíèÿ Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê É. Äåñïîòîâè÷, PhD, ïðîô., Óíèâåðñèòåò Áåëãðàäà, Ñåðáèÿ Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈ ÌîðäÃÓ èì. Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, Ñàðàíñê Ã.Â. Åñàóëîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð àðõèòåêòóðû, ïðîô., ÌÀÐÕÈ, Ìîñêâà Â.È. Æàäàíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÎÃÓ, Îðåíáóðã Ì. Èâåòè÷, PhD, ïðîô., Óíèâåðñèòåò Áåëãðàäà, Ñåðáèÿ Â.À. Èãíàòüåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, Âîëãîãðàä Â.È. Êîë÷óíîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., Þãî-ÇàïÃÓ, Êóðñê Â.È. Êîñòèí, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. (çàìåñòèòåëü ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê Ã.Á. Ëåáåäåâ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö. (çàìåñòèòåëü ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê Ï. Ëèáëàíã, ä-ð, ïðîô., Âûñøàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ øêîëà, Óíèâåðñèòåò ïðèêëàäíûõ íàóê, ʸëüí, Ãåðìàíèÿ Ë.Ñ. Ëÿõîâè÷, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÒÃÀÑÓ, Òîìñê Â.Ì. Ìèòàñîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê Â.È. Ìîðîçîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã Æ.Ñ. Íóãóæèíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., Êàçàõñòàíñêèé ÌÈÐÐ, ÊàðÃÒÓ, Êàðàãàíäà, Êàçàõñòàí Þ.Ï. Ïàíèáðàòîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð ýêîí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã Ã.È. Ïóñòîâåòîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð àðõèòåêòóðû, ïðîô., ÍÃÓÀÄÈ, Íîâîñèáèðñê Â.Ã. Ñåáåøåâ, ïî÷. ÷ë. ÐÀÀÑÍ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. (ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê Þ.Ë. Ñêîëóáîâè÷, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), Íîâîñèáèðñê Þ.À. Ôåîôàíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã É.Â. Õó, PhD, ïðîô., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò ã. Èí÷õîí, Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîðåÿ Å.Ì. ×åðíûøîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, Âîðîíåæ Å.×. Øèí, PhD, ïðîô., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò ã. Èí÷õîí, Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîðåÿ

Îòâåòñòâåííûé ñåêðåòàðü Í.Â. Áèòêèíà

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630008, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Ëåíèíãðàäñêàÿ, 113 Òåë./ôàêñ +7(383)2662859 www.sibstrin.ru E-mail: [email protected]

Ó È ç ä à ò å ë ü ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), 2017 ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ È ÈÇÄÅËÈß Åðîôååâ Â.Ò., Ôåäîðöîâ À.Ï., Áîãàòîâ À.Ä., Ôåäîðöîâ Â.À. Îöåíêà è ïðîãíî- çèðîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ êîìïîçèòîâ èìåòîäû åãî ïîâûøåíèÿ ...... 5 Áåðäîâ Ã.È., Ïëåòíåâ Ï.Ì., Áåðíàöêèé À.Ô., Õðèòàíêîâ Â.Ô., Âèíîãðà- äîâÑ.À. Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ äèñïåðñíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê íà ñâîéñòâà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íà öåìåíòíûõ âÿæóùèõ äèýëüêîìåòðè÷åñêèì ìå- òîäîì ...... 15 Ãíûðÿ À.È., Àáçàåâ Þ.À., Êîðîáêîâ Ñ.Â., Áîÿðèíöåâ À.Ï., Ìîêøèí Ä.È., Ãàóññ Ê.Ñ. Èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ òâåðäåþùåãî öåìåíòíîãî êàì- íÿ ïðè ðàçëè÷íûõ èçîòåðìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ...... 23 Ñòîëáîóøêèí À.Þ., Ôîìèíà Î.À., Àêñò Ä.Â. Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåññîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé ...... 30 ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÆÈÇÍÅÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈß ÍÀÑÅËÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÅÑÒ, ÇÄÀÍÈÉ È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈÉ. ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ Çèãàíøèí À.Ì., Áàäûêîâà Ë.Í. ×èñëåííîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèÿ â ïðîôè- ëèðîâàííîì âåíòèëÿöèîííîì òðîéíèêå íà ñëèÿíèå ...... 41 ÃÈÄÐÎÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ, ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ È ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÀß ÃÈÄÐÎËÎÃÈß Øëû÷êîâ Â.À. , Äåãòÿðåâ Â.Â. Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ÷èñëåííîé ìîäåëè ïëàíîâûõ òå÷åíèé ...... 49 ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÛ, ÃÐÀÄÎÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ È ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ Ìîëîäèí À.Â. Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî ÷óêîòñêîãî æèëèùà â óñëîâèÿõ Êðàéíåãî Ñåâåðà. × à ñ ò ü 1 ...... 60 ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÌÅÒÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÐÀÇÄÅË Ãåðàñèìîâ Ñ.È., Çèíîâüåâ Â.Á., Ïîïîâ À.Ì. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî-ðàñ÷åòíûé ìåòîä ó÷åòà íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà ïðè èçìåðåíèè äåôîðìàöèè ýëåìåíòîâ êîí- ñòðóêöèé ...... 72 Ãðåáåíþê Ã.È., Ïóðòîâ Â.Â., Ïàâëèê À.Â., Êóëåøîâà Í.È. Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëü- íûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ðàñòÿíóòûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðåøåíèé ôîðìèðóåìûõ óñëîâíî-ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ çàäà÷ ...... 81 Êàëóãèí Þ.Á., Êëûêîâ Ì.Ñ., Òóïèöûí Ð.Þ. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ äâîé- ñòâåííîãî ãðàôà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà ñåòåâîé ìîäåëè ..... 94 Íóæäèí Ë.Â., Ïàâëþê Ê.Â. Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóí- òà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ ...... 101 Ñìîëèí Þ.Ï., Êàðàóëîâ À.Ì., Âîñòðèêîâ Ê.Â. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëå- íèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà, óïëîòíÿåìîãî â óñëîâèÿõ êîìïðåññèè...... 113

Ïàìÿòè Äìèòðèÿ Ãåîðãèåâè÷à Êîïàíèöû, âûäàþùåãîñÿ ó÷åíîãî è ïåäàãîãà 122 THEMINISTRYOFEDUCATIONANDSCIENCE OFRUSSIANFEDERATION INTERNATIONALPUBLICORGANIZATION “ASSOCIATIONOFEDUCATIONAL CIVILENGINEERINGINSTITUTIONS” NEWSOFHIGHEREDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS No.6(702) June 2017

Scientific-theoreticaljournal Published since March 1958 Monthly

EDITORIAL BOARD V.N. Azarov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Volgograd A.A. Afanas’yev, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow À.A. Volkov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow V.A. Vorob’yov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow V.G. Gagarin, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow M.A.o. Hajiyev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Baku, Azerbaijan U. Gaisbauer, Dr. – Ing., Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik, Universität Stuttgart, Germany V.V. Degtyarev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk J. Despotoviæ, PhD, Prof., University of Belgrad, Serbia V.T. Erofeev, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saransk G.V. Esaulov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Architecture), Prof., Moscow V.I. Zhadanov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Orenburg M. Ivetiæ, PhD, Prof., University of Belgrad, Serbia V.A. Ignat’yev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Volgograd V.I. Kolchunov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Kursk V.I. Kostin, DSc (Eng), Prof. (Deputy Edinor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk G.B. Lebedev, PhD, Ass. Prof. (Deputy Edinor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk P. Lieblang, Dr., Prof., Techische Hochschule, Köln, Germany L.S. Lyakhovich, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Tomsk V.M. Mitasov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk V.I. Morozov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saint-Petersburg Zh. S. Nuguzhinov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Karaganda, Kazakhstan Yu.P. Panibratov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Econ), Prof., Saint-Petersburg G.I. Pustovetov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Architecture), Prof., Novosibirsk V.G. Sebeshev, Honour. Mem. RAACS, PhD, Prof. (Edinor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk Yu.L. Skolubovich, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk Yu. A. Feofanov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saint-Petersburg Jong Wan Hu, PhD, Prof., Incheon National University, Republic of Korea Ye.M. Chernyshov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Voronezh Eun Chul Shin, PhD, Prof., Incheon National University, Republic of Korea

Responsible secretary N.V. Bitkina

The editorial office’s address: 113 Leningradskaya St. Novosibirsk 630008 Phone number/fax +7(383) 2662859 www.sibstrin.ru E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS Erofeev V.T., Fedortsov A.P., Bogatov A.D., Fedortsov V.A. Assessment and forecasting of physical and chemical resistance of glass alkali composites and methods of his increase ...... 5 Berdov G.I., Pletnev P.M., Bernatskiy A.F., Khritankov V.F., Vinogradov S.A. High-frequency dielectrometrical control of influence of dispersed mineral additions quantity on properties of cement compositions ...... 15 Gnyrya A.I., Abzaev Yu.A., Korobkov S.V., Boyarintsev A.P., Mokshin D.I., Gauss K.S. Investigation of mechanical properties of hardening cement stone under different isothermal conditions ...... 23 Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A., Akst D.V. Practical use of the compression curves method for parameter determination of ceramic products compression ...... 30 ENGINEERING LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF THE INHABITED PLACES, BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES. ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF CONSTRUCTION Ziganshin A.M., Badykova L.N. Numerical investigation of flow in profiled ventilation tee at junction ...... 41 HYDROTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION, HYDRAULICS AND ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY Shlychkov V.A. , Degtyarev V.V. The rationale of parameters of frazil ice proof dams at river water intake using a numeral model of planned streams ...... 49

SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE, TOWN PLANNING AND ECOLOGY Molodin A.V. To the issue of comfort temperature conditions in traditional Chukotka’s houses in Far North regions. P a r t 1 ...... 60 SCIENTIFIC AND METHODICAL SECTION Gerasimov S.I., Zinov¢ev V.B., Popov A.M. Evaluation of strain-measurement error caused by heating of strain gauge ...... 72 Grebenyuk G.I., Purtov V.V., Pavlik A.V., Kuleshova N.I. Calculation of limit loads on single shear dowel connection compounds of tension wooden elements using solutions of formable condition-extreme problems ...... 81 Kalugin Yu.B., Klykov M.S., Tupitsyn R.Yu. Features use the dual graph to determine the minimum cut of the network schedule ...... 94 Nuzhdin L.V., Pavlyuk K.V. Influence deformation anisotropy in the calculation of settelments of foundation...... 101 Smolin Yu.P., Karaulov A.M., Vostrikov K.V. Consolidation process of saturated anisotropic clay soil during odometric testing ...... 113 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ È ÈÇÄÅËÈß

ÓÄÊ 666.612.22:54

Â.Ò. ÅÐÎÔÅÅÂ, À.Ï. ÔÅÄÎÐÖÎÂ, À.Ä. ÁÎÃÀÒÎÂ, Â.À. ÔÅÄÎÐÖÎÂ

ÎÖÅÍÊÀÈÏÐÎÃÍÎÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅÔÈÇÈÊÎ-ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÑÎÏÐÎÒÈÂËÅÍÈßÑÒÅÊËÎÙÅËÎ×ÍÛÕÊÎÌÏÎÇÈÒΠÈÌÅÒÎÄÛÅÃÎÏÎÂÛØÅÍÈß

Ñâîéñòâà ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ êîìïîçèòîâ íåäîñòàòî÷íî èçó÷åíû, â òîì ÷èñëå èõ ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèå âîçäåéñòâèþ àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä (ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå), à ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íåò èññëåäîâàíèé ïî åãî îöåíêå, ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèþ è ïîâûøåíèþ. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòîéêîñòè (ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ) êîìïîçèòîâ â ñðåäàõ ðàçëè÷- íîé àãðåññèâíîñòè, íà îñíîâàíèè êîòîðûõ è îáùèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé äèôôóçèîí- íîé è õèìè÷åñêîé êèíåòèêè îïðåäåëåíû ôóíêöèè, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îöåíèâàòü è ïðî- ãíîçèðîâàòü ñîïðîòèâëåíèå èçäåëèé â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïàðàìåòðîâ ìàññîïåðåíîñà è õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé, ðàçìåðîâ. Óêàçûâàþòñÿ ñïîñîáû ïîâûøåíèÿ ýòîãî ñîïðî- òèâëåíèÿ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: îòõîä ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ñòåêëîùåëî÷íîé êîìïîçèò, ôèçèêî- õèìè÷åñêîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå, àãðåññèâíàÿ ñðåäà, ïðîäóêòû æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè ìèêðî- îðãàíèçìîâ, ñêîðîñòè ìàññîïåðåíîñà è õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé, ïîâûøåíèå ñîïðîòèâ- ëåíèÿ âîçäåéñòâèþ.

Ìàòåðèàëû çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé â ïåðèîä ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÷àñòî ïîäâåðãà- þòñÿ âîçäåéñòâèþ àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä. Ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûå êîìïîçèòû òàêæå ìîãóò âçàèìîäåéñòâîâàòü ñ òàêèìè ñðåäàìè è ñî âðåìåíåì â íèõ ïðîèñõîäÿò èçìåíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî îöåíèâàòü è ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü [1]. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî èçìåíåíèÿ â ñòðóêòóðå êîìïîçèòîâ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå ïîä âëèÿíèåì àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä, çàâèñÿò îò ñêîðîñòåé ìàññîïåðåíîñà è õèìè÷å- ñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé, ãåîìåòðèè èçäåëèÿ, äëèòåëüíîñòè âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû. Òîãäà ôóíêöèÿ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ Rô.õ ìîæåò áûòü â îáùåì âèäå âûðàæåíà êàê [2]:

Rô.õ = f(Vì, Vð, L, t), (1)

ãäå Vì – ñêîðîñòü ìàññîïåðåíîñà; Vð – ñêîðîñòü õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé; L – õàðàêòåðíûé ðàçìåð òåëà; t – âðåìÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ôóíêöèè ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèà- ëà íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü èçìåíåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè áåòîíà çà ëþáîé ïðîìåæóòîê âðå- ìåíè â ðåçóëüòàòå ôèçè÷åñêîãî è õèìè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû íà åãî

ñòðóêòóðó, ò.å. Ds(Vì, Vð, L, t). Ó Åðîôååâ Â.Ò., Ôåäîðöîâ À.Ï., Áîãàòîâ À.Ä., Ôåäîðöîâ Â.À., 2017 5 Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, À.Ï. Ôåäîðöîâ, À.Ä. Áîãàòîâ, Â.À. Ôåäîðöîâ

Òîãäà, îïðåäåëÿÿ ôóíêöèþ êàê èçìåíÿåìûé âî âðåìåíè îòíîñèòåëüíûé ïîêàçàòåëü ïðî÷íîñòè, ìîæåì çàïèñàòü [3]: s± D s(,,,)V V L t s t 0 ì ð mô m õ Rô. õ = = = 1 DDt t , (2) s 0 s 0

ãäå st – ïîêàçàòåëü ïðî÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà â ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t; ô õ s0 – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé ïîêàçàòåëü ïðî÷íîñòè, ãäå DDt, t – èçìåíåíèå ïîêà- çàòåëÿ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ çà âðåìÿ t â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîîòâåò- ñòâåííî ôèçè÷åñêîãî è õèìè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû. Çíàê «+» â âûðàæåíèÿõ îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïðè âûäåðæêå ìàòåðèàëà âàãðåññèâíîé ñðåäå âîçìîæíà íå òîëüêî åãî äåãðàäàöèÿ, íî è óïðî÷íåíèå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè äåéñòâèè àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä íà ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûå êîì- ïîçèòû ïîòåðè èõ ïðî÷íîñòè ìîãóò áûòü ñëåäñòâèåì ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, êîãäà íåò õèìè÷åñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé èëè îíè ïðîòåêàþò ñ íåçíà÷èòåëüíîé ñêîðîñòüþ; õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé, â ñëó÷àå íåçíà÷èòåëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ôèçè÷å- ñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ; êîìáèíèðîâàííîãî äåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû, ïðèâîäÿùåãî ê èçìåíå- íèþ ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ êàê â ðåçóëüòàòå ôèçè÷åñêîãî, òàê è õèìè- ÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Ïðåäëîæåííàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ïîòåðü ïðî÷íîñòè ïîçâîëÿåò óïðîùàòü âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ îöåíêè è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâ- ëåíèÿ êîìïîçèòîâ. Ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé, êîãäà íà êîìïîçèòû äåéñòâóåò ëèøü ôèçè÷åñêè àêòèâíàÿ ñðåäà. Ïðè äåéñòâèè òàêèõ ñðåä íà ñòðîèòåëüíûå êîìïîçèòû íàèáî- ëåå âåðîÿòíû ñëåäóþùèå ôèçè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû è ñâÿçàííûå ñ íèìè èçìåíå- íèÿ, âëèÿþùèå íà èõ ïðî÷íîñòü: ðàñòâîðåíèå è âûìûâàíèå ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà èëè åãî ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ [4]; àäñîðáöèîííîå ïîíèæåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè (ýôôåêò Ï.À. Ðåáèíäåðà) è ïëàñòèôèêàöèÿ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà [5]; îáâîä- íåíèå è íàðóøåíèå êîíòàêòà ñâÿçóþùèõ âåùåñòâ ñ çàïîëíèòåëÿìè è íàïîë- íèòåëÿìè, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê óìåíüøåíèþ ïðî÷íîñòè êîìïîçèòà; îñëàáëåíèå íàïðÿæåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, óìåíüøåíèå èëè áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âíóòðåííèõ íàïðÿæåíèé â îáúåìå ýëåìåíòà è êàê ñëåäñòâèå óïðî÷íåíèå ìà- òåðèàëà; íàáóõàíèå êîìïîçèòíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è óâåëè÷åíèå â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì íà- ïðÿæåííîñòè ñâÿçåé, âåäóùåé ê ïðî÷íîñòíûì èçìåíåíèÿì.  ðàáîòå [6] óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî âîäîñòîéêîñòü ñòåêëîùåëî÷íîãî êîìïîçè- òà íàõîäèòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîëè÷åñòâà ðàñòâîðåííûõ è âûìûòûõ ñîñòàâ- ëÿþùèõ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà (ðèñóíîê). Ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ïîòåðè ìàññîñîäåð- æàíèÿ âîçðàñòàþò ïîòåðè ïðî÷íîñòè. Ðàñòâîðèìîñòü âîçðàñòàåò ñ óâåëè÷å- íèåì ñâîáîäíîãî ãèäðîêñèäà íàòðèÿ, êîòîðûé â âîäíîé ñðåäå âîçäåéñòâóåò íà ãåëü êðåìíèåâîé êèñëîòû, ñíîâà ïðåâðàùàåò åãî â ëåãêî ðàñòâîðèìîå âåùåñòâî [7]. Âûìûâàíèå ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îêîí÷àòåëü- íûì ôèçè÷åñêèì ïðîöåññîì, õîðîøî êîíòðîëèðóåìûì, êîòîðîìó ïðåäøåñò- âóåò àäñîðáöèÿ âîäû è åå ïðîíèêíîâåíèå â ñòðóêòóðó ìàòåðèàëà, ïðèâîäÿùåå ê ïëàñòèôèêàöèè ìàòåðèàëà, óìåíüøåíèþ àäãåçèîííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ÷àñòèö â ðåçóëüòàòå îáâîäíåíèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòè êîíòàêòà, îáëåã÷åíèþ òðåùè- íîîáðàçîâàíèÿ [8]. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ÷åì áîëüøå âûìûâàíèå, òåì èíòåíñèâíåå ïðîòåêàþò è äðóãèå ïðîöåññû, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèå ðàçðóøåíèþ ìàòåðèàëà. 6 Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ...

Çàâèñèìîñòü èçìåíåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà âîäîñòîéêîñòè (à) è ìàññîñîäåðæàíèÿ (á) ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ ñâÿçóþùèõ âåùåñòâ, îòâåðæäåííûõ òåïëîâëàæíîñòíîé îáðàáîòêîé [6] îò äëèòåëüíîñòè âûäåðæèâàíèÿ 1–4 – ïî ýêñïåðèìåíòó; 5, 6 – ïî ôóíêöèè (6); 1 – ñîñòàâ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà ñ êåðàìçèòîâîé ïûëüþ; 2, 5 – ñîñòàâ ñ äîáàâêîé ÝÄ-16 â êîëè÷åñòâå 3 ìàñ. ÷.; 3 – ñîñòàâ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà ñáèíàðíîé äîáàâêîé (êåðàìçèò + èçâåñòíÿê â ñîîòíîøåíèè 1 : 1); 4, 6 – ñîñòàâ ñ ìåëîì

Îáîçíà÷èì ÷åðåç Qt êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâ, âûìûòûõ èç ìàòåðèàëà çà âðåìÿ t. Ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå óñòàíîâëåííóþ ïðÿìóþ çàâèñèìîñòü ñíèæåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòè îò Qt, ïîëó÷èì: ô D t= aQ t , (3) ô D max = aQ max , (4) ãäå a – êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè; ô D max – ìàêñèìàëüíîå ñíèæåíèå îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïðî÷íîñòè ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ôèçè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ ñðåä; Q max – ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâ, âûìûòûõ èç ìàòåðèàëà. Îïðåäåëèâ èç âûðàæåíèÿ (4) a è ïîäñòàâèâ åãî â (3), ïîëó÷èì ô ô DDt= maxQQ t /,max (5)

ãäå QQFt / max = – ôóíêöèÿ çàâåðøåííîñòè ïðîöåññà âûìûâàíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîòåðü ïðî÷íîñòè ñòåêëîùåëî÷íîãî êîìïîçèòà îò äåéñòâèÿ ôèçè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ ñðåä íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü êîëè÷å- ñòâî âûìûòûõ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ âåùåñòâ â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè. Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäó ïðè ãðàíè÷íîì óñëîâèè ïåðâîãî ðîäà ïàð âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ôóíêöèè ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ Rô ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä: R ïàð =1 -Dô ´ ô max (6) ¥ ¥ ¥ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ´{[(/1 -SSSn=1 m= 1 l= 1BBBK n m lexp - m n 1 +mmKK2 + m l 3 )Fo ]},

2 2 2 ãäå Bn= 2/,m n Bm= 2/,m m Bl= 2/,m l mn =()/,2n - 1 p 2 mm =()/,2m - 1 p 2 Dt 1 ml =()/,2l - 1 p 2 Fo = – ÷èñëî Ôóðüå, R – îáîáùåííûé ðàçìåð, = R 2 R 2 1 1 1 R = + + , K =(i = 1 , 2 , 3 ). 2 2 2 i RRR1 2 3 Ri

2R1, 2R1, 2R3 – ðàçìåðû ýëåìåíòîâ. 7 Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, À.Ï. Ôåäîðöîâ, À.Ä. Áîãàòîâ, Â.À. Ôåäîðöîâ

Âûðàæåíèå (6) áûëî ïðèìåíåíî äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ âîäîñòîéêîñòè ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ ñâÿçóþùèõ âåùåñòâ ñ äîáàâêîé ñìîëû ÝÄ-16 â êîëè÷åñòâå 3 ìàñ. ÷. è äîáàâêîé ìåëà (ñì. ðèñóíîê, òàáëèöó).

Ðåçóëüòàòû ñðàâíåíèÿ ðàñ÷åòîâ ïî îöåíêå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñòåêëîùåëî÷íîãî ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà âîçäåéñòâèþ âîäû Çíà÷åíèÿêðèòåðèÿÔóðüå(Fo)èïîêàçàòåëèñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ äëÿñîñòàâîâ Âðåìÿ ñäîáàâêîéñìîëûÝÄ-16 ñäîáàâêîéìåëà âûäåðæêè ïàð ïàð ââîäå, ñóò ïî R (1÷ë.) ïî R (1÷ë.) Fo ô. x Fo ô ýêñïåðèìåíòó ïî(6) ýêñïåðèìåíòó ïî(6) 30 0,065 0,85 0,84 0,49 0,46 0,47 60 0,130 0,81 0,82 0,98 0,39 0,40 90 0,194 0,79 0,80 1,47 0,37 0,38

Èñïûòàíèþ â ñðåäå ïîäâåðãàëè îáðàçöû ðàçìåðîì 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ñì. Êîýôôè- öèåíò äèôôóçèè D áûë ðàññ÷èòàí ïî êðèâûì äåñîðáöèè. Îí ñîñòàâèë ñîîò- âåòñòâåííî äëÿ ìàòåðèàëà ñ äîáàâêîé ÝÄ-16 3·10–5 ñì2/÷, ñ äîáàâêîé ìåëà –4 2 ô 2,27·10 cì /÷. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ñíèæåíèå ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ D max áûëî íàéäåíî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî è îêàçàëîñü ðàâíûì 0,3 è 0,63 ñîîòâåòñòâåí- íî äëÿ ìàòåðèàëà ñ äîáàâêîé ñìîëû è äîáàâêîé ìåëà. Ïðè ýòîì äëÿ îïðåäåëå- ô íèÿ D max ìîæíî ïðèìåíÿòü îáðàçöû ìåíüøèõ ðàçìåðîâ, òàê êàê ïðè ïîëíîì íàñûùåíèè ñíèæåíèå ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïðèìåðíî îäèíàêîâî äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ïî ðàçìåðàì, íî ïîäîáíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, èëè ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü ïî êðèâûì ïîòåðè ïðî÷íîñòè. Èç òàáëèöû âèäíî, ÷òî ðàñ÷åò ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïî âûðàæåíèþ (6) äîñòà- òî÷íî òî÷íî îïèñûâàåò ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé, à òàêæå ïðè èõ íàëè÷èè è óñëîâèè, ÷òîèõ ñêîðîñòü çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøå ñêîðîñòè ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû è ñíèæåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè â ïðîãíîçèðóåìûé ïåðèîä ïðîèñõîäèò â îñíîâ- íîì èç-çà ôèçè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû, äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ñîïðîòèâ- ëåíèÿ ìîæíî ïðèìåíèòü ôóíêöèþ, â êîòîðîé íå ó÷òåíà ðîëü õèìè÷åñêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ. Äåéñòâèå íà ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûå êîìïîçèòû ðàñòâîðîâ êèñëîò, ùåëî÷åé, ïðîäóêòîâ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, ñîãëàñíî ïðîâåäåííûì èññëåäîâàíèÿì [3, 6, 9], ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ õèìè÷åñêèìè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿìè, ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ êîòîðûõ íà èçìåíåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåîáõîäèìûì èç-çà èõ ðàçðóøàþùåãî õàðàêòåðà.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñêîðîñòåé ìàññîïåðåíîñà è õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé ðàçðóøåíèå ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì àãðåñ- ñèâíûõ ñðåä, âêëþ÷àÿ è ïðîäóêòû æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, êàê è äðóãèõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîìïîçèòîâ, ìîæåò ïðîòåêàòü â òðåõ îñíîâíûõ êèíå- òè÷åñêèõ îáëàñòÿõ [2, 10]: – â ïåðâîé îáëàñòè (âíóòðåííåé êèíåòè÷åñêîé) ïðîöåññ äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà ïðîòåêàåò ñ îäíîé ñêîðîñòüþ ïî âñåìó îáúåìó ìàòåðèàëà. Îáëàñòü ðåàëèçóåòñÿ â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ñêîðîñòü ìàññîïåðåíîñà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ñêîðîñòè õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé. Ïðîèñõîäèò áûñòðîå íàñûùåíèå ìàòåðèàëà 8 Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ...

àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäîé. Îíà ìîæåò ðåàëèçîâàòüñÿ òàêæå äëÿ èçäåëèé íåáîëüøèõ òîëùèí è ïðè äëèòåëüíîì âîçäåéñòâèè àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä; – âî âòîðîé îáëàñòè (âíåøíåé äèôôóçèîííî-êèíåòè÷åñêîé) ïðîöåññ ðàçðóøåíèÿ êîíòðîëèðóåòñÿ ïðîíèêíîâåíèåì ñðåäû è ïðîèñõîäèò â òîíêîì ñëîå äî ïîëíîãî åãî èçìåíåíèÿ. Ïîñòåïåííî çîíà ðåàêöèè ñìåùàåòñÿ âãëóáü èçäåëèÿ. Îáëàñòü ðåàëèçóåòñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ, áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóþùèõ áîëüøåé ñêîðîñòè ðåàêöèè, ÷åì ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ; –â òðåòüåé ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îáëàñòè (âíóòðåííåé äèôôóçèîííî-êèíåòè- ÷åñêîé èëè ïåðåõîäíîé) ïðîöåññ ðàçðóøåíèÿ ðàçâèâàåòñÿ íåðàâíîìåðíî â çíà÷èòåëüíîì îáúåìå ìàòåðèàëà, áîëüøå ñ åãî ïîâåðõíîñòè. Îáëàñòü ðåàëè- çóåòñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ, êîãäà ñêîðîñòè ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ñðåäû è åå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ñîñòàâëÿþùèìè ìàòåðèàëà ñîïîñòàâèìû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Ïîñêîëüêó ñíèæåíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðî÷íîñòè â ðåçóëüòàòå õèìè÷å- õ ñêèõ ðåàêöèé âûçâàíî ðàçðûâîì õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé, òî D t â (2) ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü êàê õ nt D t = , (7) n0

ãäå nt – êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â êîìïîçèòå; 0 n0 = Ck V0 – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñâÿçåé â êîìïîçèòå, ñïîñîáíûõ êðàçðûâó; 0 C k – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ñâÿçåé â êîìïîçèòå, ñïîñîáíûõ ê ðàçðûâó; V0 – îáúåì ýëåìåíòà èç êîìïîçèòà. Êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â êîìïîçèòå ïðè èñïûòàíèè ìàòåðèàëà ïîñëå âûäåðæêè â àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäå íà ñæàòèå ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü èç âûðà- æåíèÿ

nt= C k (), t V0 (8) 1 R ãäå C()(,) t = C x t – ñðåäíÿÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â ìàòå- kR ò k 0 ðèàëå â âèäå ïëàñòèíû â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t; Ck(x, t) – êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â òî÷êå ïëàñòèíû â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t.  ñâîþ î÷åðåäü Ck(x, t) íàõîäèòñÿ èç ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ dC(,) x t W =k =k[ C0 - C ( x , t )] C ( x , t ), (9) õ dt k k À

ãäå Wx – ñêîðîñòü õèìè÷åñêîé ðåàêöèè; k – êîíñòàíòà ñêîðîñòè ðàñïàäà õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé; CA(x, t) – êîíöåíòðàöèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû â òî÷êå ïëàñòèíû â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t. Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ CA(x, t) ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ïëàñòèíå íà îñíîâàíèè ðåøåíèÿ, ïðèâåäåííîãî â ðàáîòå [11], îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âûðàæåíèåì x C( x , t )= C0 [1 -S¥ A cos m exp ( - m 2 Fo )], (10) ÀA n=1 n nR n 0 ãäå C A – ðàâíîâåñíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû. 9 Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, À.Ï. Ôåäîðöîâ, À.Ä. Áîãàòîâ, Â.À. Ôåäîðöîâ

Äëÿ èçäåëèé (òåë) ôîðìû ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäà èëè áðóñà ðåøåíèå ñâîäèòñÿ êïîäîáíîé çàäà÷å äëÿ íåîãðàíè÷åííûõ ïëàñòèí [11]. Ðàññìîòðèì ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé ðåøåíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (9), êîãäà êîíöåíòðàöèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû íå ìåíÿåòñÿ ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè, ò.å. CA(x, t) = const. Èìååò ìåñòî âíóòðåííÿÿ êèíåòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòü äåñòðóêöèè. Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé íå ìåíÿåòñÿ ïî ñå÷åíèþ, à áóäåò çàâèñåòü òîëüêî îò âðåìåíè äåéñòâèÿ ñðåäû

Ck( x , t )= C k ( t ). Ðåøåíèå óðàâíåíèÿ (9) îòíîñèòåëüíî êîíöåíòðàöèè ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé çíà÷èòåëüíî óïðîùàåòñÿ. Äëÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ êîìïîçèòîâ àãðåñ- ñèâíûì ñðåäàì, îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ïðîòåêàíèåì õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé ïî âñåìó îáúåìó èçäåëèÿ, êàê è â ñëó÷àå âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà öåìåíòíûå áåòîíû [2], ïî- ëó÷èì âûðàæåíèå C() t R =1 -k =exp( -K t ), (11) x 0 ýô C k

Rx – ôóíêöèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîìó âîçäåéñòâèþ ñðåäû; Kýô = kCA(x, t) − ýôôåêòèâíàÿ êîíñòàíòà ñêîðîñòè ðàñïàäà ñâÿçåé. Åñëè èìåþò ìåñòî óñëîâèÿ, áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóþùèå áîëüøåé ñêîðîñòè ðåàêöèè, ÷åì äèôôóçèè, òî äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ íàõî- äÿò ãëóáèíó ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ôðîíòà ðåàêöèè [10, 12]. Äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé ïðèìå- íÿþò ðåøåíèÿ äèôôóçèîííîãî óðàâíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ñâîäÿòñÿ ê âèäó [2]: x= A Dt , (12) ãäå x – êîîðäèíàòà ôðîíòà ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ðåàêöèè; A – ïîñòîÿííàÿ äëÿ äàííîãî ìàòåðèàëà è àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû âåëè÷èíà. Ïðè êîýôôèöèåíòå äèôôóçèè D » const ðåøåíèå (12) ïðèíèìàåò âèä

x= Kïð t, (13)

ãäå KADïð = – êîíñòàíòà ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ñðåäû. Çíàÿ êîîðäèíàòó ôðîíòà ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ðåàêöèè, ìîæíî îöåíèòü êîëè- ÷åñòâî ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â ìàòåðèàëå â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè, à ñîîòâåò- ñòâåííî è åãî ïðî÷íîñòü. Äëÿ ôóíêöèè õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòà (Rx) â âèäå ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé ïðèçìû ïîëó÷èì á 2 x Kïð tS ïîâ - 4 hKïð t Rx=1 -D t = 1 - , (14) V0 á ãäå S ïîâ – ïëîùàäü áîêîâîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðèçìû; h – âûñîòà ïðèçìû. Âûðàæåíèå (14) íàøëî ïðèìåíåíèå â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ ðîëü â ñíèæåíèè ïðî÷íîñòè êîìïîçèòà îòâîäèòñÿ õèìè÷åñêîìó âçàèìîäåéñòâèþ, ïðîòåêàþùåìó ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè â òîíêîì ñëîå.  ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé (ïåðåõîäíîé) îáëàñòè èìåþò ìåñòî óñëîâèÿ, êîãäà ñêîðîñòè ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ è õèìè÷åñêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñîïîñòàâèìû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïðîíèêíîâåíèå áóäåò íà íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ îïåðåæàòü õèìè÷åñêîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå. Îïåðåæàåò è ôèçè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå ñðåäû, 10 Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ...

òðåáóþùåå îáÿçàòåëüíîãî ó÷åòà ïðè ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèè. Ðàçðûâ õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé áóäåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ íåðàâíîìåðíî ïî îáúåìó èçäåëèÿ. Äëÿ îïðåäå- ëåíèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â òî÷êàõ ïëàñòèíû â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè t íåîáõîäèìî ðåøèòü óðàâíåíèå (9), êîãäà êîíöåíòðàöèÿ àãðåññèâ- íîé ñðåäû CA(x, t) èçìåíÿåòñÿ íåðàâíîìåðíî ïî ñå÷åíèþ è âðåìåíè. Äëÿ 0 ïëîòíûõ êîìïîçèòîâ, êîãäà [Ck- C k ( x , t )] >> CA ( x , t ), ìîæíî çàïèñàòü [13] 0 k[ Ck- C k ( x , t )] = K , (15) ãäå K – îáîáùåííàÿ êîíñòàíòà ñêîðîñòè ðàñïàäà õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé. Òîãäà óðàâíåíèå (9) ïðèìåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä: dC(,) x t W =k = KC( x , t ). (16) xdt A Ðåøèâ óðàâíåíèå (16) îòíîñèòåëüíî êîíöåíòðàöèè ðàçîðâàííûõ ñâÿçåé â òî÷êàõ òåëà â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè è íàéäÿ ñðåäíåå èõ çíà÷åíèå ïî îáúåìó ýëåìåíòà, ìîæíî ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ïëàñòèíå îïðåäåëèòü èçìåíåíèå ïîêàçàòå- x ëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ, âûçâàííîãî õèìè÷åñêèì âîçäåéñòâèåì ñðåäû (D t ): x ¥ 2 2 DSt =Kcoï t{1 -n=1 B n [ 1 -exp ( - m n Fo )]/ m n Fo }, (17)

0 0 ãäå Kñîï= KC A / C k – êîíñòàíòà èçìåíåíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ; 0 C A – ðàâíîâåñíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû; Fo = Dt/ R 2 – ÷èñëî Ôóðüå; 2 Bn= 2/,m n mn = (2n – 1) p/2. Âûðàæåíèå (17), êàê ðàíåå óæå áûëî ñêàçàíî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå îñíîâîé x ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè D t äëÿ èçäåëèé â ôîðìå ïàðàëëåëåïèïåäà è áðóñà. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñòåêëî- ùåëî÷íûõ êîìïîçèòîâ âîçäåéñòâèþ àãðåññèâíûõ ñðåä ïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî â öåëÿõ åãî ïîâûøåíèÿ è óìåíüøåíèÿ ðàñòâîðèìîñòè â âîäå è ðàñòâîðàõ êèñëîò è ùåëî÷åé ñâÿçóþùèå âåùåñòâà íåîáõîäèìî ïîäâåð- ãàòü ìîäèôèêàöèè è íàïîëíåíèþ. Ïðèâåäåì îòäåëüíûå ñïîñîáû ïîâûøå- íèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñòåêëîùåëî÷íûõ ñâÿçóþùèõ âåùåñòâ: ýêðàíèçàöèÿ ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîð îòâåðæäåííûìè ïëåíêàìè ïîëèìåðà (ñì., íàïð., ðèñóíîê, äîáàâêà ÝÄ-16); ìîäèôèêàöèÿ ñâÿçóþùåãî âåùåñòâà íåîðãàíè÷åñêèìè äîáàâêàìè, êîòîðûå ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèè ñ åãî êîìïîíåíòàìè îáðàçóþò ìàëîðàñòâîðèìûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ, îáëàäàþùèå ñâÿçóþùèìè ñâîéñòâàìè (ñì., íàïð., [6]); ââåäåíèå íàïîëíèòåëåé, ñïîñîáíûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå õèìè÷å- ñêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ îáðàçîâûâàòü èç ðàñòâîðèìûõ ñîåäèíåíèé âåùåñòâà ñ ìåíüøåé ðàñòâîðèìîñòüþ, îáëàäàþùèå ñâÿçóþùèìè ñâîéñòâàìè; îáðà- áîòêà ïîâåðõíîñòè êîìïîçèòîâ âåùåñòâàìè, ñïîñîáíûìè ê îòòàëêèâàíèþ êîìïîíåíòîâ àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû [4]; ââåäåíèå â ñîñòàâû êîìïîçèòîâ âå- ùåñòâ, ñïîñîáíûõ ê àäñîðáöèè è (èëè) îòòàëêèâàíèþ êîìïîíåíòîâ àãðåñ- ñèâíîé ñðåäû [14]; ââåäåíèå äîáàâîê, ñïîñîáíûõ ïðè äåéñòâèè àãðåññèâíîé ñðåäû îáðàçîâûâàòü áóôåðíûå ñèñòåìû, îñëàáëÿþùèå õèìè÷åñêîå âîçäåé- ñòâèå íà ñòðóêòóðîîáðàçóþùèå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå êîìïîçèòà [15, 16]; ïðèìåíå- íèå àêòèâíûõ ñðåä, ñïîñîáíûõ îáðàçîâûâàòü íà ïîâåðõíîñòè èçäåëèé ïëîò- íûå è èíåðòíûå ñëîè [13, 17]. 11 Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, À.Ï. Ôåäîðöîâ, À.Ä. Áîãàòîâ, Â.À. Ôåäîðöîâ

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ñ î ë î ì à ò î â Â.È., Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Ñ ì è ð í î â Â.Ô. è äð. Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà, 2001. 196 ñ. 2. Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Ôåäîðöîâ À.Ï., Á î ã à ò î â À.Ä., Ô å ä î ð ö î â Â.À. Áèîêîððî- çèÿ öåìåíòíûõ áåòîíîâ, îñîáåííîñòè åå ðàçâèòèÿ, îöåíêè è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ // Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. 2014. ¹ 12-4. Ñ. 708–716. 3. Á à æ å í î â Þ.Ì., Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Ì è ò è í à Å.À. è äð. Îãðàæäàþùèå êîíñò- ðóêöèè íà îñíîâå êàðêàñíîãî êåðàìçèòîáåòîíà äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ çäàíèé / ïîä îáù. ðåä. Þ.Ì. Áàæåíîâà, Â.Ò. Åðîôååâà. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà, 2004. 212 ñ. 4. Ì î ñ ê â è í Â.Ì., È â à í î â Ô.Ì., À ë å ê ñ å å â Ñ.Í., à ó ç å å â Å.À. Êîððîçèÿ áåòîíà è æåëåçîáåòîíà, ìåòîäû èõ çàùèòû. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1980. 536 ñ. 5. Ð å á è í ä å ð Ï.À., Ù ó ê è í Å.Ä. Ïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ â òâåðäûõ òåëàõ â ïðî- öåññàõ èõ äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ðàçðóøåíèÿ // Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêàÿ ìåõàíèêà: èçáð. òð. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1979. Ñ. 203–268. 6. Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Á à æ å í î â Þ.Ì., Á î ã à ò î â À.Ä. [è äð]. Ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ ñòåêëà. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà, 2005. 120ñ. 7. à ë è í ê à Í.Ë. Îáùàÿ õèìèÿ: ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå äëÿ âóçîâ. Ë.: Õèìèÿ, 1979. 720 ñ. 8.  å ð á å ö ê è é Ã.Ï. Ïðî÷íîñòü è äîëãîâå÷íîñòü áåòîíà â âîäíîé ñðåäå. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1976. 128 ñ. 9. Á î ã à ò î â À.Ä., Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Ñ ì è ð í î â Â.Ô. Áèîñòîéêèå ñòðîèòåëüíûå êîìïîçèòû íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ ñòåêëà // Áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿ è áèîêîððîçèÿ â ñòðîè- òåëüñòâå: ìàòåðèàëû Ìåæäóíàð. íàó÷.-òåõí. êîíô. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà, 2004. Ñ. 124–130. 10. Ô ð à í ê - Ê à ì å í å ö ê è é Ä.À. Äèôôóçèÿ è òåïëîïåðåäà÷à â õèìè÷åñêîé êèíå- òèêå. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1967. 491 ñ. 11. Ë û ê î â À.Â. Òåîðèÿ òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè. Ì.: Âûñø. øê., 1967. 599 ñ. 12. Í î â è ÷ ê î â Ï.È. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îñíîâû êîñòðóèðîâàíèÿ æåëåçîáåòîííûõ ýëå- ìåíòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ôèçè÷åñêèì è õèìè÷åñêèì âîçäåéñòâèÿì. ÑÏá.: Íàóêà, 2011. 216 ñ. 13. Ô å ä î ð ö î â À.Ï. Ïîçèòèâíàÿ êîððîçèÿ áåòîíîâ êàê ïðåäïîñûëêà óëó÷øåíèÿ èõ ñâîéñòâ àãðåññèâíûìè âîçäåéñòâèÿìè // Âåñòí. Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà. 2002. ¹ 1–2. Ñ.152–156. 14. Ñ î ë î ì à ò î â Â.È., Ô å ä î ð ö î â À.Ï. Ïîçèòèâíàÿ êîððîçèÿ áåòîíîâ // Ðàáîòî- ñïîñîáíîñòü êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â óñëîâèÿõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ôàêòîðîâ. Êàçàíü: Èçä-âî ÊÕÒÈ èì. Ñ.Ì. Êèðîâà, 1982. Ñ. 10–13. 15. Å ð î ô å å â Â.Ò., Ô å ä î ð ö î â À.Ï., À í ä ð î í î â À.Ô. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðåäïî- ñûëêè ïîâûøåíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî è õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ áåòîíîâ ïî- ñðåäñòâîì áóôåðíûõ ñèñòåì // Áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿ è áèîêîððîçèÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå: ìàòåðèàëû Ìåæäóíàð. íàó÷.-òåõí. êîíô. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà, 2004. Ñ.69–73. 16. Ñ î ë î ì à ò î â Â.È., Ä ó ä û í î â Ñ.Â., Ô å ä î ð ö î â À.Ï. Öåìåíòíûå ðàñòâîðû ñáóôåðíûìè ñèñòåìàìè // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 1995. ¹ 7–8. Ñ. 54–58. 17. Ô å ä î ð ö î â À.Ï. Óëó÷øåíèå ñâîéñòâ áåòîíîâ àãðåññèâíûìè âîçäåéñòâèÿìè // Âåñòí. Ìîðäîâ. óí-òà. 2003. ¹ 1–2. Ñ. 135–138.

Åðîôååâ Âëàäèìèð Òðîôèìîâè÷, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. Íàöèîíàëüíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èì.Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, ã. Ñàðàíñê

12 Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ...

Ôåäîðöîâ Àíàòîëèé Ïåòðîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö. Íàöèîíàëüíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èì.Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, ã. Ñàðàíñê Áîãàòîâ Àíäðåé Äìèòðèåâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Íàöèîíàëüíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èì.Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, ã. Ñàðàíñê Ôåäîðöîâ Âëàäèñëàâ Àíàòîëüåâè÷, àñï. Íàöèîíàëüíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èì.Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, ã. Ñàðàíñê Ïîëó÷åíî 17.05.17

Erofeev Vladimir Trofimovich, Academician of RAASN, DSc, Professor Ogarev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russia Fedortsov Anatoliy Petrovich, PhD, Ass. Professor Ogarev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russia Bogatov Andrey Dmitrievich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Ogarev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russia Fedortsov Vladislav Anatol’evich, Post-graduate Student Ogarev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Russia

ASSESSMENTANDFORECASTINGOFPHYSICAL ANDCHEMICAL RESISTANCEOFGLASSALKALICOMPOSITES ANDMETHODSOFHISINCREASE

Properties of composites are insufficiently studied, including their resistance to influence of hostile environment, and respectively there are no researches on his assessment, forecasting and increase. In work pilot studies of firmness (resistance) of composites are given in environments of various aggression on the basis of which and the general regularities ofdiffusive and chemical kinetics the functions allowing to estimate and predict resistance of products depending on parameters of a mass transfer and chemical reactions, the sizes aredefined. Ways of increase of this resistance are specified. K e y w o r d s: withdrawal of production, composite, physical and chemical resistance, hostile environment, waste products of microorganisms, speeds of a mass transfer and chemical reactions, increase of resistance to influence.

REFERENCES

1.Solomatov V.I., Erofeev V.T., Smirnov V.F. et al. Biologicheskoe soprotivlenie materialov [Biological resistance of materials]. Saransk, Publishing house of Mordov. un-ta, 2001. 196 p. (in Russian) 2.Erofeev V.T., Fedortsov A.P., Bogatov A.D., Fedortsov V.A. Biokorroziya tsementnykh betonov, osobennosti ee razvitiya, otsenki i prognozirovaniya [Biological corrosion of cement concrete, features of her development, assessment and forecasting]. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya [Fundamental research]. 2014. No. 12-4. Pp. 708–716. (in Russian) 3.Bazhenov Yu.M., Erofeev V.T., Mitina E.A. et al. Ograzhdayushchie konstruktsii na osnove karkasnogo keramzitobetona dlya proizvodstvennykh zdaniy. Pod obshch. red. Yu.M. Bazhenova, V.T. Erofeeva [The protecting designs on the basis of a frame expanded clay concrete for production buildings]. Saransk, Publishing house of Mordov. un-ta, 2004. 212 p. (in Russian) 4.Moskvin V.M., Ivanov F.M., Alekseev S.N., Guzeev E.A. Korroziya betona i zhelezobetona, metody ikh zashchity [Corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete, methods of their protection]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1980. 536 p. (in Russian) 13 Â.Ò. Åðîôååâ, À.Ï. Ôåäîðöîâ, À.Ä. Áîãàòîâ, Â.À. Ôåäîðöîâ

5. R e b i n d e r P.A., S h c h u k i n E.D. Poverkhnostnye yavleniya v tverdykh telakh v protsessakh ikh deformirovaniya i razrusheniya [The superficial phenomena in solid bodies in processes of their deformation and destruction]. Fiziko-khimicheskaya mekhanika: izbr. tr. [Physical and chemical mechanics: chosen works]. Moscow, Nauka, 1979. Pp. 203–268. (in Russian) 6. E r o f e e v V.T., B a z h e n o v Yu.M., B o g a t o v A.D. et al. Stroitel’nye materialy na osnove otkhodov stekla [Construction materials on the basis of glass waste]. Saransk, Publishing house of Mordov. un-ta, 2005. 120 p. (in Russian) 7. G l i n k a N.L. Obshchaya khimiya: uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov [General chemistry: manual for higher education institutions]. Leningrad, Khimiya, 1979. 720 p. (in Russian) 8. V e r b e t s k i y G.P. Prochnost’ i dolgovechnost’ betona v vodnoy srede [Durability and durability of concrete in the water environment]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1976. 128 p. (in Russian) 9.Bogatov A.D., Erofeev V.T., Smirnov V.F. Biostoykie stroitel’nye kompozity na osnove otkhodov stekla [Biostable construction composites on the basis of glass waste]. Biopovrezhdeniya i biokorroziya v stroitel’stve: materialy Mezhdunar. nauch.-tekhn. konf. [Biological damages and biological corrosion in construction: materials of the International scientifically technical conference]. Saransk, Publishing house of Mordov. un-ta, 2004. Pp. 124–130. (in Russian) 10. F r a n k - K a m e n e t s k i y D.A. Diffuziya i teploperedacha v khimicheskoy kinetike [Diffusion and heat transfer in chemical kinetics]. Moscow, Nauka, 1967. 491 p. (in Russian) 11. Lykov A.V. Teoriya teploprovodnosti [Theory of heat conductivity]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola, 1967. 599 p. (in Russian) 12. N o v i c h k o v P.I. Teoreticheskie osnovy kostruirovaniya zhelezobetonnykh elementov s uchetom soprotivleniya fizicheskim i khimicheskim vozdeystviyam [Theoretical bases of designing of reinforced concrete elements taking into account resistance to physical and chemical impacts]. Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 2011. 216 p. (in Russian) 13. F e d o r t s o v A.P. Pozitivnaya korroziya betonov kak predposylka uluchsheniya ikh svoystv agressivnymi vozdeystviyami [Positive corrosion of concrete as prerequisite of improvement of their properties by aggressive influences]. Vestnik Mordov. un-ta [Mordovia University Bulletin]. 2002. No. 1-2. Pp. 152–156. (in Russian) 14. S o l o m a t o v V.I., F e d o r t s o v A.P. Pozitivnaya korroziya betonov [Positive corrosion of concrete]. Rabotosposobnost’ kompozitsionnykh stroitel’nykh materialov v usloviyakh vozdeystviya razlichnykh ekspluatatsionnykh faktorov [Operability of composite construction materials in the conditions of influence of various operational factors]. Kazan, Publishing house of KHTI im. S.M. Kirova, 1982. Pp. 10–13. (in Russian) 15. E r o f e e v V.T., F e d o r t s o v A.P., A n d r o n o v A.F. Teoreticheskie predposylki povysheniya biologicheskogo i khimicheskogo soprotivleniya betonov posredstvom bufernykh system [Theoretical prerequisites of increase in biological and chemical resistance of concrete by means of buffer systems]. Biopovrezhdeniya i biokorroziya v stroitel’stve: materialy Mezhdunar. nauch.-tekhn. konf. [Biological damages and biological corrosion in construction: materials of the International scientifically technical conference]. Saransk, Publishing house of Mordov. un-ta, 2004. Pp. 69–73. (in Russian) 16. S o l o m a t o v V.I., D u d y n o v S.V., F e d o r t s o v A.P. Tsementnye rastvory s bufernymi sistemami [Cement mortars with buffer systems]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 1995. No. 7–8. Pp. 54–58. (in Russian) 17. Fedortsov A.P. Uluchshenie svoystv betonov agressivnymi vozdeystviyami [Improvement of properties of concrete by aggressive influences]. Vestnik Mordov. un-ta [Mordovia University Bulletin]. 2003. No. 1–2. Pp. 135–138. (in Russian)

14 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 691.54:620.1

Ã.È. ÁÅÐÄÎÂ, Ï.Ì. ÏËÅÒÍÅÂ, À.Ô. ÁÅÐÍÀÖÊÈÉ, Â.Ô. ÕÐÈÒÀÍÊÎÂ, Ñ.À. ÂÈÍÎÃÐÀÄÎÂ

ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅÂËÈßÍÈß ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÍÛÕ ÌÈÍÅÐÀËÜÍÛÕÄÎÁÀÂÎÊ ÍÀÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËΠÍÀÖÅÌÅÍÒÍÛÕ ÂßÆÓÙÈÕ ÄÈÝËÜÊÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÌÌÅÒÎÄÎÌ

Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê â ñîñòàâû öåìåíòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ çàâèñèò îò ìíîãèõ ôàêòîðîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå îò âèäà è êîëè÷åñòâà ââîäèìîé äîáàâêè. Îáùåïðèíÿòàÿ ìåòîäèêà îöåíêè äåéñòâèÿ äîáàâêè ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò îïðåäåëåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè îáðàçöîâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ ïîñëå òâåðäåíèÿ.  òî æå âðåìÿ íàðÿäó ñ ïî- êàçàòåëåì ïðî÷íîñòè âûáîð îïòèìàëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà äîáàâêè ìîæåò áûòü îñóùåñò- âëåí ïî ñòðóêòóðíî-÷óâñòâèòåëüíûì äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì öåìåíò- íûõñìåñåé. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî íà êîíöåíòðàöèîííîé çàâèñèìîñòè ñîäåðæàíèÿ ìèíåðàëü- íîé äîáàâêè – âîëëàñòîíèòà â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä (10-120 ìèí) ïîñëå çàòâîðåíèÿ îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ýêñòðåìàëüíîå (ìèíèìàëüíîå) çíà÷åíèå äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå îïòèìàëüíîìó êîëè÷åñòâó (7 ìàñ. %) äîáàâêè ïðè äîñòèæåíèè ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïðî÷íîñòè öåìåíòíûì êàìíåì. ×åòêàÿ êîððåëÿöèîííàÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè è ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè ïîçâîëÿåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü äèýëüêî- ìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä àíàëèçà êàê ïåðñïåêòèâíûé, îïåðàòèâíûé è ìàëîòðóäîåìêèé ñïîñîá ïî âûáîðó îïòèìàëüíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ äîáàâîê è òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà öåìåíòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: öåìåíòíûé êàìåíü, ìèíåðàëüíûå äîáàâêè, âîëëàñòîíèò, äè- ýëüêîìåòðèÿ, äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà.

Äèñïåðñíûå ìèíåðàëüíûå íàïîëíèòåëè (äîáàâêè) øèðîêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ìîäèôèêàöèè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, èçìåíåíèÿ â òðåáóåìîì íàïðàâ- ëåíèè èõ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ñâîéñòâ. Ïðèìåíåíèå òàêèõ äîáàâîê ïîçâîëÿåò â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå ðåàëèçîâûâàòü ïîòåíöèàëüíûå âîç- ìîæíîñòè íåîðãàíè÷åñêèõ âÿæóùèõ âåùåñòâ (öåìåíòíûõ, ìàãíåçèàëüíûõ, ãèïñîâûõ) è ïîëèìåðíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ââåäåíèå äîáàâîê îáåñïå÷èâàåò ñîêðàùåíèå ðàñõîäà äîðîãîñòîÿùèõ âÿæóùèõ âåùåñòâ. Äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ âûñîêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè äåéñòâèÿ ìèíåðàëüíûõ òîíêîìîëîòûõ íàïîëíèòåëåé âàæåí íå òîëüêî èõ ñî- ñòàâ, íî è ââîäèìîå èõ êîëè÷åñòâî è äèñïåðñíîñòü. Äèñïåðñíûå ìèíåðàëüíûå äîáàâêè ìîãóò îêàçûâàòü ñëåäóþùèå âîçäåé- ñòâèÿ íà ñòðóêòóðó è ñâîéñòâà êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ [1]: – ìèêðîàðìèðóþò ñòðóêòóðó öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ; – îáóñëîâëèâàþò ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ íàïðÿæåíèé ìåæäó èñêóññòâåííûì êàìíåì è ÷àñòèöàìè äîáàâêè; – ïðåïÿòñòâóþò ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ìèêðîòðåùèí â ñòðóêòóðå ìàòåðèàëà;

ã Áåðäîâ Ã.È., Ïëåòíåâ Ï.Ì., Áåðíàöêèé À.Ô., Õðèòàíêîâ Â.Ô., Âèíîãðàäîâ Ñ.À., 2017 15 Ã.È. Áåðäîâ, Ï.Ì. Ïëåòíåâ, À.Ô. Áåðíàöêèé, Â.Ô. Õðèòàíêîâ, Ñ.À. Âèíîãðàäîâ

– âûñòóïàþò â êà÷åñòâå öåíòðîâ êðèñòàëëèçàöèè ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè ãèä- ðàòíûõ ôàç; – âîçäåéñòâóþò íà ïðîöåññ ãèäðàòàöèîííîãî òâåðäåíèÿ âÿæóùåãî âå- ùåñòâà. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ äîáàâêè çàâèñèò îò åå äèñïåðñíîñòè. Òåîðåòè- ÷åñêèé àíàëèç íà îñíîâå ïðåäñòàâëåíèé î ïëîòíåéøåé óïàêîâêå ÷àñòèö âñòðóêòóðå ìàòåðèàëà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïðè áëèçêèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ïëîòíîñòè èäèñïåðñíîñòè âÿæóùåãî âåùåñòâà è äîáàâêè îïòèìàëüíîå åå ñîäåðæàíèå ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 8 % îò ìàññû âÿæóùåãî âåùåñòâà. Åñëè äèñïåðñíîñòü äî- áàâêè áîëüøå, ÷åì âÿæóùåãî âåùåñòâà, òî åå îïòèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî áóäåò ìåíüøå [2]. Ê ÷èñëó ýôôåêòèâíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê ê öåìåíòó îòíîñèòñÿ âîëëà- ñòîíèò.  ðàáîòå [2] ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïðè ââåäåíèè äîáàâêè âîëëàñòîíèòà â êî- ëè÷åñòâå 2; 5; 9; 11 % îò ìàññû öåìåíòà ïðîèñõîäèò óâåëè÷åíèå ïðî÷íîñòè ïðè ñæàòèè îáðàçöîâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ, öåìåíòíî-ïåñ÷àíîãî ðàñòâîðà è áå- òîíà êàê ïðè òâåðäåíèè â òå÷åíèå 28 ñóò â íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, òàê è ïîñëå òåïëîâëàæíîñòíîé îáðàáîòêè. Ïðè óäåëüíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîðîøêà âîëëàñòî- íèòà, ðàâíîé 287 ì2/êã, ìàêñèìàëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ïðî÷íîñòè öåìåíòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ (íà 15-20 %) äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðè êîëè÷åñòâå ââîäèìîé äîáàâêè 7-9% îò ìàññû öåìåíòà. Äåéñòâèå ìèíåðàëüíîé äîáàâêè ìîæåò ïðîÿâëÿòüñÿ óæå íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòàäèÿõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ öåìåíòà ñ âîäîé. Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ïðîöåññà èñïîëüçîâàí âûñîêî÷àñòîòíûé äèýëüêîìåòðè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîíöåíòðèðîâàí- íûõ ñóñïåíçèé öåìåíò-âîäà, ò.å. öåìåíòíîãî òåñòà íîðìàëüíîé ãóñòîòû. Äèýëüêîìåòðèÿ (èëè äèýëåêòðîìåòðèÿ) – ìåòîä èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ñâîéñòâ âåùåñòâ ïóòåì îïðåäåëåíèÿ èõ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ – äèýëåê- òðè÷åñêîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòè (e) è òàíãåíñà óãëà äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü (tgd)[3, 4]. Äèýëüêîìåòðèÿ óñïåøíî ïðèìåíèìà â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îäíèì èç êîì- ïîíåíòîâ, ó÷àñòâóþùèõ âî âçàèìîäåéñòâèè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîäà. Ýòî õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ïðîöåññà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âÿæóùèõ âåùåñòâ ñ âîäîé è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû èñêóññòâåííîãî êàìíÿ. Ìîëåêóëû âîäû îáëàäàþò áîëüøèì äèïîëüíûì ìîìåíòîì – 6,17·10–30 Êë·ì. Èõ îðèåíòàöèÿ ïðè íàëîæåíèè âíåøíåãî ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ îáóñëîâëèâàåò âûñîêóþ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ ïðîíèöàåìîñòü (e) âîäû, àïðè äåéñòâèè âûñîêî÷àñòîòíîãî ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ – âûñîêèé óðîâåíü äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü (tgd). Äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà âîäû ïîäðîáíî èçó÷åíû. Ïðè + 20 °Ñ è ÷àñòî- òå îêîëî 1 ÌÃö (e) = 78,2; (tgd) = 0,4 [5]. Äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ïîðòëàíä- öåìåíòà â èñõîäíîì è ãèäðàòèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèÿõ ìàëî èññëåäîâàíû. Îá èõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî àíàëîãèè ñ äðóãèìè ñèëèêàòàìè è ãèäðîñèëèêà- òàìè, òàêèìè êàê âîëëàñòîíèò, ôîðñòåðèò, ñëþäà, òàëüê. Òàê, ó êåðàìèêè, îñíîâó êîòîðîé ñîñòàâëÿåò âîëëàñòîíèò (ÑàηSiO2), ïðè + 20 °Ñ è ÷àñòîòå 1ÌÃö (e) = 6,5-7; (tgd) = (3-4)· 10–4. Ó êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèõ òåë, ñîäåðæàùèõ ïîëÿðíûå ìîëåêóëû âîäû, äèýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ ïðîíèöàåìîñòü è äèýëåêòðè÷å- ñêèå ïîòåðè âûøå, ÷åì ó áåçâîäíûõ âåùåñòâ. Íàïðèìåð, ó êðèñòàëëè÷åñêîãî 16 Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ äèñïåðñíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê íà ñâîéñòâà...

äâóâîäíîãî ãèïñà (CaSO4 ·2H2O) íà ÷àñòîòå 1,5 ÌÃö (e) = 26, äëÿ êðèñòàëëè- ÷åñêîãî òàëüêà (å) = 18 [6]. Ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèè ñ ïîðòëàíäöåìåíòîì âîäà ïåðåõîäèò â ñâÿçàííîå ñîñòîÿíèå â ñîñòàâå ãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ è ãèäðîàëþìèíàòîâ. Ïî óðîâíþ äèýëåê- òðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ êîíöåíòðèðîâàííûõ ñóñïåíçèé öåìåíò-âîäà ìîæíî èñ- ñëåäîâàòü ïðîöåññ ãèäðàòàöèè öåìåíòà è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû èñêóññò- âåííîãî êàìíÿ ïî èçìåíåíèþ ñîñòîÿíèÿ âîäû. Îïðåäåëåíèå äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ óñïåøíî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè èñ- ñëåäîâàíèè öåìåíòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå öåìåíòíîãî òåñòà [7-14]. Ïðè ýòîì îáû÷íî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ ïðîâîäèìîñòü öåìåíòíûõ îá- ðàçöîâ. Âìåñòå ñ òåì âàæíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î ñòðóêòóðå è ñâîéñòâàõ ãèäðàòè- ðóþùåãîñÿ öåìåíòà ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü, îïðåäåëÿÿ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïîòåðè èýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ åìêîñòü èññëåäóåìûõ ñèñòåì.  äàííîé ðàáîòå èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ìèíåðàëüíîé äîáàâêè (âîëëàñòîíèòà) íà äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà öåìåíòíîãî òåñòà íîðìàëüíîé ãóñòîòû â ïðîöåññå åãî òâåðäåíèÿ. Èññëåäîâàí ïîðòëàíäöåìåíò ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÎÀÎ «Èñêèòèìöåìåíò» (Íî- âîñèáèðñêàÿ îáë.) ìàðêè ÏÖ 400 Ä 20. Ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ, ìàñ. %: Ñ3S – 55; C2S – 18; C3A – 11; C4AF – 14 Óäåëüíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü – 320 ì2/êã Õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ öåìåíòà, ìàñ. %: SiO2 – 20,81; Al2O3 – 6,9; Fe2O3 – 4,6; CaO – 65,5; MgO – 1,3; SO3 – 0,4; ï.ï.ï. – 0,5.  êà÷åñòâå äîáàâêè ââîäèëñÿ âîëëàñòîíèò – îäíîêàëüöèåâûé ñèëèêàò (ÑàηSiO2), áëèçêèé ïî ñîñòàâó ê îñíîâíûì êëèíêåðíûì ìèíåðàëàì – òðåõ- êàëüöèåâîìó 3CaO·SiO2 è äâóõêàëüöèåâîìó ñèëèêàòó êàëüöèÿ 2CaO·SiO2. Âðàáîòå èñïîëüçîâàí âîëëàñòîíèò Àëòàéñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ (ðóäíèê «Âå- ñåëûé»). Åãî õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ, ìàñ. %: SiO2 – 53,4; CaO – 34,7; MgO–0,3; Al2O3 – 3,1; Fe2O3 – 2,3; ï.ï.ï. – 0,2. Äèñïåðñíîñòü âîëëàñòîíèòà îïðåäåëåíà ìåòîäîì ëàçåðíîé ãðàíóëîìåòðèè íà ïðèáîðå PRO-7000 Sieshin Enterpries Co. LTD, Tokyo. Ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð çåðåí áûë ðàâåí 50 ìêì. Êîëè÷åñòâî ââîäèìîé äîáàâêè ñîñòàâëÿëî 1; 5; 7; 9 ìàñ. %. Âîäîòâåðäîå îòíîøåíèå áûëî ðàâíî 0,3, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëî öåìåíòíîìó òåñòó íîðìàëü- íîé ãóñòîòû. Îïðåäåëåíèå äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ êîìïîçèöèé óêàçàííîãî ñîñòàâà ïðîâåäåíî íà èçìåðèòåëå äîáðîòíîñòè Tesla ÂÌ-560 íà ÷àñòîòå 1,5 Ìãö. Äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïðèìåíåíà ñïåöèàëüíàÿ èçìåðèòåëüíàÿ ÿ÷åé- êà (ðèñ. 1). Îíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñòàêàí èçïîëèýòèëåíà (2), èìåþùåãî íèçêóþ ýëåê- òðîïðîâîäíîñòü, çàêðûâàåìûé ïîëèýòèëåíî- âîé êðûøêîé (3). Ê âíåøíåé ïîâåðõíîñòè êðûøêè è äíó öèëèíäðà ïëîòíî êðåïÿòñÿ Ðèñ. 1. Èçìåðèòåëüíàÿ ÿ÷åéêà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå ýëåêòðîäû (1). Çàïîëíÿåìûé 1 – ýëåêòðîäû; 2 – ïîëèýòèëåíîâàÿ èññëåäóåìîé ñóñïåíçèåé îáúåì ÿ÷åéêè èìåë ÿ÷åéêà; 3 – êðûøêà; 4 – èññëåäóå- âíóòðåííèé äèàìåòð 90 ìì, âûñîòó 50 ìì. ìûé ìàòåðèàë

17 Ã.È. Áåðäîâ, Ï.Ì. Ïëåòíåâ, À.Ô. Áåðíàöêèé, Â.Ô. Õðèòàíêîâ, Ñ.À. Âèíîãðàäîâ

Âîïûòàõ èçìåðÿëàñü åìêîñòü è äîáðîòíîñòü ÿ÷åéêè ïóñòîé, çàïîëíåííîé âîäîé è èññëåäóåìîé ñóñïåíçèåé. Äîáðîòíîñòü êîíòóðà ñ ïóñòîé ÿ÷åéêîé ñîñòàâëÿëà 130, åìêîñòü 132,7ïÔ. Êîíòóð ñ ÿ÷åéêîé, çàïîëíåííîé âîäîé, èìåë äîáðîòíîñòü, ðàâíóþ 40, åìêîñòü – 111,7 ïÔ. Îïðåäåëÿëîñü èçìåíåíèå äîáðîòíîñòè (DQ) è åìêîñòè (DÑ) ïðè çàïîëíå- íèè èçìåðèòåëüíîé ÿ÷åéêè èññëåäóåìîé êîìïîçèöèåé. Ðàñ÷åò òàíãåíñà óãëà äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü (tgd) ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ïî èçâåñòíûì ôîðìóëàì. Íà êîíöåíòðàöèîííîé çàâèñèìîñòè ñîäåðæàíèÿ âîëëàñòîíèòà â âîäíîé ñóñïåíçèè öåìåíòà â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä (10 ìèí) ïîñëå çàòâîðåíèÿ îáíàðóæè- âàåòñÿ ýêñòðåìàëüíîå (ìèíèìàëüíîå) çíà÷åíèå äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü ïðè ñîäåðæàíèè 7 ìàñ. % âîëëàñòîíèòîâîé äîáàâêè (ðèñ. 2). Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ïðè òàêîì êîëè÷åñòâå â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä íàèáîëåå àêòèâíî ïðîèñõîäÿò ïðîöåññû àäñîðáöèè ìîëåêóë âîäû äèñïåðñíûì âîëëàñòîíèòîì, ïðèâîäÿùèå ê ðåçêîìó óìåíüøåíèþ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü. Ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè âðåìåíè ïîñëå çàòâîðåíèÿ (60-120 ìèí) êîíöåíòðàöèîííûå ýêñòðåìóìû äèýëåêòðè÷å- ñêèõ ïîòåðü ñãëàæèâàþòñÿ, ÷òî ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü î âëèÿíèè ïðîòå- êàþùèõ ïðîöåññîâ ãèäðàòàöèè öåìåíòà. Ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè äîáàâêè âîëëàñòîíèòà áîëåå 7 ìàñ. % íà÷èíàþò ïðåâà- ëèðîâàòü ïðîöåññû ãèäðàòàöèè öåìåíòà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì Ñà(ÎÍ)2, ÷òî âûçû- âàåò ðîñò äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü. Íàèìåíüøåìó óðîâíþ tgd è íàèáîëüøåé åãî ñòàáèëüíîñòè â ïðîöåññå ãèäðàòàöèè âî âðåìåíè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò êîëè÷å- ñòâî äîáàâêè âîëëàñòîíèòà, ðàâíîå 7 ìàñ. % (ðèñ. 3). Òàêîå êîëè÷åñòâî äî- áàâêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíûì, ñîãëàñíî èññëåäîâàíèÿì àâòîðîâ [2], ïî äîñòè-

Ðèñ. 2. Èçìåíåíèå òàíãåíñà óãëà äèýëåêòðè÷å- Ðèñ. 3. Èçìåíåíèå òàíãåíñà óãëà ñêèõ ïîòåðü öåìåíòíîé ñóñïåíçèè ñ äîáàâêîé äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü â ïðî- âîëëàñòîíèòà â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä çàòâîðåíèÿ öåññå òâåðäåíèÿ öåìåíòíîé ñóñ- 1 – âðåìÿ îò íà÷àëà çàòâîðåíèÿ 10 ìèí; 2 – òî æå, ïåíçèè ïðè ðàçëè÷íîì ñîäåðæà- 60ìèí; 3 – òî æå, 120 ìèí íèè âîëëàñòîíèòà 1 – 1 ìàñ. %; 2 – òî æå, 5 %; 3 - òî æå, 9 %; 4 – òî æå, 7 % 18 Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ äèñïåðñíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê íà ñâîéñòâà...

æåíèþ ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ïîâûøåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòè öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ, öåìåíò- íî-ïåñ÷àíîãî ðàñòâîðà è áåòîíà. Ïðè ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå äîáàâêè (ìåíåå 7 ìàñ. %) äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïî- òåðè ñìåñè ÿâíî áîëüøå è ñïàä èõ ñî âðåìåíåì òâåðäåíèÿ áîëåå êðóòîé, ÷åì ïðè ñîäåðæàíèè âîëëàñòîíèòà 7 ìàñ. %. Âûÿâëåííûé îïòèìóì ââîäèìîãî âîëëàñòîíèòà â ñèñòåìó öåìåíò-âîäà ïî äèýëåêòðè÷åñêîìó ïîêàçàòåëþ èìååò ÷åòêóþ êîððåëÿöèîííóþ ñâÿçü ñ ïðî÷íîñòüþ îáðàçöîâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ - ìèíèìóìó ïîòåðü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ìàêñèìóì ïðî÷íîñòè (ðèñ. 4).

Ðèñ. 4. Âëèÿíèå äîáàâêè âîëëàñòîíèòà íà ïðî÷íîñòü ïðè ñæàòèè è òàíãåíñ óãëà äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ïîòåðü öåìåíòíî- ãî êàìíÿ Èçìåíåíèå åìêîñòè äëÿ èññëåäóåìûõ ñìåñåé íåâåëèêî (ñì. òàáëèöó). Ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü îêàçàëñÿ ìåíåå èíôîðìàòèâíûì, ÷åì äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ïîòå- ðè ñìåñåé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äèýëüêîìåòðè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîíöåíòðèðîâàííûõ öå- ìåíòíûõ ñóñïåíçèé óæå íà íà÷àëüíîé ñòàäèè ïîñëå çàòâîðåíèÿ ñìåñè ïîç- âîëÿåò îïðåäåëèòü îïòèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ìèíåðàëüíîé äîáàâêè - âîëëà- ñòîíèòà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåå íåîáõîäèìóþ ñòðóêòóðó öåìåíòíîãî òåñòà, êî- òîðàÿ îïðåäåëÿåò ïðè òâåðäåíèè íàèáîëåå âûñîêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü öåìåíòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà â âèäå êàìíÿ, öåìåíòíî-ïåñ- ÷àíîãî ðàñòâîðà è áåòîíà. Ñëåäîâà- Âðåìÿ DÑ,ïÔ, ïðèêîíöåíòðàöèè îòíà÷àëà âîëëàñòîíèòà,ìàñ.% òåëüíî, âûñîêî÷àñòîòíûé äèýëüêîìåò- çàòâîðåíèÿ, ðè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ìîæåò óñïåøíî áûòü ìèí 1 5 7 9 èñïîëüçîâàí äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ îïòè- 30 32,2 34,1 32,1 33,7 ìàëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà äèñïåðñíûõ ìèíå- 60 31,4 33,1 31,8 34,8 ðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê ê öåìåíòó áåç ïðî- 90 31,3 33,1 31,9 34,8 âåäåíèÿ äëèòåëüíûõ è òðóäîåìêèõ èñ- 120 31,2 33,1 31,9 34,8 ïûòàíèé îáðàçöîâ è àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ 150 31,1 33,0 32,0 34,8 èññëåäîâàíèé ïðîöåññà ãèäðàòàöèîííî- ãî òâåðäåíèÿ öåìåíòà, ò.å. îí ìîæåò 180 31,1 33,2 32,0 34,6 ñëóæèòü ýêñïðåññ-ìåòîäîì êîíòðîëÿ 210 31,2 33,1 32,0 34,5 òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ïðè 240 31,3 33,0 31,9 34,5 ïðîèçâîäñòâå öåìåíòíûõ ñòðîèòåëü- 270 31,3 33,0 31,8 34,4 íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. 300 31,2 32,9 31,7 34,4

19 Ã.È. Áåðäîâ, Ï.Ì. Ïëåòíåâ, À.Ô. Áåðíàöêèé, Â.Ô. Õðèòàíêîâ, Ñ.À. Âèíîãðàäîâ

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ð à ò è í î â Â.Á., Ð î ç å í á å ð ã Ò.È. Äîáàâêè â áåòîí. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1989. 188ñ. 2. Á å ð ä î â Ã.È., È ë ü è í à Ë.Â., Ç û ð ÿ í î â à Â.Í. Âëèÿíèå ìèíåðàëüíûõ íàïîë- íèòåëåé íà ñâîéñòâà êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), 2013. 124 ñ. 3. Ç à ð è í ñ ê è é Â.À. Äèýëüêîìåòðèÿ. Õèìè÷åñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ. Ò. 2. Ì.: Ñîâ. ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ, 1990. 210 ñ. 4. Ç à ð è í ñ ê è é Â.À., Å ð ì à ê î â Â.È. Âûñîêî÷àñòîòíûé õèìè÷åñêèé àíàëèç. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1970. 200 ñ. 5. Äèýëåêòðèêè è èõ ïðèìåíåíèå / ïåð. ñ àíãë. ïîä ðåä. Ä.Ì. Êàçàðíîâñêîãî. Ì.; Ë.:Ãîñýíåðãîèçäàò, 1959. 336 ñ. 6.  î ä î ï ü ÿ í î â Ê.À. Òåìïåðàòóðíî-÷àñòîòíàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü óãëà äèýëåêòðè÷å- ñêèõ ïîòåðü â êðèñòàëëàõ ñ ïîëÿðíûìè ìîëåêóëàìè // Äîêë. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. 1952. Ò. 94. ¹ 5. Ñ. 919-921. 7. L e v i t a G. [et al.]. Electrical properties of fluidified Portland cement mixes in the early stage of hydration // Cement and Concrete Research. 2000. Vol. 30. No. 6. Ð.923-930. 8. S a l e m Th.M. Electrical conductivity and rheological properties of ordinary Portland cement-silica fume and calcium hydroxide-silica fume pastes // Cement and Concrete Research. 2002. Vol. 32. No. 9. Ð. 1473-1481. 9. L i a n z h e n X i a o, X i a o s h e n g W e i. Early age compressive strength of pastes byelectrical resistivity method and maturity method // Thechnol. Mater. Sci. Fd. J. Wuhan Univ. 2011. Vol. 26. No. 5. P. 983-989. 10. Topcu Like Bekir, Uygunoglu Tayfun, Hocaoglu Ismail // Construction and Building Materials. 2012. Vol. 28. No. 1. Ð. 414-420. 11. X i a o s h e n g W e i [et al.]. Influence of calcium sulfate state and fineness of cement on hidration of Portland cements using electrical measurement // Thechnol. Mater. Sci.Fd. J. Wuhan Univ. 2006. Vol. 21. No. 4. Ð. 141-145. 12. Y o o n S.S., K i m H.C., H i l l R.M. The dielectric response of hydrating porous cement paste // Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 1996. Vol. 29. No. 3. Ð.869-875. 13. M c C a r t e r W i l l i a m J. Effects of temperature on conduction and polarization in Portland cement mortar // The Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1995. Vol. 78. No. 2. Ð. 411-415. 14. Heical M. [et al.]. Electrical conductivity, physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of fly ash pozzolanic cement // Silicat. ind. 2004. Vol. 69. No. 11-12. Ð.93-102.

Áåðäîâ Ãåííàäèé Èëüè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Ïëåòíåâ Ïåòð Ìèõàéëîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; Å-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Áåðíàöêèé Àíàòîëèé Ôèëèïïîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; Å-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò àðõèòåêòóðû, äèçàéíà è èñêóññòâ Õðèòàíêîâ Âëàäèìèð Ôåäîðîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê; Å-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò

20 Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿ äèñïåðñíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê íà ñâîéñòâà...

Âèíîãðàäîâ Ñåìåí Àëåêñååâè÷, àñï.; Å-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí)

Ïîëó÷åíî 26.05.17 Berdov Gennadiy Il`ich, DSc, Professor Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia Pletnev Petr Mikhailovich, DSc, Professor; Å-mail: [email protected] Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia Bernatskiy Anatoliy Filippovich, DSc, Professor; Å-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Art, Russia Khritankov Vladimir Fedorovich, DSc; Å-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Russia Vinogradov Semen Alekseevich, Post-graduate Student; Å-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia

HIGH-FREQUENCYDIELECTROMETRICALCONTROL OFINFLUENCEOFDISPERSEDMINERALADDITIONS QUANTITYONPROPERTIESOFCEMENTCOMPOSITIONS

Efficiency of the use of mineral additions in cement materials compositions depends on many factors, including the type and quantity of additions. Widely used methods of evaluation of addition`s effect foresees determination of strength of cement stones samples after hardening. At the same time together with the strength index the choice of the optimal quantity of addition can be realized on structural-sensitive dielectric characteristics of cement mixtures. It was shown that on concentration dependence of content of mineral addition-vollastonit in the initial period (10-120 min) after mixing with water, extreme (minimal) value of dielectric losses corresponding to optimal quantity (7 mas. %) of addition with achieving maximal strength by cement stone is found. Distinct correlation connection between dielectric and mechanical properties makes it possible to consider dielectric method of analyses as perspective, operative and not laborious method of the choice of optimal additions content and technological regimes of cement materials production.

K e y w o r d s: cement stone, mineral additions, vollastonite, dielectrometry, dielectric properties.

REFERENCES

1. R a t i n o v V.B., R o z e n b e r g T.I. Dobavki v beton [Additions in concrete]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1989. 188 p. (in Russian) 2. B e r d o v G.I., I l ¢ i n a L.V., Z y r y a n o v a V.N. Vliyanie mineral¢nykh napolniteley na svoystva kompozitsionnykh stroitel¢nykh materialov [Influence of mineral microfillers on properties of compositional building materials]. Novosibirsk, NGASU (Sibstrin), 2013. 124 p. (in Russian) 3.Zarinskiy V.A. Diel¢kometriya. Khimicheskaya entsiklopediya. T. 2 [Dielectrometry. Chemical encyclopaedia. Vol. 2]. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1990. 210 p. (in Russian) 4.Zarinskiy V.A., Ermakov V.I. Vysokochastotnyy khimicheskiy analiz [Highfrequency chemical analysis]. Moscow, Nauka, 1970. 200 p. (in Russian) 21 Ã.È. Áåðäîâ, Ï.Ì. Ïëåòíåâ, À.Ô. Áåðíàöêèé, Â.Ô. Õðèòàíêîâ, Ñ.À. Âèíîãðàäîâ

5. Dielektriki i ikh primenenie / per. s angl. pod red. D.M. Kazarnovskogo [Dielectrics and their application]. Moscow, Leningrad, Gosenergoizdat, 1959. 336 p. (in Russian) 6. V o d o p’ y a n o v K.A. Temperaturno-chastotnaya zavisimost’ugla dielektricheskikh poter’v kristallakh s polyarnymi molekulami [Temperature and frequency dependence of an angle of dielectric losses in crystals with polar molecules]. Doklady AN SSSR [Reports of Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. 1952. Vol. 94. No. 5. Pp. 919-921. (inRussian) 7. L e v i t a G. [et al.]. Electrical properties of fluidified Portland cement mixes in the early stage of hydration. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000. Vol. 30. No. 6. Pp.923-930. 8. S a l e m Th.M. Electrical conductivity and rheological properties of ordinary Portland cement-silica fume and calcium hydroxide-silica fume pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002. Vol. 32. No. 9. Pp. 1473-1481. 9. L i a n z h e n X i a o, X i a o s h e n g W e i. Early age compressive strength of pastes by electrical resistivity method and maturity method. Thechnol. Mater. Sci. Fd. J. Wuhan Univ. 2011. Vol. 26. No. 5. Pp. 983-989. 10. T o p c u L i k e B e k i r, U y g u n o g l u T a y f u n, H o c a o g l u I s m a i l. Const- ruction and Building Materials. 2012. Vol. 28. No. 1. Pp. 414-420. 11. X i a o s h e n g W e i [et al.]. Influence of calcium sulfate state and fineness of cement on hidration of Portland cements using electrical measurement. Thechnol. Mater. Sci. Fd. J. Wuhan Univ. 2006. Vol. 21. No. 4. Pp. 141-145. 12. Y o o n S.S., K i m H.C., H i l l R.M. The dielectric response of hydrating porous cement paste. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 1996. Vol. 29. No. 3. Pp.869-875. 13. M c C a r t e r W i l l i a m J. Effects of temperature on conduction and polarization in Portland cement mortar. The Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1995. Vol. 78. No. 2. Pp. 411-415. 14. Heical M. [et al.]. Electrical conductivity, physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of fly ash pozzolanic cement. Silicat. ind. 2004. Vol. 69. No. 11-12. Pp.93-102.

22 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 691.54:539.4

À.È. ÃÍÛÐß, Þ.À. ÀÁÇÀÅÂ, Ñ.Â. ÊÎÐÎÁÊÎÂ, À.Ï. ÁÎßÐÈÍÖÅÂ, Ä.È. ÌÎÊØÈÍ, Ê.Ñ. ÃÀÓÑÑ

ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕÑÂÎÉÑÒ ÒÂÅÐÄÅÞÙÅÃÎÖÅÌÅÍÒÍÎÃÎÊÀÌÍß ÏÐÈÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÛÕÈÇÎÒÅÐÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕÓÑËÎÂÈßÕ*

Ïðîâåäåíî èññëåäîâàíèå íàêîïëåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ â çà- âèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè â èíòåðâàëå (0…67) ÷àñîâ è ðàçíûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ èçîòåðìè- ÷åñêîãî òâåðäåíèÿ: 40, 50, 70 °Ñ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè èññëå- äîâàííûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè âîçðàñòàåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà ïîðÿäîê. Çíà÷è- òåëüíî âîçðàñòàþò òàêæå óïðóãèå ìîäóëè. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ñ ðîñòîì âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòü è â êîíöå èññëåäîâàííîãî èíòåðâàëà (0… 67) ïðè âñåõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ ðàçðóøåíèå îáðàçöîâ ïðîèñõîäèò õðóïêèì îáðàçîì. Íà êðèâûõ òå÷åíèÿ â ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè íåìîíîòîííû, íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü èçëîìîâ. Îñíîâíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé îöåíêè ïðî÷íîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ îêà- çûâàåòñÿ ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè, ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè, óïðî÷íåíèå, óïðóãàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ.

Ââåäåíèå.  áåòîíàõ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà îñíîâíûì ñâÿçóþùèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ öåìåíòíûé êàìåíü (ïîðòëàíäöåìåíò). Ïîä âíåøíåé íàãðóçêîé ëîêàëüíûå íàïðÿæåíèÿ â áåòîíàõ ðàñïðåäåëÿþòñÿ íåîäíîðîäíî.  òÿæåëûõ áåòîíàõ çà- ïîëíèòåëè, êàê ïðàâèëî, îáëàäàþò âûñîêèìè ïðî÷íîñòíûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêà- ìè. È ïîýòîìó ïðî÷íîñòíûå ñâîéñòâà îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðåæäå âñåãî òÿæåëûìè ôðàêöèÿìè áåòîíîâ, â ïðèãðàíè÷íûõ ìåæôàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäî- òà÷èâàþòñÿ ëîêàëüíûå íàïðÿæåíèÿ, ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàþùèå ñðåäíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ïî áåòîíó.  áåòîíàõ ñ âûñîêîé äîëåé ïîðèñòîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà áåòîíîâ, íàîáîðîò, îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðåæäå âñåãî óï- ðóãèìè ñâîéñòâàìè öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ [1−10]. Òâåðäåíèå áåòîíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîôàêòîðíûì ïðîöåññîì, íà êîòîðîå îêàçûâàþò âëèÿíèå âîäîöåìåíòíîå îòíîøåíèå, òåìïåðàòóðà, âëàæíîñòíûå óñëîâèÿ, êîëè÷åñòâåííîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôàç è ò.ä. È êàê ñëåäñòâèå äîñòèæåíèå áåòîíàìè ñëóæåáíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê îêàçûâàåòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíûì.  ëèòå- ðàòóðå îöåíêè ïðî÷íîñòíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê, êàê ïðàâèëî, îãðàíè÷èâàþòñÿ íîðìèðîâàííûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè ïðåäåëà ïðî÷íîñòè äåôîðìèðîâàííûõ áåòîíîâ îòíîñèòåëüíî çíà÷åíèé, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ 28 ñóò òâåðäåíèÿ [4]. Äàííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîé ïðè äåòàëüíîì èññëåäîâàíèè çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïðî÷íîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ. Ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îïðåäåëåííûé èíòåðåñ èçó÷åíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ãèäðà- òèðîâàííîãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ ñîâðåìåííûìè èñïûòàòåëüíûìè ìàøèíàìè

* Èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûïîëíåíû ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå ãðàíòà Ïðåçèäåíòà Ðîññèé- ñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè äëÿ ïîääåðæêè íàó÷íûõ øêîë (ïðîåêò ÍØ-8780.2016.8). ã Ãíûðÿ À.È., Àáçàåâ Þ.À., Êîðîáêîâ Ñ.Â., Áîÿðèíöåâ À.Ï., Ìîêøèí Ä.È., Ãàóññ Ê.Ñ., 2017 23 À.È. Ãíûðÿ, Þ.À. Àáçàåâ, Ñ.Â. Êîðîáêîâ, À.Ï. Áîÿðèíöåâ, Ä.È. Ìîêøèí, Ê.Ñ. Ãàóññ

â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè, òåìïåðàòóðû (èçîòåðìè÷åñêîå òâåðäåíèå èëè îòæèã), îáðàçöû êîòîðîãî íå îñëîæíåíû ïðèñóòñòâèåì ðàçëè÷íûõ ôðàêöèé, ñâîéñòâåííûõ áåòîíàì ðàçíîãî òèïà.  ðàáîòå áûëî ïðîâåäåíî èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ãèäðàòèðîâàííîãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè, òåìïåðàòóðû èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî òâåðäåíèÿ ñ öåëüþ êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêè âàðèàöèè ïðå- äåëà òåêó÷åñòè, èíòåíñèâíîñòè íàêîïëåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ ïîðòëàíä- öåìåíòàìè äî ñëóæåáíûõ çíà÷åíèé â ïðîöåññå òâåðäåíèÿ. Ìåòîäèêà ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå èñïûòàíèÿ ñæàòèåì îáðàçöîâ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü íà èñïûòàòåëüíîé ìàøèíå Instron 3382 ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå ñî ñêîðîñòüþ äåôîðìàöèè 1 ìì/ìèí. Òî÷íîñòü îï- ðåäåëåíèÿ íàãðóçêè íà Instron ñîñòàâëÿåò 5 Í, ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ íàãðóçêà ðàâíà 100 êÍ. Ðàçìåðû ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ îáðàçöîâ áûëè âûáðàíû ðàâíûìè 20´20´20 ìì. Èçîòåðìè÷åñêèå èñïûòàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäèëèñü âî âëàæíîñòíîé êàìåðå. Çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè, ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè óñðåäíÿëèñü ïî ïÿòè çíà÷åíèÿì. Ñõåìà èçîòåð- ìè÷åñêîãî òâåðäåíèÿ ïðèâåäåíà íà ðèñ. 1. Öåìåíòíîå òåñòî ðàçîãðåâà- ëîñü äî òåìïåðàòóðû èçîòåðìè- ÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåâà 40, 50, 70 °Ñ â òå÷åíèå 3, 5, 8 ÷ ñîîòâåò- ñòâåííî. È íà ñëåäóþùåì ýòàïå òâåðäåíèå ïðîèñõîäèëî â ïðîïà- ðî÷íîé êàìåðå ñ âëàæíîñòíîé ñðåäîé ïðè ïîñòîÿííîé òåìïåðà- òóðå. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå ïðîãðåâà Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåâà 40 °Ñ áûëè âûáðàíû ñëåäóþùèå öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðàõ 40, 50 çíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè: 0, 3, 6, 19, 30, è 70 °C 43, 54, 67 ÷. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå ïðîãðåâà 50 °Ñ – 0, 3, 6, 19, 30, 43÷. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå ïðîãðåâà 70 °Ñ – 0, 3, 17, 27, 41, 51 ÷. Òî÷íîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû âî âëàæíîñòíîé êàìåðå îïðåäåëÿ- ëàñü õðîìåëü-êàïåëåâîé (ÕÊ) òåðìîïàðîé äèàìåòðîì 0,5 ìì â on-line ðåæèìå ñ ïîìîùüþ ðåãèñòðàòîðà òåìïåðàòóð «Òåïëîãðàô» ÷åðåç óíèâåðñàëüíûé ìíîãîêàíàëüíûé àäàïòåð «Òåðåì» è ñîñòàâëÿëà ±0,5 °Ñ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé. Íà ðèñ. 2 â êà÷åñòâå èëëþñòðàöèè ïðèâå- äåíû òèïè÷íûå êðèâûå íàïðÿæåíèå–äåôîðìàöèÿ (s–e), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå íà÷àëó òâåðäåíèÿ (ðèñ. 2, à) è 67 ÷ (ðèñ. 2, á) ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 40 °Ñ. Íà ðèñ. 2, á âèäíî, ÷òî íà êðèâûõ âûäåëÿþòñÿ íà÷àëüíàÿ ïåðåõîäíàÿ îáëàñòü, ïðîòÿæåííûé ëèíåéíûé ó÷àñòîê (îáëàñòü óïðóãîé äåôîðìàöèè) èïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Îáëàñòü óïðóãîãî äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îãðàíè÷åíà ëèíåéíîé çàâèñèìîñòüþ êðèâûõ íàïðÿæåíèå-äåôîðìàöèÿ.  ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè êðèâûå íàïðÿæå- íèå-äåôîðìàöèÿ èìåþò ñëîæíûé âèä. Íà ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îá- ëàñòè îêàçûâàåò ñóùåñòâåííîå âëèÿíèå âðåìÿ òâåðäåíèÿ. Íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòà- äèÿõ òâåðäåíèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòü îêàçûâàåòñÿ ïðîòÿæåííîé, ñîïîñòàâè- ìîé ñ ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ óïðóãîé îáëàñòè, è îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ìîíîòîííûé ðîñò 24 Èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ òâåðäåþùåãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ...

Ðèñ. 2. Êðèâûå íàïðÿæåíèå–äåôîðìàöèÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå òâåðäåíèÿ 40 °Ñ a - âðåìÿ òâåðäåíèÿ 0 ÷; á - âðåìÿ òâåðäåíèÿ 67 ÷. Êðàñíûå ëèíèè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò àïïðîêñèìà- öèè ëèíåéíîãî ó÷àñòêà êðèâûõ

íàïðÿæåíèé òå÷åíèÿ äî çíà÷åíèé ïðåäåëà ïðî÷íîñòè îáðàçöîâ, çà êîòîðûì íàáëþäàåòñÿ òàêæå ïðîòÿæåííàÿ îáëàñòü ïàäåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé. Óêàçàííàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ñòàäèéíîñòè êðèâûõ σ-ε õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ íà÷àëüíûõ ñòà- äèé òâåðäåíèÿ ïðè âñåõ èññëåäóåìûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ ïðîãðåâà. Òåìïåðàòóðà îêàçûâàåò âëèÿíèå òîëüêî íà êîëè÷åñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè: ïðåäåë òåêó- ÷åñòè, ïðî÷íîñòü è èíòåíñèâíîñòü óïðî÷íåíèÿ íà êðèâûõ s–e. Ñ ðîñòîì âðå- ìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ è òåìïåðàòóðû ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòü ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàùà- åòñÿ, íà êðèâûõ çà ïðåäåëîì òåêó÷åñòè íàáëþäàåòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü èçëîìîâ. Ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâ- ïàäàåò ñ ïðåäåëîì òåêó÷åñòè, ò.å. ðàçíèöà íà êðèâûõ s–e ñîñòàâëÿåò äîëè ïðî- öåíòîâ äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ. Íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì âûäåëèòü çàêîíî- ìåðíîñòè âëèÿíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû è âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ íà íàïðÿæåíèÿ òå÷åíèÿ â ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè íà ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ òâåðäåíèÿ. Íà êðèâûõ òå÷åíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ êàê ñêà÷êîîáðàçíûé ðîñò íàïðÿæåíèé, òàê è ñêà÷êîîáðàçíîå ñíèæåíèå. Ñ ðîñòîì âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñêëîííîñòü ê õðóïêîìó ðàçðóøåíèþ. Îáðàçöû ïîðòëàíäöåìåíòà â ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè äåôîðìèðó- þòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíî. Ïåðåõîäíàÿ îáëàñòü â ïðîöåññå èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî ïðî- ãðåâà ìàëî ìåíÿåòñÿ íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòàäèÿõ òâåðäåíèÿ. Ïîâûøåíèå òåìïåðà- òóðû ïðîãðåâà è óâåëè÷åíèå âðåìåíè ïðîãðåâà ïðèâîäèò ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ ïåðåõîäíîé îáëàñòè íà êðèâûõ òå÷åíèÿ.  ðàáîòå àíàëèçèðîâàëèñü ìîäóëü óïðóãîñòè, ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè íà êðèâûõ íàïðÿæåíèå-äåôîðìàöèÿ. Ìîäóëü óïðóãîñòè õàðàêòåðèçóåò èíòåí- ñèâíîñòü íàêîïëåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòè îáðàçöîâ â îáëàñòè óïðóãèõ äåôîðìàöèé.

Ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè σî íà êðèâûõ σ-ε ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íàïðÿæåíèþ ïåðåõîäà îò ëèíåéíîãî ó÷àñòêà çàâèñèìîñòè ê ïëàñòè÷åñêîé îáëàñòè. Äëÿ îöåíêè ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè ëèíåéíûé ó÷àñòîê àïïðîêñèìèðîâàëñÿ çàâèñèìîñòüþ (ðèñ.2, êðàñíàÿ ëèíèÿ) s =A+ G × e, (1) ãäå σ - ïðèëîæåííîå íàïðÿæåíèå; e - äåôîðìàöèÿ; À - êîíñòàíòà; G - ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îöåíêå ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè. 25 À.È. Ãíûðÿ, Þ.À. Àáçàåâ, Ñ.Â. Êîðîáêîâ, À.Ï. Áîÿðèíöåâ, Ä.È. Ìîêøèí, Ê.Ñ. Ãàóññ

Ðèñ. 3. Çàâèñèìîñòè ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè (s) è ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè (G) îò âðåìåíè òâåð- äåíèÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 40 °Ñ

Êîýôôèöèåíò ëèíåéíîé êîððåëÿöèè äëÿ âñåõ èññëåäóåìûõ îáðàçöîâ áûëáëèçîê ê åäèíèöå (íå ìåíåå 0,998). Íà ðèñ. 3-5 ïðèâåäåíû çàâèñèìîñòè ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè è ìîäóëÿ óïðóãî- ñòè òâåðäåþùåãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ (âðåìåíè íàêîïëåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòè) ïðè ðàçëè÷íûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ.

Ðèñ. 4. Çàâèñèìîñòè ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè (s) è ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè (G) îò âðåìåíè òâåð- äåíèÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 50 °Ñ

Ðèñ. 5. Çàâèñèìîñòè ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè (s) è ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè (G) îò âðåìåíè òâåð- äåíèÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 70 °Ñ 26 Èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ òâåðäåþùåãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ...

Êàê âèäíî íà ðèñ. 3-5, ñ ðîñòîì âðåìåíè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûé ðîñò ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê. Çà èññëåäóåìûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè âîçðàñòàåò áîëåå ÷åì íà ïîðÿäîê ïðè 40 °Ñ è ïî÷òè íà ïî- ðÿäîê ïðè 70 °Ñ ñ ìîìåíòà íà÷àëà èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåâà. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ òàêæå çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè. Òåìïåðàòóðà ïðîãðåâà îêàçûâà- åò ñóùåñòâåííîå âëèÿíèå íà èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðîñòà ïðî÷íîñòè, à òàêæå íà çíà- ÷åíèÿ ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè (ðèñ. 6). Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè íà ðèñ. 6 ïðèâåäåíû òåì- ïåðàòóðíûå çàâèñèìîñòè ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè, ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè äëÿ 0, 3, 30 è 43 ÷ òâåðäåíèÿ. Õîðîøî âèäíî, ÷òî ñ ðîñòîì òåìïåðàòóðû èñïûòàíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü íàêîïëåíèÿ ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè, ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè âîçðàñòàåò. Çà ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåáîëüøîé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè (íå áîëåå 67 ÷) öåìåíòíûé êàìåíü íàáèðàåò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ äîëþ ïðî÷íîñòè òâåðäåþùåãî êàìíÿ îòíîñè- òåëüíî 28 ñóò òâåðäåíèÿ ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå.  ðàáîòå áûëè ïîëó- ÷åíû çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè, ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè ïîñëå 28 ñóò, êîòîðûå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðîåêòíûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì. Áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ìîäóëü óïðóãîñòè ðàâåí ~3630,6 ÌÏà, ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè – 51,75 ÌÏà. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïîñëå 67 ÷ òâåðäåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñîñòàâëÿþò íå ìåíåå 75 % ïðî÷íîñòè îò ïðîåêòíûõ çíà÷åíèé. Ñ ïîâûøåíèåì òåìïåðàòóðû èñïûòàíèÿ óêàçàííàÿ äîëÿ äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðè ñóùåñòâåííî ìåíüøåì âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ.

Ðèñ. 6. Òåìïåðàòóðíàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè (à) è ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè (á)

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïîðò- ëàíäöåìåíòà ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî íà êðèâûõ íàïðÿæåíèå–äåôîðìàöèÿ âûäåëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñòàäèè: ïåðåõîäíàÿ, óïðóãàÿ è ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ îáëàñòè. Òåìïåðàòó- ðà è âðåìÿ èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî òâåðäåíèÿ îêàçûâàþò ñóùåñòâåííîå âëèÿíèå íà íàêîïëåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè ïîðòëàíäöåìåíòà â îáëàñòè ïëàñòè÷åñêîé äåôîðìà- öèè. Íà êðèâûõ s–e â êîíöå èçîòåðìè÷åñêîãî òâåðäåíèÿ ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàåò ñ ïðåäåëîì òåêó÷åñòè, äåôîðìèðîâàíèå íå ÿâëÿåò- ñÿìîíîòîííûì, íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü èçëîìîâ è îáðàçöû ðàçðó- øàþòñÿ õðóïêî. Âî âðåìåííîì èíòåðâàëå òâåðäåíèÿ ~ (0…67) ÷àñîâ ïðå- äåëòåêó÷åñòè âîçðàñòàåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà ïîðÿäîê, ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èâà- þòñÿ óïðóãèå ìîäóëè. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ñ ïîâûøåíèåì òåìïåðàòóðû òâåðäåíèÿ óêàçàííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âîçðàñòàþò, íàáëþäàåòñÿ áîëåå èíòåí- ñèâíîå íàêîïëåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè. Îñíîâíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé îöåíêè ïðî÷íîñò- 27 À.È. Ãíûðÿ, Þ.À. Àáçàåâ, Ñ.Â. Êîðîáêîâ, À.Ï. Áîÿðèíöåâ, Ä.È. Ìîêøèí, Ê.Ñ. Ãàóññ

íûõ ñâîéñòâ ïðè ðàçíûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ îêàçûâàåòñÿ ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè.  èñ- ñëåäóåìîì èíòåðâàëå âðåìåíè òâåðäåíèÿ ïîðòëàíäöåìåíò äîñòèãàåò íå ìå- íåå75 % ïðî÷íîñòíûõ ïðîåêòíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ 28 ñóò òâåðäåíèÿ.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Á å ð ã Î.ß. Ôèçè÷åñêèå îñíîâû òåîðèè ïðî÷íîñòè áåòîíà è æåëåçîáåòîíà. Ì.: Ãîññòðîéèçäàò, 1962. 96 ñ. 2. Á å ð ã Î.ß., Ù å ð á à ê î â Å.Í., Ï è ñ à í ê î Ã.Í. Âûñîêîïðî÷íûé áåòîí. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1971. 208 ñ. 3. À õ â å ð ä î â È.Í. Îñíîâû ôèçèêè áåòîíà. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1981. 644 ñ. 4.Àêèìîâà Ò.Í., Âàñèëüåâ Þ.Ý. Öåìåíòíûé áåòîí: ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå. Ì.: ÌÀÄÈ (ÃÒÓ), 2007. 146 ñ. 5. Ì è ð î í î â Ñ.À. Òåìïåðàòóðíûé ôàêòîð òâåðäåíèÿ áåòîíîâ. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1948. 46 ñ. 6. Á à æ å í î â Þ.Ì. Òåõíîëîãèÿ áåòîíà. Ì.: Àññîöèàöèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ âóçîâ, 2007. 528 ñ. 7. Í å â è ë ü À.Ì. Ñâîéñòâà áåòîíà. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1972. 343 ñ. 8. Ï à ø å í ê î À.À., Ì ÿ ñ í è ê î â à Å.À., à ó ì å í Â.Ñ., Å â ñ þ ò è í Þ.Ð., Ñ à ë - ã ó ä å é Ì.Ì., Ñ à í è ö ê è é Ì.À., Ñ å ð á è í Â.Ï., Ò î ê à ð ÷ ó ê Â.Â., Ó ä à ÷ - ê è í È.Á., × è ñ ò ÿ ê î â Â.Â. Òåîðèÿ öåìåíòà. Êèåâ : Áóäèâåëüíèê, 1991. 166 ñ. 9. À ä à ì ö å â è ÷ À.Î., Ï à ø ê å â è ÷ Ñ.À., Ï ó ñ ò î â ã à ð À.Ï. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êàëîðèìåòðèè äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ðîñòà ïðî÷íîñòè öåìåíòíûõ ñèñòåì óñêîðåí- íîãî òâåðäåíèÿ // Èíæ.-ñòðîèò. æóðí. 2013. ¹ 3. Ñ. 36–42. 10. Ñ ò å ï à í î â à Â.Ô. Äîëãîâå÷íîñòü áåòîíà: ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå äëÿ âóçîâ. Ì.: Àññîöèà- öèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ âóçîâ, 2014. 126 ñ.

Ãíûðÿ Àëåêñåé Èãíàòüåâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Àáçàåâ Þðèé Àôàíàñüåâè÷, ä-ð ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Êîðîáêîâ Ñåðãåé Âèêòîðîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Áîÿðèíöåâ Àëåêñàíäð Ïàâëîâè÷, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Ìîêøèí Äìèòðèé Èëüè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Ãàóññ Êñåíèÿ Ñåðãååâíà, àñï., àññèñò.; E-mail: [email protected] Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò

Ïîëó÷åíî 29.05.17

Gnyrya Aleksey Ignat¢evich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia Abzaev Yuriy Afanas¢evich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia Korobkov Sergey Viktorovich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia Boyarintsev Aleõandr Pavlovich, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia 28 Èññëåäîâàíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ òâåðäåþùåãî öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ...

Mokshin Dmitriy Il¢ich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia Gauss Kseniya Sergeevna, Post-graduate Student, Assistant; E-mail: [email protected] Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia

INVESTIGATIONOFMECHANICALPROPERTIES OFHARDENINGCEMENTSTONEUNDERDIFFERENT ISOTHERMALCONDITIONS

In the article, a study of the accumulation of strength properties of cement stone depending on the time interval (0... 67) hours and different temperatures of isothermal curing: 40, 50, 70 °C, respectively. It was found that at the studied temperatures, the yield strength increases almost by an order. Increase significantly also elastic moduli. It is shown that withincreasing time of hardening is significantly reduced, the plastic region and at the endof the studied interval (0... 67) at all temperatures the destruction of the samples isbrittle. On of flow curve in the plastic region non-monotonic, there is a high density offractures. The main characteristics of mechanical properties is yield strength.

K e y w o r d s: yield strength, ultimate strength, hardening, elastic deformation.

REFERENCES

1. B e r g O.Ya. Fizicheskie osnovy teorii prochnosti betona i zhelezobetona [Physical foundations of the theory of concrete and reinforced concrete strength]. Moscow, Gosstroyizdat, 1962. 96 ð. (in Russian) 2.Berg O.Ya., Shcherbakov E.N., Pisanko G.N. Vysokoprochnyy beton [High-strength concrete]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1971. 208 ð. (in Russian) 3. A k h v e r d o v I.N. Osnovy fiziki betona [Basics of concrete physics]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1981. 644 ð. (in Russian) 4.Akimova T.N., Vasil’ev Yu.E. Tsementnyy beton: uchebnoe posobie [Cemented concrete]. Moscow, MADI (STU), 2007. 146 ð. (in Russian) 5. M i r o n o v S.A. Temperaturnyy faktor tverdeniya betonov [The temperature factor of hardening of concrete]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1948. 46 ð. (in Russian ) 6.Bazhenov Yu.M. Tekhnologiya betona [Technology of concrete]. Moscow, Association of Construction Universities, 2007. 528 ð. (in Russian) 7. N e v i l’ A.M. Svoystva betona [Properties of concrete]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1972. 343 ð. (in Russian) 8.Pashenko A.A., Myasnikova E.A., Gumen V.S., Evsyutin Yu.R., Salgudey M.M., Sanitskiy M.A., Serbin V.P., Tokarchuk V.V., U d a c h k i n I.B., C h i s t y a k o v V.V. Teoriya tsementa [Cement theory]. Kiev, Budivelnyk, 1991. 166 ð. (in Russian) 9.Adamtsevich A.O., Pashkevich S.A., Pustovgar A.P. Ispol’zovanie kalorimetrii dlya prognozirovaniya rosta prochnosti tsementnykh sistem uskorennogo tverdeniya [Use of a kalometriya for forecasting of growth of durability of cement systems of the accelerated curing]. Engineering and construction magazine. 2013. No.3. Pp. 36−42. (in Russian) 10. S t e p a n o v a V.F. Dolgovechnost’ betona: uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov [Durability of concrete]. Moscow, Association of Construction Universities, 2014. 126 p. (in Russian)

29 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 691.42:666.31

À.Þ. ÑÒÎËÁÎÓØÊÈÍ, Î.À. ÔÎÌÈÍÀ, Ä.Â. ÀÊÑÒ

ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅÌÅÒÎÄÀ ÊÎÌÏÐÅÑÑÈÎÍÍÛÕÊÐÈÂÛÕÄËßÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß ÏÀÐÀÌÅÒÐÎÂÏÐÅÑÑÎÂÀÍÈßÊÅÐÀÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕÈÇÄÅËÈÉ*

Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ìåòîä ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíûì äëÿ ïðîèçâîä- ñòâà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ èç òåõíîãåííîãî ñûðüÿ è íèçêîêà÷åñò- âåííûõ ãëèí. Ðàññìîòðåíû òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà êà÷åñòâî èçäå- ëèé, è âûäåëåíû îñíîâíûå êðèòåðèè, îïðåäåëÿþùèå ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ çàâèñèìîñòü ïðîöåññà ïðåññîâàíèÿ. Îáîçíà÷åíû ÷åòûðå ñòàäèè ïðåññîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïî- ðîøêîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ñîáîé òðåõôàçíóþ ñèñòåìó. Ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èñ- ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìåòîäà ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåññîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì óñòàíîâêè äëÿ ñíÿòèÿ êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ. Íà ïðèìåðå óìåðåí- íîïëàñòè÷íîãî ñóãëèíêà èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå âëàæíîñòè è äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ íà îñàäêó ïðåññ-ïîðîøêîâ è ñâîéñòâà èçäåëèé. Îïðåäåëåíû ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ, îòôîðìîâàííûõ ïðè ðàçíîì äàâëåíèè, âûáðàííîì ÷åðåç íåáîëüøèå ðàâíûå ïðîìåæóòêè. Âûÿâëåíà çàâèñèìîñòü èõ èçìåíåíèÿ îò âå- ëè÷èíû ïðèêëàäûâàåìîãî äàâëåíèÿ ïðè ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìîâî÷íîé âëàæíîñòè. Îïðå- äåëåíû îïòèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: äàâëåíèå ïðåññîâàíèÿ, âëàæíîñòü ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà, íèçêîêà÷å- ñòâåííûå ãëèíû è ñóãëèíêè, êîìïðåññèîííûå êðèâûå, êåðàìè÷åñêèå ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû.

Àêòóàëüíîñòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Êåðàìè÷åñêèå èçäåëèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíîãî íà- çíà÷åíèÿ îáû÷íî ïîëó÷àþò ìåòîäîì ïëàñòè÷åñêîé ýêñòðóçèè. Ïðè ýòîì íåîá- õîäèìî èñïîëüçîâàòü êà÷åñòâåííûå ïëàñòè÷íûå ãëèíû.  XXI â. êåðàìè÷å- ñêîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî âñå ÷àùå ñòàëêèâàåòñÿ ñ ïðîáëåìîé ñîêðàùåíèÿ èõ çàïà- ñîâ.  ìèðîâîì ìàñøòàáå íà ôîíå óõóäøåíèÿ ýêîëîãèè àêòóàëüíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñøèðåíèå ñûðüåâîé áàçû ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à çà ñ÷åò èñ- ïîëüçîâàíèÿ òåõíîãåííûõ è íèçêîêà÷åñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé [1–7].  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñïîñîá ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ èçäåëèé ìåíåå òðåáîâà- òåëåí ê ôîðìîâî÷íûì ñâîéñòâàì ñûðüÿ è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíûì [8–12]. Ïðåññîâàíèå êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à – îäíà èç íàèáîëåå îòâåòñòâåííûõ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé è íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ âûñîêîïëîòíîãî ñïðåññîâàííîãî ñûðöà ñ ðàâíîìåðíîé ñòðóêòóðîé, îïðåäåëÿþùåé â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå ïðî÷íîñòü è ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòü èçäåëèé [13]. Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìû. Ïðîöåññ ïðåññîâàíèÿ (Ê) ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü ââèäå ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé çàâèñèìîñòè (f) ñ ìíîæåñòâîì ïåðåìåííûõ.  îáùåì

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà â ðàìêàõ ãîñçàäàíèÿ Ìèíîáðíàóêè ÐÔ, øèôð ïðîåêòà ¹7.7285.2017/8.9 «Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â îáëàñòè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êåðàìè÷å- ñêèõ êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ ìàòðè÷íîé ñòðóêòóðîé íà îñíîâå òåõíîãåííîãî èïðèðîäíîãî ñûðüÿ». Ó Ñòîëáîóøêèí À.Þ., Ôîìèíà Î.À., Àêñò Ä.Â., 2017

30 Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ...

ñëó÷àå îí çàâèñèò îò âåùåñòâåííîãî ñîñòàâà è êåðàìèêî-òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà (À), åãî ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà (G), ïëîòíîñòè (R), âëàæíîñòè (W), ðåæèìîâ ïðåññîâàíèÿ (L), ñêîðîñòè ñæàòèÿ (S), ñïîñîáà ïðèëîæåíèÿ íàãðóçêè (Ì), èñòî÷íèêà ñîçäàíèÿ ïðåññóþùåãî óñèëèÿ (T), äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ (Ð) è äðóãèõ ôàêòîðîâ: K=f (A, G, W, R, L, S, M, T, P). (1) Ó÷åñòü îäíîâðåìåííîå âëèÿíèå âñåõ ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ ýòîãî ïðîöåññà äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíî è, ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðîãî îáÿ- çàòåëüíûì óñëîâèåì ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåññîâàíèÿ èçäåëèé. Ñâîéñòâà ñûðüÿ A, G, R áóäóò îêàçûâàòü âëèÿíèå íà âñåõ ýòàïàõ òåõíîëîãèè, âêëþ÷àÿ ñóøêó è îáæèã èçäåëèé. Âëèÿíèå ôàêòîðîâ L, S, M, T âïîëíå îäíî- çíà÷íî è â ïðèíöèïå ñóùåñòâåííî íå èçìåíÿåò ìåõàíèçì äåéñòâèÿ âñåõ ïå- ðåìåííûõ ïî îòäåëüíîñòè èëè âìåñòå âçÿòûõ. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ìåäëåííîå ìíîãîñòóïåí÷àòîå ïðåññîâàíèå ìàëî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ ê ñóøêå è ñïåêàþùèõñÿ ìàññ âñåãäà óëó÷øàåò êà÷åñòâî ïðåññîâîê è ãîòîâûõ èçäåëèé. Ïðèíÿâ ýòî çààêñèîìó, óêàçàííûå ôàêòîðû ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü â âèäå ïîâûøàþùèõ èëè ïîíèæàþùèõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ (a, g, r) è (l, s, m, t), îï- ðåäåëÿåìûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî äëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî âèäà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ñûðüÿ, èâûðàçèòü îáîáùàþùèì êðèòåðèåì E. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîöåññ ïðåññîâàíèÿ áóäåò ïðåäñòàâëåí çàâèñèìîñòüþ K= Ef (W, P), ãäå W – âëàæíîñòü ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà; P – äàâëåíèå ïðåññîâàíèÿ.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò âåëè÷èíû ñæèìàþùåãî óñèëèÿ ïðîöåññ ïðåññîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïîðîøêîâ ïðåäñòàâëåí ÷åòûðüìÿ ñòàäèÿìè: ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ñáëèæåíèå ÷àñòèö è óäàëåíèå âîçäóõà èç ñèñòåìû; èõ ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ íåîáðàòè- ìàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ; ñòàäèÿ óïðóãîé äåôîðìàöèè; õðóïêîå ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ðàçðó- øåíèå [14]. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçíîîáðàçèå ïðåññ-ìàññ, îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé òðåõôàçíóþ ñèñòåìó, ñîñòîÿùóþ èç òâåðäîé ìèíåðàëüíîé ÷àñòè, æèäêîé ôàçû è âîçäóõà. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ âûñîêîïëîòíîãî ñïðåññîâàííîãî ïîëóôàáðè- êàòà ïðèêëàäûâàåìîå äàâëåíèå äîëæíî îáåñïå÷èâàòü ïîëíîå óñòðàíåíèå ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ìåæäó ÷àñòèöàìè ñâîáîäíûõ ïðîìåæóòêîâ çà ñ÷åò ïëàñòè- ÷åñêîé äåôîðìàöèè ÷àñòèö [15, 16]. Âîçìîæíîå ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû. Ðàíåå ïðîâåäåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî èçáåæàòü íåäîñòàòî÷íóþ êîìïðåññèþ, êàê è ïåðåïðåññîâêó êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïîðîøêîâ, ìîæíî òîëüêî ïðè ðàöèîíàëüíîì ñîîòíîøåíèè äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ è âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ìàññû. Ïðè ïîâûøåíèè äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ ñ ïåðåõîäîì â îáëàñòü äàâëåíèé, ãäå óïðóãèå äåôîðìàöèè ñòà- íîâÿòñÿ ïðåîáëàäàþùèìè, âîçìîæíî ñíèæåíèå ïðî÷íîñòè êàê ïîëóôàáðèêà- òà, òàê è îáîææåííûõ èçäåëèé, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü ïðîäîëæàåò íåñêîëüêî âîçðàñòàòü èëè ñòàáèëèçèðóåòñÿ. Ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì âëàæíîñòè âîçðàñòàþò èíòåíñèâíîñòü è âåëè÷èíà îñàä- êè ïîðîøêîâ ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêèõ äàâëåíèÿõ ïðåññîâàíèÿ, îäíàêî èç- áûòî÷íàÿ âëàæíîñòü ïðèâîäèò ê ñíèæåíèþ ïëîòíîñòè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òåì ìàêñèìóìîì, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü äîñòèãíóò ïðè äàííîì äàâëåíèè. Êðîìå 31 À.Þ. Ñòîëáîóøêèí, Î.À. Ôîìèíà, Ä.Â. Àêñò

òîãî, èçáûòîê âëàæíîñòè ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ ñóùåñòâåííîé âîçäóøíîé óñàäêè ïðè ñóøêå [17]. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ñûðüÿ ñóùåñòâóþò âïîë- íå îïðåäåëåííûå îáëàñòè çíà÷åíèé âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà (W) è äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ (P), ïðè êîòîðûõ ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü áåçäåôåêòíûé ñûðåö ñ ïëîò- íîé ñòðóêòóðîé, èìåþùèé ýêñòðåìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ. Îïðåäåëåíèå îïòèìàëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ â çàâèñèìî- ñòè îò âëàæíîñòè è âèäà ñûðüÿ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ìàêñèìàëüíûå ýêñïëóàòà- öèîííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êåðàìèêè, î÷åíü òðóäîåìêî è òðåáóåò èçãîòîâëåíèÿ â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà (÷àñòî äîñòèãàþùåãî äåñÿò- êîâ è ñîòåí) êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ. Àâòîðàìè áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà ìåòîäèêà îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ïðåññîâà- íèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ ïî êîìïðåññèîííûì êðèâûì [18] è ïî ïîëó÷åííûì ðåçóëüòàòàì çàïàòåíòîâàí ñïîñîá îïðåäåëåíèÿ îïòèìàëüíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ è âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ êåðàìè÷å- ñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ [19]. Öåëü è çàäà÷è èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ñïîñîáà àâòîðû èñõîäè- ëè èç òîãî, ÷òî íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðèêëàäûâàòü çíà÷èòåëüíûå ïðåññîâûå óñèëèÿ, ïðèâîäÿùèå ê îáðàçîâàíèþ òðåùèí ðàññëàèâàíèÿ â îáðàçöå âñëåä- ñòâèå îáðàòíîãî ïîñëåäåéñòâèÿ îò óïðóãèõ äåôîðìàöèé âíóòðè òðåõôàçíîé ñèñòåìû ïîñëå ñíÿòèÿ íàãðóçêè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåññîâûõ äàâëåíèé â îá- ëàñòè õðóïêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ÷àñòèö ïðèâîäèò ê ñèëüíîìó óïëîòíåíèþ ïðåñ- ñîâêè, ïîâûøåíèþ èõ ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè, ÷òî íåæåëàòåëüíî äëÿ íàðóæíûõ ñòåí, è ïîâûøåííîìó èçíîñó çàâîäñêîãî ïðåññîâîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, öåëü íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòû çàêëþ÷àëàñü â îïðåäåëåíèè îïòèìàëüíî- ãîäàâëåíèÿïðåññîâàíèÿäèñïåðñíîãîìàòåðèàëàñïðèìåíåíèåìóñòàíîâêè äëÿ ñíÿòèÿ êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ. Îñíîâíàÿ çàäà÷à ñâîäèëàñü ê íàõîæäåíèþ îáëàñòè ïðåññîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ ìåæäó âòîðîé è ÷åòâåðòîé ñòàäèÿìè ïðåññîâàíèÿ. Îïòèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåññîâîãî óñèëèÿ ñóãóáî èíäèâèäóàëüíû äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà ñûðüÿ è çàâèñÿò, êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü, ïðåæäå âñåãî, îò âëàæíîñòè ïîðîøêà. Ïðè ïîâûøåíèè âëàæíîñòè ñèñòåìû óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ïëîùàäü è òîëùèíà ñîëüâàòíûõ âîäíûõ îáîëî÷åê íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ãëèíÿíûõ ÷àñòèö, îáåñïå÷èâàÿ áîëåå ëåãêîå èõ ñêîëüæåíèå äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóãà ïðè ìåíüøèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ìåõàíè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè íà ôîðìîâêó. Âìåñòå ñ òåì èçëèøíåå ïåðåóâëàæíåíèå òàêæå íå- æåëàòåëüíî, ïîñêîëüêó èçáûòîê âëàãè ïîâûøàåò îòêðûòóþ ïîðèñòîñòü, ñíè- æàåò ïîñëå îáæèãà ïðî÷íîñòü è ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòü èçäåëèé è ïðèâîäèò ê âîç- íèêíîâåíèþ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ïðè ïðåññîâàíèè. Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè èññëåäîâàíèé â ðàçâèòèå ñïîñîáà ïðîâîäèëîñü îïðåäå- ëåíèå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ, îòôîðìîâàí- íûõ ïðè ðàçíîì äàâëåíèè, âûáðàííîì ÷åðåç íåáîëüøèå ðàâíûå ïðîìåæóòêè âèíòåðâàëå ðàáîòû ëàáîðàòîðíîãî ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîãî ïðåññà. Îáúåêò èññëåäîâàíèÿ.  êà÷åñòâå îáúåêòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûë âûáðàí ñóãëèíîê Íîâîêóçíåöêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ (Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáë.). Ìàòåðèàë ÿâëÿåòñÿ òèïè÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì ïûëåâàòîãî ãëèíèñòîãî ñûðüÿ, õàðàêòåð- íîãî äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (Ðîññèÿ). Ñóãëè- íîê îòíîñèòñÿ ê óìåðåííîïëàñòè÷íîìó ñûðüþ ñ íèçêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì êà- ìåíèñòûõ âêëþ÷åíèé. 32 Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ...

Ìåòîäèêà èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ïðè âûïîëíåíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé ÷àñòè ðàáîòû èñïîëüçîâàëîñü ëàáîðàòîðíîå îáîðóäîâàíèå, âêëþ÷àþùåå ùåêîâóþ äðîáèëêó, äâóõêàòêîâûå áåãóíû, ñòåðæíåâóþ ìåëüíèöó, ñóøèëüíûé øêàô, òóðáîëîïàñòíîé ñìåñèòåëü-ãðàíóëÿòîð, ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé ïðåññ è ìóôåëüíóþ ïå÷ü äëÿ îáæèãà. Ïðèãîòîâëåíèå êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ ïðîâîäèëîñü ïî ñòàíäàðòíîé ìåòîäèêå ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ. Ãëèíèñòîå ñûðüå âûñóøèâàëîñü â ñó- øèëüíîì øêàôó ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 100–105 °Ñ äî ïîñòîÿííîé ìàññû. Âû- ñóøåííûé ìàòåðèàë ïîäâåðãàëñÿ ãðóáîìó äðîáëåíèþ â ëàáîðàòîðíîé ùåêîâîé äðîáèëêå äî ôðàêöèè – 10 ìì è çàòåì èçìåëü÷àëñÿ íà áåãóíàõ â ïî- ðîøîê äî ôðàêöèè – 1 ìì.  âûñóøåííûé èçìåëü÷åííûé ñóãëèíîê äîáàâëÿëàñü âîäà ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 20–22 °Ñ èç ðàñ÷åòà ôîðìîâî÷íîé âëàæ- íîñòè 6–12 %. Äëÿ ãîìîãåíèçàöèè ñìåñè óâëàæíåííûé ïîðîøîê ïåðåòèðàëñÿ ÷åðåç ïðîâîëî÷íîå ñèòî ñ ðàçìåðîì ÿ÷åéêè 1,2 ìì è äàëåå äëÿ âûðàâíèâàíèÿ âëàæ- íîñòè ïîìåùàëñÿ â ýêñèêàòîð, ãäå âûäåðæèâàëñÿ â òå÷åíèå 2–6 ÷. Èç ïîëó- ÷åííîãî ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà íà ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîì ïðåññå ôîðìîâàëèñü îáðàçöû- öèëèíäðû äèàìåòðîì 45 ìì è âûñîòîé 40–50 ìì. Ñóøêà ñûðöà ïðîâîäèëàñü ñòóïåí÷àòî, ïî ìÿãêîìó ðåæèìó ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 30–100 °Ñ äî îñòàòî÷íîé âëàæíîñòè 1–2 %. Îáæèã êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ â òå÷åíèå 7÷ ñ ÷àñîâîé èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêîé ïðè ìàêñèìàëüíîé òåìïåðàòóðå 1000 °Ñ. Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè èññëåäîâàíèé â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðàçðàáîòàííîé ìå- òîäèêîé áûëè çàäàíû òðè çíà÷åíèÿ âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà: 1 – 6–7 %; 2 –9–10 %; 3 – 11–12 %. Íà çàïàòåíòîâàííîé óñòàíîâêå îïðåäåëåíà îñàäêà ïîðîøêà â ôîðìå è ïîñòðîåíû åå êðèâûå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âëàæíîñòè èïðè- êëàäûâàåìîãî äàâëåíèÿ (ðèñ. 1). Èç ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðåññ-ìàññ áûëè îòôîðìîâàíû òðè ñåðèè îáðàçöîâ.  ïðîöåññå èõ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ â êàæäîé ñåðèè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ìåíÿëîñü

Ðèñ. 1. Êîìïðåññèîííûå êðèâûå îñàäêè êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ èç ñóãëèíêà ñ âëàæíîñòüþ 1 – 5,7 %; 2 – 9,6 %; 3 – 11,9 % 33 À.Þ. Ñòîëáîóøêèí, Î.À. Ôîìèíà, Ä.Â. Àêñò

ïðåññîâîå äàâëåíèå â èíòåðâàëå îò 4 äî 26 ÌÏà ñ øàãîì 2 ÌÏà. Äëÿ îï- ðåäåëåíèÿ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ è ñíèæåíèÿ ðèñêà ñëó÷àéíîé îøèáêè ýêñïåðèìåíòà ïðè âûáðàííûõ ïàðàìåòðàõ ïðåññîâàëîñü ïî ïÿòü îáðàçöîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ïðè èçãîòîâëåíèè ïåðâîé ñåðèè îáðàçöîâ âëàæíîñòüþ 5,7 % íàáëþäàëàñü íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìîâêà èçäåëèé, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ íåäîñòàòêîì âëàãè â ïðåññ-ïîðîøêå: ïðè ïðåññîâûõ äàâëåíèÿõ îò4 äî 8 ÌÏà ïðîèñõîäèëî ðàñ- ñûïàíèå îáðàçöîâ; ïðè äàâëåíè- ÿõ îò 10 äî 16ÌÏà îáðàçöû èìå- ëè íèçêóþ ñûðöîâóþ ïîðî÷- íîñòü, èõ ïðèïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ çîíà ñî ñòîðîíû ìàòðèöû âûêðà- øèâàëàñü âî âðåìÿ âûïðåññîâêè èçäåëèé; ïðè äàâëåíèÿõ áîëåå 18 ÌÏà îáðàçîâûâàëèñü ïîïå- ðå÷íûå òðåùèíû ðàññëàèâàíèÿ, Ðèñ. 2. Îáðàçöû-öèëèíäðû ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåñ- êîòîðûå íàðóøàëè öåëîñòíîñòü ñîâàíèÿ èç ñóãëèíêà ñ ôîðìîâî÷íîé âëàæíî- ôîðìîâêè (ðèñ. 2). Òàêèì îáðà- ñòüþ 5,7 % çîì, ïðîâåñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ èîïðåäåëåíèå îïòèìàëüíîãî ïðåññîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ äëÿ äàííîé âëàæ- íîñòè íå ïðåäñòàâëÿëîñü âîçìîæíûì. Ïðè ôîðìîâàíèè îáðàçöîâ âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ñåðèè ñ âëàæíîñòüþ ñîîò- âåòñòâåííî 9,6 è 11,9 % ïðîáëåì, îòìå÷åííûõ âûøå, íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Ýêñïå- ðèìåíòàëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû èìåëè ñõîæèé õàðàêòåð (ñì. òàáëèöó).

Ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ èç ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà Äàâëåíèå Ñðåäíÿÿ Ïðî÷íîñòü Êîýôôèöèåíò ¹ Âîäîïîãëîùåíèå, ïðåññîâàíèÿ, ïëîòíîñòü, ïðèñæàòèè, êîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ï/ï % ÌÏà êã/ì3 ÌÏà êà÷åñòâà 1 2 3 4 5 6 Âëàæíîñòü9,6% 1 4 1500 28,5 6,3 4,2 2 6 1592 23,8 11,6 7,3 3 8 1650 20,7 20,0 12,1 4 10 1684 17,0 17,5 10,4 5 12 1749 16,6 28,1 16,0 6 14 1765 16,4 29,0 16,5 7 16 1728 16,0 29,1 16,3 8 18 1791 16,6 26,6 14,9 9 20 1791 16,8 30,5 17,0 10 22 1780 15,7 35,4 19,8 11 24 1811 16,7 25,0 14,0 12 26 1834 15,8 32,4 17,6

34 Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ...

Î ê î í ÷ à í è å ò à á ë. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Âëàæíîñòü11,9% 1 4 1723 23,8 11,1 6,4 2 6 1777 20,6 12,5 7,1 3 8 1859 19,8 13,6 7,3 4 10 1902 17,3 25,3 13,3 5 12 1850 15,4 30,2 16,3 6 14 1943 15,1 38,9 20,0 7 16 1949 15,3 34,5 17,6 8 18 2031 13,7 31,1 15,6 9 20 2021 14,3 42,2 21,0 10 22 2053 10,9 46,2 23,1 11 24 2019 12,3 63,5 31,8 12 26 2049 11,8 77,6 38,8

Ãðàôè÷åñêàÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ îïòèìèçàöèè ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåñ- ñîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ ïî çíà÷åíèÿì èõ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 3. Àíàëèçèðóÿ èçìåíåíèå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ êåðàìèêè èç ïî- ðîøêà âëàæíîñòüþ 9,6 %, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè ïðè ñæàòèè âîçðàñòàåò ñ ðîñòîì ïðåññîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ è äîñòèãàåò ýêñòðåìóìà ïðè 16 ÌÏà.  ýòîì èíòåðâàëå ïðîèñõîäèò óâåëè÷åíèå ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè è ñíèæåíèå âîäîïîãëîùåíèÿ îáðàçöîâ (ðèñ. 3). Óâåëè÷åíèå äàâëå- íèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ â èíòåðâàëå 18–20 ÌÏà ïðèâîäèò ê óõóäøåíèþ èõ ôèçè- êî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ, ïðè ýòîì íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïîÿâëåíèå òðåùèí ðàññëàè- âàíèÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöîâ. Äàëüíåéøåå óâåëè÷åíèå ñæèìàþùåé íàãðóç- êè äî 22 ÌÏà ïðèâîäèò ê ðîñòó ïðî÷íîñòè è ïàäåíèþ âîäîïîãëîùåíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ÷åðåïêà. Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî ïðè ïðåññîâîì äàâ- ëåíèè 15–16 ÌÏà çàêàí÷èâàþòñÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèå è íà÷èíàþòñÿ óïðóãèå äåôîðìàöèè çåðåí ïîðîøêà, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïåðåõîäó îò âòîðîé ê òðåòü- åé ñòàäèè ïðîöåññà ïðåññîâàíèÿ. Íà êîìïðåññèîííîé êðèâîé îñàäêè êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ âëàæíîñòüþ 9,6 % (ñì. ðèñ. 1) â ýòîé îáëàñòè ïðåññîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ «çàòóõàíèå» çíà÷èòåëüíîãî ïðèðàùåíèÿ äåôîðìà- öèé òðåõôàçíîé ñèñòåìû â ïðåññ-ôîðìå. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ îáëàñòè äàâëåíèÿ 22–23 ÌÏà, îñàäêà êîìïðåññèîííîé êðèâîé ðåçêî çàìåäëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî ñîîòâåò- ñòâóåò òî÷êå êàñàòåëüíîé ê ýòîé êðèâîé ïðè ïåðåõîäå îò òðåòüåé ê ÷åòâåðòîé ñòàäèè ïðåññîâàíèÿ.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèíÿòûìè ïîëîæåíèÿìè îïòèìàëü- íîå äàâëåíèå ïðåññîâàíèÿ äëÿ ïîðîøêà äàííîé âëàæíîñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 16 ÌÏà. Ñõîæèå çàâèñèìîñòè èçìåíåíèÿ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïðî- ñëåæèâàþòñÿ è äëÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ, îòïðåññîâàííûõ èç ãëèíÿíî- ãî ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà âëàæíîñòüþ 11,9 %. Íà ðèñ. 1, 3 îòìå÷åííûå âûøå 35 À.Þ. Ñòîëáîóøêèí, Î.À. Ôîìèíà, Ä.Â. Àêñò

Ðèñ. 3. Çàâèñèìîñòü ñâîéñòâ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ îáðàçöîâ èç ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà âëàæíîñòüþ 9,6 % (à) è 11,9 % (á) îò äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ

ïðîöåññû ñäâèãàþòñÿ â îáëàñòü áîëåå íèçêèõ äàâëåíèé ïðåññîâàíèÿ. Åñëè â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ýêñòðåìóìû ñâîéñòâ íàáëþäàþòñÿ ïðè 15–16 ÌÏà è 22–23 ÌÏà, òî âî âòîðîì – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ïðè 14–15 ÌÏà è 21–22 ÌÏà. Íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå ñìåùåíèå ïî ïðåññîâîìó äàâëåíèþ ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü íå- áîëüøîé ðàçíèöåé â çíà÷åíèÿõ ôîðìîâî÷íîé âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ïîðîøêîâ (1–2 %). Îáñóæäåíèå. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåññîâà- íèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì óñòàíîâêè äëÿ ñíÿòèÿ êîìïðåññè- îííûõ êðèâûõ ïîçâîëÿåò óñòàíàâëèâàòü çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåññîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ, ïðè êîòîðûõ çàêàí÷èâàþòñÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèå è íà÷èíàþòñÿ óïðóãèå äåôîðìàöèè çå- ðåí ãëèíÿíîãî ïîðîøêà, è äàâëåíèÿ ïåðåõîäà îò òðåòüåé ê ÷åòâåðòîé ñòàäèè ïðåññîâàíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùåéñÿ ðàçðóøåíèåì èõ ñòðóêòóðû. Ïîëó÷åííûå çàâèñèìîñòè îñàäêè ïðåññ-ìàññ ðàçëè÷íîé âëàæíîñòè îò ïðèêëàäûâàåìîãî äàâëåíèÿ ïîçâîëèëè çíà÷èòåëüíî ñîêðàòèòü êîëè÷åñòâî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è óñòàíîâèòü îïòèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ôîð- ìîâàíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé èç øèõòû íà îñíîâå óìåðåííîïëàñòè÷íûõ ïûëåâàòûõ ñóãëèíêîâ. Äàâëåíèå ïðåññîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 14–15 ÌÏà ïðè ôîðìîâî÷íîé âëàæíîñòè 10–11 %. 36 Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ...

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ ïîçâîëÿåò óñòàíîâèòü îïòèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ áåçäåôåêò- íûõ èçäåëèé èç ðàçëè÷íûõ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ øèõò ñ ó÷åòîì èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ñëàãàþùèõ èõ ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ñ à é á ó ë à ò î â Ñ.Æ. Ðåñóðñîñáåðåãàþùàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à íà îñíîâå çîë ÒÝÑ. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1990. 248 ñ. 2. À á ä ð à õ è ì î â à Å.Ñ., À á ä ð à õ è ì î â Â.Ç., À á ä ð à õ è ì î â Ä.Â., À á ä ð à - õ è ì î â à À.Â. Ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä– ñûðüå äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ // Îãíåóïîðû è òåõí. êåðàìèêà. 2005. ¹ 5. Ñ. 38–42. 3. à ó ð ü å â à Â.À., Ï ð î ê î ô ü å â à Â.Â. Ñòðîèòåëüíàÿ êåðàìèêà íà îñíîâå êîìïî- çèöèè òåõíîãåííîãî ñåðïåíòèíèòîâîãî ñûðüÿ è íèçêîñîðòíûõ ãëèí // Ñòðîèò. ìà- òåðèàëû. 2012. ¹ 8. Ñ. 20–21. 4. S t o l b o u s h k i n A., F o m i n A., S t o l b o u s h k i n a Î. Formation of Ceramic Crock Structure Made of Technogenic Raw Materials with Vanadium Component // Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2015. Vol. 756. P. 250–256. 5. Ê î ò ë ÿ ð Â.Ä., Ó ñ ò è í î â À.Â., Ê î â à ë å â Â.Þ., Ò å ð å õ è í à Þ.Â., Ê î ò - ë ÿ ð À.Â. Êåðàìè÷åñêèå êàìíè êîìïðåññèîííîãî ôîðìîâàíèÿ íà îñíîâå îïîê èîòõîäîâ óãëåîáîãàùåíèÿ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2013. ¹ 4. Ñ. 44–48. 6. Ñ ò î ë á î ó ø ê è í À.Þ., Ê à ð ï à ÷ å â à À.À., È â à í î â À.È. Ñòåíîâûå êåðàìè- ÷åñêèå èçäåëèÿ íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ óãëåîáîãàùåíèÿ è æåëåçîñîäåðæàùèõ äîáàâîê. Íîâîêóçíåöê: Èíòåð-Êóçáàññ, 2011. 153 ñ. 7. Ê à ð à ñ à ë Á.Ê., Ê î ò å ë ü í è ê î â Â.È., Ñ à ï å ë ê è í à Ò.Â. Ïîëó÷åíèå êåðàìè- ÷åñêîãî ñòåíîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà èç âñêðûøíûõ ïîðîä óãëåîáîãàùåíèÿ // Åñòåñòâ. èòåõí. íàóêè. 2015. ¹ 80. Ñ. 160–163. 8. Ñ ò î ð î æ å í ê î Ã.È., Á î ë ä û ð å â Ã.Â., Ê ó ç ó á î â Â.À. Ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâà- öèÿ ñûðüÿ êàê ñïîñîá ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ìåòîäà ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ êèðïè÷à, êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ñòåíîâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 1997. ¹ 8. Ñ.19–20. 9. Ê î í ä ð à ò å í ê î Â.À., Ï å ø ê î â Â.Í., Ñ ë å ä í å â Ä.Â. Ïðîáëåìû êèðïè÷- íîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà è ñïîñîáû èõ ðåøåíèÿ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2002. ¹ 3. Ñ.43–45. 10. Ø ë å ã å ë ü È.Ô. Ïðîáëåìû ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ êèðïè÷à // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèà- ëû. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 18–19. 11. Ê î ò ë ÿ ð Â.Ä., Ò å ð å õ è í à Þ.Â., Í å á å æ ê î Þ.È. Ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à ïîëóñóõîãî ïðåññîâàíèÿ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòå- ðèàëû. 2011. ¹ 2. Ñ. 6–7. 12. À ø ì à ð è í Ã.Ä., Ëà ñ ò î ÷ ê è í Â.Ã., Ñ è í ÿ í ñ ê è é Â.È., È ë þ õ è í Â.Â., Ê ó ð í î ñ î â Â.Â. Ñîêðàùåíèå öèêëà òåðìè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè â òåõíîëîãèè êåðà- ìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à êîìïðåññèîííîãî ôîðìîâàíèÿ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2013. ¹ 4. Ñ. 42–43. 13. S t o l b o u s h k i n A., F o m i n a O., F o m i n A. The investigation of the matrix structure of ceramic brick made from carbonaceous mudstone tailings // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 124. P. 1–6. 14. Ï î ï è ë ü ñ ê è é Ð.ß., Ê î í ä ð à ø å â Ô.Â. Ïðåññîâàíèå êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïîðîø- êîâ. Ì.: Ìåòàëëóðãèÿ, 1968. 272 ñ. 15. Ð î ã î â î é Ì.È. Òåõíîëîãèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ïîðèñòûõ çàïîëíèòåëåé è êåðàìèêè. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1974. 315 ñ.

37 À.Þ. Ñòîëáîóøêèí, Î.À. Ôîìèíà, Ä.Â. Àêñò

16.Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A., Fomin A.S., S t o r o z h e n k o G.I. Principles of optimal structure formation of ceramic semi-dry pressed brick // Advanced Materials, Mechanical and Structural Engineering. 2016. P.87–90. 17. Ò à ð à ñ å â è ÷ Â.Ï. Íîâûå òåõíîëîãèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 1992. ¹ 5. Ñ. 5–8. 18. Ñ ò î ë á î ó ø ê è í À.Þ., Ñ ò î ë á î ó ø ê è í à Î.À., Á å ð ä î â Ã.È. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðåññîâàíèÿ ãðàíóëèðîâàííîãî òåõíîãåííîãî è ïðèðîäíîãî ñûðüÿ äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2013. ¹ 3. Ñ.76–78. 19.Ïàò. 2595879 ÐÔ: ÌÏÊ C1 G 01 N 33/38, G 01 N 3/08. Ñïîñîá îïðåäåëåíèÿ îïòè- ìàëüíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ äàâëåíèÿ ïðåññîâàíèÿ è âëàæíîñòè ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà äëÿ ïî- ëó÷åíèÿ ñòåíîâûõ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ / À.Þ. Ñòîëáîóøêèí, À.Ñ. Ôîìèí, Î.À. Ôîìèíà, Àíäðåàñ ßð; çàÿâèòåëü è ïàòåíòîîáëàäàòåëü Ñèá. ãîñ. èíäóñòð. óí-ò. ¹ 2015141394/15; çàÿâë. 29.09.2015; îïóáë. 27.08.2016, Áþë. ¹ 24. 7 ñ.

Ñòîëáîóøêèí Àíäðåé Þðüåâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíäóñòðèàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. Íîâîêóçíåöê Ôîìèíà Îêñàíà Àíäðååâíà, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíäóñòðèàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. Íîâîêóçíåöê Àêñò Äàíèë Âèêòîðîâè÷, àñï.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíäóñòðèàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. Íîâîêóçíåöê

Ïîëó÷åíî 24.05.17

Stolboushkin Andrey Yur’evich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russia Fomina Oksana Andreevna, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russia Akst Danil Viktorovich, Post-graduate Student; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russia

PRACTICALUSEOFTHECOMPRESSIONCURVESMETHOD FOR PARAMETERDETERMINATIONOFCERAMIC PRODUCTSCOMPRESSION

It is shown that the method of semidry pressing is one of the promising for the production of ceramic building materials based on technogenic raw materials and low-quality clays. The quality-relevant technological factors have been discussed and the basic criteria determining the functional dependence of the pressing process have been emphasized. Four stages of ceramic powders pressing have been found. The results of application of method on the determination of the pressing parameters of ceramic products using the mounting forcurves readout have been shown. In the context of medium-moldable clay loam, theinfluence of moisture and compaction pressure on the sagging of press powders andproperties of products has been investigated. Physical and mechanical properties ofceramic samples molded at different pressures selected by small regular intervals havebeen defined. It was found the dependence of its changes on the value of the applied pressure during the molding with different mixing moisture content. The optimal values ofsemidry pressing of a ceramic brick have been defined.

K e y w o r d s: compacting pressure, humidity of pressing powder, low-quality clays and loams, compression curves, ceramic building materials. 38 Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìåòîäà êîìïðåññèîííûõ êðèâûõ...

REFERENCES

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of heat treatment in the technology of ceramic bricks compression molding]. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 4. Pp. 42–43. (in Russian) 13. S t o l b o u s h k i n A., F o m i n a O., F o m i n A. The investigation of the matrix structure of ceramic brick made from carbonaceous mudstone tailings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 124. Pp. 1–6. 14. P o p i l ’ s k i y R.Ya., K o n d r a s h e v F.V. Pressovanie keramicheskikh poroshkov [Pressing ceramic powders]. Moscow, Metallurgiya, 1968. 272 p. (in Russian) 15. R o g o v o y M.I. Tekhnologiya iskusstvennykh poristykh zapolniteley i keramiki [Technology of artificial porous aggregates and ceramics]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1974. 315 p. (in Russian) 16.Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A., Fomin A.S., S t o r o z h e n k o G.I. Principles of optimal structure formation of ceramic semi-dry pressed brick. Advanced Materials, Mechanical and Structural Engineering. 2016. Pp.87–90. 17. T a r a s e v i c h V.P. Novye tekhnologii proizvodstva keramicheskogo kirpicha [New technologies for the production of ceramic bricks]. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 1992. No. 5. Pp. 5–8. (in Russian) 18. S t o l b o u s h k i n A.Yu., S t o l b o u s h k i n a O.A., B e r d o v G.I. Optimizatsiya parametrov pressovaniya granulirovannogo tekhnogennogo i prirodnogo syr’ya dlya proizvodstva keramicheskogo kirpicha [Optimization of pressing parameters of granulated man-made and natural raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks]. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 3. Pp. 76–78. (in Russian) 19.Pat. 2595879 RF: IPC C1 G 01 N 33/38, G 01 N 3/08. Sposob opredeleniya optimal’nykh parametrov davleniya pressovaniya i vlazhnosti press-poroshka dlya polucheniya stenovykh keramicheskikh materialov [A method for determining the optimum parameters of pressing pressure and humidity of a press powder for the production of wall ceramic materials]. A.Yu. Stolboushkin, A.S. Fomin, O.A. Fomina, Andreas Yar; claimer and patent holder Siberian State Industrial University. No. 2015141394/15; appl. 29.09.2015; publ. 27.08.2016, Bull. No. 24. 7 p. (in Russian)

40 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÆÈÇÍÅÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈß ÍÀÑÅËÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÅÑÒ, ÇÄÀÍÈÉ È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈÉ. ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ

ÓÄÊ 697.922.26.001.24

À.Ì. ÇÈÃÀÍØÈÍ, Ë.Í. ÁÀÄÛÊÎÂÀ

×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÅÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅÒÅ×ÅÍÈß ÂÏÐÎÔÈËÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÌÂÅÍÒÈËßÖÈÎÍÍÎÌÒÐÎÉÍÈÊÅ ÍÀÑËÈßÍÈÅ

 ðåçóëüòàòå ÷èñëåííîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ îïðåäåëåíû î÷åðòàíèÿ âèõðåâûõ çîí, îáðà- çóþùèõñÿ ïðè ñðûâå ïîòîêà ñ âíóòðåííåé êðîìêè òðîéíèêà íà ñëèÿíèå. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ çàâèñèìîñòè êîîðäèíàò õàðàêòåðíûõ òî÷åê îòðûâíîé çîíû îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ â áîêîâîì îòâåòâëåíèè Gá è ïîñëå ñëèÿíèÿ Gñ. Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íàéäåííûõ î÷åðòà- íèé ïîñòðîåíà ìîäåëü ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíîãî ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà; ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî åãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèå â òðè ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ñòàíäàðòíîãî – «îñòðîãî».  ðåçóëü- òàòå ïîäðîáíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷åíà çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôèöèåíòà ìåñòíîãî ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ è î÷åð- òàíèé ïðîôèëÿ. Òàêæå îïðåäåëåí «óíèâåðñàëüíûé» ïðîôèëü, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êî- òîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê ìèíèìàëüíûì ïîòåðÿì äàâëåíèÿ ïðè ëþáîì ñîîòíîøåíèè ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ. Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: âåíòèëÿöèîííûé òðîéíèê íà ñëèÿíèè, ÷èñëåííûå ðàñ÷åòû, êîýôôèöèåíòû ìåñòíîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ, ïðîôèëèðîâàííûé ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíûé òðîéíèê, ñíèæåíèå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ, óíèâåðñàëüíûé ïðîôèëü.

Ðàáîòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèåì ñåðèè èññëåäîâàíèé âîçìîæíîñòè ñíè- æåíèÿ ýíåðãîåìêîñòè ñèñòåì âîçäóõîâîäîâ ïóòåì ïðîôèëèðîâàíèÿ îñòðûõ êðîìîê èõ ôàñîííûõ äåòàëåé [1, 2]. Çäåñü ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííî- ãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ôàñîííîé äåòàëè âåíòèëÿöèîííîé ñèñòåìû â âèäå ðàâíî- ñòîðîííåãî ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà íà ñëèÿíèå. Ðàíåå â [3] àâòîðàìè áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà è ïîäðîáíî èññëåäîâàíà êîìïüþòåðíàÿ ìîäåëü îñòðîãî òðîéíèêà íà ñëèÿíèå, ïîëó÷åíî õîðîøåå ñîãëàñèå ñ èçâåñòíûìè äàííûìè. Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýòîé êîìïüþòåðíîé ìîäåëè èññëåäóåòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ñíè- æåíèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ òðîéíèêà ïóòåì ïðîôèëèðîâàíèÿ åãî âíóòðåííåé îñò- ðîé êðîìêè. ßñíî, ÷òî ïðè åå ñêðóãëåíèè ñîïðîòèâëåíèå òðîéíèêà óìåíü- øèòñÿ, íî íàèáîëüøèé ýôôåêò äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðîôèëèðîâàíèåì ïî î÷åðòàíè- ÿì âèõðåâîé çîíû (ÂÇ), êîòîðàÿ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ñðûâå ïîòîêà ñ îñòðîé êðîìêè. Îäíàêî ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìî åùå ðåøèòü ïðîáëåìû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ îïðåäåëåíèåì î÷åðòàíèé ÂÇ è òðóäîåìêîñòüþ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ôàñîííûõ äå- òàëåé ñî ñëîæíûìè êðèâîëèíåéíûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè. Ðåøåíèå ïåðâîé ïðî- áëåìû âîçìîæíî ÷èñëåííûìè ìåòîäàìè, ñ ïîìîùüþ óíèâåðñàëüíûõ ïðî-

ã Çèãàíøèí À.Ì., Áàäûêîâà Ë.Í., 2017 41 À.Ì. Çèãàíøèí, Ë.Í. Áàäûêîâà

ãðàììíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ãèäðîäèíàìèêè, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êî- òîðûõ ñåé÷àñ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçâèòî â èíæåíåðíîé ïðàêòèêå. Âòîðóþ ïðîáëåìó ìîæíî ñóùåñòâåííî óïðîñòèòü ïóòåì ïîìåùåíèÿ âíóòðü ñòàí- äàðòíîãî îñòðîãî òðîéíèêà ñïåöèàëüíîé ïðîôèëèðóþùåé âñòàâêè, àíàëî- ãè÷íîé ïðèâåäåííîé â [4]. Èìååòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ðàáîò, ïîñâÿùåííûõ èññëåäî- âàíèþ òå÷åíèé â òðîéíèêàõ, êàê ìåòîäàìè ÷èñëåííîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ, òàê èñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðàçëè÷íûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ìåòîäèê. Íàïðèìåð, âðà- áîòàõ [5, 6] ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ òå÷åíèÿ âòðîéíèêàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ñòðóêòóðà è ïðè÷èíû îáðàçîâàíèÿ âèõðåé, à òàêæå èçó÷àåòñÿ âîïðîñ òåïëîîáìåíà ñìåøèâàþùèõñÿ ïîòîêîâ. Ïðè ýòîì äàííûõ îá î÷åðòàíèÿõ âèõðåâûõ çîí íåò.  ðàáîòå [7] òàêæå ÷èñëåí- íûì ìåòîäîì îïðåäåëåíû ïîëÿ ñêîðîñòåé è ëèíèè òîêà â òðîéíèêå íà ðàç- äåëåíèå; ïðèâîäÿòñÿ è îòðûâî÷íûå äàííûå î âèõðåâîé çîíå, âîçíèêàþùåé ó âíóòðåííåãî óãëà òðîéíèêà. Èìåþòñÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ðàáîòû, ãäå ìåòîäîì PIV èññëåäóåòñÿ äâèæåíèå ïîòîêîâ â òðîéíèêå ñ âèçóàëèçàöèåé ñëîÿ ñìåøåíèÿ [8], èëè ñòðóêòóðû âèõðåé, îáðàçóþùèõñÿ ïðè ñðûâå ñ îñòðîé êðîìêè [9, 10], íî òàêæå íå ïðèâåäåíû êîíêðåòíûå î÷åðòàíèÿ ÂÇ è èõ çàâè- ñèìîñòü îò ðàçìåðîâ òðîéíèêà. Ïðè ÷èñëåííîì ìîäåëèðîâàíèè áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ âåðèôè- êàöèè ïîëó÷àåìûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ.  ðàáîòàõ [11–14] ïðîâåäåíî ñðàâíèòåëü- íîå èññëåäîâàíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷àåìûõ ÷èñëåííûì ìîäåëèðîâàíèåì è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî. Ïîêàçàíû ïðîôèëè ñêîðîñòåé, à òàêæå êàðòèíû òå÷åíèÿ äëÿ òðîéíèêîâ íà ñëèÿíèå, óêàçàíû ñî÷åòàíèÿ ìîäåëåé, êîòîðûå íàèáîëåå õîðîøî âîñïðîèçâîäÿò îñíîâíûå êèíåìàòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òàêîãî òå÷åíèÿ. Íà ðèñ. 1 ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû îïðåäåëåíèÿ î÷åðòàíèé ÂÇ äëÿ ïÿòè çíà÷åíèé îòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ = 0,236; 0,394; 0,511; 0,711; 0,860, ïî- ëó÷åííûå ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êîìïüþòåðíîé ìîäåëè «îñòðîãî» íåïðîôèëè- ðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà, ïîäðîáíî âåðèôèöèðîâàííîé â [3]. Òàêæå íà ðèñ. 1

Ðèñ. 1. Î÷åðòàíèÿ âèõðåâûõ çîí â íåïðîôèëèðîâàííîì òðîéíèêå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ Gá/Gñ

ïîêàçàíû îòðûâíûå çîíû äëÿ îòíîøåíèÿ Gá/Gñ = 0,4, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðàáîòå [12] ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî ìåòîäîì PIV (øòðèõïóíêòèðíàÿ ëèíèÿ) è ÷èñëåííûì ìîäåëèðîâàíèåì (øòðèõîâàÿ ëèíèÿ). Âèäíî äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøåå ñîãëàñîâà- íèå ìåæäó ðåçóëüòàòàìè ÷èñëåííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ è óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîå – ñýêñïåðèìåíòîì. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ îæèäàåìîå óâåëè÷åíèå ðàçìåðîâ ÂÇ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ðàñ- õîäà âîçäóõà ÷åðåç áîêîâîå îòâåòâëåíèå. Îäíàêî âèäíî, ÷òî äàæå ïðè áîëü- øîì ðàñõîäå âîçäóõà ÷åðåç áîêîâîå îòâåòâëåíèå (Gá/Gñ = 0,86) âèõðåâàÿ çîíà 42 ×èñëåííîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèÿ â ïðîôèëèðîâàííîì âåíòèëÿöèîííîì òðîéíèêå...

Ðèñ. 2. Çàâèñèìîñòü êîîðäèíàò õàðàêòåðíûõ òî÷åê ÂÇ îò îòíîøå- íèÿ Gá/Gñ

ïî âûñîòå çàíèìàåò íå áîëåå îäíîé òðåòè êàíàëà (0,288b). Äàëåå íà ðèñ. 2 ïî- êàçàíà çàâèñèìîñòü êîîðäèíàò õàðàêòåðíûõ òî÷åê ÂÇ îò îòíîøåíèÿ Gá/Gñ: òî÷êè M – ìàêñèìàëüíîãî âûëåòà ÂÇ è òî÷êè O – çàìûêàíèÿ ÂÇ íà ñòåíêó òðîéíèêà (äëèíû ÂÇ). Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñ. 2, âñå çàâèñèìîñòè äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî àïïðîêñèìèðó- þòñÿ ïðÿìûìè:

xO=1,/, 4794 × G á G ñ + 0 5325; (1)

x M = 0, 518; (2)

yÌ=0,/, 3391 × G á G ñ + 0 02. (3)

Äàëåå äëÿ ïÿòè óêàçàííûõ âûøå çíà÷åíèé Gá/Gñ áûëè ïîñòðîåíû êîì- ïüþòåðíûå ìîäåëè ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíûõ òðîéíèêîâ, ó êîòîðûõ âíóòðåííèé îñòðûé óãîë ïðîôèëèðîâàëñÿ ïî î÷åðòàíèÿì íàéäåííûõ ÂÇ. Ãåîìåòðèÿ ðàñ÷åòíîé îáëàñòè ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà äëÿ î÷åðòàíèÿ, íàéäåííîãî ïðè Gá/Gñ = 0,511 («ïðîôèëü 0,511»), ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 3. Íà âûõîäíîé ãðàíèöå CD óñòàíîâëåíî ãðàíè÷íîå óñëîâèå ïîñòîÿííîé ñêîðîñòè ux = 68 ì/ñ (Re=4,5·105), à íà âõîäíûõ ãðàíèöàõ AB, FE – óñëîâèå ïîñòîÿíñòâà ïîë- íîãîèçáûòî÷íîãî äàâëåíèÿ, ðàçíûå çíà÷åíèÿ êîòîðîãî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ òå÷åíèÿ â òðîéíèêå ïðè ðàçíûõ ñîîòíîøåíèÿõ Gá/Gñ. Øèðè- íà êàíàëîâ b = 0,1 ì, äëèíà êàíàëà íà ïðîõîäå äî ðàçâåòâëåíèÿ è â áîêîâîì

Ðèñ. 3. Ãåîìåòðèÿ ðàñ÷åòíîé îáëàñòè ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà («ïðîôèëü 0,511»)

43 À.Ì. Çèãàíøèí, Ë.Í. Áàäûêîâà

îòâåòâëåíèè lï = lá = 2 ì (20b); äëèíà êàíàëà ïîñëå ñëèÿíèÿ ïîòîêîâ (ñòâîë) lñ = 10 ì (100b). Íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ äëÿ êàæäîé ìîäåëè ïðîâîäèëîñü óñòðàíåíèå «ñåòî÷íîé çàâèñèìîñòè» – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíàÿ «ãðóáàÿ» ñåòêà (ðàç- ìåð ìèíèìàëüíîé ÿ÷åéêè – 3,3·10–4 ì, êîëè÷åñòâî ðàñ÷åòíûõ óçëîâ – 15 730) èçìåëü÷àëàñü êàê âî âñåé ðàñ÷åòíîé îáëàñòè, òàê è äîïîëíèòåëüíî âáëèçè òâåðäûõ ñòåíîê. Ïðè ìîäåëèðîâàíèè òå÷åíèÿ âáëèçè òâåðäûõ ãðàíèö â âû- ÷èñëèòåëüíîì êîìïëåêñå èñïîëüçîâàëîñü òàê íàçûâàåìîå ïðèñòåíî÷íîå ìî- äåëèðîâàíèå. Äëÿ áîëåå ãðóáîãî ðàñ÷åòà ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ «ñòàíäàðòíûå ïðèñòåíî÷íûå ôóíêöèè» – Standard Wall Functions (SWF), à áîëåå ïîäðîáíûì ñ÷èòàåòñÿ «ðàñøèðåííîå ïðèñòåíî÷íîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå» – Enhanced Wall Treatments (EWT). Ñòåïåíü èçìåëü÷åíèÿ ïðèñòåíî÷íûõ ÿ÷ååê õàðàêòåðèçóåò- ñÿ áåçðàçìåðíûì ðàññòîÿíèåì y* äëÿ SWF è y+ äëÿ EWT. Ñîãëàñíî [15], ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìîäåëè SWF ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ñåòêà ñ y* ~30, à äëÿ EWT âîç- ìîæíî ïîëó÷åíèå êîððåêòíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ è ïðè áîëåå ìåëêîé ñåòêå, òàê ÷òî y+ ìîæåò ïðèíèìàòü çíà÷åíèÿ ~1. Ñ öåëüþ ïðîâåðêè âëèÿíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ÿ÷ååê ðàñ÷åòíîé ñåòêè è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçíûõ ñïîñîáîâ ïðèñòåíî÷íîãî ìîäåëèðî- âàíèÿ íà ïîëó÷àåìîå ÷èñëåííîå ðåøåíèå äëÿ çàäà÷è «ïðîôèëü 0,511» ïðè Gá/Gñ = 0,52 áûëà ïîñòðîåíà çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ìåñòíîãî ñîïðî- òèâëåíèÿ (ÊÌÑ) íà ïðîõîä zï è ïî áîêîâîìó îòâåòâëåíèþ zá (ðèñ. 4). Çíà÷å- íèÿ ÊÌÑ îïðåäåëÿëèñü ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ïîëíîãî äàâëåíèÿ, îñðåäíåííîãî ïî ïîïåðå÷íîìó ñå÷åíèþ [3, 16].

Ðèñ. 4. Çàâèñèìîñòü ÊÌÑ îò ñòåïåíè èçìåëü÷åíèÿ ñåòêè (y*, y+) è âèäà ïðèñòåíî÷íûõ ôóíêöèé

Ìîæíî âèäåòü, ÷òî äëÿ ðåøàåìîé çàäà÷è ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè SWF çíà÷å- íèÿ ÊÌÑ ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñÿò îò y*, ÷òî îçíà÷àåò çàâèñèìîñòü ðåøåíèÿ îò ñåòêè. Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðèñòåíî÷íîé ìîäåëè EWT çíà÷åíèÿ ÊÌÑ ïåðå- ñòàþò ìåíÿòüñÿ óæå ïðè y+ ~ 70 è ïðè äàëüíåéøåì èçìåëü÷åíèè ÿ÷ååê ñåòêè îñòàþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåèçìåííûìè, ò. å. ðåøåíèå ïåðåñòàåò çàâèñåòü îò ðàç- ìåðîâ ÿ÷ååê ðàñ÷åòíîé ñåòêè. Äàëåå äëÿ ÷èñëåííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðèíÿòà ìîäåëü EWT è ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñåòêà ñ y+ ~ 3, ÷òî äëÿ óêàçàííîé çàäà÷è îçíà÷àëî ñëåäóþùèå ïàðàìåòðû ñåòêè: ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð ÿ÷åéêè 8,05 · 10–8 ì, êîëè÷åñòâî ðàñ÷åòíûõ óçëîâ – 46,9·106. 44 ×èñëåííîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèÿ â ïðîôèëèðîâàííîì âåíòèëÿöèîííîì òðîéíèêå...

Ðèñ. 5. Çàâèñèìîñòü ñîïðîòèâëåíèé (zï è zá) ïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî òðîéíèêà îò îòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ.

Äàëåå äëÿ êàæäîé ìîäåëè òðîéíèêà, ñïðîôèëèðîâàííîãî ïî î÷åðòàíèÿì ÂÇ (ñì. ðèñ. 1), îïðåäåëÿëîñü åãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèå íà ïðîõîä â ïðÿìîì íàïðàâ-

ëåíèè zï è ïî áîêîâîìó îòâåòâëåíèþ zá, ïðè èçìåíåíèè Gá/Gñ â äèàïàçîíå îò0,1 äî 0,9. Òàê êàê ñîïðîòèâëåíèå òðîéíèêà ìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ðàçíûõ ïðîôèëåé è ïðè èçìåíåíèè Gá/Gñ, âàæíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèå «óíèâåðñàëüíîãî ïðîôèëÿ» – ïðîôèëèðîâàíèÿ ñ íàèìåíüøèìè ïîòåðÿìè äàâëåíèÿ íà âñåì äèàïàçîíå èçìåíåíèÿ Gá/Gñ. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òàêîãî «óíèâåðñàëüíîãî» ïðîôèëÿ âåñüìà àêòóàëüíî äëÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ ñèñòåì àäàïòèâíîé âåíòèëÿöèè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ ïîñòîÿí- íûì èçìåíåíèåì îòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà, ïðîõîäÿùèõ ïî âåòâÿì òðîé- íèêîâ. Ïîäîáíîå ïðîôèëèðîâàíèå òàêæå èìååò âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå è äëÿ óíè- ôèêàöèè ôàñîííûõ äåòàëåé ëþáûõ ñèñòåì âåíòèëÿöèè êàê óêàçàííûõ âûøå àäàïòèâíûõ, òàê è êëàññè÷åñêèõ ñ ïîñòîÿííûì ðàñõîäîì âîçäóõà.

Íà ðèñ. 5 ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ ñîïðîòèâëåíèé zï è zá äëÿ ïÿòè êîìïüþòåðíûõ ìîäåëåé ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíûõ òðîéíèêîâ («ïðîôèëåé 0,236; 0,394; 0,511; 0,711 è 0,860) ñî âñòàâêàìè âî âíóòðåííèõ îñòðûõ óãëàõ, ñïðî- ôèëèðîâàííûìè ïî î÷åðòàíèÿì íàéäåííûõ ÂÇ ïðè óêàçàííûõ âûøå çíà÷å- íèÿõ îòíîøåíèÿ Gá/Gñ. Ìîæíî âèäåòü, ÷òî íà âñåì èññëåäîâàííîì äèàïàçîíå èçìåíåíèÿ ñîîòíî- øåíèÿ Gá/Gñ äëÿ âñåõ ïðîôèëåé çíà÷åíèÿ ÊÌÑ î÷åíü áëèçêè ìåæäó ñîáîé, íî íàèìåíüøåå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ïðè òå÷åíèè êàê ïî áîêîâîìó êàíàëó, òàê è íà ïðîõîä íàáëþäàåòñÿ äëÿ «ïðîôèëÿ 0,511». Âûâîäû. Îïðåäåëåíû î÷åðòàíèÿ ÂÇ è çàêîíîìåðíîñòè èçìåíåíèÿ êîîð- äèíàò õàðàêòåðíûõ òî÷åê ÂÇ îò ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ. Äëÿ ïðîôèëèðîâàí- íîãî òðîéíèêà íàéäåíà çàâèñèìîñòü ÊÌÑ íà ïðîõîä è íà îòâåòâëåíèå ïðè ïÿòè î÷åðòàíèÿõ ïðîôèëÿ. Íàèáîëåå ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíûì «óíèâåðñàëüíûì ïðîôèëåì», èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîòîðîãî ïðèâîäèò ê ìèíèìàëüíîìó ñîïðîòèâëå- íèþ òðîéíèêà ïðè èçìåíåíèè îòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ â äèàïàçîíå îò 45 À.Ì. Çèãàíøèí, Ë.Í. Áàäûêîâà

0,1äî 0,9, ÿâëÿåòñÿ «ïðîôèëü 0,511». Êîýôôèöèåíòû ìåñòíîãî ñîïðîòèâ- ëåíèÿ â òàêîì òðîéíèêå ïðè îòíîøåíèè ðàñõîäîâ Gá/Gñ = 0,52 ñîñòàâëÿþò zï = 0,11 è zá = 0,12, ÷òî ïðèìåðíî â ÷åòûðå ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì â íåïðîôèëè- ðîâàííîì (zï = 0,54 è zá = 0,45 [17]).

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ç è ã à í ø è í À.Ì. Ñíèæåíèå ýíåðãîçàòðàò ïðè äâèæåíèè ïîòîêîâ ïóòåì ïðîôè- ëèðîâàíèÿ ôàñîííûõ ÷àñòåé â êîììóíèêàöèÿõ ýíåðãîóñòàíîâîê // Íàäåæíîñòü èáåçîïàñíîñòü ýíåðãåòèêè. 2015. ¹ 1. Ñ. 63-68. 2. Ç è ã à í ø è í À.Ì., Á å ë ÿ å â à Å.Ý., Ñ î ê î ë î â Â.À. Ñíèæåíèå ïîòåðü äàâëåíèÿ ïðè ïðîôèëèðîâàíèè îñòðîãî îòâîäà è îòâîäà ñ íèøåé // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñò- âî. 2017. ¹ 1. Ñ. 108-116. 3. Ç è ã à í ø è í À.Ì., Ï î ñ î õ è í Â.Í., Á à ä û ê î â à Ë.Í., à è ì à ä è å â à Ã.À. ×èñëåííîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèÿ â äâóõìåðíîì òðîéíèêå // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîè- òåëüñòâî. 2015. ¹ 5. Ñ. 89-95. 4. Ïàò. 2604264 Ðîñ. Ôåäåðàöèÿ: ÌÏÊ F16L 43/00, ÌÏÊ F16L 25/14. Ñîåäèíèòåëüíûé ôàñîííûé ýëåìåíò ñ ïðîôèëèðóþùèìè âñòàâêàìè / À.Ì. Çèãàíøèí, È.Ñ. Àëåùåí- êî, Ì.Ã. Çèãàíøèí è äð.; çàÿâèòåëü è ïàòåíòîîáëàäàòåëü Êàçàí. ãîñ. àðõ.-ñòðîèò. óí-ò. ¹ 2014137755/06; çàÿâë. 17.09.14; îïóáë. 10.12.16, Áþë. ¹ 34. 13 ñ. 5. T i m p e r i A. Conjugate heat transfer LES of thermal mixing in a T-junction // Nucl. Eng. Des. Elsevier B.V. 2014. Vol. 273. P. 483–496. 6. S a k o w i t z A., M i h a e s c u M., F u c h s L. Turbulent flow mechanisms in mixing T-junctions by Large Eddy Simulations // Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow. Elsevier Inc. 2014. Vol. 45. No. 1. P. 135–146. 7. B e n e š L. et al. Numerical simulations of flow through channels with T-junction // Appl. Math. Comput. 2013. Vol. 219. No. 13. P. 7225–7235. 8. H i r o t a M. et al. Experimental study on turbulent mixing process in cross-flow type T-junction // Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow. Elsevier Inc. 2010. Vol. 31. No. 5. P. 776–784. 9. H i b a r a H. et al. Flows in T-Junction Piping System (1st Report, Flow Characteristics and Vortex Street Formed by Branch Pipe Flow) // Trans. Japan Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. B. 2004. Vol. 70. No. 693. P. 1192–1200. 10. M u r a m a t s u T. et al. Flows in T-Junction Piping System (2nd Report, Numerical Analysis of Vortex Street Formed by Branch Pipe Flow) // Trans. Japan Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. B. 2004. Vol. 70. No. 698. P. 2551–2558. 11. S m i t h B.L., M a h a f f y J.H., An g e l e K. A CFD benchmarking exercise based on flow mixing in a T-junction // Nucl. Eng. Des. Elsevier B.V. 2013. Vol. 264. P. 80–88. 12. Š t i g l e r J. et al. The Fluid Flow in the T-Junction. The Comparison of the Numerical Modeling and Piv Measurement // Procedia Eng. 2012. Vol. 39. P. 19–27. 13. S i e r r a - E s p i n o s a F.Z., B a t e s C.J., O ’ D o h e r t y T. Turbulent flow in a 90° pipe junction: P. 1: Decay of fluctuations upstream the flow bifurcation // Comput. Fluids. 2000. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 197–213. 14. S i e r r a - E s p i n o s a F.Z., B a t e s C.J., O ’ D o h e r t y T. Turbulent flow in a 90°pipe junction. P. 2: Reverse flow at the branch exit // Comput. Fluids. 2000. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 215–233. 15.Ansys Fluent 6.3 Documentation / 12.11.1 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines. [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. URL:https://www.sharcnet.ca/Software/ Fluent6/html/ug/node518.htm#sec-guidelines-wf (äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 15.06.2017). 16. Ï î ñ î õ è í Â.Í., Ç è ã à í ø è í À.Ì., Ì ó ä à ð è ñ î â Ä.È. Î ïðîòÿæåííîñòè çîíâëèÿíèÿ âîçìóùàþùèõ ýëåìåíòîâ òðóáîïðîâîäíûõ ñèñòåì // Èçâ. ÊàçÃÀÑÓ. 2014. ¹ 2(28). Ñ. 121-126. 46 ×èñëåííîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òå÷åíèÿ â ïðîôèëèðîâàííîì âåíòèëÿöèîííîì òðîéíèêå...

17. È ä å ë ü ÷ è ê È.Å. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèì ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿì / ïîä ðåä. Ì.Î. Øòåéíáåðãà. 3-å èçä., ïåðåðàá. è äîï. Ì.: Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå, 1992. 672 ñ.

Çèãàíøèí Àðñëàí Ìàëèêîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Êàçàíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò Áàäûêîâà Ëåéñàí Íàèëåâíà, ìàãèñòð; E-mail: [email protected] Êàçàíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò

Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 25.05.17

Ziganshin Arslan Malikovich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering, Russia Badykova Leysan Nailevna, MSc; E-mail: [email protected] Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering, Russia

NUMERICALINVESTIGATIONOFFLOW INPROFILEDVENTILATIONTEEATJUNCTION

Based on the results of numerical investigation outlines of vortex zones formed by separation of flow from inner edge of tee at junction determined. There are dependences ofcoordinates of characteristic points of separation zone on ratios of flows in side branch and after junction Gs/Gj. With using of founded outlines the model of profiled energy-efficient tee builds. It is shown, that its resistance three times smaller than resistance of prefabricated (usual) – «sharp» tee. As a result dependence of pressure loss coefficient ofprofiled tee on ratios Gs/Gj and outline of profile defined. Also «universal» profile determined – its using leads to minimal pressure losses with any ratios Gs/Gj. K e y w o r d s: ventilation tee at junction, numerical calculations, pressure loss coeffi- cients,profiled energy-efficient tee, reduction of resistance, universal profile.

REFERENCES

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6. S a k o w i t z A., M i h a e s c u M., F u c h s L. Turbulent flow mechanisms in mixing T-junctions by Large Eddy Simulations. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow. Elsevier Inc. 2014. Vol.45. No. 1. Pp. 135–146. 7. B e n e š L. et al. Numerical simulations of flow through channels with T-junction. Appl. Math. Comput. 2013. Vol. 219. No. 13. Pp. 7225–7235. 8. H i r o t a M. et al. Experimental study on turbulent mixing process in cross-flow type T-junction. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow. Elsevier Inc. 2010. Vol. 31. No. 5. Pp. 776–784. 9. H i b a r a H. et al. Flows in T-Junction Piping System (1st Report, Flow Characteristics and Vortex Street Formed by Branch Pipe Flow). Trans. Japan Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. B. 2004. Vol. 70. No. 693. Pp. 1192–1200. 10. M u r a m a t s u T. et al. Flows in T-Junction Piping System (2nd Report, Numerical Analysis of Vortex Street Formed by Branch Pipe Flow). Trans. Japan Soc. Mech. Eng.Ser. B. 2004. Vol. 70. No. 698. Pp. 2551–2558. 11. S m i t h B.L., M a h a f f y J.H., A n g e l e K. A CFD benchmarking exercise based on flow mixing in a T-junction. Nucl. Eng. Des. Elsevier B.V. 2013. Vol. 264. Pp. 80–88. 12. Š t i g l e r J. et al. The Fluid Flow in the T-Junction. The Comparison of the Numerical Modeling and Piv Measurement. Procedia Eng. 2012. Vol. 39. Pp. 19–27. 13. S i e r r a - E s p i n o s a F.Z., B a t e s C.J., O ’ D o h e r t y T. Turbulent flow in a 90° pipe junction: P. 1: Decay of fluctuations upstream the flow bifurcation. Comput. Fluids. 2000. Vol. 29. No. 2. Pp. 197–213. 14. S i e r r a - E s p i n o s a F.Z., B a t e s C.J., O ’ D o h e r t y T. Turbulent flow in a 90°pipe junction. P. 2: Reverse flow at the branch exit. Comput. Fluids. 2000. Vol. 29. No. 2. Pp. 215–233. 15. Ansys Fluent 6.3 Documentation / 12.11.1 Near-Wall Mesh Guidelines. URL: https://www.sharcnet.ca/Software/Fluent6/html/ug/node518.htm#sec-guidelines-wf (date of access: 15.06.17) 16. P o s o k h i n V.N., Z i g a n s h i n A.M., M u d a r i s o v D.I. O protyazhennosti zon vliyaniya vozmushchayushchikh elementov truboprovodnych system [The influence zones of disturbing elements in pipeline systems]. Izvestiya Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Arkhitekturno-Stroitel’nogo Universiteta [News of Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering]. 2014. No. 2 (28). Pp. 121-126. (in Russian) 17. I d e l ’ c h i k I.E. Spravochnik po gidravlicheskim soprotivleniyam [Handbook of hydraulic resistance]. Ed. M.O. Shteynberg. 3rd revised and enlarged ed. Ìoscow, Mashinostroenie, 1992. 672 p. (in Russian)

48 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÃÈÄÐÎÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ, ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈÊÀ È ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÀß ÃÈÄÐÎËÎÃÈß

ÓÄÊ 627.514.21.3:627.6

Â.À. ØËÛ×ÊÎÂ, Â.Â. ÄÅÃÒßÐÅÂ

ÎÁÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÏÀÐÀÌÅÒÐÎÂØÓÃÎÇÀÙÈÒÍÛÕÄÀÌÁ ÓÐÅ×ÍÛÕÂÎÄÎÇÀÁÎÐÎÂÑÏÎÌÎÙÜÞ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÉÌÎÄÅËÈ ÏËÀÍÎÂÛÕÒÅ×ÅÍÈÉ*

Ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ âîïðîñû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïðîöåññîì îáðàçîâàíèÿ øóãè, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê îñëîæíåíèþ ðàáîòû ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ.  ñëó÷àÿõ çíà÷èòåëüíîé ãóñòîòû øóãîõîäà ïîäà÷à âîäû â àâàíêàìåðó áëîêèðóåòñÿ è äëÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêîé î÷èñòêè ðåøåòîê ïðèåì- íûõ îêîí èíîãäà ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïðèáåãàòü ê âîäîëàçíûì ðàáîòàì, à ïîðîé îñòàíàâëè- âàòü íàñîñû. Îäíèì èç ñïîñîáîâ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ âåðîÿòíîé çàêóïîðêè âîäîïðèåì- íèêîâ ïðè øóãîõîäå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèé îòâîä âîäíûõ ìàññ ñ âûñîêèì ñîäåðæà- íèåì âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà îò îãîëîâêîâ ïóòåì âîçâåäåíèÿ øóãîçàùèòíîé äàìáû. Ïðè ýòîì âîçíèêàåò ïðîáëåìà îïðåäåëåíèÿ îïòèìàëüíîé ôîðìû è ðàçìåðîâ ñîîðóæåíèÿ. Ýòà è ñîïóòñòâóþùèå åé ãèäðîäèíàìè÷åñêàÿ è ëåäîòåðìè÷åñêàÿ çàäà÷è ðåøàþòñÿ ñïîìîùüþ àïïàðàòà ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê îòêðûòûì ïîòîêàì ñëîæíîé ïëàíîâîé è âûñîòíîé êîíôèãóðàöèè.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ðå÷íîé âîäîçàáîð, øóãà, øóãîçàùèòíàÿ äàìáà, ÷èñëåííûå ìîäåëè.

Ïîñòàíîâêà çàäà÷è.  ïåðèîä îñåííåãî ïîíèæåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ðå÷íîé âîäû ïðîèñõîäèò îáðàçîâàíèå øóãè – âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà, ïîä êîòîðûì çäåñü ïîíèìàåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâî âçâåøåííûõ è äâèæóùèõñÿ â ïîòîêå îäèíî÷íûõ è àãðåãèðîâàííûõ ëåäÿíûõ êðèñòàëëîâ. Ïðè âûñîêîé êîíöåíòðàöèè øóãîâî- ãî ìàòåðèàëà îí çàáèâàåò ðåøåòêè îãîëîâêà è îãðàíè÷èâàåò ïîñòóïëåíèå âîäû â àâàíêàìåðó âîäîçàáîðà. Âîçíèêàåò îïàñíîñòü ñíèæåíèÿ ïðîèçâîäè- òåëüíîñòè âîäîçàáîðà, à â ñëó÷àÿõ îñîáåííî çíà÷èòåëüíîé ãóñòîòû øóãîõî- äà– ïîëíîãî áëîêèðîâàíèÿ ïîäà÷è âîäû è îñòàíîâêè íàñîñîâ. Øóãîîáðàçîâàíèå ìîæåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè â îñåííå-çèìíèé ïåðèîä, íî íå âñåãäà ýòî ÿâëåíèå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ êðèòè÷åñêèìè ñèòóàöèÿìè íà âîäîçàáîðå. Ïîñëåäíåå câÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â ïðîöåññå îáðàçîâàíèÿ ëüäà âàæíóþ ðîëü èìååò âåðòèêàëüíîå ïåðåìåøèâàíèå âîäíûõ ìàññ. Ïðè ìàëûõ ñêîðîñòÿõ òå÷åíèÿ ïåðåìåøèâàíèå ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò è ïåðåîõëàæäå- íèå âîäû, íåîáõîäèìîå äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ëüäà, íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî â ïîâåðõ- íîñòíîì ñëîå, ãäå è ïðîèñõîäèò àêòèâíûé ðîñò è ñìåðçàíèå êðèñòàëëîâ. Ïðè áîëüøèõ îñåííèõ ðàñõîäàõ ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ âåëèêè, àêòèâíîå òóð- áóëåíòíîå ïåðåìåøèâàíèå îáóñëîâëèâàåò ïåðåîõëàæäåíèå âñåé ìàññû âîäû, è îáðàçîâàíèå ëüäà èäåò âî âñåé òîëùå ïîòîêà [1]. Âíóòðèâîäíûé ëåä, çàõâà- òûâàþùèé âñþ ãëóáèíó äî äíà, îòæèìàåòñÿ ïîòîêîì ê ðåøåòêàì è, ïðèëèïàÿ

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ÐÔÔÈ, ïðîåêò ¹ 05-05-98012. Ó Øëû÷êîâ Â.À., Äåãòÿðåâ Â.Â., 2017 49 Â.À. Øëû÷êîâ, Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ

ê íèì, îáðàçóåò ïëîõîïðîíèöàåìîå äëÿ âîäû ïðåïÿòñòâèå, íàðóøàÿ íîðìàëü- íóþ ðàáîòó îãîëîâêà. Îäíèì èç ñïîñîáîâ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ âåðîÿòíîãî çàñîðåíèÿ âîäîïðèåì- íèêîâ ïðè øóãîõîäå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèé îòâîä âîäíûõ ìàññ ñ âûñîêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà îò îãîëîâêà ïóòåì âîçâåäåíèÿ çàùèòíîé äàìáû. Ïðè ýòîì âîçíèêàåò ïðîáëåìà îïðåäåëåíèÿ îïòèìàëüíîé ïëàíîâîé ôîðìû ðàçìåðîâ çàùèòû, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåé íàäåæíûé îòâîä øóãè îò îãîëîâ- êà è íå ñîçäàþùåé âîçâðàòíîãî òå÷åíèÿ, êîòîðîå ìîæåò ïîäñàñûâàòü ê îêíàì âîäîïðèåìíèêà ëåäÿíóþ ñóñïåíçèþ ñ íèæíåé çîíû øóãîíîñíîãî ïîòîêà. Îäíîâðåìåííî ñëåäóåò òàêæå îöåíèâàòü ïàðàìåòðû îòæèìíîãî òå÷åíèÿ, êî- òîðîå ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåì çàùèòíîãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ. Ðåøåíèå ýòèõ ïðîáëåì ìîæåò áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíî ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì àïïàðà- òà ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ òå÷åíèé êàê ýôôåêòèâíîãî èíñòðóìåíòà âîñïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ñêîðîñòíîãî è óðîâåííîãî ðåæèìîâ, ïåðåíîñà ñóáñòàíöèè âîòêðûòûõ âîäîòîêàõ ñëîæíîé êîíôèãóðàöèè. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü ïëàíîâûõ òå÷åíèé. Äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ãèäðàâëè÷å- ñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïîòîêà èñïîëüçîâàëàñü äâóìåðíàÿ ìîäåëü ïëàíîâûõ òå÷å- íèé [2].  ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè ââîäèòñÿ äåêàðòîâàÿ ñèñòåìà êîîðäèíàò ñ îñÿìè õ, ó òàê, ÷òîáû îñðåäíåííàÿ ïëàíîâàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ ðóñëà ñîâïàäàëà ñíàïðàâëåíèåì îñè õ. Ïîâåðõíîñòü ðóñëîâîãî ëîæà çàäàåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì âèäà z = d(x, y), ôóíêöèåé, îïèñûâàþùåé ðåëüåô äíà. Óðàâíåíèÿ ïëàíîâûõ òå÷åíèé çàïèñûâàþò â âèäå [3]: ¶hu ¶huu ¶huv ¶()h +d g + + = -gh - |u |u, 2 ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶x C s ¶hv ¶huv ¶hvv ¶()h +d g + + = -gh - |u |v, 2 ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶y C s ¶h ¶uh ¶vh + + = - s q , (1) ¶t ¶x ¶y n n ãäå t – âðåìÿ; h – ãëóáèíà ïîòîêà; u, v – êîìïîíåíòû ñêîðîñòè; g – óñêîðåíèå ñèëû òÿæåñòè; u = (,)u v , |u | =u2 + v 2 – ìîäóëü ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ;

Cs – êîýôôèöèåíò Øåçè, îïðåäåëÿåìûé ñ ïîìîùüþ ôîðìóëû Ìàííèíãà; qn – ðàñõîä âîäîçàáîðà; sn – ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âîäîïðèåìíèêîâ â ðóñëå, ïðè÷åì òò sn dxdy = 1. Êðàåâûå óñëîâèÿ ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì. Íà âõîäíîì ñòâîðå õ = õ1 ñ÷èòàåòñÿ èçâåñòíûì óäåëüíûé ðàñõîä q1 âîäû

uh = q1 ïðè õ = õ1. (2)

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå óäåëüíîãî ðàñõîäà q1 ïîïåðåê ðóñëà ôîðìèðóåòñÿ â ïðåä- ïîëîæåíèè ðàâíîâåñíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ñêîðîñòåé. Ýòè çíà÷åíèÿ ðàññ÷èòûâàëèñü èç óðàâíåíèé èìïóëüñà â ñèñòåìå (1), â êîòîðûõ ïðåíåáðåãàåòñÿ èíåðöèîííû- 50 Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ...

ìè ñëàãàåìûìè, òàê ÷òî ïîòåðè íàïîðà, îáóñëîâëåííûå ñèëàìè ñîïðîòèâëå- íèÿ, áàëàíñèðóþòñÿ ñðåäíèì óêëîíîì.

 ïîïåðå÷íèêå âûõîäíîãî ñòâîðà õ = õ2 çàäàåòñÿ èçâåñòíûé óðîâåíü ñâîáîäíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè â âèäå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãëóáèí

h = h2 ïðè x = x2. (3) Ïîñòàíîâêó çàäà÷è çàìûêàþò íà÷àëüíûå óñëîâèÿ íà êîìïîíåíòû ñêîðî- ñòè u, v è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãëóáèí h â ìîìåíò t = 0. Ðàñ÷åò ïðîâîäèòñÿ ñ çàäàííûìè ïîëÿìè ãëóáèí è ñêîðîñòåé, ñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ïî êðàåâûì óñëîâèÿì (2), (3) ïðè v = 0. Ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è îñíîâàíû íà äèñêðåòèçàöèè èñõîäíûõ ñèñòåì â ñåòî÷íîé îáëàñòè. Èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðÿìîóãîëüíûå ñåòêè ñ óçëàìè, ðàçíåñåí- íûìè ïî ãðàíÿì ýëåìåíòàðíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî áîêñà. «Ðàñøàòàííûå» ñåòêè ïîçâîëÿþò ñòðîèòü êîíñåðâàòèâíûå ðàçíîñòíûå ñõåìû, à ïðèìåíÿåìûå íåÿâíûå ìåòîäû îáåñïå÷èâàþò óñòîé÷èâîñòü ìåòîäà ïðè äîëãîïåðèîäíîì èíòåãðèðîâàíèè è ïîëó÷åíèè ñòàöèîíàðíûõ ðåæèìîâ. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ àïïðîêñèìàöèÿ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ îïåðàòîðîâ îñíî- âàíà íà ñîâðåìåííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿõ î ìîíîòîííûõ ñõåìàõ è ñõåìàõ ñ íåâîç- ðàñòàíèåì ïîëíîé âàðèàöèè (Total Variation Diminishing, TVD). TVD-ñâîéñò- âî ãàðàíòèðóåò, â ÷àñòíîñòè, íåîòðèöàòåëüíîñòü ÷èñëåííûõ ïîëåé, òàêèõ êàê òîëùèíà ñëîÿ âîäû èëè êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ïðèìåñè. Áàçîâûé àëãîðèòì ðàñ÷åòà àäâåêöèè îñíîâàí íà îáîáùåíèè ñõåìû Îøåðà–×àêðàâàðòè íà íåÿâíûé ñïîñîá àïïðîêñèìàöèè ñîãëàñíî ïîäõîäó Õàðòåíà [4]. Ïðèìåíÿåìûå êîíå÷- íî-ðàçíîñòíûå ñõåìû èìåþò 2-é ïîðÿäîê òî÷íîñòè [5]. Ìîäåëü ïåðåíîñà øóãè â ðóñëå. Ïðåæäå ÷åì ôîðìóëèðîâàòü ìàòåìàòè- ÷åñêóþ ïîñòàíîâêó çàäà÷è îïèñàíèÿ øóãîõîäà, ñëåäóåò îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà ôèçè÷åñêîé ñóòè ÿâëåíèÿ. Ñ ïîíèæåíèåì òåìïåðàòóðû äî 0 °Ñ è ïåðåîõëàæ- äåíèåì âîäíûõ ìàññ â ïîòîêå ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ îòäåëüíûå êðèñòàëëû âíóòðèâîä- íîãî ëüäà. ×èñëî èõ áûñòðî âîçðàñòàåò. Ó÷àñòâóÿ â òóðáóëåíòíîì äâèæåíèè, îòäåëüíûå ÷àñòèöû ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì è êîàãóëèðóþò â àãðåãàòû áîëüøåãî ðàçìåðà. Êðóïíûå êîìüÿ øóãè óæå íå ìîãóò óäåðæèâàòüñÿ òóðáó- ëåíòíûìè ïóëüñàöèÿìè â ïîòîêå è âñïëûâàþò íà ïîâåðõíîñòü. Îáðàçîâàíèå øóãè ñâÿçàíî ñ èíòåíñèâíûì âåðòèêàëüíûì ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî ïåðåîõëàæäåííàÿ âîäà âîâëåêàåòñÿ âãëóáü ïîòîêà, ãäå è ïðîèñõîäèò âûäåëåíèå ëüäà. Êàê óæå áûëî ñêàçàíî, ïðè ìàëûõ ñêîðîñòÿõ òå÷åíèÿ âåðòèêàëüíîå ïå- ðåìåøèâàíèå íåâåëèêî è ïåðåîõëàæäàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïîâåðõíîñòíûå ñëîè âîäû, ãäå îáðàçóþòñÿ øóãîâûå âåíêè è êîâðû [1]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, õàðàêòåð ïðîöåññîâ ëåäîîáðàçîâàíèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîîòíîøåíèåì ìåõàíèçìîâ âåðòè- êàëüíîãî ïåðåìåøèâàíèÿ âîäû è âñïëûâàíèÿ âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà. Êîãäà ïåðåìåøàííàÿ ëåäÿíàÿ ñóñïåíçèÿ ïîïàäàåò â îáëàñòü ìåäëåííûõ òå÷åíèé, ñîçäàâàåìûõ, íàïðèìåð, çàùèòíûì ñîîðóæåíèåì, ñèëû, óäåðæèâàþùèå âíóòðèâîäíûé ëåä âî âçâåøåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè, îñëàáåâàþò, âíóòðèâîäíûé ëåä íà÷èíàåò âñïëûâàòü è îñíîâíàÿ òîëùà âîäû î÷èùàåòñÿ îò øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèà- ëà. Ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî ïðè îöåíêå ïàðàìåòðîâ êîâ- øà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåãî ïîíèæåíèå ñêîðîñòåé âáëèçè îãîëîâêà è î÷èùåíèÿ âîäû îòî ëüäà. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ýòèõ ïðîöåññîâ çàâèñèò îò ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîé 51 Â.À. Øëû÷êîâ, Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ

êðóïíîñòè ëüäà, èíòåíñèâíîñòè òóðáóëåíòíîãî ïåðåìåøèâàíèÿ, ïðîéäåííîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ è êîíöåíòðàöèè êðèñòàëëîâ. Ââîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: ñ – ñðåäíÿÿ ïî âåðòèêàëè îáúåìíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ øóãè (îòíîøåíèå îáúåìà âçâåøåííûõ êðèñòàëëîâ ê îáùåìó îáúåìó ñìåñè); ñi – ÷àñòíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ îòäåëüíîé ôðàêöèè. Ïðè ýòîì ñ÷è- òàåòñÿ ñ = åci . Äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî i ðóñëó ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ óðàâíåíèå ïåðåíîñà è äèôôóçèè äëÿ ïðèìåñè ñ ïëîòíî- ñòüþ, ìåíüøåé ïëîòíîñòè âîäû. Øóãà ñòèëèçóåòñÿ â âèäå ïîëèäèñïåðñíîé íåïðåðûâíî ðàñïðåäåëåííîé ñóáñòàíöèè. Óðàâíåíèÿ ïåðåíîñà âçâåøåííûõ ôðàêöèé ëüäà â ðå÷íîé âîäå ôîðìóëèðóþòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ïëàíîâîé ìîäåëè, îïèñûâàþùåé äèíàìèêó äâóìåðíîãî ïîòîêà: ¶hc ¶huc ¶hvc ¶ ¶c ¶ ¶c + + = hE + hE --w c s q c+ F , (4) ¶t ¶x ¶y¶ x x¶x¶ y y¶y g n n p

ãäå snqnc – èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïîãëîùåíèÿ ïðèìåñè çà ñ÷åò çàáîðà âîäû â îãî- ëîâêå; wg – ãèäðàâëè÷åñêàÿ êðóïíîñòü øóãè; Åõ, Åó – êîýôôèöèåíòû äèñïåðñèé; Fp – ñêîðîñòü ãåíåðàöèè êðèñòàëëîâ âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà â åäèíèöå îáúåìà çàñ÷åò ïåðåîõëàæäåíèÿ âîäû. Âåëè÷èíà Fp çàâèñèò îò èíòåíñèâíîñòè òåïëîîòäà÷è ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè âîäû, ñêîðîñòè âåòðà è òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà, ïðèòîêîâ òåïëà îò ãðóíòà, ãëóáèíû ïîòîêà, òóðáóëåíòíîãî ïåðåìåøèâàíèÿ, ñêîðîñòè âçàèìíîãî ñáëèæåíèÿ è ìèêðîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ êîàãóëÿöèè è äðóãèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Ó÷åñòü âñå ýòè ôàêòîðû â ÿâíîì âèäå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì õîòÿ áû ïî ïðè÷èíå, êàê ïðàâèëî, îòñóòñòâèÿ äàííûõ íàòóðíûõ èçìåðåíèé è íåâîçìîæíîñòè êàëèá- ðîâêè ìîäåëè.  êîíòåêñòå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ïðîáëåìû ñóùåñòâåííà çàâèñè- ìîñòü Fp îò èíòåíñèâíîñòè âåðòèêàëüíîãî òóðáóëåíòíîãî îáìåíà, êîòîðóþ, ñëåäóÿ ðàáîòå [6], ìîæíî çàäàòü â âèäå

Fp = u*P(x, y, t), (5)

ãäå u* – ñêîðîñòü òðåíèÿ, à áåçðàçìåðíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ P(x, y, t) èíòåãðàëüíî ó÷èòûâàåò âëèÿíèå ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ âûøå ôàêòîðîâ. Âèä ýòîé ôóíêöèè àï- ðèîðè íåèçâåñòåí, è â äàííîì ïîäõîäå åå îïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâàíî íà ãèïîòåçå ñòàöèîíàðíîñòè ïîëÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè â ïðåäåëàõ ðàñ÷åòíîé îáëàñòè. Ñ÷èòàåò- ñÿ, ÷òî íà íåáîëüøèõ õàðàêòåðíûõ âðåìåíàõ (÷àñû) è ðàññòîÿíèÿõ (ìåòðû) êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ëåäÿíûõ êðèñòàëëîâ â âîäå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ìåíÿåòñÿ è ñèñòåìà íàõîäèòñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè äèíàìè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ, ò.å. êîëè÷åñòâî âñïëûâ- øåãî âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ ìàññîé âíîâü îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ êðèñòàëëîâ. Ñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ – ñîîòíîøåíèå

wg c» u* P(,) x y , (6) êîòîðîå ñëóæèò îñíîâîé äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ôóíêöèè Ð(õ, ó) ïî çàäàííîìó ïîëþ êîíöåíòðàöèè. Ôóíêöèè Pi(x, y) ðàññ÷èòûâàþòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíî äëÿ êàæäîé ôðàêöèè i è îòðàæàþò âëèÿíèå ìåòåîðîëîãè÷åñêèõ, ìèêðîôèçè÷åñêèõ è ìîð- ôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, îáåñïå÷èâàÿ íàñòðîéêó ìîäåëè ê êîíêðåòíûì íàòóð- íûì óñëîâèÿì. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðè ôèêñèðîâàííîé ñòðóêòóðå ôóíêöèé Pi ñöåíàðíûå ðàñ÷åòû ïîçâîëÿò îöåíèòü âëèÿíèå ïîëÿ ñêîðîñòåé çà ñ÷åò èçìåíå- 52 Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ...

íèÿ u*, â ðàìêàõ ðàçíûõ âàðèàíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèè çàùèòíîãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ, íà õàðàêòåð ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà â ðàçëè÷íûõ ãèäðàâëè÷å- ñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ. Äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ìåõàíèçìà ãðàâèòàöèîííîé êîàãóëÿöèè íåîáõîäèìî çà- äàòü ñêîðîñòü âñïëûâàíèÿ øóãîâûõ ÷àñòèö. Âåëè÷èíà wg ñóùåñòâåííî çàâè- ñèò îò äèàìåòðà ÷àñòèö. Ñîãëàñíî îáçîðó [1] äëÿ êðèñòàëëîâ øàðîîáðàçíîé ôîðìû âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ãèäðàâëè÷åñêîé êðóïíîñòè èìååò âèä 6 0, 69 wg=196, ´ 10 n d s , (7) ãäå n – êèíåìàòè÷åñêèé êîýôôèöèåíò âÿçêîñòè âîäû ïðè 0 °Ñ â ì2/ñ; ds – äèàìåòð êðèñòàëëà, ì. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî âîïðîñó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ëå- äÿíûõ êðèñòàëëîâ ïî ôðàêöèÿì â ëèòåðàòóðå îòñóòñòâóþò, ïîýòîìó ñëåäóåò îïèðàòüñÿ íà îïèñàíèå äèñïåðñíîãî ñîñòàâà íà êà÷åñòâåííîì óðîâíå, âîñ- ïîëüçîâàâøèñü ðåçóëüòàòàìè ðàáîòû [7], âåðèôèöèðîâàííûìè äàííûìè èç- ìåðåíèé. Ïîñòðîåííóþ â âèäå ãðàôèêà â óïîìÿíóòîé ðàáîòå [7] òåîðåòè÷å- ñêóþ çàâèñèìîñòü ñ÷åòíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè êðèñòàëëîâ êàê ôóíêöèþ ãëóáèíû èðàçìåðà ëåäÿíûõ ÷àñòèö íà âûñîòå 1,8 ì îò äíà ìîæíî àïïðîêñèìèðîâàòü ïàðàáîëîé âèäà 2 lg fc=0,, 0165 r s - 0 725 r s + p c , (8) 3 ãäå fc – ôóíêöèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ (l/ì ); rs = ds/2 – ðàäèóñ ÷àñòèöû (ì); ðñ – ïëîòíîñòü øóãè. Ãðàôè÷åñêè çàâèñèìîñòü (8) ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 1 êðèâîé 1. Äëÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà çàõâàòà j = 0,1 çíà÷åíèå ðñ ïðèíÿòî ðàâíûì 7,4. Ñâÿçü ñ÷åòíîé è îáúåìíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè (â ïðåäïîëîæåíèè øàðîîáðàçíîñòè ÷àñòèö) âûðàæàåòñÿ ôîðìóëîé 4 c= p r3 f() r . (9) 3 s c s

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà â çà- âèñèìîñòè îò äèàìåòðà ëåäÿíûõ ÷àñòèö 1 – ëîãàðèôì ñ÷åòíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè; 2 – îáúåìíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ; 3 – ãèäðàâëè÷åñêàÿ êðóïíîñòü ôðàêöèé (øêàëà ñïðàâà) 53 Â.À. Øëû÷êîâ, Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ

Àíàëèç ôðàêöèîííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ îáúåìíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ñ(rs) (ðèñ. 1, êðèâàÿ 2) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ìàêñèìàëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà äèàìåòð êðèñòàëëîâ ds = 5 ìì. Ýòî áëèçêî ê äàííûì íà- áëþäåíèé [8], ñîãëàñíî êîòîðûì õàðàêòåðíîå çíà÷åíèå ðàçìåðîâ øóãîâûõ ÷àñòèö ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–8 ìì.  êà÷åñòâå íà÷àëüíûõ óñëîâèé çàäàåòñÿ ïîñòîÿííîå çíà÷åíèå ïëîòíîñòè øóãè, ðàâíîìåðíî ðàñïðåäåëåííîé ïî àêâàòîðèè âîäîòîêà.  ðàáîòå ðàññìàò- ðèâàëàñü ïîëèäèñïåðñíàÿ ñìåñü, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç 6 ôðàêöèé ëåäÿíûõ êðèñòàë- ëîâ ðàçìåðîì 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 ìì ñ ïàðöèàëüíûìè êîíöåíòðàöèÿìè, ðàñ- ñ÷èòàííûìè ïî ôîðìóëå (8). Ðàçìåðû ôðàêöèé âûáðàíû èç ñîîáðàæåíèé îïòèìàëüíîãî îïèñàíèÿ ñïåêòðàëüíîãî ïèêà, ïðåäñòàâëåííîãî íà ðèñ. 1. ×è- ñëîâûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðèâåäåíû â òàáëèöå.

Ïàðàìåòðû êîìïîíåíòîâ âîäíî-ëåäÿíîé ñìåñè

ds,ìì 2 3 5 7 10 15

ñi 0,0020 0,031 0,0321 0,0208 0,0080 0,00013

wg,ì/ñ 0,048 0,044 0,091 0,11 0,14 0,19

Ñóììàðíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü øóãè â äàííîé ñïåêòðàëüíîé ðåàëèçàöèè, âû÷èñ- 3 ëåííàÿ ïî ôîðìóëå ñ = åci , ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,114, ò.å. â 1 ì âîäíî-ëåäÿíîé i ñóñïåíçèè ñîäåðæèòñÿ 0,114 ì3 ëüäà. Ïîäãîòîâêà èñõîäíîé èíôîðìàöèè è ïàðàìåòðû ìîäåëè. Ïðè çàäàíèè èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ öèôðîâîé ìîäåëè ðåëüåôà, ïðåäñòàâëÿþ- ùåé ïðÿìîóãîëüíóþ ìàòðèöó âûñîò â êàæäîé òî÷êå ñåòî÷íîé îáëàñòè, íå- îáõîäèìî èñïîëüçîâàòü ìàòåðèàëû ðóñëîâîé ñúåìêè. Ëîêàëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà êîîðäèíàò â ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè ââîäèòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû îñü õ áûëà îðèåíòèðîâàíà âäîëü ðóñëà, à îñü ó – âäîëü ïîïåðå÷íèêà âõîäíîãî ñòâîðà. Îðèåíòàöèÿ êîîðäèíàòû ó ïî íîðìàëè ê äèíà- ìè÷åñêîé îñè ïîòîêà íåîáõîäèìà äëÿ êîððåêòíîãî çàäàíèÿ âåêòîðà ãðàíè÷- íûõ ðàñõîäîâ ñ îòñóòñòâèåì êàñàòåëüíîãî (êîñîãî) êîìïîíåíòà íà ãðàíèöå. Ïðèíÿòîå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå ïðè ÷èñëåííîì ðåøåíèè çàäà÷è ñî- ñòàâëÿåò Dõ = 2,5 ì âäîëü îñè õ è Dó = 2 ì ïî ó, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñåòî÷íîé ñòðóêòóðå, ñîäåðæàùåé áîëåå 33 òûñ. ýëåìåíòàðíûõ áîêñîâ â ðàñ÷åòíîé îáëàñòè. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü îòâîäà âîäû íàñîñàìè èç àâàíêàìåðû ñîñòàâëÿåò 3 qn = 2,2 ì /ñ.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîíñòðóêöèåé îãîëîâêà ôóíêöèÿ sn çàäàåòñÿ ââèäå ðàâíîìåðíî ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ çíà÷åíèé â ñåòî÷íûõ óçëàõ, ïîïàäàþùèõ íà 12-ìåòðîâóþ íèòêó âîäîïðèåìíûõ òðóá è îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ âäîëü ïîòîêà. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ. Ðàñ÷åòû ïðîâîäèëèñü ïî ñëåäóþùåé ñõåìå. Íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå ïóòåì èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ óðàâíåíèé (1) äî ìîìåíòà óñòàíîâëåíèÿ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ èñêîìûå ïîëÿ ñêîðîñòåé è óðîâíåé â áûòîâîì ðåæèìå. Íà îñ- íîâå ïðèíÿòûõ ïðåäïîëîæåíèé î ïîñòîÿíñòâå ðàñõîäà âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà èñ ó÷åòîì ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äèíàìè÷åñêîé ñêîðîñòè èç (6) ðàññ÷èòûâàþòñÿ ôóíêöèè Ði(õ, ó), êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûì ðåçóëüòàòîì ýòàïà 1 è äàëåå ñ÷èòàþòñÿ èçâåñòíûìè. 54 Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ...

Âòîðîé ýòàï ðåøåíèÿ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â èçó÷åíèè âëèÿíèÿ øóãîîòâîäÿùåãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ. Ðàñ÷åòíûìè ìåòîäàìè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ íîâûå ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ïîòîêà, îáóñëîâëåííûå âëèÿíèåì ñîîðóæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò áàçîé äëÿ èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ ïåðåíîñà øóãè (4) ñ ïîäãîòîâëåííûìè ôóíêöèÿìè Ði. Ðåçóëüòèðóþùèå ïîëÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ñî- ïîñòàâèòåëüíîãî àíàëèçà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ âàðèàíòîâ ïëàíîâîé êîíôèãóðàöèè çàùèòíîãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ.

Ðèñ. 2. Èçîòàõè (ì/ñ) ïðîäîëüíîé ñêîðîñòè â áûòîâûõ óñëî- âèÿõ. Ñèìâîëîì Ä îáîçíà÷åíî ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå îãîëîâêà

Ðèñ. 2 äàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ïëàíîâîé ñòðóêòóðå ïîëÿ ïðîäîëüíîé ñêîðî- ñòè â áûòîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ (çäåñü è äàëåå èçîòàõè ïîñòðîåíû ñ øàãîì 0,05 ì/ñ). Íàïðàâëåíèå òå÷åíèÿ ïîêàçàíî ñòðåëêîé. Ïîëîæåíèå îãîëîâêà îòìå÷åíî ñèìâîëîì Ä âáëèçè ïðàâîãî áåðåãà â öåíòðå îáëàñòè. Ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå u íå ïðåâûøàåò 0,35 ì/ñ.  êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîãî âàðèàíòà ñòðóåîòâîäÿùåãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ ðàññìàòðè- âàëàñü ñïëîøíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ, áåðóùàÿ íà÷àëî íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó è îõâàòû- âàþùàÿ îãîëîâîê ñî ñòîðîíû íàòåêàþùåãî ïîòîêà ïî ïåðèìåòðó íà ðàññòîÿ- íèè 20 ì îò âîäîïðèåìíèêîâ. Äàìáà ñõåìàòèçèðîâàíà â âèäå 2-çâåííîé ëîìà- íîé ëèíèè, ïðè÷åì äëèíà âíåøíåãî áîðòà (ñî ñòîðîíû ðåêè) ld âàðüèðîâàëàñü â ïðåäåëàõ 30–150 ì. Âûñîòà íàñûïè íàä ìåæåííûì óðîâíåì ñâîáîäíîé ïî- âåðõíîñòè çàäàâàëàñü ðàâíîé 1,6 ì.

Ðèñ. 3 èëëþñòðèðóåò âëèÿíèå äàìáû íà ïîëå u ïðè ld = 30 ì. Ñîïîñòàâè- òåëüíûé àíàëèç (ñì. ðèñ. 2, 3) óêàçûâàåò íà ýôôåêò òîðìîæåíèÿ ïîòîêà ïåðåä ôðîíòàëüíûì ñåãìåíòîì äàìáû ñ îòæèìîì òå÷åíèÿ ê ëåâîìó áåðåãó. Ìàêñè- ìóì ñêîðîñòè, ðàâíûé 0,5 ì/ñ, ðàñïîëîæåí âáëèçè óãëîâîãî ñî÷ëåíåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ äàìáû, ïðè÷åì óâåëè÷åíèå ñêîðîñòè çà ñ÷åò ñòåñíåíèÿ ïîòîêà ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì â ðàéîíå äàìáû 0,14 ì/ñ, à â ìàêñèìóìå 0,2 ì/ñ. Ïðè îáòåêàíèè âûñòóïà äàìáû ðàçâèâàþòñÿ çàìåòíûå àìïëèòóäû ïîïåðå÷íîé ñêîðîñòè ñ ýêñòðåìàëüíûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè äî 0,25 ì/ñ, òàê ÷òî ìàêñèìóì ìîäó- ëÿ ñêîðîñòè |u| êàê âåêòîðíîé âåëè÷èíû ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,52 ì/ñ.  òûëîâîé ÷àñòè äàìáû îáðàçóåòñÿ çîíà ãèäðîäèíàìè÷åñêîé òåíè, ãäå ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ ïàäàþò äî íóëÿ – çäåñü íà÷èíàåò ñêàçûâàòüñÿ ýôôåêò ïîä- ñîñà ìàññû çà ñ÷åò ñîáñòâåííîãî ðàñõîäà îãîëîâêà âîäîçàáîðà. Ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íàâåäåííûå îòðèöàòåëüíûå ñêîðîñòè ñ õàðàêòåðíûì çíà÷åíèåì u = –0,1 ì/ñ 55 Â.À. Øëû÷êîâ, Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ

Ðèñ. 3. Èçîòàõè (ì/ñ) ïðîäîëüíîé ñêîðîñòè ïðè âîçâåäåíèè øóãîçàùèòû ñ ld = 30 ì

(ýêñòðåìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ u ñîñòàâëÿþò –0,2 ì/ñ), íàïðàâëåííûå ïðîòèâ âåêòîðà îñíîâíîãî ïîòîêà ê âîäîïðèåìíûì îòâåðñòèÿì. Îáëàñòü u < 0 îáîçíà- ÷åíà íà ðèñ. 3 êîíòðàñòíîé çàëèâêîé. Óâåëè÷åíèå âíåøíåãî áîðòà äàìáû äî 100 ì è áîëåå îáóñëîâëèâàåò ñïî- êîéíûé õàðàêòåð òå÷åíèÿ âáëèçè îãîëîâêà. Ýòîò âûâîä ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíûì ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå èíæåíåðíûõ ðåøåíèé, òàê êàê ìàëûå ñêîðîñòè òå÷åíèÿ â êîâøå îáóñëîâëèâàþò óâåëè÷åíèå âðåìåíè íàõîæäåíèÿ øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà â ñïî- êîéíîé âîäå. Ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî íàðÿäó ñ îñëàáëåíèåì òóðáóëåíòíîãî ïåðå- ìåøèâàíèÿ ñïîñîáñòâóåò âñïëûâàíèþ îñíîâíîé ìàññû øóãè íà ïîâåðõíîñòü, î÷èùåíèþ âíóòðèâîäíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïðè ïîäõîäå ïîòîêà ê îãîëîâêó è ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ëåäîâîãî ïîêðîâà â êîâøå.  êà÷åñòâå àëüòåðíàòèâíîãî âàðèàíòà êîíñòðóêöèè êîâøà ïðåäóñìàòðè- âàëîñü ñîîðóæåíèå ïîäêîâîîáðàçíîãî ýêðàíà ïåðåä îãîëîâêîì, íå ïðèìû- êàþùåãî ê áåðåãó è îòêðûòîãî ñíèçó ïî òå÷åíèþ. Àíàëèç ñòðóêòóðû òå÷åíèÿ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äàííûé âàðèàíò ìåíåå ýôôåêòèâåí, ÷åì ðàññìîòðåííûå âûøå. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî âîçâðàòíîå òå÷åíèå â îêðåñòíîñòè îãîëîâêà äîñ- òèãàåò â 2–2,5 ðàçà áîëüøèõ çíà÷åíèé è ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê áûñòðîìó òðàíñ- ïîðòó øóãè ê âîäîïðèåìíèêàì.  îáëàñòè áîêîâûõ ÷àñòåé îãðàæäåíèÿ òàêæå ðàçâèâàþòñÿ áîëüøèå àìïëèòóäû ñêîðîñòè (ó âíåøíåãî áîðòà 0,66 ì/ñ ïðîòèâ 0,51 ì/ñ íà ðèñ. 3), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðèñêîì ðàçìûâà ëåâîãî áåðåãà. ×àñòü ïîòîêà ïåðåíàïðàâëÿåòñÿ ê ïðàâîáåðåæíîìó óðåçó âîäû, ãäå çà ñ÷åò ñóæåíèÿ ðóñëà ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ëîêàëüíîå óñèëåíèå ñêîðîñòè äî 0,32 ì/ñ.  ñèëó ýòèõ ïðè÷èí ïîäêîâîîáðàçíûé âàðèàíò ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèäðîäèíàìè÷åñêè íåâûãîäíûì, à ñëåäî- âàòåëüíî, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåïðèåìëåìûì. Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà øóãîõîäà â ñëó÷àå âîçâåäåíèÿ äàìáû, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü ñëåäóþùåå: çàùèòíîå ñîîðóæåíèå ôîðìèðóåò íîâóþ ãèä- ðàâëè÷åñêóþ ñòðóêòóðó ïîòîêà, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèþ êîíöåí- òðàöèè ëüäà. Ðàñ÷åòû ïðîâîäèëèñü äëÿ âñåõ ðàññìîòðåííûõ ðàçìåðîâ áîðòà äàìáû ld. Íà ðèñ. 4 ïðåäñòàâëåíî ïîëå êîíöåíòðàöèè âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà ñìèíèìàëüíûì ld = 30 ì. Íà âõîäíîì ñòâîðå êîíöåíòðàöèÿ áëèçêà ê èñõîä- íîìó ðàâíîâåñíîìó çíà÷åíèþ ñ = 0,114, íèæå ïî òå÷åíèþ ïîëå ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ øóãè ñ äåôîðìèðóåòñÿ âñëåäñòâèå äèíàìè÷åñêîé íåîäíîðîäíîñòè, ñîçäàâàå- ìîé äàìáîé.  îñíîâíîì ðóñëå â ðàéîíå äàìáû è íèæå êîíöåíòðàöèÿ âîçðàñ- 56 Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ...

Ðèñ. 4. Ïîëå îáúåìíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà ïðè âîçâåäåíèè øóãîçàùèòû ñ ld = 30 ì

òàåò äî âåëè÷èíû 0,18. Ýòî, î÷åâèäíî, ïðîèñõîäèò â ðåçóëüòàòå îòâîäà ìàññû ëüäà îò áåðåãà çà ñ÷åò ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñåãìåíòà çàùèòû. Íà âíóòðåííåì ïðî- ñòðàíñòâå äàìáû âáëèçè âîäîïðèåìíûõ óñòðîéñòâ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ óìåíüøè- ëàñü áîëåå ÷åì â 5 ðàç ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðàâíîâåñíîé è ñòàëà 0,02. Ñëåäîâà- òåëüíî, ïðåäëîæåííàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ îïðàâäûâàåò ñâîå ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðåä- íàçíà÷åíèå êàê ñðåäñòâî îñëàáëåíèÿ äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â âîäîòîêå èîòâîäà øóãè. Äèñïåðñíûé àíàëèç ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî îñëàáëåíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè íàèáîëåå çàìåòíî â «íåñóùèõ» ôðàêöèÿõ ñ ds = 3–7 ìì, êîòîðûå è îïðåäåëÿþò 5-êðàò- íîå óìåíüøåíèå ñ. Ëîêàëüíûå ïîâûøåíèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè äî çíà÷åíèé ñ = 0,16 íàáëþäàþòñÿ â áåðåãîâîé çîíå íà àêâàòîðèè êîâøà (ðèñ. 4). Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ èç- âåñòíûì ôåíîìåíîì àêêóìóëÿöèè ïàññèâíîé ñóáñòàíöèè ëþáîé ïðèðîäû â çàñòîéíûõ çîíàõ ñ ìàëûìè ñêîðîñòÿìè îáìåíà, îáû÷íî ðàñïîëàãàþùèìèñÿ íà ìåëêîâîäüå. Ìåõàíèçì àêêóìóëÿöèè â äàííîì ñëó÷àå äîìèíèðóåò íàä ìåõàíèçìîì î÷èùåíèÿ âîäû çà ñ÷åò âñïëûâàíèÿ ëüäà, ÷òî è ïðèâîäèò ê ôîð- ìèðîâàíèþ áåðåãîâûõ ìàêñèìóìîâ. Îäíàêî âñëåäñòâèå ìàëûõ ãëóáèí ó áå- ðåãîâ ñóììàðíîå ñîäåðæàíèå øóãè â ñëîå âîäû íåâåëèêî è íå îêàçûâàåò ñåðü- åçíîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà åå ñîäåðæàíèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó îãîëîâêà. Íàêîïëåíèå âñïëûâàþùåãî øóãîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê îáðà- çîâàíèþ ëåäÿíîé êîðêè. Ëåäÿíîé ïîêðîâ ñ áîëüøîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ ñôîðìèðó- åòñÿ è â òûëîâîé ÷àñòè êîâøà îò îãîëîâêà äî îêîíå÷íîñòè áîðòà, à íà áåðåãàõ è íèæå çîíû âëèÿíèÿ äàìáû. Âûâîäû. Çàäà÷à ïîñòàâëåíà íà îñíîâå äâóìåðíûõ ïëàíîâûõ óðàâíåíèé, îïèñûâàþùèõ ñðåäíèå ïî âåðòèêàëè ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ïîòîêà â ðóñ- ëå è ïðîöåññû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ïåðåíîñà âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà. Ìîäåëü îðèåí- òèðîâàíà íà âîñïðîèçâåäåíèå øóãîõîäà ýêñòðåìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè ñ ðèñêîì îáëåäåíåíèÿ è çàêóïîðêè ðåøåòîê âîäîïðèåìíûõ óñòðîéñòâ îãîëîâêà. Ðàññìîòðåíû äâà âàðèàíòà êîíñòðóêöèè çàùèòíîé äàìáû: 1) ñîîðóæå- íèå, áåðóùåå íà÷àëî íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó è îõâàòûâàþùåå îãîëîâîê êîñûì ôðîíòàëüíûì è ïðîäîëüíûì áîðòàìè; 2) èçîëèðîâàííîå îò áåðåãà ñîîðóæå- íèå ïîäêîâîîáðàçíîé ôîðìû ïåðåä îãîëîâêîì. Ïîñëåäíèé âàðèàíò ïðèçíàí íåïðèåìëåìûì ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàçâèòèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ñêîðîñòåé îòæèìà ïîòî- êàè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñèëüíûõ òå÷åíèé âáëèçè áåðåãîâ. Áîëåå ðàöèîíàëüíûì 57 Â.À. Øëû÷êîâ, Â.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ

ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàðèàíò 1, â ðàìêàõ êîòîðîãî ïðîâåäåíà ñåðèÿ ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðè- ìåíòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ âëèÿíèÿ ðàçìåðà ïðîäîëüíîãî áîðòà íà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü î÷èùàþùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè êîâøà. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì äëèíû áîðòà îò 30 äî 150 ì çàùèòíûå ñâîéñòâà äàìáû ìîíîòîííî âîçðàñòàþò, ïðèâîäÿ êóìåíüøåíèþ êîíöåíòðàöèè âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà â ðàéîíå âîäîïðèåìíèêîâ â 3–5 ðàç è áîëåå.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ä î í ÷ å í ê î Ð.Â. Ôèçè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà âíóòðèâîäíîãî ëüäà (øóãè) // Òð. ÃÃÈ. 1956. Âûï. 55. Ñ. 5–40. 2. Ø ë û ÷ ê î â Â.À. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü äèíàìèêè âîäîòîêîâ â îáëàñòÿõ ñî ñëîæíîé ãåîìåòðèåé: ìàòåðèàëû êîíô. «Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âîäû è âîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ». Èðêóòñê : Èçä-âî Èíñòèòóòà ãåîãðàôèè ÑÎ PAÍ, 2005. C. 248–250. 3. Ñ ò î ê å ð Äæ. Äæ. Âîëíû íà âîäå. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ ñ ïðèëîæåíèÿìè. Ì.: ÈË, 1959. 617 ñ. 4.Harten A. On a class of high resolution total-variation-stable finite-difference schemes // SIAM Journal of Numerical analysis. 1984. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 1–23. 5. S h l y c h k o v V.A. Numerical research currents channel with the help of flat plain model // Bulletin of the Novosibirsk Computing Center. ICM MG Publisher. Novosibirsk, 2005. Issue 11. P. 15–19. 6. Ð û ì ø à Â.À. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå òåïëà êðèñòàëëèçàöèè ïåðåîõëàæäåííîé âîäû ïî ãëóáèíå â ïîòîêàõ è âîäîåìàõ // Òð. ÃÃÈ. 1962. Âûï. 93. Ñ. 3–23. 7. À á ð à ì å í ê î â Í.Ì. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ïðîöåññà çàìåðçàíèÿ øóãîíîñíûõ ðåê // Òð.ÑÀÍÈÈ èì. Â.À. Áóãàåâà. Ì.: Ãèäðîìåòåîèçäàò, 1984. Âûï. 101 (182). Ñ. 3–100. 8. C l a r k S., D o e r i n g J.C. A laboratory study of frazil ice size distributions // 17-th International Symposium on Ice. SPb., 2004. Vol. 1. P. 291–297.

Øëû÷êîâ Âÿ÷åñëàâ Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷, ä-ð ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Äåãòÿðåâ Âëàäèìèð Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí)

Ïîëó÷åíî 19.05.17 Shlychkov Vyacheslav Alexandrovich, DSc Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Degtyarev Vladimir Vladimirovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia

THERATIONALEOFPARAMETERSOFFRAZIL ICEPROOFDAMSATRIVERWATERINTAKEUSING ANUMERALMODELOFPLANNEDSTREAMS

In the article the questions related to frazil ice formation leading to river water intake work complications are considered. In cases of extremely density of frazil ice, a water supply to avancamera could be blocked that requires mechanical cleaning of receiving windows grates, sometimes diving work and even pumps stop. Mechanical diversion of water masses with a high content of frazil ice through an ice proof dam is one of methods to prevent possible plugging of water receivers. This raises the problem of determining the optimal shape and size of the structure. This and accompanying hydrodynamic and ice-thermal 58 Îáîñíîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ øóãîçàùèòíûõ äàìá ó ðå÷íûõ âîäîçàáîðîâ... tasks are solved with the use of mathematical modeling applied to open streams of complex planned and altitude configuration. K e y w o r d s: river water intake, frazil ice, ice proof dam, numeral model.

REFERENCES

1. Donchenko R.V. Fizicheskie svoystva vnutrivodnogo l’da (shugi) [Physical purposes of ice water (frazil ice)]. Trudy GGI [Proceedings SHI]. 1956. Issue 55. Pp. 5–40. (in Russian) 2. S h l y c h k o v V.A. Matematicheskaya model’ dinamiki vodotokov v oblastyakh so slozhnoy geometriey: materialy konferentsii «Fundamental’nye problemy izucheniya i ispol’zovaniya vody i vodnykh resursov» [Mathematical model of watercourses dynamics in areas with complex geometry: the proceedings of the conference «Fundamental problems of studying and using water and water resources»]. Irkutsk, Publishing house of Institute of Geography SB RAS, 2005. Pp. 248–250. (in Russian) 3. S t o k e r J.J. Volny na vode. Matematicheskaya teoriya s prilozheniyami [Waves on water. Mathematical theory and applications]. Moscow, Foreign literatury, 1959. 617 p. (in Russian) 4. H a r t e n A. On a class of high resolution total variaition stable finite difference schemes. SIAM Journal of Numerical analysis. 1984. Vol. 21. No. 1. Pp. 1–23. 5. S h l y c h k o v V.A. Numerical research currents channels with help of flat plain model. Bulletin of Novosibirsk Computing Center. ICM MG Publisher. Novosibirsk, 2005. Issue 11. Pp. 15–19. 6. R y m s h a V.A. Raspredelenie tepla kristallizatsii pereokhlazhdennoy vody po glubine v potokakh i vodoemakh [The heat spreading of overchilled water crystallization on depth in streams and reservoirs]. Trudy GGI [Proceedings SHI]. 1962. Issue 93. Pp. 3–23. (in Russian) 7. Abramenkov N.M. Modelirovanie protsessa zamerzaniya shugonosnykh rek [Modeling of frazil ice rivers freezing]. Trudy SANII by V.A. Bugaeva [Proceedings CASII by V.A. Bugaeva]. Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat, 1984. Issue 101 (182). Pp. 3–100. (in Russian) 8. C l a r k S., D o e r i n g J.C. A laboratory study of frazil ice size distributions. 17th International Symposium on Ice. Saint Petersburg, 2004. Vol. 1. Pp. 291–297.

59 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÛ, ÃÐÀÄÎÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ È ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ

ÓÄÊ 728.71(571.651):697.112

À.Â. ÌÎËÎÄÈÍ

ÊÂÎÏÐÎÑÓÊÎÌÔÎÐÒÍÛÕÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÒÓÐÍÛÕÓÑËÎÂÈÉ ÝÊÑÏËÓÀÒÀÖÈÈÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÎÍÍÎÃÎ×ÓÊÎÒÑÊÎÃÎÆÈËÈÙÀ ÂÓÑËÎÂÈßÕÊÐÀÉÍÅÃÎÑÅÂÅÐÀ × à ñ ò ü 1

Ïðèâîäèòñÿ îïèñàíèå îñîáåííîñòåé ñòðîèòåëüíîãî îïûòà è ñèñòåìû îòîïëåíèÿ êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ ×óêîòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà. Îïèñûâàþòñÿ êîíñòðóêòèâíûå è îáúåìíî-ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïåðåíîñíûõ êàðêàñíûõ ñîîðóæå- íèé (ÿðàíãà). Óäåëÿåòñÿ âíèìàíèå îðãàíèçàöèè âíóòðåííåãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà æèëèùà è òðàäèöèÿì åå ýêñïëóàòàöèè. Îïèñûâàþòñÿ ïðèíöèïû îòîïëåíèÿ è ñîçäàíèÿ áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé âíóòðè æèëèùà. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ëàáîðàòîðíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé òåïëîçàùèòíîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñò- ðóêöèé ÿðàíãè è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âíóòðåííåé òåìïåðàòóðû âîç- äóõà â óñëîâèÿõ íîðìàëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè ñîîðóæåíèÿ. Íà îñíîâå ïîëó÷åííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ äàííûõ ïðîâîäèòñÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò òåïëîïîòåðü ñîîðó- æåíèÿ, êîòîðûé äîêàçûâàåò ýíåðãåòè÷åñêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äâóõñòóïåí÷àòîé ñèñòåìû îòîïëåíèÿ ÿðàíãè. Àâòîð ïðåäëàãàåò èñïîëüçîâàòü ïîäîáíóþ ñõåìó â ïðàêòèêå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ æèëûõ ïîñåëêîâ ïðîìûøëåííèêîâ Êðàé- íåãî Ñåâåðà.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ÿðàíãà, àðõèòåêòóðà, êàðêàñíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ, ïåðåíîñíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ, òåìïåðàòóðà.

Ââåäåíèå. Îòêðûòèå íîâûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ è êàê ñëåäñòâèå ïðîìûøëåííîå îñâîåíèå ðàéîíîâ ñ ýêñòðåìàëüíûìè òåìïåðàòóð- íûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè îêðóæàþùåãî âîçäóõà ñòàâèò ïåðåä ñîâðåìåííûìè àðõèòåêòîðàìè ðÿä çàäà÷ ïî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèþ êîìôîðòíîãî æèëüÿ äëÿ çàïî- ëÿðíûõ ïîñåëêîâ Ñèáèðè, Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, Àëÿñêè è Êàíàäû. Ïðèìåíåíèå ñîâðåìåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è òåõíîëîãèé – âàæíûé, íî íå åäèí- ñòâåííûé àñïåêò ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè ñîâðåìåííûõ æèëûõ ñîîðóæåíèé â óñ- ëîâèÿõ Êðàéíåãî Ñåâåðà. Íåìàëîâàæíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèå íàêîïëåí- íîãî ñòðîèòåëüíîãî îïûòà êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ ýòîãî ðåãèîíà. Èìåííî èçó÷å- íèå è ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå òàêîãî îïûòà ïîìîæåò ýôôåêòèâíåå èñïîëüçîâàòü ðåñóðñû è ñîçäàòü äåéñòâèòåëüíî êîìôîðòíûå è ýêîíîìè÷íûå óñëîâèÿ æèçíè è ðàáîòû ñîâðåìåííûõ ïðîìûøëåííèêîâ. Ìèðîâîé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé êðèçèñ XX â. ïðèâåë, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ê ïîÿâëå- íèþ íîâîãî íàó÷íî-ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå, ñâÿçàííîãî ñ ïîíÿòèåì «çäàíèå ñ ýôôåêòèâíûì èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýíåðãèè».

© Ìîëîäèí À.Â., 2017 60 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

Ïåðâîå òàêîå çäàíèå áûëî ïîñòðîåíî â 1974 ã. â ã. Ìàí÷åñòåðå (øòàò Íüþ-Õýìïøèð, ÑØÀ).  íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà èçìåðèòü, îïèñàòü è ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü ìíîãîâåêîâîé îïûò ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíîãî æèëèùíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ ×óêîòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà ñ öåëüþ âîçìîæíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ â æèëèùíîì ñòðîèòåëüñòâå â ñî- âðåìåííîé ïðàêòèêå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ è ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýíåðãîðåñóðñîâ âî âðå- ìÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèè. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ðàéîí ïðîæèâàíèÿ ÷óê÷åé íå áîãàò ëåñàìè, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ñ äîñòàòêîì èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ êîìôîðòíîé òåìïåðàòóðû âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèÿ. Îãðàíè÷åííûå ýíåðãîðåñóðñû çàñòàâëÿëè ÷óê÷åé èñêàòü ýôôåê- òèâíûå ïóòè ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèÿ è ýâîëþöèîíèðîâàòü ñîáñòâåííîå æèëèùå ñó÷åòîì ýòèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó èõ öåííûé íàêîïëåííûé îïûò áûë âûáðàí îáúåêòîì íàñòîÿùåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ.  ðàìêàõ ñòàòüè áóäóò îïèñàíû êîíñòðóêòèâíûå è îáúåìíî-ïðîñòðàíñò- âåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÿðàíãè – òðàäèöèîííîãî êàðêàñíîãî æèëèùà ÷óê÷åé, ïðîâåäåíû ëàáîðàòîðíûå èñïûòàíèÿ òåïëîâîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âíóòðåííèõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñîîðóæåíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ åå íîðìàëüíîé ýêñ- ïëóàòàöèè â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû òåïëîòåõíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ÿðàíãè òåîðåòè÷åñêèìè ìåòîäàìè. Òàêîé êîìïëåêñíûé ïîäõîä ê èçó÷åíèþ íàêîïëåííîãî îïûòà ìîæåò ñôîðìèðîâàòü ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè äëÿñîâðåìåííîé ïðàêòèêè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ è äàòü íîâûå èäåè è ïîäõîäû âîáúåìíî-ïðîñòðàíñòâåííóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ ýôôåêòèâíûõ ýíåðãîñáåðåãàþ- ùèõ ñîîðóæåíèé. 1. Ñòåïåíü èçó÷åííîñòè ïðîáëåìû. Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû êîðåííûõ æèòåëåé Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêè áûëè âûïîëíå- íû â êîíöå XX â. [1]. Ì. Ëè è Ã. Ðåèíãõàðä â 2003 ã. îïóáëèêîâàëè íàó÷íûé òðóä, ïîñâÿùåííûé àðõèòåêòóðå ýñêèìîñîâ. Âîïðîñàìè èçó÷åíèÿ ñòðîèòåëü- íîãî îïûòà êîðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ Ñèáèðè â ýòî æå âðåìÿ çàíèìàëèñü ìíîãèå ðîññèéñêèå ó÷åíûå – Ê.Ä. Áàñàåâà, Ñ.È. Âàéíøòåéí, Ã.Í. Ãðà÷åâà, Í.Í. Ãó- öîë, Á.Î. Äîëãèõ, À.Ï. Ïèíò, Ý.À. Ñààð, Â.Ä. Ñëàâèí, Å.Ì. Òîùàêîâà è äð. Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûì èññëåäîâàíèåì æèëûõ ïîñòðîåê êîðåííûõ æèòåëåé Ñèáè- ðè, îáúåäèíèâøèì ìíîãèå àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèå è êóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëå- äîâàíèÿ, ñòàëà ðàáîòà Ç.Ï. Ñîêîëîâîé [2]. Îäíàêî áîëüøèíñòâî èç âûøåïåðå- ÷èñëåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé êàñàëèñü ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì òèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ âîïðî- ñîâ è îò÷àñòè àðõèòåêòóðíûõ àñïåêòîâ ñîîðóæåíèé. Êëèìàòîëîãè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû â ýòèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ëèáî ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü ïîâåðõíîñòíî, ëèáî íåðàññìàòðèâàëèñü âîâñå.  íà÷àëå XXI â. îáùèìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè ïðîáëåìû ïîääåðæàíèÿ êîì- ôîðòíîãî êëèìàòà âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèé íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû çàíÿëèñü A.Foruzanmehr, M. Vellinga [3], P. Oliver [4] and N. Vural [5]. Âàæíîå äëÿ êëèìàòîëîãèè íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû èññëåäîâàíèå, ïîñâÿùåííîå ýôôåêòèâ- íîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ýíåðãèè, áûëî âûïîëíåíî â Êîëîðàäñêîì óíèâåðñèòå- òåâ Áîóëäåðå ó÷åíûìè Z. John Zhai and J.M. Previtali [6]. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü çíà÷èìîå äëÿ òåìû èññëåäîâàíèå ïî òðàäèöèîííîé àçèàòñêîé àðõèòåêòóðå, ïðîâåäåííîå H.B. Rijal è åãî êîìàíäîé â 2010–2013 ãã. [7, 8]. Ñïåöèôè÷åñêèìè 61 À.Â. Ìîëîäèí

âîïðîñàìè òðàäèöèé ñîõðàíåíèÿ òåïëà â íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðå òåððèòîðèé ñõîëîäíûì êëèìàòîì çàíèìàëèñü Üllar Alev [9] è R. Cantin [10]. Âàæíûìè äëÿ âîïðîñîâ êëèìàòîëîãèè íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû ÿâëÿþòñÿ âîïðîñû ñîõðàíåíèÿ êîìôîðòíûõ óñëîâèé âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèé ýêñòðåìàëü- íî æàðêîãî êëèìàòà. Òàêèìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè â þæíîé Åâðîïå çàíèìàëñÿ J. Fernandes [11–13], à I. Cañas and S. Martin ðàññìàòðèâàëè âîïðîñû êëèìàòîëîãèè èñïàíñêîé íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû êàê êîìïëåêñíóþ ìîäåëü áèîêëèìàòè÷åñêîé àðõèòåêòóðû [14]. Àðõèòåêòóðó ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ðåãèîíà ýêâàòîðèàëüíîé Þæíîé Àìåðèêè èññëåäîâàëà M. Machado [15], êëèìàòîëîãèþ èíäèéñêîé àðõèòåêòóðû èçó÷àëè Shanthi Priya [16] è M.K. Singh [17]. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü èññëåäîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ êà÷åñòâà ñðåäû âíóòðè ïî- ìåùåíèé, ïðîâåäåííîå â 2014 ã. V.V. Sakhare è R.V. Ralegaonkar [18], â êî- òîðîì ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ìåòîäîëîãèÿ èçìåðåíèé, ïðèìåíèìàÿ ê èññëåäîâàíèÿì íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû. Èíòåðåñíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèå ïî âíåäðåíèþ ïðàêòèêè íàðîäíîé àðõèòåêòóðû â ñîâðåìåííûå ìåòîäû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ, ïðîâåäåííîå K. Kimura [19]. Ïîëó÷åííûé îïûò ìîæåò ìàñøòàáèðîâàòüñÿ â èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ñòðîè- òåëüíûõ òðàäèöèé êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ ìèðà. Âñå ïåðå÷èñëåííûå ðàáîòû çàëîæèëè îñíîâó êëèìàòîëîãè÷åñêîãî èçó- ÷åíèÿ êîìôîðòíîé òåìïåðàòóðû âíóòðè òðàäèöèîííûõ æèëûõ ïîñòðîåê êî- ðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, îäíàêî ïîäîáíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé íà òåððèòîðèè ñåâåðà Àçèàòñêîé Ðîññèè íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. 2. Ãåîãðàôèÿ ×óêîòñêîãî ïîëóîñòðîâà. Îñîáåííîñòè êëèìàòà ×ó- êîòêè îáóñëîâëåíû åå ðàñïîëîæåíèåì íà êðàéíåé ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêî- íå÷íîñòè Åâðàçèè – â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ äâóõ îêåàíîâ, ñî ñëîæíîé àòìîñôåð- íîé öèðêóëÿöèåé, ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àþùåéñÿ â òåïëîå è õîëîäíîå âðå- ìÿ ãîäà.  çèìíèé ïåðèîä ×óêîòêó ïîêðûâàåò îáëàñòü ïîâûøåííîãî äàâëåíèÿ, ñ êîòîðîé ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ öèêëîíû åâðîïåéñêî-àçèàòñêîãî ôðîíòà, àðêòè÷å- ñêèå àíòèöèêëîíû è þæíûå öèêëîíû. Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê òîìó, ÷òî ïîãîäà íà ×óêîòêå ðåçêî ìåíÿåòñÿ äàæå â êîðîòêèå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè: ìîðîç ñ óìå- ðåííûìè è ñèëüíûìè ñåâåðíûìè âåòðàìè âíåçàïíî ñìåíÿåòñÿ ñûðîé, îò- íîñèòåëüíî òåïëîé ïîãîäîé ñ ñèëüíûì ñíåãîïàäîì èëè ïóðãîé.  ëåòíèå ìåñÿöû íàä îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðîãðåòîé ñóøåé ïðåîáëàäàþò îáëàñòè ïîíèæåí- íîãî äàâëåíèÿ, íàä Òèõèì îêåàíîì – àíòèöèêëîíû, íàä ïîáåðåæüåì Ñå- âåðíîãî Ëåäîâèòîãî îêåàíà – öèêëîíû åâðîïåéñêî-àçèàòñêîãî ôðîíòà è õî- ëîäíûå ìàññû àðêòè÷åñêîãî âîçäóõà.  ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýòèõ öèðêóëÿöèîííûõ ôàêòîðîâ òàêæå ïðîèñõîäèò ÷àñòàÿ ñìåíà ïîãîäû: òåïëîé íà õîëîäíóþ, èíîãäà ñ çàìîðîçêàìè.  ëþáîì ëåòíåì ìåñÿöå ìîæåò íà- ÷àòüñÿ ñíåãîïàä.  êîðîòêèé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè çäåñü âåòðû ñåâåðíûõ ðóìáîâ ñìå- íÿþòñÿ íà þæíûå, ïðè ýòîì ñðåäíÿÿ ñêîðîñòü âåòðà ñîñòàâëÿåò 5–12 ì/ñ, àïðèïîðûâàõ äîñòèãàåò 40 ì/ñ. Ïî÷òè åæåãîäíî îòìå÷àþòñÿ åäèíè÷íûå ïîðûâû âåòðà ñêîðîñòüþ 50–60 ì/ñ. Ñðåäíåãîäîâàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà âîçäóõà íà ×óêîòêå ïîâñåìåñòíî ãëóáîêî îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ: îò –4,1 °Ñ (ìûñ Íàâàðèí) äî –14 °Ñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Âîñòî÷- 62 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

íî-Ñèáèðñêîãî ìîðÿ (Ðàó÷à). Îäíàêî îò âîñòî÷íîé âåðøèíû ÷óêîòñêîãî «êëèíà» íà çàïàä êîíòèíåíòàëüíîñòü êëèìàòà áûñòðî ðàñòåò è íà ñðàâíèòåëü- íî íåáîëüøîé òåððèòîðèè ×óêîòêè ñðåäíèå òåìïåðàòóðû èþëÿ âàðüèðóþòñÿ îò +4 äî +14 °Ñ, ÿíâàðÿ – îò –18 äî –42 °Ñ. Ýêñòðåìàëüíîñòü êëèìàòà, êàê èçâåñòíî, íàðàñòàåò â Åâðàçèè â öåëîì ñ þãà íà ñåâåð è ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê, äîñòèãàÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñâîåãî ìàê- ñèìóìà íà êðàéíåé ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé îêîíå÷íîñòè êîíòèíåíòà – ×óêîò- êå, ÷òî ñêàçàëîñü íà ôîðìèðîâàíèè êóëüòóðû ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî îëåíå- âîäñòâà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, êîðåííûå æèòåëè ×óêîòêè áûëè âûíóæäåíû ïðèñïî- ñàáëèâàòü ñâîè æèëèùà, òðàíñïîðò è îäåæäó ê óñëîâèÿì âíåøíåé ñðåäû. Äëÿ ÷óê÷åé ýòî áûëè íèçêèå òåìïåðàòóðû è ïîñòîÿííûå óðàãàííûå âåòðà. Èç ëàíä- øàôòíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ñëåäóåò óêàçàòü íà ãîðíûé ðåëüåô ×óêîòêè, ÷òî îãðà- íè÷èâàåò ðàéîíû êî÷åâàíèÿ ìåæãîðíûìè äîëèíàìè è ïðèáðåæíûìè òóíäðàìè. 3. Êîíñòðóêòèâíûå è îáúåìíî-ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå îñîáåííîñòè ñòðîè- òåëüñòâà êîðåííûõ æèòåëåé ×óêîòêè 3.1. Îïèñàíèå ïðåäìåòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ. ßðàíãà – ïåðåíîñíîå êàðêàñíîå æèëîå ñîîðóæåíèå êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ Ñåâåðî-Âîñòîêà Àçèè (×óêîòñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã, Ìàãàäàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü). Íàèáîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíå- íèå òàêîé òèï æèëèùà ïîëó÷èë ó ÷óê÷åé ñ òóíäðîâûì (îëåíåâîäû) è áåðå- ãîâûì (ìîðñêèå çâåðîáîè) õàðàêòåðîì ðàññåëåíèÿ. ßðàíãè òàêæå ñòðîÿò ñå- âåðíûå íàðîäû – êîðÿêè, ýâåíêè, þêàãèðû. Ïëàíèðîâêà ïîñåëåíèé-ñòîéáèù êî÷åâûõ ÷óê÷åé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äî äåñÿòè ïåðåíîñíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ âäîëü îäíîé ëèíèè ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê. Îñåäëûå è ïîëóîñåäëûå ÷óê÷è, ÷àùå áåðåãîâîãî õàðàêòåðà ðàññå- ëåíèÿ, æèâóò â áîëåå êðóïíûõ ïîñåëåíèÿõ èç ñòàöèîíàðíûõ ÿðàíã êîëè÷åñò- âîì äî 20 åäèíèö [20, ð. 913]. ßðàíãà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êàðêàñíûé íåðåøåò÷àòûé òèï æèëèùà, èìåþùèé öèëèíäðîêîíè÷åñêóþ ôîðìó âûñîòîé â öåíòðå îò 3,5 äî 4,7 ì èäèàìåòðîì îò 5,7 äî 7–8 ì [21, ð. 88]. Îñíîâà êàðêàñà ïåðåíîñíûõ ñîîðó- æåíèé – âåðòèêàëüíûå øåñòû-ñòîéêè, ðàññòàâëåííûå ïî êðóãó (ðèñ. 1).  âà- ðèàíòå ïåðåíîñíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ øåñòû âûïîëíÿþòñÿ â âèäå òðåíîã, ñâÿçàí- íûõ ðåìíÿìè ÷èñëîì îò 8 äî 12.  ñòàöèîíàðíûõ ÿðàíãàõ âåðòèêàëüíûå øåñòû óñòàíîâëåíû ïîîäèíî÷êå, ÷àñòî ñîåäèíåíû ïîïàðíî äèàãîíàëüíûìè ñâÿçÿìè. Ïî âåðõó âåðòèêàëüíûõ øåñòîâ-ñòîåê çàêðåïëÿþò ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå ñâÿçè, êîòîðûå îáðàçîâûâàþò çàìêíóòûé ïåðèìåòð ñîîðóæåíèÿ íà óðîâíå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé ãðóäè (1,4–1,6 ì). Îñíîâà âåðõíåé, êîíè÷åñêîé, ÷àñòè êàðêàñà – òðè äëèííûõ øåñòà, ñâÿçàííûõ â âåðøèíå, îáðàçóþùèõ òðåíîãó â ïåðåíîñ- íîì âàðèàíòå, èëè öåíòðàëüíàÿ âåðòèêàëüíàÿ êîëîííà â ñòàöèîíàðíîì âà- ðèàíòå. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå æåðäè êàðêàñà êîíè÷åñêî-êóïîëüíîãî ïîêðûòèÿ îáðàçóþò îñíîâó äëÿ ïîêðûøêè è îïèðàþòñÿ íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå ñâÿçè ñíèçó è öåíòðàëüíóþ êîëîííó èëè òðåíîãó ñâåðõó (ðèñ. 2). Äëÿ ñîîðóæåíèÿ êàðêàñà ïðèìåíÿþò äëèííûå äåðåâÿííûå øåñòû-æåðäè, îäíàêî áåðåãîâûå íàðîäíîñòè èñïîëüçóþò è êîñòè ìîðñêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Íå- ðåäêè ñëó÷àè ïðèìåíåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîãî ñòðîèòåëüíîãî ìàòåðèàëà êàðêàñà êèòîâûõ ðåáåð [2, ð. 77]. 63 À.Â. Ìîëîäèí

Ðèñ. 1. ßðàíãà

ßðàíãó äåëàþò àñèììåòðè÷íîé. Öåíòð ÿðàíãè ñìåùàþò ê ñåâåðó íà 1/4–1/6 ðàäèóñà â ïëàíå. Òàêàÿ ïðàêòèêà ñâÿçàíà ñ óëó÷øåíèåì àýðîäèíà- ìè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ñîîðóæåíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ñèëüíûõ âåòðîâ. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî âàñèììåòðè÷íîì ïëàíå íà áîëüøåé åãî ïîëîâèíå óäîáíåå ðàñïîëàãàòü ñïå- öèàëüíîå ñïàëüíîå ïîìåùåíèå – ïîëîã. Ïîâåðõ æåñòêîãî êàðêàñà ñîîðóæåíèå îáòÿãèâàåòñÿ ïîêðûøêîé èç îëåíüèõ èëè ðåæå ìîðæîâûõ øêóð. Äëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà îäíîé ÿðàíãè òðå- áóåòñÿ 45–50 îëåíüèõ øêóð ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà. Êðàÿ øêóð íàêëàäûâàþò îäèí

Ðèñ. 2. Êàðêàñ ÿðàíãè

64 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

íà äðóãîé è ñêðåïëÿþò ïðèøèòûìè ê íèì ðåìíÿìè. Ïîêðûøêè îáû÷íî äåëà- þò äâóõñëîéíûìè. Ìåõ íåðåäêî îñòðèãàþò äëÿ óëó÷øåíèÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèîí- íûõ êà÷åñòâ øêóð. Ïîêðûøêó ìåíÿþò îäèí ðàç â ãîä, â òî âðåìÿ êàê êàðêàñ ìîæåò ñëóæèòü õîçÿèíó äåñÿòèëåòèÿìè â ñòàöèîíàðíîì âàðèàíòå. Ïîñëå ñìåíû ïîêðûøêè ñòàðàÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ óòåïëåíèÿ íàñòèëà âíóòðè ïîëî- ãà. ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ ëåòîì â êà÷åñòâå ìàòåðèàëà ïîêðûøêè èñïîëü- çóþò áðåçåíò, â ïðîøëîì èñïîëüçîâàëè ïàðóñèíó èëè ñòàðûå ïîêðûøêè â îäèí ñëîé. Ñíàðóæè ÿðàíãó îáâÿçûâàþò ðåìíÿìè. Ñâîáîäíûå êîíöû ðåìíåé â íèæ- íåé ÷àñòè ïðèâÿçûâàþò ê íàðòàì èëè òÿæåëûì êàìíÿì, ÷òî îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïî- êðûòèþ íåïîäâèæíîñòü. Íèæíþþ ÷àñòü ïîêðûøêè ïðèæèìàþò êàìíÿìè èîáêëàäûâàþò äåðíîì äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ çàäóâàíèÿ âåòðà ñíèçó. Âõîäíîå îòâåðñòèå óñòðàèâàåòñÿ ñáîêó è ïðèêðûâàåòñÿ êóñêîì øêóðû. Âî âðåìÿ áóðàíîâ âõîä óñèëèâàåòñÿ äîùàòîé äâåðüþ. ßðàíãà ëåãêî ðàçáèðàåòñÿ, çàíèìàåò íåìíîãî ìåñòà ïðè êî÷åâêå è îòíî- ñèòåëüíî áûñòðî ñîáèðàåòñÿ. Âîçâåäåíèå ÿðàíãè çàíèìàåò íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ èîáû÷íî íå ïðåâûøàåò ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ñâåòîâîãî äíÿ. 3.2. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ êîìôîðòíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé. Ñóðîâûå êëè- ìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ Êðàéíåãî Ñåâåðà âûíóæäàëè ñòðîèòåëåé ðåàëèçîâûâàòü íåñòàíäàðòíûå ïîäõîäû ê îðãàíèçàöèè æèëèùà. Îäèí èç ïóòåé äîñòèæåíèÿ êîìôîðòíîé äëÿ æèçíè òåìïåðàòóðû âíóòðåííåãî âîçäóõà – ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìíîãîñòóïåí÷àòîé ñèñòåìû óòåïëåíèÿ. ßðàíãà ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ÷àñòåé – ñîá- ñòâåííî îñíîâíîãî êóïîëà – õîëîäíîé ÷àñòè æèëèùà (÷îòòàãèíà) è ïîëîãà (èîðîíãà). Ïîëîã – òåïëûé øàòåð, îòàïëèâàåìûé è îñâåùàåìûé æèðîâîé ëàì- ïîé ýýê1, êîòîðàÿ íå òðåáîâàëà óñòðîéñòâà äûìîîòâîäà è ãîðåëà ýôôåêòèâíî, îòàïëèâàÿ âíóòðåííåå ïðîñòðàíñòâî. Ïîëîã ñëóæèò ñïàëüíûì ïîìåùåíèåì, âêîòîðîì òåìïåðàòóðà íå îïóñêàåòñÿ íèæå +15 – +10 °Ñ äàæå âñàìûå õî- ëîäíûå ïåðèîäû çèìû (ðèñ. 3). Îí ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ó îäíîé èç ñòåíîê ÿðàíãè íàïðîòèâ äâåðè. Âõîä â èîðîíãó óñòðàèâàåòñÿ ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ñòîðîíû îòâõîäà â ÷îòòàãèí – òàêìåíüøå çàäóâàåò ñêâîçíÿêîâ. Ïîëîã ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïðÿìîóãîëüíûé êàðêàñ äåðåâÿííûõ øåñòîâ èëè ïåðåïëåò èç ëåãêèõ ñòðîãàíûõ äðàíî÷åê, èçíóòðè êîòîðîãî ïîäâåøåí ìåøîê èç âûäåëàííûõ îëåíüèõ øêóð. Ïîëîã îáû÷íî äåëàþò â îäèí ñëîé ìåõîì âíóòðü. Ôîðìà åãîïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ áëàãîäàðÿ øåñòàì êàðêàñà, ïðîïóùåííûì ÷åðåç ìíî- æåñòâî ïåòåëü, ïðèøèòûõ êøêóðàì. Ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð 1,5 ì â âûñîòó, 2,5ì âøèðèíó è îêîëî 4 ì â äëèíó. Ïîë ïîêðûâàþò ñòàðûìè ïðîøëîãîäíèìè ïîêðûøêàìè.

1 Ýýê – æèðîâàÿ ëàìïà, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ îñâåùåíèÿ, îòîïëåíèÿ è â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷à- ÿõ äëÿ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ åäû âíóòðè ñïàëüíîé êàìåðû ÿðàíãè – èîðîíãè. Ìîùíîñòü ëàìïû ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 300 Âò. Ýýê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñîñóä, âûðåçàííûé èç êàìíÿ èëè âû- ïîëíåííûé èç îáîææåííîé ãëèíû. Ïðèáðåæíûå íàðîäû Ñåâåðà ïðèìåíÿëè â êà÷åñòâå ãî- ðþ÷åãî òîïëåíîå ñàëî íåðïû, êèòà è äðóãèõ ïðîìûñëîâûõ çâåðåé. Âìåñòî ôèòèëÿ èñïîëü- çîâàëè ñóõîé ìîõ, îñîáûì îáðàçîì âûëîæåííûé â ëàìïå, èëè ïîëîñêó ìåõà. Åæå÷àñíî õî- çÿéêà ñíèìàåò îãàðêè îñîáîé êàìåííîé ïàëî÷êîé – ïåíûíÿ, äîáàâëÿåò ñâåæåãî ìõà, ïîäëèâàåò ñàëà èëè íàêëîíÿåò ëàìïó òàê, ÷òîáû ãîðþ÷åå èç îäíîé ïîëîâèíêè ïåðåëèëîñü â äðóãóþ ê ôèòèëþ. Îãîíü îò òàêîé ëàìïû ãîðèò ðîâíûé, áåç êîïîòè è ïîýòîìó íå òðåáóåò äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ äûìîâûõ îòâåðñòèé â èîðîíãå. Òóíäðîâûå îëåíåâîäû æèð îáû÷íî ïðèîáðåòàþò ó áåðåãîâûõ æèòåëåé â îáìåí íà øêóðû è îëåíèíó èëè èñïîëüçóþò ìåíåå ýôôåêòèâíûé îëåíèé æèð. Îáû÷íî â ïîëîãå çà- æèãàþò îäíó æèðîâóþ ëàìïó.

65 À.Â. Ìîëîäèí

Ðèñ. 3. Ïîëîã âíóòðè ÿðàíãè 3.3. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ âíóòðåííåãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Ïîñòåëüíîå èçãîëîâüå – ìåøêè, íàáèòûå îáðåçêàìè øêóð, ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ó âõîäà â ïîëîã. Óêðûâà- þòñÿ îäåÿëîì, ñøèòûì èç íåñêîëüêèõ îëåíüèõ øêóð. Äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ïîëî- ãà òðåáóåòñÿ 12–15, äëÿ ïîñòåëåé îêîëî 10 áîëüøèõ îëåíüèõ øêóð.  êà÷åñòâå âíóòðåííåãî óáðàíñòâà ÿðàíãè èñïîëüçóþò îëåíüè ðîãà, îíè æå ñëóæàò è ñòóëüÿìè. Åäÿò â ïîëîãå, ñèäÿ âîêðóã ñòîëèêà íà íèçêèõ íîæêàõ èëè íåïî- ñðåäñòâåííî âîêðóã áëþäà.  êðóïíûõ ÿðàíãàõ, ðàññ÷èòàííûõ íà äâå è áîëåå ñåìåé, óñòðàèâàþò íå- ñêîëüêî ïîëîãîâ, ïî ÷èñëó ñåìåé, ïðîæèâàþùèõ â ñîîðóæåíèè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå î÷àã ñòàíîâèòñÿ îáùèì. Ïîìèìî èîðîíãà, ïîäîáíûì îáðàçîì óñòðàèâàþòñÿ è ìåíüøèå ïî ðàçìåðó êëàäîâûå. Òàê, âíóòðè øàòðà ÿðàíãè ìîæåò ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ äî øåñòè íåçàâèñèìûõ êàìåð ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ – æèëûõ è õîçÿéñòâåííûõ. Çà ïîëîãàìè õðàíÿò ðàçëè÷íûå âåùè, íåîáõîäèìûå â õîçÿéñòâå, âäîëü èîðîíãà, â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ê î÷àãó – ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ. Ïðî- ñòðàíñòâî ìåæäó âõîäîì â ÿðàíãó è î÷àãîì îñòàâëÿþò ñâîáîäíûì è èñïîëüçó- þò äëÿ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ íóæä è ïðèåìà ãîñòåé. Î÷àã ÿðàíãè, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ åäû è îòîïëåíèÿ ÷îòòàãèíà – âíåøíåãî òåìïåðàòóðíîãî êîíòóðà, ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â öåíòðå. Âêà÷åñòâå òîïëèâà èñïîëüçóþò âåòî÷êè òóíäðîâîãî êóñòàðíèêà è ïëåòåîá- ðàçíûå êîðíåâèùà, âûêîïàííûå â òóíäðå è çàðàíåå çàãîòîâëåííûå. Ìåæäó øåñòàìè òðåíîãè – îïîðû êóïîëà çàêðåïëÿþòñÿ ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå ïåðåêëàäè- íû, çà êîòîðûå ïîäâåøèâàåòñÿ ïîñóäà äëÿ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ åäû. Ïîë ÷îòòàãè- íà èíîãäà ïîêðûâàåòñÿ õâîðîñòîì è ñîëîìîé, ïîâåðõ êîòîðûõ âûñòèëàþòñÿ ñòàðûå ïîêðûøêè. 4. Òåïëîçàùèòíîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ÿðàíãè 4.1. Îïèñàíèå ìåòîäîëîãèè èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ öåëåé òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî ðàñ- ÷åòà óäåëüíîé òåïëîâîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè èññëåäóåìîãî òèïà ñîîðóæåíèÿ áûëè îïðåäåëåíû çíà÷åíèÿ òåïëîçàùèòíûõ ñâîéñòâ îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóê- öèé ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûì ïóòåì. Ðåçóëüòàòû ëàáîðàòîðíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ 66 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

Ò à á ë è ö à 1. Òåïëîâîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëà îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé. Ëàáîðàòîðíûå èçìåðåíèÿ Òåðìè÷åñêîå Òåðìè÷åñêîå Òåðìè÷åñêîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå Êîýôôèöèåíò ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëà, ìàòåðèàëà, òåïëîïðîâîä- ìàòåðèàëà, Âèäèñïûòóåìîãîìàòåðèàëà îðèåíòàöèÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ íîñòè l, ñðåäíåå âîëîñîì êîæåâîéòêàíüþ Âò/ì·°C çíà÷åíèå R, êíàãðåâàòåëþ R, êíàãðåâàòåëþ R, ì2 ·°C/Âò ì2 ·°C/Âò ì2 ·°C/Âò Îëåíüÿ øêóðà, ñòðèæåííàÿ íà 0,018 0,785 0,829 0,807 2/3äëèíûâîðñà Îëåíüÿ øêóðà, ñòðèæåííàÿ íà 0,016 1,301 1,349 1,325 1/3äëèíûâîðñà Îëåíüÿøêóðà íåñòðèæåííàÿ 0,012 1,630 1,666 1,648 Ï ð è ì å ÷ à í è å. Ðåçóëüòàòû èñïûòàíèé íå ñîäåðæàò âëèÿíèÿ îáäóâà âîçäóõîì.

ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 1. Áûëè ïðîòåñòèðîâàíû òðè òèïà ìàòåðèàëà – íåîñòðèæåí- íûå; îñòðèæåííûå íà 1/3 äëèíû âîðñà; îñòðèæåííûå íà 2/3 äëèíû âîðñà. 4.2. Ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ìàòåðèàëà. Òðàäèöèîííî â çèìíåì âàðèàíòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÿðàíãà ïîêðûâàåòñÿ äâóìÿ ñëîÿìè ïîêðû- øåê, ñøèòûõ èç îëåíüèõ øêóð ñ ïîäñòðèæåííîé (íà 2/3 äëèíû âîðñà) øåð- ñòüþ. Âíóòðåííèå ïîêðûøêè óêëàäûâàþòñÿ øåðñòüþ âíóòðü ÿðàíãè, âåðõ- íèå– øåðñòüþ íàðóæó. Ïîêðûøêè ñøèâàþòñÿ èç êðóïíûõ çèìíèõ øêóð âçðîñëîãî îëåíÿ, ðåæå òþëåíÿ íèòêàìè èç ñóõîæèëèé æèâîòíîãî. Äëÿ óëó÷øåíèÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê îãðàæäàþùåãî ìàòå- ðèàëà ìåõ êîðîòêî ïîäñòðèãàþò, ÷òîáû îí íå íàêàïëèâàë âëàãó, íå ñîáèðàë ñíåã, êîòîðûé ïîäòàèâàåò è îáðàçóåò òîíêóþ ëåäÿíóþ êîðêó. Íàðàñòàÿ, ëåä óòÿæåëÿåò îãðàæäàþùóþ ïîêðûøêó, îêàçûâàÿ èçëèøíþþ íàãðóçêó íà êàð- êàñ ÿðàíãè. Ëåäÿíàÿ êîðêà ïåðåêðûâàåò ñâîáîäíóþ ìèãðàöèþ âëàãè è âîçäóõà ÷åðåç øêóðó, â ðåçóëüòàòå âíóòðåííÿÿ ñòîðîíà ïîêðûøêè îòñûðåâàåò, ðàçìî- êàåò, ïðîâèñàåò, à åñëè îíà äîëãî ýêñïëóàòèðóåòñÿ èëè ïëîõî ïðîêîï÷åíà, òî ïðèõîäèò â íåãîäíîñòü, à â ñàìîì æèëèùå íàðóøàåòñÿ êîìôîðòíûé äëÿ ýêñ- ïëóàòàöèè âëàæíîñòíûé è òåìïåðàòóðíûé ðåæèì. 4.3. Ìåòîäèêà èçìåðåíèÿ è ðåçóëüòàòû. Ìåòîäèêà èçìåðåíèÿ òåïëîòåõ- íè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïîêðûøêè çàêëþ÷àëàñü â èñïîëüçîâàíèè æèäêîêðèñòàëëè- ÷åñêîãî òåðìîèíäèêàòîðà, íàíîñèìîãî íà ïîâåðõíîñòü èññëåäóåìîãî îáðàç- öà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå çíà÷åíèå òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè ìåõà, à òàêæå ñðåäû èòåïëîâûðàâíèâàþùåé ïëàñòèíû ïîçâîëÿåò ðàññ÷èòàòü óêàçàííûå â òàáë.1 ïàðàìåòðû. Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ýêñïåðèìåíòà âèäíî, ÷òî âñå òðè òèïà îá- ðàçöà èçìåíÿþò òåïëîòåõíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà íåëèíåéíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äîëè îñòðèãàåìîãî âîðñà, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î íåêðèòè÷åñêîì èçìåíåíèè òåðìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïîêðûøêè ïðè åå îñòðèãàíèè. Îäíîâðåìåííî óìåíüøåíèå äëèíû âîðñà ïðèâîäèò ê çíà÷èòåëüíûì óëó÷øåíèÿì ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ñâîéñòâ îãðàæäàþùèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è ïðîäëåíèþ ñðîêà èõ ñëóæáû (ñì. ï. 4.1). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ ðàñ÷åòîâ óäåëüíîé òåïëîâîé õàðàê- òåðèñòèêè ÿðàíãè áûëè ïðèíÿòû ñëåäóþùèå çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà òåïëî- ïðîâîäíîñòè l: äëÿ îñòðèæåííîé íà 2/3 øêóðû – 0,018 Âò/ì·°C; äëÿ íåî- ñòðèæåííîé – 0,012 Âò/ì·°C. 67 À.Â. Ìîëîäèí

4.4. Ðàñ÷åò ôàêòè÷åñêîãî îáùåãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ òåïëîïåðåäà÷å îãðà- æäåíèÿ R (ì2 ·°C)/Âò. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ èñïûòàíèé òåðìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ îãðàæäàþùåé ïîêðûøêè ìîãóò áûòü ïîäòâåðæ- äåíû òåîðåòè÷åñêèìè ðàñ÷åòàìè [22]. Äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà èñïîëüçóåì ôîðìóëó d R = , (1) l ãäå l – êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè, Âò/(ì·°C) (ñì. òàáë. 1); d – òîëùèíà ñëîÿ îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çíà÷åíèÿ: 1) äëÿ íàðóæíîé ïîêðûøêè â äâà ñëîÿ îñòðèæåííîé îëåíüåé øêóðû òîëùèíîé d = 14 ìì, îáùåå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå òåïëîïåðåäà÷å îãðàæäåíèÿ 0, 028 R = = 156, (ì2 ·°C)/Âò; 0, 018 2) äëÿ âíóòðåííåé ïîêðûøêè ïîëîãà â îäèí ñëîé íåîñòðèæåííîé îëåíüåé øêóðû òîëùèíîé d = 20 ìì, îáùåå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå òåïëîïåðåäà÷å îãðàæäåíèÿ 0, 02 R = = 167, (ì2 ·°C)/Âò. 0, 012 Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî îáùåå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå òåïëîïåðåäà÷è ìåæäó òåìïåðà- òóðíîé òî÷êîé ñíàðóæè ñîîðóæåíèÿ è âíóòðè ïîëîãà ñîñòàâèò R = = 3,23 (ì2 · °C)/Âò, ÷òî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâíî äàæå äëÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ íîðìàòèâíûõ òðåáîâàíèé ê ñîïðîòèâëåíèþ òåïëîïåðåäà÷è îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. N a b o k o v P., E a s t o n R. Native American Architecture. Oxford University Press, 1989. 2. Ñ î ê î ë î â à Ç.Ï. Æèëèùå íàðîäîâ Ñèáèðè: îïûò òèïîëîãèè. Ì.: ÈÏÀ «Òðè Ë», 1998. 228 ñ. 3. F o r u z a n m e h r A., V e l l i n g a M. Vernacular architecture: questions of comfort and practicability. Building Research & Information. 2011. 39 (3). P. 274–285. 4. O l i v e r P. Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, Elsevier, 2006. 5. V u r a l N., V u r a l S., E n g i n N., R. S ü m e r k a n M. Eastern Black Sea Region–A sample of modular design in the vernacular architecture. Building and Environment. 2007. 42 (7). P. 2746–2761. 6. Z h a i Z. (John), P r e v i t a l i J.M. Ancient vernacular architecture: characteristics categorization and energy performance evaluation. Energy and Buildings. 2010. 42 (3). P. 357–365. 7. R i j a l H.B., Y o s h i d a H., U m e m i y a N. Seasonal and Regional Differences in Neutral Temperatures in Nepalese Traditional Vernacular Houses. Building and Environment. 2010. 45 (12) (Dec). P. 2743–2753. 8.Rijal H.B., Miho Honjo, Ryota Kobayashi, Takashi Nakaya. Investigation of Comfort Temperature, Adaptive Model and the Window-Opening Behaviour in Japanese Houses. Architectural Science Review. 2013. 56 (1) (Feb). P. 54–69. 9. A l e v Ü l l a r, T a r g o K a l a m e e s, E n d r i k A r u m ä g i. Indoor Climate and Humidity Loads in Old Rural Houses with Different Usage Profiles. Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, NSB 2011, edited by J Vinha, JPiironen, and K Salminen, 1103–1110. Tampere. 68 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

10. C a n t i n R., B u r g h o l z e r J., G u a r r a c i n o G., M o u j a l l e d B., T a m e l i - kecht S., Royet B.G. Field Assessment of Thermal Behaviour of Historical Dwellings in France. Building and Environment. 2010. 45 (2) (Feb). P. 473–484. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.010. 11. F e r n a n d e s J., C o r r e i a d a S i l v a J. Passive cooling in Évora’s traditional architecture. M., 2007. 12. F e r n a n d e s J. E. P., M a t e u s R. Energy efficiency principles in Portuguese vernacular architecture. Greenlines Institute for Sustainable Development, 2012. 13. F e r n a n d e s J.E., M a t e u s R., B r a g a n c a L., C o r r e i a d a S i l v a J.J. Por- tuguese vernacular architecture: the contribution of vernacular materials and design approaches for sustainable construction. Architectural Science Review. 2014. 11. 14. C a ñ a s I., M a r t í n S. Recovery of Spanish vernacular construction as a model of bioclimatic architecture. Building and Environment. 2004. 39 (12). P. 1477–1495. 15. M a c h a d o M.V., L a R o c h e P.M., M u s t i e l e s F., D e O t e i z a I. The fourth house: the design of a bioclimatic house in Venezuela. Building Research & Information. 2000. 28 (3). P. 196–211. 16.Shanthi Priya R., Sundarraja M.C., Radhakrishnan S., V i j a y a l a k s h m i L. Solar passive techniques in the vernacular buildings of coastal regions in Nagapattinam, TamilNadu-India – a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Energy and Buildings. 2012. 49 (null). P. 50–61. 17. S i n g h M.K., M a h a p a t r a S., A t r e y a S.K., G i v o n i B. Thermal monitoring and indoor temperature modeling in vernacular buildings of North-East India. Energy and Buildings. 2010. 42 (10). P. 1610–1618. 18.Sakhare V.V., Ralegaonkar R.V. Indoor Environmental Quality: Review ofParameters and Assessment Models. Architectural Science Review. 2014. 57 (2) (Feb 7). P. 147–154. doi:10.1080/00038628.2013.862609. 19. K i m u r a K. Vernacular technologies applied to modern architecture. Renewable Energy. 1994. 5 (5-8). P. 900–907. 20. Ë å â è í Ì.Ã., Ï î ò à ï î â Ë.Ï. Íàðîäû Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Èçä-âî Àêàäåìèè íàóê ÑÑÑÐ, 1956. 1084 ñ. 21. à à ë ê è í Í.Â.  çåìëå ïîëóíî÷íîãî ñîëíöà. Ì.: Ìîë. ãâàðäèÿ, 1929. 219 ñ. 22. Ê à ì å í å â Ï.Í., Ñ ê à í à â è À.Í., Á î ã î ñ ë î â ñ ê è é Â.Í. è äð. Îòîïëåíèå èâåíòèëÿöèÿ: ó÷åáíèê äëÿ âóçîâ.  2 ÷. ×. 1. Îòîïëåíèå. 3-å èçä., ïåðåðàá. è äîï. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1991. 483 ñ.

Ìîëîäèí Àëåêñàíäð Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, êàíä. àðõèòåêòóðû, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Óíèâåðñèòåò Äæîðäæà Âàøèíãòîíà, Êîëóìáèéñêèé êîëëåäæ èñêóññòâ è íàóê, ÑØÀ

Ïîëó÷åíî 15.05.17

Molodin Alexandr Vladimirovich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] The George Washington University, Columbiàn College of Arts & Sciences, USA TOTHEISSUEOFCOMFORTTEMPERATURECONDITIONS INTRADITIONALCHUKOTKA’SHOUSES INFARNORTHREGIONS P a r t 1

The article gives a description of the typical features of construction experience and the system of heating for the indigenous people of the Chukotka Administrative District (A.D.), Russia. Construction and dimensional-spatial characteristics of portable framework structures (yarangas) are described. Attention is given to the organization of the indoor 69 À.Â. Ìîëîäèí space of the dwelling and traditional use of the space. The article describes the principles ofheating and creating favorable climatic conditions inside the dwelling. The author givesthe results of laboratory tests of the thermal shield resistance of insulation walling of ayaranga and the results of experimental studies on the indoor temperature of the air in the conditions of normal use of the structure. Based on the experimental data received,atheoretical calculation of heat losses of the structure is performed that proves theenergy effectiveness of the two-step system of heating of a yaranga, suggesting using asimilar scheme in the practice of designing modern residential settlements of the Far North.

K e y w o r d s: yaranga, architecture, frame construction, portable buildings, temperature.

REFERENCES

1. N a b o k o v P., E a s t o n R. Native American Architecture. Oxford University Press, 1989. 2. S o k o l o v a Z.P. Zhilishche narodov Sibiri (opyt tipologii) [Dwelling people of Siberia experience typology]. Moscow, IPA «Tri L», 1998. 228 p. (in Russian) 3.Foruzanmehr A., Vellinga M. Vernacular architecture: questions of comfort and practicability. Building Research & Information. 2011. 39 (3). Pp. 274–285. 4. O l i v e r P. Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture. Oxford: Architectural Press, Elsevier, 2006. 5. V u r a l N., V u r a l S., E n g i n N., R. S ü m e r k a n M. Eastern Black Sea Region–A sample of modular design in the vernacular architecture. Building and Environment. 2007. 42 (7). Pp. 2746–2761. 6. Z h a i Z. (John), P r e v i t a l i J.M. Ancient vernacular architecture: characteristics categorization and energy performance evaluation. Energy and Buildings. 2010. 42 (3). Pp. 357–365. 7. R i j a l H.B., Y o s h i d a H., U m e m i y a N. Seasonal and Regional Differences in Neutral Temperatures in Nepalese Traditional Vernacular Houses. Building and Environment. 2010. 45 (12) (Dec). Pp. 2743–2753. 8.Rijal H.B., Miho Honjo, Ryota Kobayashi, Takashi Nakaya. Investigation of Comfort Temperature, Adaptive Model and the Window-Opening Behaviour in Japanese Houses. Architectural Science Review. 2013. 56 (1) (Feb). Pp.54–69. 9. A l e v Ü l l a r, T a r g o K a l a m e e s, E n d r i k A r u m ä g i. Indoor Climate and Humidity Loads in Old Rural Houses with Different Usage Profiles. Proceedings of the 9thNordic Symposium on Building Physics, NSB 2011, edited by J Vinha, JPiironen, and K Salminen, 1103–1110. Tampere. 10.Cantin R., Burgholzer J., Guarracino G., Moujalled B., Tamelikecht S., Royet B.G. Field Assessment of Thermal Behaviour of Historical Dwellings in France. Building and Environment. 2010. 45 (2) (Feb). Pp.473–484. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.010. 11. F e r n a n d e s J., C o r r e i a d a S i l v a J. Passive cooling in Évora’s traditional architecture. M., 2007. 12. F e r n a n d e s J. E. P., M a t e u s R. Energy efficiency principles in Portuguese vernacular architecture. Greenlines Institute for Sustainable Development, 2012. 13.Fernandes J.E., Mateus R., Braganca L., Correia da Silva J.J. Portuguese vernacular architecture: the contribution of vernacular materials and design approaches for sustainable construction. Architectural Science Review. 2014. 11. 14. C a ñ a s I., M a r t í n S. Recovery of Spanish vernacular construction as a model of bioclimatic architecture. Building and Environment. 2004. 39 (12). Pp. 1477–1495. 70 Ê âîïðîñó êîìôîðòíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ óñëîâèé ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàäèöèîííîãî...

15. M a c h a d o M.V., L a R o c h e P.M., M u s t i e l e s F., D e O t e i z a I. The fourth house: the design of a bioclimatic house in Venezuela. Building Research & Information. 2000. 28 (3). Pp. 196–211. 16. S h a n t h i P r i y a R., S u n d a r r a j a M.C., R a d h a k r i s h n a n S., V i j a y a - l a k s h m i L. Solar passive techniques in the vernacular buildings of coastal regions inNagapattinam, TamilNadu-India – a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Energy and Buildings. 2012. 49 (null). Pp. 50–61. 17. S i n g h M.K., M a h a p a t r a S., A t r e y a S.K., G i v o n i B. Thermal monitoring and indoor temperature modeling in vernacular buildings of North-East India. Energy and Buildings. 2010. 42 (10). Pp. 1610–1618. 18. Sakhare V.V., Ralegaonkar R.V. Indoor Environmental Quality: Review ofParameters and Assessment Models. Architectural Science Review. 2014. 57 (2) (Feb 7). Pp. 147–154. doi:10.1080/00038628.2013.862609. 19. K i m u r a K. Vernacular technologies applied to modern architecture. Renewable Energy. 1994. 5 (5-8). Pp. 900–907. 20. L e v i n M.G., P o t a p o v L.P. Narody Sibiri [The people of Siberia]. Moscow, Publishing house of the USSR Akademy of Sciences, 1956. 1084 p. (in Russian) 21. G a l k i n N.V. V zemle polunochnogo solntsa [In the land of the midnight sun]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya, 1929. 219 p. (in Russian) 22.Kamenev P.N., Skanavi A.N., Bogoslovskiy V.N. et al. Otoplenie i ventilyatsiya: uchebnik dlya vuzov. V 2 ch. Ch. 1. Otoplenie [Heating and ventilation]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1991. 483 p. (in Russian)

71 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÌÅÒÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÐÀÇÄÅË

ÓÄÊ 620.172.21

Ñ.È. ÃÅÐÀÑÈÌÎÂ, Â.Á. ÇÈÍÎÂÜÅÂ, À.Ì. ÏÎÏÎÂ

ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎ-ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÍÛÉÌÅÒÎÄ Ó×ÅÒÀÍÀÃÐÅÂÀÒÅÍÇÎÄÀÒ×ÈÊÀÏÐÈÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈÈ ÄÅÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈÝËÅÌÅÍÒÎÂÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ

Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäîâ êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîé èíòåðôåðîìåò- ðèè èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà îìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ íà äåôîð- ìàöèè ýëåìåíòà êîíñòðóêöèè, èçãîòîâëåííîãî èç ìåòàëëà è êîìïîçèöèîííîãî ìàòå- ðèàëà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè ïðîòåêàíèè ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà ïî ðåøåòêå òåíçîäàò- ÷èêà îáðàçåö íàãðåâàåòñÿ - ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ äåôîðìàöèé èññëåäóåìîãî ýëåìåíòà; õàðàêòåð äåôîðìàöèè èññëåäóåìîãî èçäåëèÿ çàâèñèò îò òèïà ìàòåðèàëà, òèïà òåíçîäàò÷èêà è åãî ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ. Ñîãëàñíî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîâå- äåííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðè òåíçîìåòðèðîâàíèè ýëåìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèé, èçãîòîâëåí- íûõ èç ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ ìàëûì êîýôôèöèåíòîì òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè, ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü ïîãðåøíîñòü, âíîñèìóþ íàãðåâîì òåíçîäàò÷èêà, òàê êàê îíà îùóòèìî âëèÿåò íà ðå- çóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèÿ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ìåòîä êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ èíòåðôåðîìåò- ðèÿ, òåíçîäàò÷èêè.

Ââåäåíèå. Ïðè èçìåðåíèè äåôîðìàöèé ýëåìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèé ñ èñïîëü- çîâàíèåì òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ îìè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïðèíèìàåìàÿ èäåàëèçà- öèÿ ñâîéñòâ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü - îáúåêò èññëåäîâàíèÿ è â îñîáåííîñòè ãðàíè÷- íûõ óñëîâèé çà÷àñòóþ íå ïîçâîëÿåò óâåðåííî ñ÷èòàòü ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîëó÷åí- íûå ïðè èñïûòàíèÿõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ðåàëüíîìó ïðîöåññó [1-3].  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì âàæíàÿ ðîëü ïðèíàäëåæèò ðàñ÷åòíî-ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûì èññëåäîâàíè- ÿì, â ïðîöåññå ïðîâåäåíèÿ êîòîðûõ óäàåòñÿ ðåàëèçîâàòü íàòóðíûå ãðàíè÷íûå óñëîâèÿ è ïîëó÷èòü èíôîðìàöèþ î ïåðåìåùåíèÿõ èçó÷àåìûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî- âåðõíîñòè ðåàëüíûõ èçäåëèé. Òðóäíîñòè àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è îá ó÷åòå íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà î÷åâèäíû, òàê êàê îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé âåñü- ìà ñëîæíûå ìèíèàòþðíûå êîíñòðóêöèè èç ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ ðåçêî îòëè÷àþùè- ìèñÿ ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè. Äî ñèõ ïîð ìàëî èçó÷åí âîïðîñ îïåðåäà÷å òåïëà îò ðåøåòêè òåíçîäàò÷èêà îñíîâíîìó ìàòåðèàëó ÷åðåç ñëîé âÿçêîóïðóãîãî ñâÿçóþùåãî. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè íàêîïëåí çíà÷èòåëüíûé îïûò ïî èññëåäîâàíèþ òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ: èçó÷àëîñü âëèÿíèå îáúåìíîé äåôîðìàöèè íà èçìåíåíèå ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèÿ ðåøåòêè, îïèñàíû èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðíîé çàâèñèìîñòè ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå òåðìîîáðàáîòêè, ðàçðàáîòàíû ïðèåìû èçãîòîâëå- íèÿ òåðìîêîìïåíñèðîâàííûõ òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ, îöåíèâàëîñü âëèÿíèå íàïðÿ- æåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ íà òåíçî÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü [4]. Îäíàêî î÷åíü ìàëî âíèìàíèÿ óäåëÿëîñü èññëåäîâàíèþ ïîãðåøíîñòåé,

ã Ãåðàñèìîâ Ñ.È., Çèíîâüåâ Â.Á., Ïîïîâ À.Ì., 2017 72 Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî-ðàñ÷åòíûé ìåòîä ó÷åòà íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà...

îáóñëîâëåííûõ äåôîðìàöèåé èçäåëèÿ ïðè åãî íàãðåâå â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîòå- êàíèÿ òîêà ïî òåíçîäàò÷èêó. Îñîáåííî îñòðî ýòè âîïðîñû âîçíèêàþò ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèè, èçãî- òîâëåííûõ èç êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ íèçêèì êîýôôèöèåíòîì òåïëî- ïðîâîäíîñòè.  äàííîé ðàáîòå ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îöåíèòü ïîãðåøíîñòè, âîçíèêàþùèå ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè òåíçîìåòðèè äëÿ àíàëèçà ÍÄÑ ïëîñêèõ îáúåêòîâ èç ðàç- ëè÷íûõ êîíñòðóêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. 1.Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü. Èñïîëüçîâàëè ðàñ÷åòíûé ïàêåò COSMOS/M, ðåà- ëèçóþùèé ìåòîä êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ [5]. Ìîäåëü ïðåäñòàâëÿëà ñîáîé êâàä- ðàòíóþ ïëàñòèíó ñî ñòîðîíîé 20 ñì, íàõîäÿùóþñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ïëîñêîãî íà- ïðÿæåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (ðèñ. 1). Ïðÿìîóãîëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà êîîðäèíàò XOY

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà

ñâÿçàíà ñ ïëàñòèíîé, íà÷àëî îòñ÷åòà â óçëå 1. Ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè êîîðäèíàò- íîéïëîñêîñòè áûëà âûïîëíåíà ñåòêà ñ øàãîì 5 ìì. Äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïëîñ- êîãî íàïðÿæåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïëàñòèíû áûëè îïðåäåëåíû ãðàíè÷íûå óñ- ëîâèÿ: ïî ïðÿìîé 1–2 äåéñòâóåò çàïðåò íà ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ïî îñÿì X, Y, Z. Èñïîëüçîâàíû ïëîñêèå ýëåìåíòû PLANE2D. Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëè âûáðàíû äâà êîíñòðóêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëà: âû- ñîêîïðî÷íûé àëþìèíèåâûé ñïëàâ Al3003 (àíàëîã ñïëàâà ÀÌÖ) è ñòåêëî- ïëàñòèê ÀÃ-4Ñ [6]. Âûáîð ìàòåðèàëîâ îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì îòëè÷èåì ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê. Âûáîð òèïà òåíçîðåçèñòîðîâ çàâèñèò, ïðåæäå âñåãî, îò îñîáåííîñòåé îáúåêòà èññëåäîâàíèé, åãî ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ðàçìåðîâ, êîíôèãóðàöèè, õàðàê- òåðà èçìåðÿåìîé äåôîðìàöèè, ãðàäèåíòà íàïðÿæåíèé â ïðåäåëàõ èññëåäóå- ìîãî ó÷àñòêà [7]. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîãðåøíîñòè, âíîñèìîé íàãðå- âîì òåíçîäàò÷èêà, áûëè âûáðàíû ñëåäóþùèå òèïû: ïðîâîëî÷íûé äàò÷èê

73 Ñ.È. Ãåðàñèìîâ, Â.Á. Çèíîâüåâ, À.Ì. Ïîïîâ

ÊÔ5Ï1-10-200À-12 êâàäðàòíîé ôîðìû, ïðÿìîóãîëüíûé ôîëüãîâûé äàò÷èê ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 è öåïî÷êà, ñîñòàâëåííàÿ èç äâóõ äàò÷èêîâ ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5, ðàñïî- ëîæåííûõ ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ñì äðóã îò äðóãà. Äëÿ îöåíêè ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïîãðåøíîñòè áûëî ïðèíÿòî, ÷òî òåíçîäàò÷èêè ïèòàþòñÿ îò èñ- òî÷íèêà ïîñòîÿííîãî òîêà. Ãàáàðèòíûå ðàçìåðû âûáðàííûõ òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ è ðàññ÷èòàííûå çíà÷å- íèÿ èçëó÷àåìîé ìîùíîñòè è òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 1.

Ò à á ë è ö à 1. Çíà÷åíèÿ èçëó÷àåìîé ìîùíîñòè è òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà äëÿ âûáðàííûõ òèïîâ òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ Ñîïðîòèâ- Òåïëîâîé Äëèíà, Øèðèíà, Ïëîùàäü S, Ïèòàþùèé Ìîùíîñòü Òèïòåíçîäàò÷èêà ëåíèå R, ïîòîê j, ì ì ì2 òîê I,À P, Âò Îì Âò/ì2 ÊÔ5Ï1-10-200À-12 1,0·10–2 1,0·10–2 1,0·10–4 50·10–3 200 0,4 4,0·103 ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 1,5·10–2 0,5·10–3 0,75·10–4 30·10–3 150 0,108 1,44·103

Òåïëîâîé ïîòîê, èçëó÷àåìûé öåïî÷êîé òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ, ðàâåí òåïëîâîìó ïîòîêó îò òåíçîðåçèñòîðà ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5.  öåíòðå ïëàñòèíû èìèòèðîâàëñÿ ó÷àñòîê, êîòîðûé íàãðåâàëñÿ ðåøåòêîé òåíçîäàò÷èêà (çîíà À) â òå÷åíèå 1 ÷. Ïðè ðàñ÷åòàõ ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî çà 1 ÷ çàâåðøàþòñÿ ïåðåõîäíûå ïðîöåññû è óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâîå ñîñòîÿ- íèå, êîãäà êîëè÷åñòâî ïîäâîäèìîãî òåïëà ðàâíÿåòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâó ðàññåÿííîãî òåïëà. Òåìïåðàòóðà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ïðèíèìàëàñü ðàâíîé 20 °Ñ, òàêæå áûëà ó÷òåíà êîíâåêöèÿ îêðóæàþùåãî âîçäóõà. 2.Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà. ×èñëåííûé ýêñïåðèìåíò ïðîâîäèëñÿ â òðè ýòà- ïà: âíà÷àëå âûïîëíÿëñÿ ðàñ÷åò â îïöèè Static Analysis, ó÷èòûâàþùèé òîëüêî âëèÿíèå ðàñïðåäåëåííîé íàãðóçêè íà îáðàçåö, äàëåå âûïîëíÿëñÿ òåìïåðàòóð- íûé ðàñ÷åò âîçäåéñòâèÿ íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà â îïöèè Termal Analysis, çàòåì ïðîâîäèëñÿ îêîí÷àòåëüíûé ðàñ÷åò, ó÷èòûâàþùèé ñîâìåñòíîå âëèÿíèå ñèëî- âîé è òåìïåðàòóðíîé íàãðóçêè. Äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàñ÷åòà ê âåðõíåé ãðàíè ïëàñòèíû ïðèêëàäûâàëîñü ðàñòÿãèâàþùåå íàïðÿæåíèå ïî îñè OY. Çíà÷åíèÿ ïðèëîæåííîé íàãðóçêè ðàç-

ëè÷íû äëÿ êàæäîãî òèïà ìàòåðèàëà: äëÿ Al3003 sy =100 ÌÏà, äëÿ ÀÃ-4Ñ sy =20 ÌÏà. Ïîëó÷åíû ñëåäóþùèå çíà÷åíèÿ ïåðåìåùåíèé V çîíû À: äëÿ Al3003 V =0,14 ìì, äëÿ ÀÃ-4Ñ V =0,147 ìì.  öåíòðå ïëàñòèíû ïîìåùàëñÿ òåíçîäàò÷èê, èçëó÷àþùèé òåïëî. Ðàññ÷è- òûâàëèñü ïîëÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû. Íà ìîäåëè èç àëþìèíèåâîãî ñïëàâà íàáëþäàëñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé ëîêàëüíûé íàãðåâ, îáóñëîâëåííûé õîðî- øèì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì òåïëîâîé ýíåðãèè ïî âñåé ïëîùàäè ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàç- öà.  ñëó÷àå ñ îáðàçöîì èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà èìåëî ìåñòî çíà÷èòåëüíîå ëîêàëü- íîå ïîâûøåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû äî 40,3 °Ñ âñëåäñòâèå íèçêîé òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà. Èññëåäîâàëîñü ñîâìåñòíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà îáðàçåö òåìïåðàòóðû è ðàñòÿ-

ãèâàþùåé íàãðóçêè, áûëè ðàññ÷èòàíû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå çíà÷åíèÿ sy è ïî- ëó÷åíà êàðòèíà ïåðåìåùåíèé V(x, y), âûïîëíÿëîñü ñðàâíåíèå ïåðåìåùåíèé âñå÷åíèÿõ, ñîäåðæàùèõ òåíçîäàò÷èê (ñå÷åíèå, ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíîå îñè OY èñîäåðæàùåå çîíó À) è âû÷èñëÿëàñü àáñîëþòíàÿ ïîãðåøíîñòü. 74 Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî-ðàñ÷åòíûé ìåòîä ó÷åòà íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà...

Ðèñ. 2. Ïåðåìåùåíèÿ V(x, y) â ñå÷åíèè çîíû À äëÿ àëþìèíèåâîãî ñïëàâà Äëÿ îöåíêè òî÷íîñòè îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñî- ñòîÿíèÿ îáðàçöà ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ áûëè ñîïîñòàâëåíû äàííûå àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ðåøåíèé. Àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå âûïîëíÿëîñü èñõîäÿ èç çàêîíà Ãóêà: Nl Dl = , (1) EA ãäå N – ïðîäîëüíàÿ ñèëà íà ó÷àñòêå ïëàñòèíû äëèíîé l, Í; À – ïëîùàäü ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ, ì2; Å – ìîäóëü óïðóãîñòè, Ïà. Ïî ðàñ÷åòíûì äàííûì ïîñòðîåíû ãðàôèêè çàâèñèìîñòè ïåðåìåùåíèé V(x, y) äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà ìàòåðèàëà (ðèñ. 2, 3). Íà ðèñ. 2 íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå îòëè÷èå ïåðåìåùåíèé V(x, y) ïðè ðàñòÿ- æåíèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òåíçîäàò÷èêà è áåç íåãî, î÷åâèäíî âëèÿíèå ãðà- íè÷íûõ óñëîâèé. Âåëè÷èíà àáñîëþòíîé ïîãðåøíîñòè D = 0,016-0,017 ìì, îò- íîñèòåëüíàÿ ïîãðåøíîñòü d, âíîñèìàÿ â èçìåðåíèÿ, ðàâíà ïðèìåðíî 11 %. Íàèáîëüøåå îòêëîíåíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè öåïî÷êè òåíçî- äàò÷èêîâ. Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòîãî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî ïîãðåøíîñòü ïðè òåíçîìåòðèðîâàíèè àëþìèíèåâîãî îáðàçöà çàâèñèò êàê îò ìîùíîñòè, âû- äåëÿåìîé òåíçîäàò÷èêîì, òàê è îò âçàèìíîãî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ è ÷èñëà òåíçî- äàò÷èêîâ. Íà ãðàôèêå ïåðåìåùåíèé äëÿ ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ (ðèñ. 3) íàáëþäàåò- ñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîå îòëè÷èå â çíà÷åíèÿõ äåôîðìàöèé ïðè ðàñòÿæåíèè ñ èñïîëü-

Ðèñ. 3. Ïåðåìåùåíèÿ V(x, y) â ñå÷åíèè çîíû À äëÿ ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ 75 Ñ.È. Ãåðàñèìîâ, Â.Á. Çèíîâüåâ, À.Ì. Ïîïîâ

çîâàíèåì òåíçîäàò÷èêà è áåç íåãî. Âåëè÷èíà àáñîëþòíîé ïîãðåøíîñòè D = 0,041-0,042 ìì, âåëè÷èíà âû÷èñëåííîé îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïîãðåøíîñòè d =28 %. Áëèçîñòü íà ðèñ. 3 ãðàôèêîâ ïåðåìåùåíèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òåíçî- äàò÷èêîâ ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå ñ îáðàçöîì èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà íå èìååò îñîáîãî çíà÷åíèÿ òèï è êîëè÷åñòâî ïðèìåíÿåìûõ äàò÷èêîâ. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ íèçêèìè òåïëîïðîâîäÿùèìè è âûñîêèìè òåïëîåìêîñòíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè ñòåê- ëîïëàñòèêà. Çíà÷èòåëüíûé «îòðûâ» ãðàôèêîâ ïåðåìåùåíèé ïðè èñïîëüçîâà- íèè òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ óêàçûâàåò íà çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïîãðåøíîñòü ìåòîäà òåíçî- ìåòðèè áåç ñïåöèàëüíîãî ó÷åòà ýôôåêòà íàãðåâà. Ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáë. 2.

Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà â çîíå À ÏåðåìåùåíèÿçîíûÀ Àáñîëþòíàÿ Òåìïåðàòóðà Ìàòåðèàë Òèïòåíçîäàò÷èêà äîíàãðåâà ïîñëåíàãðåâà ïîãðåøíîñòü âçîíåÀ Ò,°Ñ D, ìì V,ìì V,ìì Al3003 ÊÔ5Ï1-10-200À-12 0,140 0,156 20,4 0,016 Al3003 ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 0,140 0,156 20,4 0,016 Al3003 Öåïî÷êàÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 0,140 0,157 20,2 0,017 ÀÃ-4Ñ ÊÔ5Ï1-10-200À-12 0,147 0,189 40,3 0,042 ÀÃ-4Ñ ÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 0,147 0,188 26,1 0,041 ÀÃ-4Ñ Öåïî÷êàÏÍÔ-Ñ-15-5 0,147 0,188 26,4 0,041

3.Ðåçóëüòàòû ôèçè÷åñêîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Ðåçóëüòàòû ÷èñëåííîãî ìî- äåëèðîâàíèÿ áûëè ñîïîñòàâëåíû ñ äàííûìè ôèçè÷åñêîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Âëèÿíèå ëîêàëüíîãî íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêîì ìàòåðèàëà èññëåäóåìîãî îáðàç- öà èçó÷àëîñü ìåòîäîì ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîé èíòåðôåðîìåòðèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ãîëîãðàìì ñôîêóñèðîâàííûõ èçîáðàæåíèé [8, 9]. Íà ðèñ. 4 ïðèâåäåíû êàðòè- íû èíòåðôåðåíöèîííûõ ïîëîñ, ïîëó÷åííûå íà íåäåôîðìèðîâàííûõ îáðàç- öàõ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç ìàòåðèàëîâ: ñòàëü (ðèñ. 4, à) è ÀÃ-4Ñ (ðèñ. 4, á).

Ðèñ. 4. Ôîòîãðàôèè èíòåðôåðîãðàìì ïðè íàãðåâå òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ, íàíåñåííûõ íà îá- ðàçöû èç ñòàëè (à) è ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ (á) 76 Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî-ðàñ÷åòíûé ìåòîä ó÷åòà íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà...

Íà ìàññèâíûé ñòàëüíîé îáðàçåö íàêëåèâàëè êëååì «Öèàêðèí Ýλ ïî ñòàíäàðòíîé òåõíîëîãèè òåíçîäàò÷èê 2ÏÊÁ-5-100Â. Ïåðâàÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ ôî- òîìàòåðèàëà âûïîëíÿëàñü äî âêëþ÷åíèÿ äàò÷èêà, à âòîðàÿ ÷åðåç 30 ìèí ïîñëå âêëþ÷åíèÿ åãî â ýëåêòðè÷åñêóþ öåïü. Íà ðèñ. 4, à ïðèâåäåíà êàðòèíà èíòåð- ôåðåíöèîííûõ ïîëîñ, ïîëó÷åííàÿ ïðè ïðîòåêàíèè òîêà 160 ìÀ ïî ðåøåòêå òåíçîäàò÷èêà. Âèäíà òîëüêî îäíà èíòåðôåðåíöèîííàÿ ïîëîñà, âäîëü êîòîðîé ïåðåìåùåíèÿ W (x, y) ïî íîðìàëè ê ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà ïîñòîÿííû è ðàâíû l/2 = 0,32 ìêì, ãäå l – äëèíà âîëíû èçëó÷åíèÿ He-Ne ëàçåðà [10, 11]. Ñëåäîâà- òåëüíî, äëÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñ âûñîêîé òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòüþ âëèÿíèåì ëîêàëüíîãî íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà íà åãî ïîêàçàíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ôîðìîèçìåíåíèåì ïî- âåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà, ìîæíî ïðåíåáðå÷ü. Ðèñ. 4, á ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðîãðåâó òåí- çîäàò÷èêà 2ÏÊÁ-5-100 òîêîì 50 ìÀ â òå÷åíèå 25 ìèí; òåíçîäàò÷èê íàêëååí íà ìàññèâíûé îáðàçåö èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ âäîëü ãëàâíîé îñè óïðóãî- ñòè, äëÿ êîòîðîé çíà÷åíèå ìîäóëÿ óïðóãîñòè ìàêñèìàëüíî. Èç ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ êàðòèí èíòåðôåðåíöèîííûõ ïîëîñ, ïðèâåäåííûõ íà ðèñ. 4, ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ ìàëûì êîýôôèöèåí- òîì òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè ëîêàëüíûé íàãðåâ ïðèâîäèò ê çíà÷èòåëüíûì èçìåíå- íèÿì òåìïåðàòóðû è ôîðìû ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà, ÷òî ìîæåò ïîâëèÿòü íà âåëè÷èíó ïîêàçàíèé òåíçîäàò÷èêà. Äëÿ àíàëèçà èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà âáëèçè òåíçî- äàò÷èêà, âêëþ÷åííîãî â èçìåðèòåëüíóþ ñõåìó òåíçîñòàíöèè, áûë ïðîâåäåí ñëåäóþùèé ýêñïåðèìåíò. Íà ïîâåðõíîñòü îáðàçöà èç ìàòåðèàëà ÀÃ-4Ñ (ðèñ.5, à) íàêëåèâàëñÿ òåíçîðåçèñòîð 2ÏÊÁ-5-100 è çàòåì ïî íåìó ïðîïóñ- êàëñÿ òîê. Äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà âäîëü îñè Õ (ðèñ. 5, á) â øåñòè òî÷êàõ çàêðåïëÿëèñü òåðìîïàðû ÀÏÕ-66À, îäíà èç êîòî- ðûõ îáåñïå÷èâàëà òåìïåðàòóðíóþ êîìïåíñàöèþ.

Ðèñ. 5. Âíåøíèé âèä îáðàçöà è ðàñïîëîæåíèå òåíçîäàò÷èêà Ãðàôèêè èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóð â ïÿòè òî÷êàõ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 îáðàçöà ïðèâå- äåíû íà ðèñ. 6. Ïðè ñîïîñòàâëåíèè ãðàôèêîâ èçìåíåíèé òåìïåðàòóð (ðèñ. 6) â ÷èñëåí- íîì è ôèçè÷åñêîì ýêñïåðèìåíòå áûëî çàìå÷åíî ðàñõîæäåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû DÒ = 9-13 °Ñ. Òîãäà äëÿ óòî÷íåíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÷èñëåííîé ìîäåëè áûë ââåäåí ïîïðàâî÷íûé êîýôôèöèåíò Êï = 0,8, ó÷èòûâàþùèé ðàññåèâàíèå òåïëà êëåå- âîé ïðîñëîéêîé ìåæäó òåíçîäàò÷èêîì è ìàòåðèàëîì îáðàçöà. Ñ ââåäåíèåì ïîïðàâî÷íîãî êîýôôèöèåíòà óìåíüøèëîñü çíà÷åíèå èçëó÷àåìîé ìîùíîñòè òåíçîäàò÷èêà, ÷òî ïîçâîëèëî îïòèìèçèðîâàòü ìîäåëü. 77 Ñ.È. Ãåðàñèìîâ, Â.Á. Çèíîâüåâ, À.Ì. Ïîïîâ

Ðèñ. 6. Ãðàôèêè èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóð Âûâîäû. Ïðè ïðîòåêàíèè ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà ïî ðåøåòêå òåíçîäàò÷èêà îáðàçåö íàãðåâàåòñÿ, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ äåôîðìàöèé èññëåäóåìîãî ýëåìåíòà. Õàðàêòåð äåôîðìàöèè èññëåäóåìîãî èçäåëèÿ çàâèñèò îò òèïà ìàòåðèàëà, òèïà òåíçîäàò÷èêà, åãî ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ è âçàèìíîé îðèåíòàöèè ãëàâíûõ îñåé óïðóãîñòè. Ìàòåðèàëû ñ ìàëûì êîýôôèöèåíòîì òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòè õóæå îòâîäÿò òåïëî, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ ëîêàëüíîãî íàãðåâà. Ïðè òåíçîìåòðèðîâàíèè ýëåìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèé, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç ìå- òàëëà èëè ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà, ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü ïîãðåøíîñòü, âíîñèìóþ íàãðå- âîì òåíçîäàò÷èêà, òàê êàê îíà îùóòèìî âëèÿåò íà ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèÿ.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ äåôîðìàöèé è íàïðÿæåíèé: ñïðàâ. ïî- ñîáèå. Êèåâ, 1981. 584 ñ. 2. À í ê ó ä è í î â Ä.Ò., Ì à ì à å â Ê.Í. Ìàëîáàçíûå òåíçîäàò÷èêè ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ. Ì., 1968. 168 ñ. 3. Ê î ç ë î â È.À., Á à æ å í î â Â.Ã., Ì à ò â å å â Â.Â., Ë å ù å í ê î Â.Ì. Èññëåäîâà- íèå ïðî÷íîñòè äåòàëåé ìàøèí ïðè ïîìîùè òåíçîäàò÷èêîâ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ. Êèåâ, 1967. 204 ñ. 4. Ì à ê à ð î â Ð.À. Òåíçîìåòðèÿ â ìàøèíîñòðîåíèè. Ì.: Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå, 1975. 288 ñ. 5. COSMOSM User Guide. Vol. 4: Advanced Modules. P. 1. NSTAR – Santa Monica (CA) Structural Research and Analysis Corporation, 2007. 328 p. 6. Õ ð ó ë å â Â.Ì. Òåõíîëîãèÿ è ñâîéñòâà êîìïîçèöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ ñòðîè- òåëüñòâà. Óôà: Èçä-âî ÒÀÓ, 2001. 156 ñ. 7. Å ð û ã è í Á.À., Ì è õ à é ë å í ê î À.Â. Îñíîâû íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Òåíçîäàò- ÷èêè. Êðàñíîÿðñê: Èçä-âî ÑèáÃÒÓ, 2003. 85 ñ. 8. Æ è ë ê è í Â.À., Ç è í î â ü å â Â.Á. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå òåíçîäàò÷èêà îìè÷åñêîãî ñî- ïðîòèâëåíèÿ ñ ïîâåðõíîñòüþ èçó÷àåìîãî îáúåêòà // Ìåõàíèêà êîìïîçèòíûõ ìàòå- ðèàëîâ. 1986. ¹ 2. Ñ. 343-348. 78 Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî-ðàñ÷åòíûé ìåòîä ó÷åòà íàãðåâà òåíçîäàò÷èêà...

9. C l o u d G. Optical methods of engineering analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 520 p. 10. à å ð à ñ è ì î â Ñ.È., Æ è ë ê è í Â.À.,  ë à ñ î â Ã.Ì., Î ñ ò ð î ì å í ñ ê è é Ï.È. Îöåíêà òî÷íîñòè îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýëå- ìåíòîâ êîíñòðóêöèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íàêëàäíîãî ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èíòåðôåðî- ìåòðà // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2013. ¹ 10. Ñ. 110-120. 11. à å ð à ñ è ì î â Ñ.È., Æ è ë ê è í Â.À., Î ñ ò ð î ì å í ñ ê è é Ï.È. Èçó÷åíèå ïðîöåñ- ñà íàêîïëåíèÿ äåôîðìàöèé ïðè ïîâòîðíîì íàãðóæåíèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íàêëàä- íîãî ãîëîãðàôè÷åñêîãî èíòåðôåðîìåòðà // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2013. ¹11–12. Ñ. 97-103.

Ãåðàñèìîâ Ñåðãåé Èâàíîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Çèíîâüåâ Âëàäèìèð Áîðèñîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Ïîïîâ Àíàòîëèé Ìèõàéëîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 05.05.17

Gerasimov Sergey Ivanovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia Zinov¢ev Vladimir Borisovich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia Popov Anatoliy Mikhaylovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Siberian Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

EVALUATIONOFSTRAIN-MEASUREMENT ERRORCAUSEDBYHEATINGOFSTRAINGAUGE

Using the finite element methods and holographic interferometry, the effect of heating the resistance-type strain gauge on the deformation of a structural element made of metal and composite material was investigated. It is established that when a current flows through the grid of the strain gage, the sample is heated, which leads to the appearance of temperature deformations of the element under investigation. The nature of the deformation of the test article depends on the type of material, the type of the load cell and its location. According to the results of the research carried out with tensometry of structural elements made of materials with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, it is necessary to take into account the error introduced by heating the load cell, since it has a noticeable effect on the measurement results. K e y w o r d s: finite elements method, holographic interferometry, strain gauges. REFERENCES

1. Eksperimental¢nye metody issledovaniya deformatsiy i napryazheniy: spravochnoe posobie [Exsperimental methods for studying deformations and stresses]. Kiev, 1981. 584 p. (in Russian) 2.Ankudinov D.T., Mamaev K.N. Malobaznye tenzodatchiki soprotivleniya [Lowcapacity strain gauges of resistance]. Moscow, 1968. 168 p. (in Russian) 3. K o z l o v I.A., B a z h e n o v V.G., M a t v e e v V.V., L e s h c h e n k o V.M. Issledo- vanie prochnosti detaley mashin pri pomoshchi tenzodatchikov soprotivleniya [Investi- gation of the strength of machine parts by means of strain gauges of resistance]. Kiev, 1967. 204 p. (in Russian) 79 Ñ.È. Ãåðàñèìîâ, Â.Á. Çèíîâüåâ, À.Ì. Ïîïîâ

4. M a k a r o v R.À. Tenzometriya v mashinostroenii [Strain measurements in Mecha- nical Engineering]. Ìoscow, Mashinostroenie, 1975. 288 p. (in Russian) 5.COSMOSM User Guide. Vol. 4: Advanced Modules. P. 1. NSTAR – Santa Monica (CA) Structural Research and Analysis Corporation, 2007. 328 p. 6.Khrulev V.Ì. Tekhnologiya i svoystva kompozitsionnykh materialov dlya stroitel¢stva [Technology and properties of composite materials in Civil Engineering]. Ufa, Publishing house of TAU, 2001. 156 p. (in Russian) 7.Årygin B.À., Mikhaylenko A.V. Osnovy nauchnykh issledovaniy. Tenzodatchiki [Basic of scientific researches. Strain gages]. Krasnoyarsk, Publishing house of SibGTU, 2003. 85 p. (in Russian) 8.Zhilkin V.A., Zinov’ev V.B. Vzaimodeystvie tenzodatchika omicheskogo soprotivleniya s poverkhnost¢yu izuchaemogo ob¢ekta [Interaction between a resistance-type strain gauge and the surface of the article being tested]. Mekhanika kompozitnykh materialov [Mechanics of Composite Materials]. 1986. No. 2. Pp.343-348. (in Russian) 9. C l o u d G. Optical methods of engineering analysis. Cambridge Universiyy Press, 2008. 520 p. 10.Gerasimov S.I., Zhilkin V.A., Vlasov G.M., Ostromenski y P.I. Otsenka tochnosti opredeleniya napryazhenno-deformirovannogo sostoyaniya elementov konstruktsiy s ispol¢zovaniem nakladnogo golograficheskogo interferometra [Evaluation of strain-stress determination accuracy of structural elements by a superposed holographic interferometer]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel¢stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2013. No. 10. Pp. 110-120. (in Russian) 11. G e r a s i m o v S.I., Z h i l k i n V.A., O s t r o m e n s k i y P.I. Izuchenie protsessa nakopleniya deformatsiy pri povtornom nagruzhenii s ispol¢zovaniem nakladnogo golograficheskogo interferometra [Study of deformation accumulation reloading problem by a superposed holographic interferometer]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel¢stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2013. No. 11-12. Pp. 97-103. (in Russian)

80 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 624.011.1

Ã.È. ÃÐÅÁÅÍÞÊ, Â.Â. ÏÓÐÒÎÂ, À.Â. ÏÀÂËÈÊ, Í.È. ÊÓËÅØÎÂÀ

ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÏÐÅÄÅËÜÍÛÕÍÀÃÐÓÇÎÊ ÍÀÎÄÍÎÑÐÅÇÍÛÅÍÀÃÅËÜÍÛÅÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß ÐÀÑÒßÍÓÒÛÕÄÅÐÅÂßÍÍÛÕÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠÑÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅÌÐÅØÅÍÈÉÔÎÐÌÈÐÓÅÌÛÕ ÓÑËÎÂÍÎ-ÝÊÑÒÐÅÌÀËÜÍÛÕÇÀÄÀ×

Ðàññìîòðåíû âàðèàíòû ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îäíîñðåçíîãî íàãåëüíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ ðàñòÿíóòûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìîäåëåé æåñòêîãî è íåæåñòêî- ãî íàãåëÿ. Ðàçðàáîòàí ïîøàãîâûé àëãîðèòì âûÿâëåíèÿ èñòèííîé ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Ñ ïîçèöèè ñòàòè÷åñêîé òåîðåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè ñõåìû ñ æåñòêèì íàãåëåì çàäà÷à îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåäåëü- íîé íàãðóçêè äîëæíà ñòàâèòüñÿ è ðåøàòüñÿ êàê óñëîâíî ýêñòðåìàëüíàÿ çàäà÷à íåëè- íåéíîãî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ ñëó÷àåâ ðåàëèçàöèè ñõåì ïðåäåëü- íîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàðíèðîâ èçãèáà â íàãåëå ðàçðàáîòàí àëãîðèòì îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè íà ñîåäèíåíèå íà îñíîâå ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ ôîðìèðóåìîé ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé. Âûïîëíåí îáøèðíûé ÷èñëåííûé ýêñïå- ðèìåíò è ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòîâ ñîåäèíåíèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì öè- ëèíäðè÷åñêèõ ñòàëüíûõ íàãåëåé è íàêëååííûõ íà äðåâåñèíó øàéá. Âûÿâëåíû îñî- áåííîñòè ðàáîòû ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî âèäà ñîåäèíåíèÿ è ïðèâåäåíû ñðàâíèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ äðóãèõ àâòîðîâ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: äåðåâÿííûå ýëåìåíòû, ñîåäèíåíèÿ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ðàñòÿæåíèå, íàãåëü, íàêëååííàÿ íà äðåâåñèíó øàéáà, îäíîñðåçíîå ñîåäèíåíèå, ñìÿ- òèå, ïëàñòè÷åñêèå øàðíèðû, ïðåäåëüíàÿ íàãðóçêà, óñëîâíûé ýêñòðåìóì, ìàòåìàòè- ÷åñêîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå.

Ââåäåíèå. Íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ äåðåâÿííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ñòðîèòåëüíîé ïðàêòèêå. Òåîðèÿ ðàñ÷åòà íàãåëüíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé [1–4 è äð.], êàê ïðàâèëî, îñíîâûâàåòñÿ íà ìåòîäå ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ [5] è âêëþ÷àåò ðàçðàáîòêó è àíàëèç ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàñ- ÷åòíûõ ñõåì ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ êîíêðåòíûõ âèäîâ ñîåäèíåíèé.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ òàêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ óñèëèâàþòñÿ ñòàëüíûìè èëè ïëàñòìàññîâûìè [1,6] ïëîñêèìè øàéáàìè, íàêëååííûìè íà äðåâåñèíó, çóá÷àòûìè øàéáàìè, çàïðåññîâàííûìè â äðåâåñèíó [7], à òàêæå øòàìïîâàííûìè ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè çóá÷àòûìè ïëàñòèíàìè (ÌÇÏ) [8–10].  äàííîé ðàáîòå äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ îáùåãî ïîäõîäà ê ðàñ÷åòó îäíîñðåçíûõ íàãåëüíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ íà ðàñòÿæåíèå, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ ñòàòè÷åñêîé òåîðåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðûì èñòèííàÿ ñõåìà ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ äîëæíà áûòü ñòà- òè÷åñêè âîçìîæíîé è ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ìàêñèìóìó ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè. Âñâÿçè ñ ýòèì çàäà÷à ïîèñêà òàêîé ñõåìû ìîæåò áûòü ïîñòàâëåíà è ðåøåíà êàê çàäà÷à íåëèíåéíîãî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ [11].

Ó Ãðåáåíþê Ã.È., Ïóðòîâ Â.Â., Ïàâëèê À.Â., Êóëåøîâà Í.È., 2017

81 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà

1. Îäíîñðåçíîå ñîåäèíåíèå ñ æåñòêèì íàãåëåì, óñèëåííîå íàêëååí- íûìè íà äðåâåñèíó øàéáàìè. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà äåôîðìàöèè ðàññìàòðèâàå- ìîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 1, à. Ýïþðà íàïðÿæåíèé ñìÿòèÿ â äðå- âåñèíå è øàéáàõ ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ. 1, á. Âåëè÷èíû ÕÕ1, 2 õàðàêòåðèçóþò â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñòåïåíü ïîëåçíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íàãåëüíîãî ãíåçäà â ïðå- äåëüíîì ñîñòîÿíèè.

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ îäíîñðåçíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ æåñòêèì íàãåëåì, óñèëåííîãî íàêëååííûìè íà äðåâåñèíó øàéáàìè à – ñõåìà äåôîðìàöèè ñîåäèíåíèÿ; á – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà íàãðóæåíèÿ äðåâåñèíû è øàéá âíàãåëüíîì ãíåçäå Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðèíÿòàÿ ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà (ðèñ. 1) ïðåäïîëàãàåò ôèêñèðîâàííîå ïîëîæåíèå ïðîäîëüíûõ îñåé ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ñî- ñòàâå âñåé êîíñòðóêöèè. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïàðà ñ ìîìåíòîì æ à ñ ö Tí ç + +2d÷ óðàâíîâåøèâàåòñÿ ïàðîé ñ ìîìåíòîì Roï l (ðèñ. 2). è 2 2 ø Èç óñëîâèÿ óðàâíîâåøåííîñòè ñèë

TTíñ, í à , ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ âíóòðåííþþ ïàðó, âïðîåêöèè íà îñü ó ïîëó÷èì âð Tíñ=() ñ -2 Õ1 R ñì. ñ = (1) âð =(),à -2 Õ2 Rñì.à = Tí à âð âð ãäå RRñì..ñ, ñì à – âðåìåííûå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ïî ñìÿòèþ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëå- ìåíòîâ. Ìûñëåííî óäàëÿåì â ïðåäåëüíîì ñî- ñòîÿíèè íàãåëü è ïðèêëàäûâàåì ê äðåâåñèíå è øàéáå ñèëû äàâëåíèÿ îò íàãåëÿ íà äðåâåñè- íó è øàéáû. Èç óñëîâèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñèë, äåé- ñòâóþùèõ íà êàæäûé èç ýëåìåíòîâ, â ïðîåê- öèè íà îñü ó ïîëó÷èì Ò= Râð () à -2 Õ d + Râð dd = íà ñì. ñ 2 ñì.d (2) Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà íàãðóæå- âð âð íèÿ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ =Òíñ = R ñì. ñ () c -2 Õ1 d +Rñì.d dd = Ò í , 82 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

ãäå Ò í – íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Âåëè÷èíû hc, h a (ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò ðàâíîäåéñòâóþùèõ ÒÒíñ, í à äî îñè ó) îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèé: 0,()[,()] 5Râð d2 + Râð c - 2 Õ 0 5 c - 2 Õ + d - R âð Õ 2 h = ñì.d ñì.ñ 1 1 ñì.ñ 1 ; (3) c âð âð Rñì.ñ () c-2 Õ1 + Rñì.dd 0,()[,()] 5Râð d2 + Râð a - 2 Õ 0 5 a - 2 Õ + d - R âð Õ 2 h = ñì.d ñì.à 2 2 ñì.à 2 . (4) a âð âð Rñì.à () a-2 Õ2 + Rñì.dd Ñèñòåìà óðàâíåíèé (1), (2), îïèñûâàþùàÿ â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè æåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ, ñîäåðæèò òðè íåèçâåñòíûõ ÕÕÒ1,, 2 í è íå ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëó÷èòü åäèíñòâåííîå ðåøåíèå. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ òàêîãî ðåøåíèÿ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ, èñõîäÿ èç ñòàòè÷åñêîé òåîðåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ, çàäà÷ó ïîèñêà ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè Ò í ïîñòàâèòü è ðåøèòü êàê çàäà÷ó íåëèíåéíîãî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ: æ 1 ö òðåáóåòñÿíàéòè maxÒXXí (,)1 2 ç èëè min f(,) X1 X 2 = ÷ (5) è ÒXXí (,)1 2 ø ïðè ñîáëþäåíèè îãðàíè÷åíèÿ-ðàâåíñòâà (1), îãðàíè÷åíèé íà âåëè÷èíû èçãè- áàþùèõ ìîìåíòîâ â îïàñíûõ ñå÷åíèÿõ 1, 2 íàãåëÿ (ñì. ðèñ. 1, á) âð 2 âð 2 Rñì..ñ dX1 £ÌÌïðåä; R ñì à dX 2 £ ïðåä (6)

è ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé íà âåëè÷èíû XX1, 2.  ñîîòíîøåíèè (6) Ì ïðåä – ïðåäåëüíûé èçãèáàþùèé ìîìåíò, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé âîçíèêíîâå- íèþïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â ñå÷åíèè íàãåëÿ. Äëÿ íàãåëåé êðóãëîãî ñå÷å- íèÿ, âûïîëíåííûõ èç ñòàëè: R d 3 Ì =RW = ò , (7) ïðåä ò ïë 6

ãäå R ò – ïðåäåë òåêó÷åñòè ìàòåðèàëà íàãåëÿ; W ïë - ïëàñòè÷åñêèé ìîìåíò ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ; d – äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ.  ñëó÷àå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íàãåëåé èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ âîçíèêíîâå- íèå óñëîâíîãî ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà ïðè êðàòêîâðåìåííîé íàãðóçêå ñîîò- âåòñòâóåò âåëè÷èíå ïðåäåëüíîãî èçãèáàþùåãî ìîìåíòà [1] Râðp d 3 Ì =RWâð =è = 0,, 098d3 R âð ïðåä è óï 32 è âð ãäå R è - âðåìåííàÿ íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü íàãåëÿ ïðè èçãèáå; W óï - îñåâîé ìîìåíò ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ êðóãëîãî ñå÷åíèÿ; d – äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èçãèáàþùèå ìîìåíòû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ äåôîðìàöèåé ñî- åäèíåíèÿ â ïðåäåëüíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ðàâíû âð 2 âð 2 Rñì.c dÕ 1 , Rñì.a dÕ 2 , Òí hc , Òí ha , a c ãäå h = +d - h ; h = +d - h . (8) a2 a c2 c 83 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà

Âëèÿíèåì äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ íîðìàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé èçãèáà â ñå÷åíèÿõ ýëåìåíòîâ áóäåì â äàëüíåéøåì ïðåíåáðåãàòü â ñèëó èõ ìàëîñòè. 2. Îäíîñðåçíîå ñîåäèíåíèå ñ íåæåñòêèì íàãåëåì, óñèëåííîå íàêëååí- íûìè íà äðåâåñèíó øàéáàìè, ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè îäíîãî ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà.  ñëó÷àå îäíîñðåçíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ íåæåñòêèì íàãåëåì âîçìîæíû äâå ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ, ñ âîçíèêíîâåíèåì îäíîãî (ðèñ. 3) èëè äâóõ (ðèñ. 4) ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàðíèðîâ â íàãåëå. Ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé ïðåäåëüíîãî ñî- ñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì îäíîãî ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â íàãåëå.

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè íåæåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ ñ îäíèì ïëàñòè÷åñêèì øàðíèðîì à – ñõåìà äåôîðìàöèè ñîåäèíåíèÿ; á – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà íàãðóæåíèÿ íàãåëÿ

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìîäåëè íåæåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ ñ äâóìÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèìè øàðíèðàìè à – ñõåìà äåôîðìàöèè ñîåäèíåíèÿ; á – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà íàãðóæåíèÿ íàãåëÿ

Òàê êàê ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà çàðàíåå íå èçâåñòíî, íåîá- õîäèìî ðàññìàòðèâàòü äâå âîçìîæíîñòè åãî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ (êàê â ïðàâîé, òàê è â ëåâîé ÷àñòÿõ íàãåëÿ) è âûáèðàòü ñòàòè÷åñêè äîïóñòèìîå ðåøåíèå, ñîîò- âåòñòâóþùåå ìàêñèìóìó ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè. Ñîãëàñíî ñõåìå, ïðèâåäåííîé íà ðèñ. 3, ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî ñ > à, äðåâå- ñèíà ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ îäèíàêîâà è ïëàñòè÷åñêèé øàðíèð îáðàçóåòñÿ

84 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

âïðàâîé, áîëåå äëèííîé ÷àñòè íàãåëÿ.  ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì íà ðèñ. 3 ñëó÷àå ïðàâûé êîíåö íàãåëÿ ñ÷èòàåòñÿ çàùåìëåííûì â ñå÷åíèè 1¢. Èñêîìûìè ïàðà- Ñ ìåòðàìè ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ âåëè÷èíû XXX1,,, 2s = 3 Ñ âð ïðè÷åì s £ Rñì.ñ . Óñëîâèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ íàãåëÿ â ïðîåêöèè íà îñü ó ïðåä- ñòàâëåíî ñîîòíîøåíèåì (1). Óñëîâèå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â ñå÷åíèè 1¢ èìååò âèä R d 3 X dX 2 =M = ò . (9) 3 1 ïðåä 6 Âûðåçàÿ ëåâóþ îò ñå÷åíèÿ 1¢ ÷àñòü íàãåëÿ (ñå÷åíèå 1²), ïîëó÷èì óñëî- âèåâîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â âèäå âð âð 2 Rñì.a d()(,()) a-2 Õ2 0 5 a - 2 Õ 2 + 2d + c - 2 Õ 1 + Rñì.d d d - (10) R d 3 - R âð d0,(). 5 c- 2 Õ2 - Râð dÕ 2 =M = ò ñì..c1 ñì a 2 ïðåä 6

Ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ÒÒíà, í ñ âíóòðåííåé ïàðû ïðåäñòàâëåíû ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè (2). Âåëè÷èíà ha , êàê è ðàíåå, çàäàåòñÿ âûðàæåíèåì (4), à âûðàæåíèå äëÿ âåëè÷èíû hc çàïèñûâàåòñÿ â âèäå 0,()(,()) 5Râð d2 + Râð c - 2 Õ 0 5 c - 2 Õ + d h = ñì.d ñì.c 1 1 . (11) c âð âð Rñì.c ()c-2 Õ1 + Rñì.dd

Âåëè÷èíû ha , hc îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèé (8). Âåëè÷èíû Õ1, Õ2, Õ3 ìîæíî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå íàõîäèòü èç ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé (1), (9), (10),

à äàëåå èç óñëîâèÿ (2) âû÷èñëÿòü Tí . Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåðÿòü ïî- âð ëó÷åííîå ðåøåíèå íà äîïóñòèìîñòü ïî ïàðàìåòðó X 3 (XR3 £ ñì.ñ ) èïî èç- âð 2 ãèáàþùåìó ìîìåíòó â ñå÷åíèè 2: ÌÌ2=Rñì.à dX 2 £ ïðåä .  ðàìêàõ ïðåäëîæåííîé îáùåé ìåòîäèêè ìîæíî îïðåäåëÿòü èñêîìîå ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ íà îñíîâå ðåøåíèÿ ñëåäóþùåé çàäà÷è ìà- òåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ: 1 òðåáóåòñÿ íàéòè min f(,,) X1 X 2 X 3 = ïðè ñîáëþäåíèè TXXXí (,,)1 2 3 âð 2 îãðàíè÷åíèé-ðàâåíñòâ (1), (9), (10), îãðàíè÷åíèÿ Rñì.à dX 2 £ M ïðåä è ïàðàìåò- ðè÷åñêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé: X X i -1 £ 0;;,,.i min - 1 £ 0i = 1 2 3 (12) X i max X i Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èçãèáàþùèå ìîìåíòû â äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ äåôîðìàöèåé ñîåäèíåíèÿ â ïðåäåëüíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ðàâíû âð 2 Rñì.a dÕ 2 , Òí hc , Òí ha , a c ãäå h = +d - h ; h = +d - h . Êàê áûëî îòìå÷åíî ðàíåå, âëèÿíèåì èõ a2 a c2 c íàïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ìîæíî ïðåíåáðå÷ü. 85 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà

3. Îäíîñðåçíîå ñîåäèíåíèå ñ íåæåñòêèì íàãåëåì, óñèëåííîå íàêëååí- íûìè íà äðåâåñèíó øàéáàìè, ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè äâóõ ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàð- íèðîâ.  ñëó÷àå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ äâóõ ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàðíèðîâ â íàãåëå (ñì. ðèñ. 4) èñêîìûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ à ñ âð à âð XXXX1,,, 2 3=s 4 = s , ïðè÷åì s £ Rñì.ñ , s £ Rñì.à . Óñëîâèÿ âîç- íèêíîâåíèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàðíèðîâ â ñå÷åíèÿõ 1¢, 2¢ èìåþò âèä R d 3 sñdX2 = X dX2 = s à dX2 = X dX 2 =M = ò . (13) 1 3 1 2 4 2 ïðåä 6 Ñîãëàñíî äàííîé ñõåìå ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ïðàâûé è ëåâûé êîíöû íàãåëÿ ñ÷èòàþòñÿ çàùåìëåííûìè â ñå÷åíèÿõ 1, 2. Óñëîâèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ íàãåëÿ â ïðîåêöèè íà îñü y îïèñûâàåòñÿ ñîîòíîøåíèåì (1). Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ðàâíîâåñèå ÷àñòè 1–2, ïîëó÷èì äîïîëíèòåëüíî óñëîâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê âíóòðåííåé ïàðå TTíà, í ñ : Tíà h a+ T í c h c = 2M ïðåä , (14)

ãäå TTíà= í ñ çàäàíû ñîîòíîøåíèåì (2), à âåëè÷èíû ha, h c îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïî àíàëîãèè ñ (11). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî íà ðèñ. 3, 4 øòðèõîâûìè ëèíèÿìè ïîêàçàíû ðàâíîäåéñòâóþùèå ñèë äàâëåíèÿ íàãåëÿ íà äðåâåñèíó.

Âåëè÷èíû XXXX1,,, 2 3 4 ìîæíî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå íàõîäèòü èç ðåøå- íèÿñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé (1), (13), (14), à äàëåå èç óñëîâèÿ óðàâíîâåøåííîñòè âïðîåêöèè íà îñü y íàõîäèòñÿ TTí= íà (èëè Tíñ ). Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èçãèáàþ- ùèå ìîìåíòû â ñå÷åíèÿõ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ñâÿçàííûå

ñ äåôîðìàöèåé ñîåäèíåíèÿ, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðàâíû Òí ha , Òí hc , ãäå ha= a/ 2 +d - h a , hc= c/ 2 +d - h c .  ðàìêàõ ïðåäëîæåííîé îáùåé ìåòîäèêè ìîæíî îïðåäåëÿòü èñêîìîå ïðåäåëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ íà îñíîâå ðåøåíèÿ ñëåäóþùåé çàäà÷è ìà- òåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ: 1 òðåáóåòñÿ íàéòè min f(,,,) X1 X 2 X 3 X 4 = TXXXXí (,,,)1 2 3 4 ïðè âûïîëíåíèè îãðàíè÷åíèé-ðàâåíñòâ (1), (13), (14) è ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé âèäà (12). Âû÷èñëèòåëüíûå ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî çàäà÷è ïîèñêà ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè â ñëó÷àå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ øàðíèðîâ â íàãåëå íåðàöèî- íàëüíî ðåøàòü â ôîðìå óñëîâíî-ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ çàäà÷ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ, âñëåäñòâèå ðîñòà ÷èñëà ñòðîãèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé-ðàâåíñòâ èïëîõîé ñõîäèìîñòè ïðîöåäóðû ïîèñêà óñëîâíîãî ýêñòðåìóìà. Êðîìå òîãî, îïðåäåëåííûå òðóäíîñòè ñâÿçàíû ñ âûáîðîì ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì áûë ðàçðàáîòàí àëãîðèòì âûÿâëåíèÿ èñòèííîé âð âð ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Ïðè Rñì..࣠Rñì ñ , à < c îòïðàâíîé òî÷êîé ýòîãî àëãîðèòìà ÿâèëîñü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î âîçíèêíîâåíèè ïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â íàãåëå ñî ñòîðîíû áîëåå øèðîêîãî ýëåìåíòà ñ ïðè íàïðÿæåíèÿõ ñ âð ñìÿòèÿ s = Rñì.ñ . Òîãäà

Ì æ R âð ö Õ = ïðåä ; X=0,() 5ç a -ñì.ñ c - 2 X ÷. 1 âð 2ç âð 1 ÷ Rñì.ñ d è Rñì.a ø 86 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

Îäíà èç âåòâåé ýòîãî àëãîðèòìà, âûâîäÿùàÿ íà ñõåìó æåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ, âð 2 ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñëåäóþùèì óñëîâèÿì: X 2 > 0; MÌ2=Rñì.a d X 2 < ïðåä ; M1'' (íàõîäèòñÿ èç ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ÷àñòè 1²- 2)Ì < ïðåä . Ïðè X 2 < 0 (÷òî íåäî- ïóñòèìî) îðãàíèçóåòñÿ ïåðåñ÷åò XX1= 1 + D (D – ìàëàÿ âåëè÷èíà, íàïðè- ìåð, D = 0, 000001), à òàêæå ïåðåñ÷åò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ çíà÷åíèé X 2, âïëîòü äî äîñòèæåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ X 2 = 0. Ýòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îäíîñòîðîííåìó ñìÿòèþ íà ëåâîì êîíöå íàãåëÿ è ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîâåðèòü óñëîâèÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ñõåì ïðå- äåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñ îäíèì èëè äâóìÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèìè øàðíèðàìè â íàãåëå. Áëîê-ñõåìà àëãîðèòìà âûÿâëåíèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíîé ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðèâåäåíà íà ðèñ. 5.

Ðèñ. 5. Àëãîðèòì âûÿâëåíèÿ èñòèííîé ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ Ïðèìåðû ðàñ÷åòîâ.  êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðîâ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçðàáîòàííîé ìåòîäèêè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè îäíîñðåçíîãî íàãåëüíîãî ñîåäè- íåíèÿ ðàññìîòðåíû ñîåäèíåíèÿ ðàñòÿíóòûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ èç ñîñíû ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè òîëùèíàìè à, ñ. Øàéáû è öèëèíäðè÷åñêèé íàãåëü ïðèíÿòû âûïîëíåííûìè èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ (ïîäîáíûå îáðàçöû ðàññìîòðåíû â[1,6]). Ïðè çàäàííûõ ðàçìåðàõ à, ñ, d âàðüèðîâàëñÿ äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ d, à ñëå- äîâàòåëüíî, ñâîéñòâà ìàòåðèàëîâ äðåâåñèíû è øàéá (âðåìåííûå ñîïðîòèâëå- íèÿ ñìÿòèþ ìàòåðèàëîâ äðåâåñèíû â íàãåëüíîì ãíåçäå è âðåìåííîå ñîïðî- òèâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëà øàéáû ïðè ñìÿòèè â îòâåðñòèè). Òîëùèíà øàéá ïðèíè- ìàëàñü ðàâíîé »1 20/ îò òîëùèíû áîëåå òîíêîãî èç ñîåäèíÿåìûõ äåðåâÿííûõ âð âð ýëåìåíòîâ. Âåëè÷èíû Rñì.à , Rñì.ñ ñ÷èòàëèñü ðàâíûìè. Îíè çàâèñÿò îò äèàìåò- ðà íàãåëÿ è ñïîñîáà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íàãåëüíîãî ãíåçäà. Ýòè çàâèñèìîñòè ïîä- ðîáíî îïèñàíû ôîðìóëàìè, ïðèâåäåííûìè â [4]. 87 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà % äåíèå, Ðàñõîæ- ðåäåëüíîãî êÍ , í Ò Íåñóùàÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìåòîäèêå ñïîñîáíîñòü äâóìÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèìè Ï.À. Äìèòðèåâà íà öèëèíäðè÷åñêèõ êÍ ñ , , í à Ò Íåñóùàÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ìîäåëü Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ Æ/1Ø/2Ø , 4 Õ ÌÏà íèå Íàïðÿæå- , 3 Õ ÌÏà íèå Íàïðÿæå- , 2 Õ ìì íèå Ðàññòîÿ- , 1 Õ ìì íèå Ðàññòîÿ- òîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ æåñòêèì íàãåëåì; 1Ø – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü ï , âð è R å; 2Ø – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ ÌÏà íàãåëÿ ïðè Âðåìåííîå èçãèáå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ÌÏà , d . âð ñì R Âðåìåííîå ïðè ñìÿòèè â îòâåðñòèè ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëà øàéáû , âð ñì = à ñ ÌÏà .. âð ñì äðåâåñèíû Âðåìåííîå ïðè ñìÿòèè â îòâåðñòèè RR ñîïðîòèâëåíèå , d ìì Òîëùèíà øàéáû , d 1218 225 2 37,4 2 34,85 31,88 244 217 201 622 622 17,7 622 14,1 7,74 4,10 10,0 – 0 – – – – 1Ø – Æ 12,4 21,5 Æ 12,4 34,0 21,5 0 30,2 0 11,2 1218 525 5 37,4 5 34,85 31,88 244 217 201 622 622 68,4 622 61,6 43,0 36,6 55,3 1,9 30,3 5,21 4,6 12,5 14,7 2Ø 2Ø – 20,6 36,3 1Ø 20,6 56,6 36,3 0 56,6 0 0 1218 825 8 37,4 8 34,85 31,88 244 217 201 622 622 98,6 622 89,8 73,6 64,8 81,3 0,9 56,3 2,45 1,62 4,70 5,7 2Ø 2Ø 12,0 24,7 2Ø 44,0 70,0 24,7 44,0 0 70,0 0 0 ìì Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ ñîåäèíåíèé ðàñòÿíóòûõ äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ èç ñîñíû ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè òîëùèíàìè Äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ ìì ìì Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  òàáë. 1–3: Æ – ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñ 30 50 , , 200 100 150 150 ñ a òîëùèí ýëåìåíòîâ Îòíîøåíèå ñîåäèíÿåìûõ Ò à á ë è ö à 1. ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿøàðíèðàìè ñ îäíèì â ïëàñòè÷åñêèì íàãåëå. øàðíèðîì â íàãåë íàãåëÿõ èç ñòåêëîïëàñòèêà ÀÃ-4Ñ 88 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Àíàëèç âëèÿíèÿ âåëè÷èíû ðàçìåðîâ à = ñ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ êÍ , í Ò , ìì , ìì ÌÏà ÌÏà d ÌÏà d , , ìì ìì , 3 4 , , 2 âð 1 ìì è ìì ÌÏà Õ Õ , , , R Õ Õ ñ a âð ñì ÌÏà = , à ñ d .. . êÍ , âð âð ñì ñì í Òîëùèíà øàéáû Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå äðåâå- ñèíû ïðè ñìÿòèè â îòâåðñòèè RR Äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ Îòíîøåíèå òîëùèí ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèà- ëà øàéáû ïðè ñìÿòèèR â îòâåðñòèè Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå íàãåëÿ ïðè èçãèáå Ðàññòîÿíèå Ðàññòîÿíèå Ðàñõîæäåíèå, % Íàïðÿæåíèå Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìåòîäèêå Ï.À. Äìèòðèåâà Íàïðÿæåíèå Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü Æ/1Ø/2Ø Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ Ò 30 6,57 6,57 – – Æ 30,1 30,1 0 30 50 14,7 14,7 – – Æ 32,4 32,4 0 50 75 24,1 24,1 33,9 33,9 2Ø 36,3 36,3 0 75 90 18 5 34,85 217 622 31,6 31,6 19,8 19,8 2Ø 36,3 36,3 0 90 100 36,6 36,6 14,7 14,7 2Ø 36,3 36,3 0 100 150 61,6 61,6 5,2 5,2 2Ø 36,3 36,3 0 150 200 86,6 86,6 2,64 2,64 2Ø 36,3 36,3 0 200

Ò à á ë è ö à 3. Àíàëèç âëèÿíèÿ òîëùèíû øàéá êÍ , í Ò , ìì , ìì ÌÏà ÌÏà d ìì d , , ìì ÌÏà 3 4 , , , 2 1 ìì ìì Õ Õ âð è ÌÏà , , Õ Õ , R ñ a âð ñì ÌÏà = , à ñ d êÍ .. . , âð âð ñì ñì í Òîëùèíà øàéáû Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå äðåâåñè- íû ïðè ñìÿòèè â îòâåðñòèè RR Äèàìåòð íàãåëÿ Íàïðÿæåíèå Ðàññòîÿíèå Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ìàòåðèà- ëà øàéáû ïðè ñìÿòèèR â îòâåðñòèè Âðåìåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå íàãåëÿ ïðè èçãèáå Ðàññòîÿíèå Íàïðÿæåíèå Ðàñõîæäåíèå, % Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ìîäåëü Æ/1Ø/2Ø Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïî ìåòîäèêå Ï.À. Äìèòðèåâà Îòíîøåíèå òîëùèí ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ Ò

1 39,7 39,7 5,58 5,58 2Ø 12,2 12,2 0

2 40,4 40,4 5,38 5,38 2Ø 14,5 14,5 0 100 12 337,4 244 622 41,2 41,2 5,17 5,17 2Ø 16,6 16,6 0 100 5 43,4 43,4 4,67 4,67 2Ø 20,6 20,6 0

8 48,6 48,6 3,72 3,72 2Ø 24,7 24,7 0

89 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà

 òàáë. 1 ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè íà îäíî- ñðåçíîå íàãåëüíîå ñîåäèíåíèå, óñèëåííîå ïëàñòìàññîâûìè øàéáàìè ïðè âàðüèðîâàíèè ðàçìåðîâ à, ñ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, äèàìåòðà íàãåëÿ d èòîëùèíû øàéá d. Íàïðÿæåíèÿ îò èçãèáà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âîçíèêíîâå- âð íèþïëàñòè÷åñêîãî øàðíèðà â íàãåëå, ïðèíÿòû ðàâíûìè R ò = 622 ÌÏà. âð Âòàáë. 2 äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ d = 5 ìì, d = 18 ìì, R ò = 622 ÌÏà, à= ñ ïðèâåäåíû

ðåçóëüòàòû îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÕÕÒ1,, 2 í ïðè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ðàç- ìåðîâ ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ.  òàáë. 3 àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ âëèÿíèå òîëùèíû øàéáû (d = 1, 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 ìì) íàíåñóùóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü â îáðàçöå ñ íàãåëåì äèàìåòðîì d = 12 ìì è õàðàê- âð âð òåðèñòèêàìè ìàòåðèàëîâ R ò = 622 ÌÏà, Rñì.d = 244 ÌÏà, à= ñ = 100 ìì, âð âð RRñì..à=ñì ñ = 37, 4 ÌÏà. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû îïðåäåëåíèÿ Õ1, Õ2, Õ3,

ÕÒ4 , í ïðè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîì óâåëè÷åíèè òîëùèíû øàéáû. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ, ïðèâåäåííûå â òàáë. 1, 2, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î êîð- ðåêòíîé ðàáîòå ïðåäëîæåííîãî àëãîðèòìà è ðàçðàáîòàííîé íà åãî îñíîâå ïðî- ãðàììû. Òàê, ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè ðàñ÷åòíîé ìîäåëè æåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ ïîëó÷åíû çíà÷åíèÿ Õ 2 = 0 (òàáë. 1), ëèáî Õ 1=Õ 2 = 0 (òàáë. 2), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î âûïîëíåíèè ïîëîæåíèÿ ñòàòè÷åñêîé òåîðåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Çàêëþ÷åíèå. 1. Ïðåäëîæåííûé ïîäõîä è ðàçðàáîòàííîå íà åãî îñíîâå ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå è ïðîãðàììíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå ïîçâîëÿþò êîððåêòíî ðåøàòü çàäà÷è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåäåëüíîé íàãðóçêè íà îäíîñðåçíîå íàãåëüíîå ñîåäèíå- íèå â ñëó÷àÿõ ðåàëèçàöèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàñ÷åòíûõ ìîäåëåé íàãåëÿ (æåñòêàÿ, ñîäíèì è äâóìÿ ïëàñòè÷åñêèìè øàðíèðàìè). 2. Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü íàãåëüíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ (â ðàìêàõ ðàññìîòðåí- íûõ ñõåì åãî ïðåäåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ) îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïàðàìåòðàìè ÕÕ1, 2, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèìè ïîëåçíóþ ðàáîòó íàãåëüíûõ ãíåçä ñîåäèíÿåìûõ ýëå- ìåíòîâ, è ðàâíà ñîñòàâëÿþùèì ÒÒÒíà= í ñ = í . 3.Îïðåäåëåíèå âåëè÷èí ÕÕ1, 2 â ñëó÷àå æåñòêîãî íàãåëÿ âîçìîæíî òîëüêî íà îñíîâå ðåøåíèÿ ñôîðìóëèðîâàííîé çàäà÷è íåëèíåéíîãî ìàòåìà- òè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ. 4. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è ïîèñêà èñòèííîé ñõåìû ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ óäîá- íî ïðîâîäèòü íà îñíîâå ðàçðàáîòàííîãî ÷èñëåííîãî àëãîðèòìà, áëîê-ñõåìà êîòîðîãî ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ. 5. Ïðè ýòîì ëèáî ïðîèñõîäèò ïåðåõîä ê ðåøåíèþ çàäà÷è ÌÐ (æåñòêèé íàãåëü), ëèáî ÷èñëåííî ðåøàåòñÿ ñèñòåìà íåëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé. 5. Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòîâ (òàáë. 1–3) ïîçâîëèë âûÿâèòü ñëåäóþùåå:

–ïðè d =const, d = const íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðîñò Ò í ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì äëèíû íàãåëÿ (ñì. òàáë. 2) äî îïðåäåëåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ l í , à ïðè lí> l í ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñõåìà ïðåäåëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñ 2Ø è íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîåäèíåíèÿ íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ;

–âåëè÷èíà Ò í ñóùåñòâåííî âûðàñòàåò ñ ðîñòîì òîëùèíû øàéáû d, íî ïðè ýòîì ñîãëàñíî ïðèíÿòîé ìîäåëè äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ òðåáóåòñÿ íåïîäâèæíîå ïðèêðåïëåíèå øàéá ê äðåâåñèíå. 6. ×èñëåííûå ðàñ÷åòû íåñóùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ñîåäèíåíèé ïîêàçàëè õîðî- øóþ ñõîäèìîñòü ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè äðóãèõ àâòîðîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè ðàñ÷åòà ïî ìåòîäèêå Ï.À. Äìèòðèåâà [1]. 90 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Äìèòðèåâ Ï.À. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèé ýëåìåíòîâ äåðåâÿííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è ïëàñòìàññîâûõ íàãåëÿõ è òåîðèÿ èõðàñ÷åòà ñ ó÷åòîì óïðóãîâÿçêèõ è ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ äåôîðìàöèé: àâòîðåô. äèñ. … ä-ðàòåõí. íàóê. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ÍÈÑÈ, 1975. 67 ñ. 2. Ê î ÷ å í î â Â.Ì. Íåñóùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ýëåìåíòîâ è ñîåäèíåíèé äåðåâÿííûõ êîí- ñòðóêöèé. Ì., 1953. 320 ñ. 3. È í æ ó ò î â È.Ñ., Ä ì è ò ð è å â Ï.À., Ø à ï î ø í è ê î â Â.Í. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåí- íûåñîâìåùåííûå ôåðìû ïîêðûòèé. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå êîíñòðóêöèè â Êðàñíî- ÿðñêîì êðàå. Êðàñíîÿðñê: ÊÏÈ, 1985. Ñ. 164–168. 4. Ï ó ð ò î â Â.Â., Ï à â ë è ê À.Â. Ðàáîòà äðåâåñèíû íà ñìÿòèå â îòâåðñòèÿõ ìàëûõ äèàìåòðîâ // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2005. ¹ 5. Ñ. 106–110. 5. à â î ç ä å â À.À. Ðàñ÷åò íåñóùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè êîíñòðóêöèé ïî ìåòîäó ïðåäåëüíî- ãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Âûï. 1. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1949. 280 ñ. 6. Ñ ò ð è æ à ê î â à Ë.Ê. Èññëåäîâàíèå ðàáîòû è ðàñ÷åò ñîåäèíåíèé äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ íà êëååïëàñòìàññîâûõ øàéáàõ: àâòîðåô. äèñ. … êàíä. òåõí. íàóê. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ÍÈÑÈ, 1974. 20 ñ. 7. à ð å á å í þ ê Ã.È., Ï ó ð ò î â Â.Â., Ï à â ë è ê À.Â., Ê ó ë å ø î â à Í.È. Ýêñïåðè- ìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîåäèíåíèé äåðåâÿííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ ïëàñòèíàõ è äþáåëÿõ, óñèëåííûõ øòàìïîâàííûìè çóá÷àòûìè øàéáàìè ïðè äåé- ñòâèè êðàòêîâðåìåííûõ íàãðóçîê // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 4. Ñ.92–109. 8.ANSI/TPI 1-2014: National design standard for metal plate connected wood truss construction. Truss Plate Institute, 2014. 112 p. 9. B l a s s H a n s J., S c h m i d M., L i t z e H., W a g n e r B. Nail plate reinforced joints with dowel-type fasteners // World Conference on Timber Engineering 2000. Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Proceedings. P. 8.6.4-1–8.6.4-8. 10. Ñ þ é Þ í ü. Ïîâûøåíèå íåñóùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ñîåäèíåíèé ýëåìåíòîâ äåðåâÿí- íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ íàêëàäêàõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé çóá÷àòîé ïëàñòèíû: àâòîðåô. äèñ. … êàíä. òåõí. íàóê. ÑÏá., 2015. 27 ñ. 11. à ð å á å í þ ê Ã.È., Á å ç ä å ë å â Â.Â., Ï î ï î â Á.Í. Ìèíèìèçàöèÿ â çàäà÷àõ îïòèìèçàöèè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî è àðõèòåê- òóðà. Äåï. âî ÂÍÈÈÈÑ, 11.04.84, 14937-84.

Ãðåáåíþê Ãðèãîðèé Èâàíîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Ïóðòîâ Âÿ÷åñëàâ Âàñèëüåâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Ïàâëèê Àíäðåé Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, ñò. ïðåïîä.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Êóëåøîâà Íàäåæäà Èëüèíè÷íà, ìàãèñòð; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí)

Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 22.05.17

Grebenyuk Grigoriy Ivanovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia Purtov Vyàñheslav Vasil’evich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia Pavlik Andrey Vladimirovich, Senior Lecturer; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia 91 Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê, Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ, À.Â. Ïàâëèê, Í.È. Êóëåøîâà

Kuleshova Nadezhda Il’inichna, MSc; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia

CALCULATIONOFLIMITLOADSONSINGLESHEARDOWEL CONNECTIONCOMPOUNDSOFTENSIONWOODEN ELEMENTSUSINGSOLUTIONSOFFORMABLE CONDITION-EXTREMEPROBLEMS

The variants of the limiting state of a single shear dowel connection of stretched wooden elements with the use of models of rigid and non-rigid dowel are considered. A step-by-step algorithm for revealing the true scheme of the limiting state of the connection was developed. From the standpoint of the static limit equilibrium theorem, it is shown that when implementing a scheme with a rigid dowel, the tasks of determining the ultimate load should be posed and solved as a conditionally extremal problem of non-linear mathematical programming, with the definition of the ultimate load. For cases of realizing the schemes oflimiting equilibrium with the formation of plastic hinges of bending in dowel, an algorithm for determining the ultimate load on the connection is developed on the basis of anumerical solution of the system of equations being formed. An extensive numerical experiment was performed and an analysis of the results of calculations of joints with the use of cylindrical steel nails and glued on wood washers was carried out. The peculiarities of the work of the considered type of connection are revealed and comparative results ofcalculations of other authors are given. K e y w o r d s: wooden elements, timber-to-timber connections, tension, dowel, glued on wood washer, single shear joint, crushing, plastic hinges, ultimate load, conditional extremum, mathematical programming.

REFERENCES

1. D m i t r i e v P.A. Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya soedineniy elementov derevyannykh konstruktsiy na metallicheskikh i plastmassovykh nagelyakh i teoriya ikh rascheta s uchetom uprugovyazkikh i plasticheskikh deformatsiy: avtoref. dis. … d-ra tekhn. nauk [Experimental studies of connections of elements of wooden designs on metal and plastic dowels and the theory of their calculation taking into account elastic and viscous and plastic deformations: senior doctorate abstract]. Novosibirsk, NISI, 1975. 67 p. (in Russian) 2. K o c h e n o v V.M. Nesushchaya sposobnost’ elementov i soedineniy derevyannykh konstruktsiy [Bearing capacity of elements and joints of wooden structures]. Moscow, 1953. 320 p. (in Russian) 3.Inzhutov I.S., Dmitriev P.A., Shaposhnikov V.N. Prostranstvennye sovmeshchennye fermy pokrytiy. Prostranstvennye konstruktsii v Krasnoyarskom krae [Spatial overlapping trusses of coverings. Spatial structures in the Krasnoyarsk Territory]. Krasnoyarsk, KPI, 1985. Pp. 164–168. (in Russian) 4. P u r t o v V.V., P a v l i k A.V. Rabota drevesiny na smyatie v otverstiyakh malykh diametrov [Work on wood crushing in the small-diameter holes]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2005. No. 5. Pp.106–110. (in Russian) 5. G v o z d e v A.A. Raschet nesushchey sposobnosti konstruktsiy po metodu predel’nogo ravnovesiya. Vypusk 1 [Calculation of load-bearing capacity of structures by the method of limiting equilibrium. Issue 1]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1949. 280 p. (in Russian) 6. S t r i z h a k o v a L.K. Issledovanie raboty i raschet soedineniy derevyannykh elemen- tov na kleeplastmassovykh shaybakh: avtoref. dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk [Research of work and calculation of joints of wooden elements on glueplastic washers: PhD abstract]. Novosibirsk, NISI, 1974. 20 p. (in Russian) 92 Ðàñ÷åò ïðåäåëüíûõ íàãðóçîê íà îäíîñðåçíûå íàãåëüíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ...

7.Grebenyuk G.I., Purtov V.V., Pavlik A.V., Kuleshova N.I. Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya soedineniy derevyannykh elementov na metallicheskikh plastinakh i dyubelyakh, usilennykh shtampovannymi zubchatymi shaybami pri deystvii kratkovremennykh nagruzok [Experimental investigation of wooden elements joints on metal plates and dowel teeth, strengthened with stamped gear washers under a short load action]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2017. No. 4. Pp. 92–109. (in Russian) 8.ANSI/TPI 1–2014: National design standard for the metal plate connected wood truss construction. Truss Plate Institute, 2014. 112 p. 9. B l a s s H a n s J., S c h m i d M., L i t z e H., W a g n e r B. Nail plate reinforced joints with dowel-type fasteners. World Conference on Timber Engineering 2000. Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Proceedings. Pp. 8.6.4-1–8.6.4-8. 10. S y u y Y u n’. Povyshenie nesushchey sposobnosti soedineniy elementov derevyan- nykh konstruktsiy na metallicheskikh nakladkakh s ispol’zovaniem metallicheskoy zubchatoy plastiny: avtoref. dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk [Increase of the load-carrying capacity of connections of elements of wooden constructions on metal slips with the useof a metal nail plate: PhD abstract]. Saint Petersburg, 2015. 27 p. (inRussian) 11. G r e b e n y u k G.I., B e z d e l e v V.V., P o p o v B.N. Minimizatsiya v zadachakh optimizatsii stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy [Minimization of optimization problems in building structures.]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction and architecture]. Dep. in VNIIIS 11.04.84, 14937-84. (in Russian)

93 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 69.003:658.012.22

Þ.Á. ÊÀËÓÃÈÍ, Ì.Ñ. ÊËÛÊÎÂ, Ð.Þ. ÒÓÏÈÖÛÍ

ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈßÄÂÎÉÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÃÎÃÐÀÔÀ ÄËßÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈßÌÈÍÈÌÀËÜÍÎÃÎÐÀÇÐÅÇÀ ÑÅÒÅÂÎÉÌÎÄÅËÈ

Èçëîæåíà ñóùíîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà ñåòåâîé ìîäåëè ñ ïîìîùüþ äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà. Ïðåäñòàâëåíî âëèÿíèå íåïëîñêèõ ãðàôîâ íà îïòèìàëüíîå ðå- øåíèå. Âïåðâûå óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ôèêòèâíàÿ ðàáîòà, ñîâïàäàþùàÿ ñ îñíîâíûì íà- ïðàâëåíèåì ðàáîò, íå äîëæíà âõîäèòü â ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçðåç. Ïðîèëëþñòðèðîâàíî, ÷òî âåëè÷èíîé øàãà «ñæàòèÿ» ãðàôèêà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåé îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò, ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíèöà âðåìåíè.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò ìîæåò áûòü óïóùåí. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ïîäõîäîâ ïîçâîëèò îïðåäåëèòü ðàáîòû, ïîäëåæà- ùèå îïòèìèçàöèè, ðàññ÷èòàòü âåëè÷èíó ñîêðàùåíèÿ èõ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè è ÷èñëî ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: êàëåíäàðíîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå è óïðàâëåíèå ïðîåêòîì, ìåòîä êðèòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè, îïòèìèçàöèÿ êàëåíäàðíûõ ãðàôèêîâ ïî ñðîêàì.

Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî îáúåêòà – ýòî ñëîæíûé ïðîöåññ, âêëþ÷àþùèé áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ðàáîò, âûïîëíÿåìûõ ðàçëè÷íûìè èñïîëíèòåëÿìè è îòîáðàæàåìûé êàëåíäàðíûìè ãðàôèêàìè. Î÷åíü ÷àñòî íà ñòàäèè ôîðìèðî- âàíèÿ êàëåíäàðíûõ ïëàíîâ è ãðàôèêîâ âîçíèêàåò çàäà÷à ñîêðàùåíèÿ îáùåé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè. Êðîìå òîãî, ïðè îïåðàòèâíîì óïðàâëåíèè õîäîì ðàáîò íåîáõîäèìî òàêæå êîððåêòèðîâàòü êàëåíäàðíûé ãðàôèê ïî ñðîêàì. Ñîêðàùåíèå ïëàíîâûõ ñðîêîâ êàëåíäàðíûõ ãðàôèêîâ äî äèðåêòèâíûõ (ñæàòèå) ïðåäïîëàãàåò â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü èíòåíñèôèêàöèþ ðàáîò êðèòè÷åñêî- ãî ïóòè (ïóòåé). Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü äîëæíû ñîêðàùàòüñÿ êðèòè- ÷åñêèå ðàáîòû, òðåáóþùèå ìèíèìàëüíîãî ÷èñëà ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ äëÿ òàêîãî ñæàòèÿ [1-3]. Äëÿ ïîèñêà òàêèõ êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò ñåòåâîé ìîäåëè îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåò- ñÿ àëãîðèòì Ôîðäà-Ôàëêåðñîíà î ìàêñèìàëüíîì ïîòîêå (ìèíèìàëüíîì ðàç- ðåçå) è åãî ðàçíîâèäíîñòè [4]. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïîòîêîâûõ àëãîðèòìîâ ïðåäïî- ëàãàåò öåëî÷èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïîòîêîâ è ìíîãîøàãîâûå èòåðàöèîííûå ïðî- öåäóðû [5-11]. Ïðîñòûì è äîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâíûì ìåòîäîì ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàç- ðåçà â ñåòè êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò ñåòåâîãî ãðàôèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåòîä, îñíîâàííûé íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà [12, 13]. Äâîéñòâåííûé ãðàô ñòðîèòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: íà êàæäîé ãðàíè ïåð- âè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà (ñåòåâîé ìîäåëè, ñîñòîÿùåé èç êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò) ðàçìå- ùàåòñÿ âåðøèíà äâîéñòâåííîãî. Âåðøèíû äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà, ëåæàùèå íà ñîñåäíèõ ãðàíÿõ ïåðâè÷íîãî, ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ òàê, ÷òîáû êàæäîé äóãå ïåðâè÷íî- ãî ãðàôèêà ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëà îäíà äóãà äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà. Êðàò÷àéøèé ïóòü íà ñåòè äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà è îïðåäåëèò ìèíèìàëü- íûé ðàçðåç ïåðâè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà (ñåòåâîé ìîäåëè êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò).

ã Êàëóãèí Þ.Á., Êëûêîâ Ì.Ñ., Òóïèöûí Ð.Þ., 2017 94 Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà...

Äàííûé ïîäõîä ïðèìåíèì òîëüêî ê ïëîñêèì ñåòåâûì ãðàôèêàì. È õîòÿ âïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ñåòåâûå ãðàôèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïëîñêèìè, âîçíèêàþò ñëó÷àè ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà â ãðàôèêàõ, íå ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ïëîñêèìè. Ðàññìîòðèì ñåòåâîé ãðàôèê, ïðåäñòàâëåííûé íà ðèñ. 1 [12]. Âñå ïóòè ýòîãî ãðàôèêà êðèòè÷åñêèå. Íàä äóãàìè (ðàáîòàìè ãðàôèêà, èçîáðàæåííûìè ñïëîøíûìè ëèíèÿìè) çàïèñàíû ÷èñëà, ïîêàçûâàþùèå ÷èñëî ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ äëÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ðàáîòû íà åäèíèöó âðåìåíè. Äóãè äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà (ãðàôèêà) èçîáðàæåíû ïóíêòèðíûìè ëèíèÿìè. Ïðè äâèæåíèè ïî äóãå äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà â íàïðàâëåíèè ñòðåëêè äóãà ïåðâè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà äîëæíà ïåðåñåêàòü äóãó äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà ñïðàâà íàëåâî. Âåðøèíû 1 è 5 äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà ëåæàò íà ãðàíÿõ ïåðâè÷íîãî 1-2-4-6 è 1-3-f1-5-6. Âåðøèíû 1 è 6 óäàëåíû â áåñêîíå÷íîñòü [13]. Ðåøåíèå, íàéäåííîå â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèìåðîì [12], ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ìèíèìàëüíûå ïóòè äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà (1-3-5 è 1-4-5) ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç äóãè ïåðâè÷íîãî 1-2, 3-4 è 4-6, 2-5 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âåëè÷èíû ýòèõ ïóòåé ñî- ñòàâëÿþò 4. Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî èñêîìûé ðàçðåç äîëæåí ïðîõîäèòü ÷åðåç äóãè 1-2, 3-4 èëè 4-6, 2-5 ïåðâè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà. Ïðè ñîêðàùåíèè ðàáîò 1-2 è 3-4 (4-6 è 2-5) íà åäèíèöó âðåìåíè ñîêðàùàþòñÿ êðèòè÷åñêèå ïóòè 1-2-4-6, 1-3-4-6 è 1-2-5-6. Ïðåäñòàâëåííûé ïåðâè÷íûé ãðàôèê, õîòÿ è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïëàíàðíûì, ïðåä- ñòàâëåí íå â ïëîñêîé óêëàäêå. Ïîñëå âçàèìíîé çàìåíû âåðøèí 4 è 5 ãðàô ïðèîáðåòàåò ñëåäóþùèé âèä (ðèñ. 2). Ìèíèìàëüíûé ïóòü äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà ÷åðåç âåðøèíû 1-2-3-4 ñî- ñòàâèò 2 (ïî äóãå 2-3 äâèæåíèå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ïðîòèâ åå îðèåíòàöèè), ò.å. âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå âåëè÷èíà ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà, ïðîõîäÿùåãî ÷åðåç äóãè 1-2 è 4-6 ïåðâè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà, ðàâíÿåòñÿ 2. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðåøåíèå, ïîëó÷åííîå âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îï- òèìàëüíûì. È äåéñòâèòåëüíî, êîíôèãóðàöèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî ãðàôèêà ÿñíî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ñîêðàùåíèå ðàáîò 1-2 è 4-6 íà åäèíèöó âðåìåíè îáåñïå÷èò ñîêðàùåíèå ðàáîò êðèòè÷åñêèõ ïóòåé 1-2-5-6, 1-2-4-6 è 1-3-4-6 íà òó æå âåëè÷èíó.

Ðèñ. 1. Ïåðâè÷íûé è äâîéñòâåííûé ãðà- Ðèñ. 2. Ïåðâè÷íûé ãðàô â ïëîñêîé ôèêè óêëàäêå è äâîéñòâåííûé ãðàôèê 95 Þ.Á. Êàëóãèí, Ì.Ñ. Êëûêîâ, Ð.Þ. Òóïèöûí

Ðàññìîòðåííûå ïðèìåðû ÿñíî ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî êîððåêòíîå èñïîëüçîâà- íèå äâîéñòâåííûõ ãðàôèêîâ äëÿ ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçðåçîâ âîçìîæíî òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå ïëîñêîé óêëàäêè ïåðâè÷íûõ ñåòåâûõ ãðàôèêîâ. Ïîìèìî èçëîæåííîãî óñëîâèÿ ïëàíàðíîñòè ñóùåñòâóåò è îñîáåííîñòü, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïðîõîæäåíèåì èñêîìîãî ðàçðåçà (ñå÷åíèÿ) ÷åðåç ôèêòèâíûå ðà- áîòû (çàâèñèìîñòè). Ïóñòü ñåòü êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä (ðèñ. 3). Íàä ñòðåë- êàìè ïðîñòàâëåíû çàòðàòû ðåñóðñîâ äëÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ðàáî- òû íà åäèíèöó âðåìåíè.

Ðèñ. 3. Êðèòè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü ïðÿìîé Ðèñ. 4. Êðèòè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü ñ îáðàò- îðèåíòàöèè ðàáîòû 4-5 íîé îðèåíòàöèåé ðàáîòû 4-5

Ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçðåç (áåç ó÷åòà ôèêòèâíîé ðàáîòû 4-5) ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç ðàáîòû 2-5 è 4-6. Îäíàêî ñîêðàùåíèå ðàáîò 2-5 è 4-6 íå îáåñïå÷èò ñîêðàùåíèÿ îáùåé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè. Äâà êðèòè÷åñêèõ ïóòè 1-2-4-5-6 è 1-3-4-5-6 (âêëþ÷àþ- ùèå ôèêòèâíóþ ðàáîòó 4-5) îñòàëèñü ñ ïðåæíèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè. Ïîýòîìó åñëè ôèêòèâíàÿ ðàáîòà, ïîïàäàþùàÿ â ðàçðåç, ïåðåñåêàåò äóãó äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôèêà ñïðàâà íàëåâî, òàêîé ðàçðåç èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ (öåíà ñîêðàùåíèÿ ôèêòèâ- íîé ðàáîòû ïðèíèìàåòñÿ 1000).  òîì æå ñëó÷àå åñëè ôèêòèâíàÿ ðàáîòà èìååò îáðàòíóþ îðèåíòàöèþ (ðèñ. 4), öåíà åå ñîêðàùåíèÿ ðàâíà 0.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå åäèíè÷íîå ñîêðàùåíèå ðàáîò 2-4 è 5-6 ñîêðàòèò îáùóþ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü. Êðîìå òîãî, îáùàÿ îñîáåííîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïîèñêå ðàöèîíàëüíîé ñòðàòåãèè è øàãà «ñæàòèÿ» êàëåíäàðíîãî ãðàôèêà (îïòèìèçàöèè ïî ñðîêàì) çà ñ÷åò ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ íà êðèòè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû.  ðàáîòå [12] ïðåäñòàâëåí ïðèìåð òàêîé îïòèìèçàöèè, ïðè êîòîðîé èñ- õîäíûé ãðàôèê (ðèñ. 5) «ñæèìàåòñÿ» äî êîíå÷íîãî âàðèàíòà (ðèñ. 6).

Ðèñ. 5. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé ñåòåâîé ãðàôèê Ðèñ. 6. Èòîãîâûé âàðèàíò ãðàôèêà 96 Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà...

Ñîêðàùåíèå êðèòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè ñ 36 äî 22 äíåé ïðîâîäèëîñü çà 7 ýòàïîâ. Ïðè ýòîì íà íåêîòîðûõ ýòàïàõ ïðèîðèòåòíàÿ äëÿ «ñæàòèÿ» ðàáîòà ñîêðàùàåò- ñÿ ñðàçó íà 2-3 äíÿ. Ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî òàêîé ïîäõîä íå âïîëíå îïðàâäàí. Óñòàíîâëåíî [14], ÷òî âåëè÷èíîé øàãà «ñæàòèÿ» ãðàôèêà, îáåñïå÷èâàþ- ùåé îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò, ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíèöà âðåìåíè. Ïîñëå åäèíè÷íîãî «ñæàòèÿ» ãðàôèêà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ åãî ïåðåðàñ÷åò.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå îïòè- ìàëüíûé âàðèàíò ìîæåò áûòü óïóùåí. Òàê è ïîëó÷èëîñü â ïðåäñòàâëåííîì ïðèìåðå [12].  îêîí÷àòåëüíîì âàðè- àíòå ÷èñëî ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ ñî- ñòàâèëî 14,98. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ãðàôèêà â òå÷åíèå 14 ýòàïîâ ïðè åäèíè÷íîì «ñæàòèè» íà êàæäîì ýòàïå âûÿâèëà äåéñòâèòåëüíî îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò (ðèñ. 7). Îí îáåñïå÷èâàåò òðåáóåìóþ âå- ëè÷èíó êðèòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè (22 äíÿ), íî ïðè ýòîì ÷èñëî ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóð- Ðèñ. 7. Îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò «ñæàòèÿ» ñîâ ñîêðàòèëîñü äî 14,5. Âûâîäû. 1.  óñëîâèÿõ çíà÷èòåëüíîãî ïðåâûøåíèÿ ôàêòè÷åñêèõ ñðîêîâ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòîâ íàä ïëàíîâûìè ñðîêàìè çàäà÷à ñîêðàùåíèÿ êàëåíäàð- íîãî ãðàôèêà («ñæàòèå») ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà àêòóàëüíîé. Ñóùåñòâóþùèå ìåòî- äû è ìîäåëè òàêîãî ñæàòèÿ ñåòè èñïîëüçóþò â îñíîâíîì ìåòîäû ëèíåéíîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ è ïîòîêîâûå àëãîðèòìû, ïðèìåíåíèå êîòîðûõ âñëåäñòâèå òðåáîâàíèÿ öåëî÷èñëåííîñòè îãðàíè÷åíî. Êðîìå òîãî, íåëèíåéíûé õàðàêòåð èçìåíåíèÿ ÷èñëà ïðèâëåêàåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ ïðè èçìåíåíèè ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ðàáîòû óñëîæíÿåò çàäà÷ó. 2. Ïðîñòûì è äîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâíûì ìåòîäîì ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà â ñåòè êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò ñåòåâîãî ãðàôèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåòîä, îñíîâàí- íûé íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà. Âìåñòå ñ òåì êîððåêòíîå èñ- ïîëüçîâàíèå äâîéñòâåííûõ ãðàôèêîâ äëÿ ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçðåçîâ âîç- ìîæíî òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå ïëîñêîé óêëàäêè ïåðâè÷íûõ ñåòåâûõ ãðàôèêîâ. 3. Ñóùåñòâåííîé îñîáåííîñòüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñîáåííîñòü, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïðî- õîæäåíèåì èñêîìîãî ðàçðåçà (ñå÷åíèÿ) ÷åðåç ôèêòèâíûå ðàáîòû (çàâèñèìî- ñòè). Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ôèêòèâíàÿ ðàáîòà, ñîâïàäàþùàÿ ñ îñíîâíûì íàïðàâ- ëåíèåì ðàáîò, íå äîëæíà âõîäèòü â ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçðåç. Åñëè ôèêòèâíàÿ ðà- áîòà èìååò îáðàòíóþ îðèåíòàöèþ, öåíà åå ñîêðàùåíèÿ ðàâíà 0. 4.Âàæíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûáîð ïîèñêà ðàöèîíàëüíîãî øàãà «ñæàòèÿ» è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ñòðàòåãèè îïòèìèçàöèè çà ñ÷åò ïåðåðàñïðåäå- ëåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ íà êðèòè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî âåëè÷èíîé øàãà «ñæàòèÿ» ãðàôèêà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåé îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò, ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíèöà âðåìåíè. Ïîñëå åäèíè÷íîãî «ñæàòèÿ» ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ïåðåðàñ÷åò ãðàôèêà. 5. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ èçëîæåííûõ ïîäõîäîâ ïîçâîëèò êîððåêòíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàçëè÷íûå ìåòîäû ïîèñêà ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçðåçîâ â ñåòåâûõ ãðàôèêàõ (â òîì ÷èñëå è ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äâîéñòâåííûõ ãðàôîâ), ÷òî â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîèñêó îïòèìàëüíûõ âàðèàíòîâ «ñæàòèÿ» êàëåíäàðíûõ ãðà- ôèêîâ è êàê ñëåäñòâèå ñîêðàùåíèþ ïëàíèðóåìîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ñòðîè- òåëüñòâà. 97 Þ.Á. Êàëóãèí, Ì.Ñ. Êëûêîâ, Ð.Þ. Òóïèöûí

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. À â ä å å â Þ.À. Âûðàáîòêà è àíàëèç ïëàíîâûõ ðåøåíèé â ñëîæíûõ ïðîåêòàõ. Ì.: Ýêîíîìèêà, 1971. 96 ñ. 2. Á à ð ê à ë î â Ï.Ñ., Á ó ð ê î â à È.Â., à ë à ã î ë å â À.Â., Ê î ë ï à ÷ å â Â.Í. Çàäà÷è ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ â óïðàâëåíèè ïðîåêòàìè. Ì.: ÈÏÓ ÐÀÍ, 2002. 65 ñ. 3. Ì à ë ü ö å â Þ.À. Ýêîíîìèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ òðàíñ- ïîðòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé. Ì.: Àêàäåìèÿ, 2010. 320 ñ. 4. Ì à é í è ê à Ý. Àëãîðèòìû îïòèìèçàöèè íà ñåòÿõ è ãðàôàõ. Ì.: Ìèð, 1981. 326 ñ. 5.Elmabrouk Omar M. Scheduling Project Crashing Time using Linear Programming Technique. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Istanbul, Turkey, July 3 – 6, 2012. 6.Haga Wayne A., O’keefe Tim. Crashing PERT networks: a simulation approach. Paper presented at the 4th International conference of the Academy of Business and Administrative Sciences Conference Quebec City, Canada July 12-14, 2001. 7. M u b a r a k S a l e h. Construction Project Scheduling and Control Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010. 437 p. 8. K o l i s h R., H a r t m a n n S. Heuristic algorithms for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem: classification and computational analysis. Project Schedu- ling-Recent Models, Algorithms and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Ð. 147–178. 9. N a j i b G., N a b i l S., R i z k J. Crash: an automated tool for schedule crashing // International Journal of Science and Technology. 2014. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 374–394. 10. P e r e r a S. Linear Programming Solution to Network Compression // Journal of the Construction Division. Proceedings of the ASCE. 1980. Vol.106. Nî. 3. P. 315-316. 11. S a h u K., S a h u M. Cost & Time and Also Minimum Project Duration Using Alternative Method. International Review of Applied Engineering Research. ISSN 2248-9967. 2014. Vol. 4. Nî. 5. Ð. 403-412. 12.Êëûêîâ Ì.Ñ., Äåìåíåâà Å.À. Âûáîð âàðèàíòîâ èíòåíñèôèöèðîâàíèÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ìàëûõ âîäîïðîïóñêíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé æåëåçíîé äîðîãè // Àðõèòåê- òóðà è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî Ðîññèè. 2012. ¹ 3. Ñ. 2-12. 13. Ì à ë û ø å â Á.Ñ. Äâîéñòâåííûé ñåòåâîé ãðàôèê // Ïðîáëåìû ðàçðàáîòêè è âíå- äðåíèÿ ÀÑÓ íà ìàøèíîñòðîèòåëüíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1972. 164 ñ. 14. Ê à ë ó ã è í Þ.Á., Ò ó ï è ö û í Ð.Þ. Âûáîð ðàáîò äëÿ «ñæàòèÿ» êðèòè÷åñêîãî ïóòè êàëåíäàðíîãî ãðàôèêà // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 2. Ñ. 29-38.

Êàëóãèí Þðèé Áîðèñîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Âîåííûé èíñòèòóò æåëåçíîäîðîæíûõ âîéñê è âîåííûõ ñîîáùåíèé, ã. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã Êëûêîâ Ìèõàèë Ñòåïàíîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Õàáàðîâñê Òóïèöûí Ðóñëàí Þðüåâè÷, ïîäïîëêîâíèê; E-mail: [email protected] Âîåííûé èíñòèòóò æåëåçíîäîðîæíûõ âîéñê è âîåííûõ ñîîáùåíèé, ã. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã

Ïîëó÷åíî 12.05.17

Kalugin Yuriy Borisovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Military Institute of Rail Transport Troops and Military Communications, St. Petersburg, Russia Klykov Mikhail Stepanovich, DSc, Ðrofessor; E-mail: [email protected] Far East State Transport University, Khabarovsk, Russia Tupitsyn Ruslan Yur¢evich, Lieutenant colonel; E-mail: [email protected] Military Institute of Rail Transport Troops and Military Communications, St. Petersburg, Russia

98 Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ äâîéñòâåííîãî ãðàôà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðàçðåçà...

FEATURESUSETHEDUALGRAPHTODETERMINE THEMINIMUMCUTOFTHENETWORKSCHEDULE

Set out the essence of the determination of the minimum cut of the network model by using the dual graph. Described the influence of non-planar graphs on the optimal solution. It was first established that the fictitious work, coinciding with the main direction of work should not be included in the minimum cut. Illustrated step value of «compression» of the schedule, providing the best option is a time unit. Otherwise the best option might be missed. Implementation of the proposed approaches will allow to determining the operation to be optimized, calculate the amount of shortening and the number of resources involved.

K e y w o r d s: scheduling and project management, critical path method, optimization of schedules on time.

REFERENCES

1. A v d e e v Yu. A. Vyrabotka i analiz planovykh resheniy v slozhnykh proektakh [Development and the analysis of planned decisions in complex projects]. Moscow, Economy, 1971. 96 p. (in Russian) 2. B a r k a l o v P.S., B u r k o v a I.V., G l a g o l e v A.V., K o l p a c h e v V.N. Zadachi raspredeleniya resursov v upravlenii proektami [Problems of distribution of resources in project management]. Moscow, IPU RAN, 2002. 65 p. (in Russian) 3. M a l ¢ tsev Yu. A. Economiko-matematicheskie metody proektirovaniya transportnykh sooruzheniy [Economic-mathematical methods of design of transport objects]. Moscow, Academia, 2010. 320 p. (in Russian) 4. M a y n i k a E. Algoritmy optimizatsii na setyakh i grafakh [Optimizations algorithms for networks and graphs]. Moscow, Mir, 1981. 326 p. (in Russian) 5.Elmabrouk Omar M. Scheduling Project Crashing Time using Linear Programming Technique. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Istanbul, Turkey, July 3 – 6, 2012. 6.Haga Wayne A., O’keefe Tim. Crashing PERT networks: a simulation approach. Paper presented at the 4th International conference of the Academy of Business and Administrative Sciences Conference Quebec City, Canada July 12-14, 2001. 7. M u b a r a k S a l e h. Construction Project Scheduling and Control Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010. 437 p. 8. K o l i s h R., H a r t m a n n S. Heuristic algorithms for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem: classification and computational analysis. Project Scheduling-Recent Models, Algorithms and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Ðp.147–178. 9. N a j i b G., N a b i l S., R i z k J. Crash: an automated tool for schedule crashing. International Journal of Science and Technology. 2014. Vol. 3. No. 2. Pp. 374 – 394. 10. P e r e r a S. Linear Programming Solution to Network Compression. Journal of the Construction Division. Proceedings of the ASCE. 1980. Vol.106. No. 3. Pp. 315-316. 11. S a h u K., S a h u M. Cost & Time and Also Minimum Project Duration Using Alternative Method. International Review of Applied Engineering Research. ISSN 2248-9967. 2014. Vol. 4. No. 5. Pp. 403-412. 12. K l y k o v M.S., D e m e n e v a E.A. Vybor variantov intensifitsirovaniya stroitel¢stva malykh vodopropusknykh sooruzheniy zheleznoy dorogi [Choice of options of an intensification of construction of small artificial constructions of the railroad]. Arkhitektura i stroitel¢stvo Rossii [Architecture and construction of Russia]. 2012. No.3. Pp. 2-12. (in Russian) 99 Þ.Á. Êàëóãèí, Ì.Ñ. Êëûêîâ, Ð.Þ. Òóïèöûí

13. M a l y s h e v B.S. Dvoystvennyy setevoy grafik [Dual network schedule]. Problemy razrabotki i vnedreniya ASU na mashinostroitel¢nykh predpriyatiyakh [Problems of development and deployment of ACS at machine-building enterprises]. Novosibirsk, 1972. 164 p. (in Russian) 14. K a l u g i n Yu.B., T u p i t s y n R.Yu. Vybor rabot dlya «szhatiya» kriticheskogo puti kalendarnogo grafika [Choice of activities for crashing the critical path of the network schedule]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel¢stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2017. No. 2. Pp. 29–38. (in Russian)

100 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 624.131

Ë.Â. ÍÓÆÄÈÍ, Ê.Â. ÏÀÂËÞÊ

Ó×ÅÒÂËÈßÍÈßÄÅÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÎÉÀÍÈÇÎÒÐÎÏÈÈÃÐÓÍÒÀ ÏÐÈÐÀÑ×ÅÒÅÎÑÀÄÎÊÔÓÍÄÀÌÅÍÒÎÂ

Ïðèâåäåí óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàííûé ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà äåôîðìàöèé ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ, ñëîæåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíûìè ãðóíòàìè.  îñíîâó ïîëîæåí ñòàíäàðòíûé ìåòîä ðàñ- ÷åòà îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ ñîãëàñíî äåéñòâóþùåé íîðìàòèâíîé äîêóìåíòàöèè ÑÏ22.13330.2011 «Îñíîâàíèÿ çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé. Àêòóàëèçèðîâàííàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ ÑÍèÏ 2.02.01–83*». Íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðóåìîå ñîñòîÿíèå àíèçîòðîïíûõ ãðóíòîâ èññëåäîâàëîñü â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ìåòîäîì êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ïðîãðàììíîãî êîìïëåêñà ANSYS. Ó÷åò àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñâîéñòâ îñó-

ùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïóòåì ââåäåíèÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî êîýôôèöèåíòà aà, êîòîðûé çàâèñèò îòñòåïåíè àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ kà è ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ðàçìåðîâ ôóíäà- ìåíòà. Ïðèìåíåíèå äàííîé ìåòîäèêè ïîçâîëÿåò íàèáîëåå äîñòîâåðíî îöåíèòü íàïðÿ- æåííî-äåôîðìèðóåìîå ñîñòîÿíèå àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ è ïîâûñèòü òî÷íîñòü ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ. Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: äåôîðìàöèîííàÿ àíèçîòðîïèÿ, íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðóåìîå ñîñòîÿíèå ãðóíòà, àíèçîòðîïíîå ãðóíòîâîå îñíîâàíèå, îñàäêè ôóíäàìåíòà. Ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè îñíîâàíèé ôóíäàìåíòîâ íîðìàòèâíàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà ðå- êîìåíäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü ïðîñòðàíñòâåííóþ ðàáîòó êîíñòðóêöèé, ãåîìåòðè÷å- ñêóþ è ôèçè÷åñêóþ íåëèíåéíîñòü, àíèçîòðîïèþ, ïëàñòè÷åñêèå è ðåîëîãè÷å- ñêèå ñâîéñòâà ìàòåðèàëîâ è ãðóíòîâ, ðàçâèòèå îáëàñòåé ïëàñòè÷åñêèõ äåôîð- ìàöèé ïîä ôóíäàìåíòîì. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå íåñêàëüíûå ãðóíòû â òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíè îáëàäàþò àíèçîòðîïíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè, äåé- ñòâóþùèå íîðìû ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ íå ó÷èòûâàþò äåôîðìàöèîííóþ àíèçîòðî- ïèþ ãðóíòîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó îáùåïðèíÿòûå ìåòîäû ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ äåôîðìàöèé ãðóíòîâûõ îñíîâàíèé è îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ [1, 2] íå ïîçâîëÿþò â äîëæíîé ñòåïåíè îöåíèòü ïîâåäåíèå ìàññèâà ãðóíòà ïðè íàëè÷èè ó íåãî àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñâîéñòâ, ïîâûøåíèå òî÷íîñòè ðàñ÷åòà ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ àêòóàëüíûì. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ êîððåêòèðîâêà ìåòîäà ðàñ÷åòà îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ äëÿ ó÷åòà äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòîâîãî îñ- íîâàíèÿ ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ñõåìû ëèíåéíî-äåôîðìèðóåìîãî ïîëóïðîñòðàí- ñòâà ïî ÑÏ 22.13330.2011 «Îñíîâàíèÿ çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé. Àêòóàëèçèðî- âàííàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ ÑÍèÏ 2.02.01–83*». Ïðåäëàãàåìûé ïîäõîä îñíîâàí íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ àíàëèçà ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äå- ôîðìàöèé îñíîâàíèÿ, ñëîæåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíûìè ãðóíòàìè, è ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñ- ïåðèìåíòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðóåìîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (ÍÄÑ) àíè- çîòðîïíûõ ãðóíòîâ ìåòîäîì êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ. ÍÄÑ èçîòðîïíîãî ïîëóïðî- ñòðàíñòâà áûëî äåòàëüíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ðàñ÷åòîâ â ïðîãðàììíîì êîìïëåêñå ANSYS ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìîäåëè óïðóãîé (ëèíåé- íî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîé) ñðåäû. Äåôîðìàöèîííûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòîâ õàðàêòåðè- çîâàëèñü ìîäóëåì äåôîðìàöèè Å è êîýôôèöèåíòîì Ïóàññîíà m. Ñòåïåíü äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè îöåíèâàëàñü ïî äàííûì ðàñøèðåííûõ ñòàí-

Ó Íóæäèí Ë.Â., Ïàâëþê Ê.Â., 2017 101 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

äàðòíûõ èíæåíåðíî-ãåîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçûñêàíèé, èñõîäÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìîäó- ëåé äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòîâ â âåðòèêàëüíîì Ez è ãîðèçîíòàëüíîì Ex íàïðàâëåíè- ÿõ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðî- âîäèìûõ íà êàôåäðå èíæåíåðíîé ãåîëîãèè, îñíîâàíèé è ôóíäàìåíòîâ Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ñèáñòðèí) [3–6], à òàêæå äðóãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè [7], äèàïàçîí íàèáîëåå âå- ðîÿòíîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ àíèçîòðîïèè ka = Ez/Ex ïðèíèìàëñÿ ðàâíûì îò 0,5 äî 2,0. Ìîäóëü äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòà îïðåäåëÿëñÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî èçâåñòíûìè ëàáîðàòîðíûìè è ïîëåâûìè ìåòîäàìè, ðåêîìåíäîâàííûìè ÑÏ 22.13330.2011. Çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ Ïóàññîíà ïðèíèìàëèñü ñîãëàñíî ÃÎÑÒ 202276–85 è áûëè ðàâíû äëÿ ïåñêîâ – 0,27; ñóïåñåé – 0,30; ñóãëèíêîâ – 0,35 è ãëèí – 0,40. Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ (ìîäåëèðîâàíèè â ïðîãðàìì- íîé ñðåäå ANSYS) ìîäóëü ñäâèãà G çàäàâàëñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå [8]:

EEx z G xz = , (1) EEx()()1+m z + z 1 + m x

ãäå Ez, Ex – ìîäóëè äåôîðìàöèè â âåðòèêàëüíîì è ãîðèçîíòàëüíîì íàïðàâ- ëåíèÿõ; mz è mx – êîýôôèöèåíòû Ïóàññîíà ãðóíòà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.  ðåçóëüòàòå ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ [9] áûëè ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû òðàíñâåðñàëüíî-èçîòðîïíûå ñðåäû ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè êîýôôèöèåíòàìè äåôîðìà- öèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè. Äëÿ ãðóíòîâ ñ êîýôôèöèåíòàìè àíèçîòðîïèè ka = 0,5; 0,75; 1,33 è 2,0 áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ñõåìû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé ïî ãëóáèíå îñíîâàíèÿ êàê äëÿ ëåíòî÷íûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ, òàê è äëÿ êâàäðàòíûõ, ïðÿìî- óãîëüíûõ è êðóãëûõ â ïëàíå. Íà ðèñ. 1 ïðèâåäåíû ïðèìåðû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ

íàïðÿæåíèé â èçîòðîïíîì ka =1 è àíèçîòðîïíûõ ka ¹ 1 ãðóíòîâûõ îñíîâàíèÿõ ñòîëá÷àòûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ. Íà îñíîâå îáðàáîòêè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ïî-

ïðàâî÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû aà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ íîðìàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè â àíèçîòðîïíîì ãðóíòîâîì îñíîâàíèè ñ ó÷åòîì ðàçíîé äå- ôîðìèðóåìîñòè ãðóíòà â âåðòèêàëüíîì è ãîðèçîíòàëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ.

Êîýôôèöèåíòû aà îïðåäåëÿëèñü â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îòíîñèòåëüíîé ãëóáèíû ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ñëîÿ x, ðàâíîé 2z/b, ñ ó÷åòîì âîçìîæíîñòè ðàçáèåíèÿ ñæèìàå- ìîé òîëùè îñíîâàíèÿ íà ðàñ÷åòíûå ñëîè òîëùèíîé íå áîëåå 0,4b. Çíà÷åíèÿ ïî-

ïðàâî÷íûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ aà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé áûëè ïîëó÷åíû â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷èñëåííûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ â ïðîãðàììå ANSYS ïóòåì

ñîîòíîøåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé ïðè êîýôôèöèåíòàõ àíèçîòðîïèè ka = 1 è ka ¹ 1. Ïîëó÷åííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïîïðàâî÷íûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ, ðåêîìåíäóåìûõ äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà íàïðÿæåíèé â îñíîâàíèè ôóíäàìåíòîâ, ñëîæåííîì àíèçîòðîïíû- ìè ãðóíòàìè, ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 1–4. Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåí- òîâ ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ îïðåäåëÿòü èíòåðïîëÿöèåé ïî àíàëîãèè ñ ïîäõîäîì, ïðè- íÿòûì â ÑÏ 22.13330.2011 äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé â èçîòðîïíîì ãðóíòî- âîì îñíîâàíèè. Ðàñ÷åò äåôîðìàöèé àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ ôóíäàìåíòà (îñàäêè ôóíäàìåíòà) ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ âûïîëíÿòü â ñòðîãîì ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ÑÏ 22.13330.2011 ïðè ñðåäíåì äàâëåíèè ïîä ïîäîøâîé ôóíäàìåíòà ð, íå ïðå- âûøàþùåì ðàñ÷åòíîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ãðóíòà R. Ñîãëàñíî ÑÏ 22.13330.2011 102 Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé (szp è szp,a) ïîä ïîäîøâîé êâàä- ðàòíîãî (3×3 ì, ñïëîøíàÿ ëèíèÿ) è ïðÿìîóãîëüíîãî (3×4,2 ì, ïóíêòèðíàÿ ëèíèÿ) ôóí- äàìåíòîâ â èçîòðîïíîì (ñëåâà, ka = 1,00) è àíèçîòðîïíîì (ñïðàâà) ãðóíòàõ ïðè êîýô- ôèöèåíòå àíèçîòðîïèè ka = 0,50(à); ka = 0,75 (á); ka = 1,33 (â); ka = 2,00(ã) 1 – 0,9p; 2 – 0,8p; 3 – 0,5p; 4 – 0,4p; 5 – 0,35p; 6 – 0,25p; 7 – 0,15ð

ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàñ÷åòíóþ ñõåìó îñíîâàíèÿ â âèäå ëèíåéíî-äå- ôîðìèðóåìîãî ïîëóïðîñòðàíñòâà ñ óñëîâíûì îãðàíè÷åíèåì ãëóáèíû ñæèìàå- ìîé òîëùè ãðóíòà Íñ. Íèæíÿÿ ãðàíèöà ñæèìàåìîé òîëùè îñíîâàíèÿ íàçíà÷à- åòñÿ èñõîäÿ èç îïðåäåëåííîãî ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñðåäíèìè çíà÷åíèÿìè âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè szp ïîä öåíòðîì ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà è îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà ãðóíòà szg.  êà÷åñòâå ãðàíèöû ñæèìàå- ìîé òîëùè Íñ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ãëóáèíà z, ãäå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ óñëîâèå ðàâåíñòâà szp = 0,5szg èëè äëÿ ñëàáûõ ãðóíòîâ (ïðè Å £ 7 MÏa) szp = 0,2 szg. 103 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

Ò à á ë è ö à 1. Ïîïðàâî÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû áà äëÿ êîððåêòèðîâêè âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé â ãðóíòîâîì îñíîâàíèè îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè, ó÷èòûâàþùèå àíèçîòðîïíûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòà

Ïîïðàâî÷íûéêîýôôèöèåíò aà ïðèêîýôôèöèåíòåàíèçîòðîïèè ka,ðàâíûé

x =2z/b äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ äëÿêðóãëûõôóíäàìåíòîâ ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =1

0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00 0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00

0 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0,4 0,894 0,918 1,015 1,023 0,926 0,948 1,015 1,021 0,8 0,873 0,923 1,034 1,054 0,881 0,928 1,028 1,043 1,2 0,834 0,912 1,055 1,172 0,843 0,917 1,043 1,139 1,6 0,800 0,890 1,074 1,246 0,808 0,895 1,062 1,209 2,0 0,796 0,895 1,109 1,323 0,804 0,899 1,098 1,286 2,4 0,785 0,883 1,117 1,364 0,790 0,887 1,109 1,331 2,8 0,764 0,861 1,109 1,382 0,766 0,866 1,100 1,353 3,2 0,769 0,869 1,123 1,415 0,769 0,869 1,119 1,388 3,6 0,764 0,858 1,123 1,425 0,763 0,863 1,115 1,405 4,0 0,759 0,851 1,115 1,437 0,759 0,852 1,120 1,426 4,4 0,753 0,849 1,110 1,438 0,758 0,846 1,110 1,429 4,8 0,758 0,839 1,113 1,452 0,766 0,844 1,117 1,442 5,2 0,755 0,849 1,113 1,453 0,746 0,836 1,104 1,433 5,6 0,761 0,826 1,109 1,457 0,759 0,828 1,103 1,448 6,0 0,775 0,850 1,125 1,475 0,765 0,824 1,098 1,451 6,4 0,750 0,833 1,083 1,444 0,778 0,822 1,111 1,467 6,8 0,806 0,839 1,129 1,516 0,775 0,825 1,100 1,475 7,2 0,786 0,857 1,107 1,500 0,778 0,833 1,083 1,472 7,6 0,833 0,875 1,167 1,583 0,813 0,844 1,125 1,500 8,0 0,864 0,864 1,182 1,591 0,828 0,862 1,103 1,517 8,4 0,810 0,857 1,095 1,524 0,846 0,846 1,115 1,538 8,8 0,842 0,842 1,105 1,526 0,833 0,875 1,125 1,542 9,2 0,882 0,882 1,176 1,588 0,864 0,864 1,136 1,545 9,6 0,875 0,875 1,125 1,563 0,850 0,900 1,150 1,600 10,0 0,867 0,867 1,133 1,533 0,842 0,842 1,105 1,579 10,4 0,857 0,857 1,143 1,571 0,882 0,882 1,176 1,647 10,8 0,846 0,846 1,154 1,615 0,875 0,875 1,188 1,625 11,2 0,917 0,833 1,167 1,583 0,867 0,867 1,133 1,667 11,6 0,909 0,909 1,182 1,636 0,929 0,857 1,143 1,643 12,0 0,900 0,900 1,200 1,700 0,923 0,923 1,154 1,692

104 Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ

Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Ïîïðàâî÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû áà äëÿ êîððåêòèðîâêè âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé â ãðóíòîâîì îñíîâàíèè îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè, ó÷èòûâàþùèå àíèçîòðîïíûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòà

Ïîïðàâî÷íûéêîýôôèöèåíò aà ïðèêîýôôèöèåíòåàíèçîòðîïèè ka,ðàâíûé

x =2z/b äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =1,4 ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =1,8

0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00 0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00

0 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0,4 0,938 0,953 0,972 1,009 0,954 0,964 1,005 1,008 0,8 0,908 0,940 0,988 1,020 0,924 0,948 1,010 1,015 1,2 0,877 0,931 1,022 1,088 0,901 0,943 1,015 1,068 1,6 0,842 0,910 1,039 1,145 0,869 0,924 1,028 1,111 2,0 0,831 0,908 1,070 1,208 0,857 0,920 1,052 1,162 2,4 0,812 0,898 1,086 1,258 0,834 0,906 1,064 1,201 2,8 0,788 0,877 1,081 1,285 0,809 0,888 1,066 1,234 3,2 0,786 0,876 1,100 1,329 0,801 0,884 1,076 1,267 3,6 0,780 0,873 1,104 1,353 0,794 0,876 1,086 1,297 4,0 0,772 0,862 1,097 1,366 0,784 0,869 1,091 1,318 4,4 0,764 0,846 1,098 1,374 0,780 0,860 1,087 1,340 4,8 0,762 0,848 1,105 1,400 0,777 0,854 1,085 1,354 5,2 0,758 0,835 1,099 1,407 0,770 0,841 1,080 1,363 5,6 0,772 0,835 1,101 1,418 0,768 0,838 1,081 1,374 6,0 0,771 0,829 1,086 1,414 0,782 0,839 1,092 1,391 6,4 0,774 0,839 1,097 1,435 0,792 0,844 1,091 1,416 6,8 0,782 0,836 1,091 1,436 0,783 0,841 1,087 1,420 7,2 0,796 0,837 1,102 1,469 0,790 0,839 1,097 1,435 7,6 0,818 0,841 1,114 1,477 0,804 0,839 1,089 1,446 8,0 0,825 0,850 1,100 1,500 0,824 0,843 1,098 1,451 8,4 0,811 0,838 1,081 1,486 0,826 0,848 1,109 1,478 8,8 0,848 0,879 1,121 1,545 0,857 0,857 1,119 1,500 9,2 0,839 0,839 1,097 1,516 0,846 0,846 1,103 1,513 9,6 0,857 0,857 1,143 1,571 0,861 0,861 1,111 1,528 10,0 0,885 0,885 1,115 1,577 0,879 0,879 1,121 1,545 10,4 0,875 0,875 1,167 1,583 0,871 0,871 1,129 1,548 10,8 0,909 0,909 1,182 1,636 0,862 0,862 1,138 1,586 11,2 0,905 0,857 1,143 1,619 0,889 0,852 1,148 1,593 11,6 0,900 0,850 1,150 1,600 0,880 0,880 1,160 1,640 12,0 0,944 0,889 1,167 1,722 0,913 0,913 1,174 1,696

105 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

Ò à á ë è ö à 3. Ïîïðàâî÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû áà äëÿ êîððåêòèðîâêè âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé â ãðóíòîâîì îñíîâàíèè îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè, ó÷èòûâàþùèå àíèçîòðîïíûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòà

Ïîïðàâî÷íûéêîýôôèöèåíò aà ïðèêîýôôèöèåíòåàíèçîòðîïèè ka,ðàâíûé

x =2z/b äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =2,4 ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =3,2

0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00 0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00

0 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0,4 0,955 0,964 0,978 0,987 0,961 0,969 1,002 1,006 0,8 0,933 0,952 0,985 1,009 0,942 0,958 1,005 1,011 1,2 0,922 0,950 1,009 1,055 0,933 0,956 1,008 1,051 1,6 0,897 0,936 1,018 1,085 0,917 0,944 1,014 1,073 2,0 0,885 0,933 1,036 1,123 0,908 0,942 1,025 1,098 2,4 0,864 0,921 1,043 1,150 0,891 0,931 1,029 1,119 2,8 0,842 0,903 1,046 1,175 0,869 0,916 1,029 1,133 3,2 0,830 0,898 1,058 1,204 0,857 0,909 1,036 1,155 3,6 0,816 0,888 1,060 1,232 0,846 0,898 1,039 1,172 4,0 0,804 0,874 1,065 1,252 0,831 0,887 1,040 1,190 4,4 0,795 0,865 1,065 1,270 0,821 0,876 1,037 1,202 4,8 0,789 0,857 1,068 1,292 0,813 0,870 1,042 1,224 5,2 0,787 0,851 1,071 1,305 0,812 0,865 1,047 1,241 5,6 0,790 0,847 1,073 1,323 0,803 0,855 1,039 1,250 6,0 0,791 0,845 1,073 1,345 0,809 0,853 1,044 1,272 6,4 0,788 0,838 1,071 1,354 0,811 0,852 1,049 1,295 6,8 0,807 0,841 1,080 1,375 0,818 0,845 1,055 1,309 7,2 0,800 0,838 1,075 1,375 0,820 0,850 1,060 1,330 7,6 0,819 0,847 1,081 1,403 0,824 0,846 1,066 1,352 8,0 0,818 0,848 1,076 1,409 0,821 0,845 1,060 1,357 8,4 0,833 0,850 1,083 1,433 0,831 0,844 1,065 1,377 8,8 0,836 0,855 1,091 1,455 0,845 0,845 1,070 1,394 9,2 0,843 0,863 1,098 1,471 0,862 0,862 1,077 1,431 9,6 0,851 0,851 1,106 1,489 0,867 0,867 1,100 1,450 10,0 0,884 0,884 1,116 1,535 0,875 0,857 1,089 1,464 10,4 0,875 0,875 1,125 1,550 0,885 0,865 1,096 1,500 10,8 0,892 0,892 1,135 1,595 0,878 0,857 1,102 1,510 11,2 0,886 0,886 1,143 1,571 0,889 0,867 1,133 1,556 11,6 0,879 0,879 1,121 1,606 0,905 0,881 1,143 1,571 12,0 0,903 0,871 1,129 1,613 0,900 0,875 1,125 1,575

106 Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ

Ò à á ë è ö à 4. Ïîïðàâî÷íûå êîýôôèöèåíòû áà äëÿ êîððåêòèðîâêè âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé â ãðóíòîâîì îñíîâàíèè îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè, ó÷èòûâàþùèå àíèçîòðîïíûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòà

Ïîïðàâî÷íûéêîýôôèöèåíò aà ïðèêîýôôèöèåíòåàíèçîòðîïèè ka,ðàâíûé

x =2z/b äëÿïðÿìîóãîëüíûõôóíäàìåíòîâ äëÿëåíòî÷íûõôóíäàìåíòîâ ññîîòíîøåíèåìñòîðîí h = l/b =5

0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00 0,50 0,75 1,33 2,00

0 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0,4 0,962 0,969 1,001 1,004 0,962 0,969 1,002 1,006 0,8 0,944 0,958 1,003 1,010 0,947 0,959 1,004 1,010 1,2 0,939 0,958 1,005 1,046 0,942 0,959 1,005 1,046 1,6 0,930 0,948 1,009 1,064 0,933 0,950 1,008 1,064 2,0 0,927 0,947 1,017 1,084 0,935 0,951 1,016 1,080 2,4 0,917 0,938 1,017 1,094 0,931 0,945 1,015 1,088 2,8 0,900 0,924 1,010 1,095 0,919 0,933 1,007 1,086 3,2 0,894 0,919 1,011 1,106 0,914 0,928 1,005 1,088 3,6 0,884 0,909 1,009 1,113 0,905 0,920 1,000 1,089 4,0 0,870 0,898 1,004 1,116 0,895 0,908 0,990 1,085 4,4 0,863 0,886 1,004 1,125 0,886 0,896 0,982 1,082 4,8 0,852 0,878 1,004 1,135 0,876 0,888 0,977 1,081 5,2 0,846 0,870 1,000 1,144 0,866 0,879 0,971 1,079 5,6 0,841 0,862 1,000 1,153 0,857 0,865 0,960 1,072 6,0 0,832 0,855 0,994 1,162 0,846 0,856 0,952 1,077 6,4 0,835 0,848 1,000 1,177 0,837 0,842 0,944 1,071 6,8 0,834 0,841 1,000 1,186 0,822 0,832 0,935 1,065 7,2 0,835 0,842 1,000 1,203 0,811 0,817 0,926 1,069 7,6 0,837 0,837 1,000 1,220 0,807 0,807 0,922 1,066 8,0 0,841 0,841 1,018 1,248 0,791 0,797 0,911 1,063 8,4 0,838 0,838 1,010 1,257 0,787 0,787 0,907 1,073 8,8 0,837 0,837 1,010 1,276 0,776 0,783 0,902 1,077 9,2 0,846 0,835 1,022 1,297 0,766 0,774 0,898 1,073 9,6 0,847 0,835 1,024 1,318 0,758 0,758 0,886 1,076 10,0 0,848 0,835 1,038 1,342 0,754 0,746 0,889 1,079 10,4 0,851 0,838 1,041 1,365 0,738 0,738 0,877 1,082 10,8 0,870 0,841 1,058 1,406 0,735 0,726 0,872 1,085 11,2 0,862 0,831 1,062 1,415 0,726 0,717 0,867 1,088 11,6 0,869 0,836 1,066 1,443 0,716 0,706 0,862 1,092 12,0 0,862 0,828 1,069 1,466 0,698 0,689 0,849 1,094

107 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

Îñàäêà îñíîâàíèÿ ôóíäàìåíòà S, ñëîæåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíûìè ãðóíòàìè, ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõåìû ëèíåéíî-äåôîðìèðóåìîãî ïîëóïðîñòðàí- ñòâà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ìåòîäîì ïîñëîéíîãî ñóììèðîâàíèÿ: n ()s- s h n s h S = båzpa, i zg , i i + b å z g , i i , (2) i =1 Ei i =1 Ee, i

ãäå b – áåçðàçìåðíûé êîýôôèöèåíò, ðàâíûé 0,8; szpa,i – ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå âåðòèêàëüíîãî íîðìàëüíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ îò âíåø- íåéíàãðóçêè â i-ì ñëîå àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà ïî âåðòèêàëè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç öåíòð ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà; hi – òîëùèíà i-ãî ñëîÿ ãðóíòà, ïðèíèìàåìàÿ íå áîëåå 0,4 øèðèíû ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà; Ei – ìîäóëü äåôîðìàöèè i-ãî ñëîÿ ãðóíòà ïî âåòâè ïåðâè÷íîãî çàãðóæåíèÿ; szã,i – ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå âåðòèêàëüíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ â i-ì ñëîå ãðóíòà ïî

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âåðòèêàëüíûõ íà- Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïðÿæåíèé â ëèíåéíî-äåôîðìèðóåìîì íàïðÿæåíèé (szp,a) ïîä ïîäîøâîé êâàä- ïîëóïðîñòðàíñòâå DL – îòìåòêà ïëàíè- ðàòíîãî (3´3 ì, ñïëîøíàÿ ëèíèÿ) è ëåí- ðîâêè; NL – îòìåòêà ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðè- òî÷íîãî (3´30 ì, ïóíêòèðíàÿ ëèíèÿ) ðîäíîãî ðåëüåôà; FL – îòìåòêà ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòîâ â àíèçîòðîïíûõ ãðóíòàõ ôóíäàìåíòà; WL – óðîâåíü ïîäçåìíûõ 1 – k = 0,50; 2 – k = 1,00; 3 – k = 2,00 âîä; B.C. – íèæíÿÿ ãðàíèöà ñæèìàåìîé a a a òîëùè; d, dn – ãëóáèíà çàëîæåíèÿ ôóíäà- ìåíòà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî îò óðîâíÿ ïëàíèðîâêè è ïîâåðõíîñòè ïðèðîäíîãî ðåëüåôà; b – øèðèíà ôóíäàìåíòà; p – ñðåäíåå äàâëåíèå ïîä ïîäîøâîé ôóíäàìåíòà; szp, szp,0 – âåðòè- êàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè íà ãëóáèíå z îò ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà è íà óðîâíå ïîäîøâû; szg, szg,0 – âåðòèêàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà ãðóíòà íà ãëóáèíå z îò ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà è íà óðîâíå ïîäîøâû; szã,i – âåðòèêàëüíîå íàïðÿæå- íèå îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà âûíóòîãî â êîòëîâàíå ãðóíòà â ñåðåäèíå i-ãî ñëîÿ íà ãëóáèíå z îò ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà; Hc – ãëóáèíà ñæèìàåìîé òîëùè 108 Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ

âåðòèêàëè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç öåíòð ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà, îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà ãðóíòà, âûáðàííîãî ïðè îòðûâêå êîòëîâàíà äëÿ ôóíäàìåíòà; Ee,i – ìîäóëü äåôîðìàöèè i-ãî ñëîÿ ãðóíòà ïî âåòâè âòîðè÷íîãî çàãðóæåíèÿ. Ñîãëàñíî ðàíåå ïðîâåäåííûì èññëåäîâàíèÿì [10] ïðè íàëè÷èè ñîîòâåò- ñòâóþùèõ äîñòîâåðíûõ äàííûõ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîäóëåé äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòîâ òîëùèíó ðàñ÷åòíûõ ñëîåâ ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ óìåíüøàòü (ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìàòåðèàëîâ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ðàñêëèíèâàþùèì äèëàòîìåòðîì ïðèíè- ìàòü ðàâíûì 0,2 ì). Ïðè ýòîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âåðòèêàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé ïî ãëóáèíå îñíîâà- íèÿ ïðèíèìàåòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî ñõåìîé íà ðèñ. 2. Âåðòèêàëüíûå íàïðÿæåíèÿ îò âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè ózpa,i, êàê èçâåñòíî, çàâè- ñÿò îò ðàçìåðîâ, ôîðìû è ãëóáèíû çàëîæåíèÿ ôóíäàìåíòà, ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ íà ãðóíò ïî åãî ïîäîøâå è àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñâîéñòâ ãðóíòîâ îñíîâà- íèÿ. Äëÿ ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ, êðóãëûõ è ëåíòî÷íûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ çíà÷åíèÿ ózpa,i íà ãëóáèíå z îò ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà ïî âåðòèêàëè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç öåíòð ïîäîøâû, îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå

szpa, i = a ´ a a ´ p, (3) ãäå a – êîýôôèöèåíò, ïðèíèìàåìûé ïî òàáëèöå 5.8 ÑÏ 22.13330.2011; aà – ïîïðàâî÷íûé êîýôôèöèåíò, ó÷èòûâàþùèé äåôîðìàöèîííóþ àíèçîòðî- ïèþ ãðóíòà, ïðèâåäåííûé â òàáë. 1–4; p – ñðåäíåå äàâëåíèå ïîä ïîäîøâîé ôóíäàìåíòà. Âåðòèêàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà ãðóíòà íà îòìåòêå ïî- äîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà è íà ãëóáèíå z îò ïîäîøâû ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ (êâàäðàòíûõ, êðóãëûõ è ëåíòî÷íûõ) ôóíäàìåíòîâ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå:

szg, i= a ´ s zg ,0 , (4) ãäå a – òî æå, ÷òî â ôîðìóëå (3); szg,0 – âåðòèêàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå îò ñîáñòâåííîãî âåñà ãðóíòà íà îòìåòêå ïîäîøâû ôóíäàìåíòà.  êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðåäëîæåííîé ìåòîäèêè ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà îñàäîê ñòîëá÷àòûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ ñ ðàçìåðàìè â ïëàíå b´l = 3´3 ì è ëåíòî÷íûõ – ñ øèðèíîé ïîäîøâû b = 3 ì. Ñðåäíåå äàâëåíèå ïîäïîäîøâîé ôóíäàìåíòîâ ñîñòàâëÿëî p = 303 êÏà. Ïðè ýòîì áûëî ðàññìîò- ðåíî îäíîðîäíîå ãðóíòîâîå îñíîâàíèå, ñëîæåííîå ñóïåñüþ ïûëåâàòîé òâåð- äîé ñ ìîäóëåì âåðòèêàëüíîé äåôîðìàöèè Åz = 11,5 ÌÏà è óñëîâíî ïðèíÿòîé ñòåïåíüþ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ka = 0,5; 1,0 è 2,0 (ò.å. ìîäóëü ãîðè- çîíòàëüíîé äåôîðìàöèè áûë ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ðàâåí Åõ = 23, 11,5 è 5,75 ÌÏà). Òîëùèíà ðàñ÷åòíûõ ñëîåâ â äàííûõ ðàñ÷åòàõ ïðèíèìàëàñü hi = 0,4b = 1,2 ì. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà äåôîðìàöèé èçîòðîïíîãî è àíèçîòðîï- íîãî ãðóíòîâûõ îñíîâàíèé ôóíäàìåíòîâ ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 5. Íà ðèñ. 3 ïîêà- çàíû ãðàôèêè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé îò âíåøíåé äîïîëíèòåëüíîé íà- ãðóçêè äëÿ ñòîëá÷àòîãî ôóíäàìåíòà ïðè çàëåãàíèè â îñíîâàíèè èçîòðîïíîãî èëè àíèçîòðîïíûõ ãðóíòîâ ñ êîýôôèöèåíòàìè äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ka = 0,5 è 2,0. Àíàëèç ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ñóùåñòâåííîì âëèÿíèè àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñâîéñòâ ãðóíòîâ íà ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà äåôîðìàöèé ãðóíòîâî- ãî îñíîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ ñòîëá÷àòûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ ðàñ÷åòíûå çíà÷åíèÿ îñàäîê ôóí- 109 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

Ò à á ë è ö à 5. Çíà÷åíèÿ îñàäîê ñòîëá÷àòîãî è ëåíòî÷íîãî ôóíäàìåíòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ

Îñàäêà S,ñì,èãëóáèíàñæèìàåìîéòîëùè Hc,ì, Òèïôóíäàìåíòà ïðèñòåïåíèàíèçîòðîïèè ka,ðàâíîé ka =0,5 ka =1 ka =2 Ñòîëá÷àòûé 3,86(4,00) 4,58(4,40) 5,47(5,10) Ëåíòî÷íûé 6,7(6,60) 7,48(7,20) 8,05(7,50) äàìåíòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ìîãóò îòëè÷àòüñÿ äî 19–20% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ èçîòðîïíîé ñðåäîé è äî 42 % ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðè ðàç- íîé ñòåïåíè àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòîâ, äëÿ ëåíòî÷íûõ ôóíäàìåíòîâ ðàçëè÷èå ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü 7–12 % ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ èçîòðîïíîé ñðåäîé è áîëåå 20 % ìåæäó ñîáîé. Íàðÿäó ñ ÷èñëåííûìè ðàñ÷åòàìè âûïîëíÿëèñü íàòóðíûå íà- áëþäåíèÿ çà îñàäêàìè ôóíäàìåíòîâ, êîòîðûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøåé ñõîäèìîñòè ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñ ðåàëüíûìè äåôîðìàöèÿìè ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ. Âûâîäû. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïîäòâåðæäàþò âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî àíèçîòðîïíûå ñâîéñòâà ãðóíòîâ ìîãóò îêàçûâàòü çíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íà íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðóåìîå ñîñòîÿíèå ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ è ó÷åò ýòîãî ôàêòîðà ïðåäëàãàåìûì ìåòîäîì ïîçâîëÿåò áîëåå îáîñíîâàííî ïîäõîäèòü ê ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèþ îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ. Ïðè êîýôôèöèåíòå äå- ôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ka < 1 íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå óìåíüøåíèå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ, à ïðè ka > 1 äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòîâîãî îñíîâàíèÿ âîçðàñòàþò.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ò å ð - Ì à ð ò è ð î ñ ÿ í Ç.Ã. Ìåõàíèêà ãðóíòîâ. Ì.: ÀÑÂ, 2009. 552 ñ. 2. Ì ó ñ õ å ë è ø â è ë è Í.È. Íåêîòîðûå îñíîâíûå çàäà÷è ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé òåîðèè óï- ðóãîñòè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1966. 708 ñ. 3. Í ó æ ä è í Ë.Â., Ê î ð î á î â à Î.À., Í ó æ ä è í Ì.Ë. Ïðàêòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ ñ ó÷åòîì äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòîâ îñíîâàíèÿ// Âåñòí. Ïåðì. íàö. èññëåä. ïîëèòåõí. óí-òà «Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî è àðõèòåêòóðà». 2014. ¹4. Ñ. 245–263. 4. Ê î ð î á î â à Î.À., Á è ð þ ê î â à Î.À. Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû ê âîïðîñó ó÷å- òà äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè â ðàñ÷åòàõ ãðóíòîâûõ îñíîâàíèé // Àêòóàëüíûå âîïðîñû ñòðîèòåëüñòâà: ìàòåðèàëû VII Âñåðîñ. íàó÷.-òåõí. êîíô. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), 2014. Ñ. 11–16. 5. Ê î ð î á î â à Î.À. Íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîå ñîñòîÿíèå àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñëîåâ ðàçëè÷íîé ìîùíîñòè ïîä æåñòêèìè øòàìïàìè è ôóíäàìåíòàìè è åãî îñîáåí- íîñòè// Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòð-âî è àðõèòåêòóðà. 1995. ¹ 5-6. Ñ. 35–40. 6. Ê ð è â î ð î ò î â À.Ï., Ê î ð î á î â à Î.À. Âëèÿíèå ìîùíîñòè àíèçîòðîïíîãî ñëîÿ íà åãî íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîå ñîñòîÿíèå // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòð-âî è àðõèòåê- òóðà. 1987. ¹ 12. Ñ. 104–108. 7. Ø â å ö î â Ã.È., Ê î ð î á î â à Î.À. Èññëåäîâàíèå äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ëåññîâûõ ïðîñàäî÷íûõ ãðóíòîâ // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòð-âî è àðõèòåêòóðà. 1997. ¹ 9. Ñ.93–97. 8. À ì á à ð ö ó ì ÿ í Ñ.À. Ðàçíîìîäóëüíàÿ òåîðèÿ óïðóãîñòè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1982. 320 ñ. 9. N u z h d i n L.V., P a v l y u k K.V. Analysis of stress-strain state of anisotropic soil basement // Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics: Proc. of the 8th Asian young geotechnical engineers conference. Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema, 2016. P. 277–282. 110 Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ äåôîðìàöèîííîé àíèçîòðîïèè ãðóíòà ïðè ðàñ÷åòå îñàäîê ôóíäàìåíòîâ

10.Nuzhdin L.V., Nuzhdin M.L., Kozminykh K.V. Pazdan parçalayan dilatometrld çöl ºdraitindd qruntlarin tddqiqat üsulu vd bünovrdldrin çökmdsinin hesablanmasi // Inºaat vd Memarliqda elmi-texniki tdrdqqi: Beyndlxalq elmi-texniki konfransin materiallari. Azdrbaycan, Baki: ªarq-Qdrb, 2014. P. 182–188. Íóæäèí Ëåîíèä Âèêòîðîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Ïåðìñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò Ïàâëþê Êñåíèÿ Âÿ÷åñëàâîâíà, àñï.; E-mail: [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí) Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 18.05.17 Nuzhdin Leonid Viktorovich, PhD, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin) Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Russia Pavlyuk Kseniya Vyacheslavovna, Post-graduate Student; E-mail: [email protected] Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), Russia INFLUENCEDEFORMATIONANISOTROPY INTHECALCULATIONOFSETTELMENTSOFFOUNDATION The paper presents the improved calculation method of the deformations of soil basement folded by anisotropic soils. It is based on the standard calculation method of foundations settlements according to current regulatory documents SP 22.13330.2011 «Foundations of buildings and structures. Updated edition of SNiP 2.02.01–83 *». The stress-strain state of anisotropic soils was studied as a result of numerical experiment by the finite element method using the software complex ANSYS. Accounting anisotropic properties is carried out by introducing in calculation an additional coefficient áà, which depends on soil anisotropy index of the soil basement kà and geometrical dimensions of the foundation. The application of this technique allows the most reliable estimate of the stress-strain state of an anisotropic ground base and improve the accuracy of calculating of the settlement of foundations. Keywords: deformation anisotropy, stress-strain state of soil, anisotropic soil foundation, settling of the foundation.

REFERENCES

1. T e r - M a r t i r o s y a n Z.G. Mekhanika gruntov [Soil mechanics]. Moscow, ASV, 2009. 552 p. (in Russian) 2. Muskhelishvili N.I. Nekotorye osnovnye zadachi matematicheskoy teorii uprugosti [Some basic problems of the mathematical theory of elasticity]. Moscow, Nauka, 1966. 708 p. (in Russian) 3. N u z h d i n L.V., K o r o b o v a O.A., N u z h d i n M.L. Prakticheskiy metod rascheta osadok fundamentov s uchetom deformatsionnoy anizotropii gruntov osnovaniya [The practical calculation method of foundation settlements with regard strain anisotropy of the soil basement]. Vestnik Permskogo natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta «Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura» [PNRPU Bulletin. Construction and Architecture]. 2014. No. 4. Pp. 245–263. (in Russian) 4.Korobova O.A., Biryukova O.A. Metodologicheskie podkhody k voprosu ucheta deformatsionnoy anizotropii v raschetakh gruntovykh osnovaniy [Metho- dological approaches to the problem of taking into account deformation anisotropy in calculations of soil bases]. Aktual’nye voprosy stroitel’stva: materialy VII Vserossiyskoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferetsii [Topical issues of construction: Proceedings of the VII All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference]. Novosibirsk, NGASU (Sibstrin), 2014. Pp. 11–16. (in Russian) 111 Ë.Â. Íóæäèí, Ê.Â. Ïàâëþê

5. K o r o b o v a O.A. Napryazhenno-deformirovannoe sostoyanie anizotropnykh sloev razlichnoy moshchnosti pod zhestkimi shtampami i fundamentami i ego osobennosti [Stress-strain state of anisotropic layers of different power under rigid stamp and basements and its features]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [Proceedings of universities. Construction and architecture]. 1995. No. 5–6. Pp. 35–40. (in Russian) 6. K r i v o r o t o v A.P., K o r o b o v a O.A. Vliyanie moshchnosti anizotropnogo sloya na ego napryazhenno-deformirovannoe sostoyanie [Effect of the power of an anisotropic layer on its stress-strain state]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [Proceedings of universities. Construction and architecture]. 1987. No. 12. Pp.104–108. (in Russian) 7. Shvetsov G.I., Korobova O.A. Issledovanie deformatsionnoy anizotropii lessovykh prosadochnykh gruntov [Investigation of the deformation anisotropy of loess subsidence soils]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [Proceedings of universities. Construction and architecture]. 1997. No. 9. Pp. 93–97. (in Russian) 8. A m b a r t s u m y a n S.A. Raznomodul’naya teoriya uprugosti [Multimodulus theory of elasticity]. Moscow, Nauka, 1982. 320 p. (in Russian) 9. N u z h d i n L.V., P a v l y u k K.V. Analysis of stress-strain state of anisotropic soil basement. Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics: Proc. of the 8th Asian young geotechnical engineers conference. Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema, 2016. Pp. 277–282. 10.Nuzhdin L.V., Nuzhdin M.L., Kozminykh K.V. The calculation of foundation settlements on the result of field soil tests by WD-100 relaxation method. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Technical Conference. Azerbaijan, Baku: ªarq-Qdrb, 2014. Pp.182–188.

112 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÓÄÊ 624.131.6

Þ.Ï. ÑÌÎËÈÍ, À.Ì. ÊÀÐÀÓËÎÂ, Ê.Â. ÂÎÑÒÐÈÊÎÂ

ÐÅØÅÍÈÅÇÀÄÀ×ÈÎÁÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÈÎÑÀÄÊÈ ÂÎÄÎÍÀÑÛÙÅÍÍÎÃÎÀÍÈÇÎÒÐÎÏÍÎÃÎÃÐÓÍÒÀ, ÓÏËÎÒÍßÅÌÎÃÎÂÓÑËÎÂÈßÕÊÎÌÏÐÅÑÑÈÈ

Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé íà âîäîíàñûùåííûõ ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòàõ ñîïðÿ- æåíî ñ ðÿäîì ñëîæíîñòåé, âûçâàííûõ äëèòåëüíî ïðîòåêàþùèìè ïðîöåññàìè îòæà- òèÿ âîäû èç ïîð ãðóíòà è ïåðåóïàêîâêè ÷àñòèö â ïðîöåññå óïëîòíåíèÿ. Ïðåíåáðåæå- íèå ëèáî íåïðàâèëüíûé ó÷åò ïàðàìåòðîâ ôèëüòðàöèîííîé (ïåðâè÷íîé) êîíñîëèäà- öèè è ïîëçó÷åñòè (âòîðè÷íîé êîíñîëèäàöèè) ñêåëåòà ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòîâ ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ ïåðèîäà ñòàáèëèçàöèè îñàäîê îñíîâàíèÿ âî âðåìåíè, à òàêæå ê ïîòåðå óñòîé÷èâîñòè îñíîâàíèÿ ïðè èíòåíñèâíîì âîçâåäåíèè ñîîðóæåíèÿ.  ñëó÷àå, åñëè îñíîâàíèå ñëîæåíî ãðóíòàìè ñ íåîäíîðîäíûì èçìåíåíè- åì ñâîéñòâ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå, ðàñ÷åò ïàðàìåòðîâ êîíñîëèäàöèè ñóùåñòâåííî óñëîæíÿ- åòñÿ. Äàåòñÿ ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëåíèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíî- ãî ãðóíòà âî âðåìåíè ñ ó÷åòîì ôèëüòðàöèîííîé êîíñîëèäàöèè è ïîëçó÷åñòè ñêåëåòà ãðóíòà. Äëÿ ÷èñëåííîé îöåíêè ïîëó÷åííûõ òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ áûëè ýêñïå- ðèìåíòàëüíûì ïóòåì èññëåäîâàíû ñëåäóþùèå íåîáõîäèìûå ïàðàìåòðû îïûòíîãî ãðóíòà: ôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ïàðàìåòðû ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè, ïîðîâîå äàâëåíèå, êîýôôèöèåíò ìãíîâåííîé ñæèìàåìîñòè, êîýôôèöèåíò ôèëüòðàöèè è äðóãèå òðåáóå- ìûå äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ïàðàìåòðû. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ â âîäîíàñûùåííîì ãðóíòå àâòîðàìè áûë èçãîòîâëåí äàò÷èê íà îñíîâå êðåìíèåâûõ òåíçîðåçèñòîðîâ. Ïðèâåäåíû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå è òåîðåòè÷åñêèå çíà÷åíèÿ èçìåíåíèÿ ïîðîâîãî äàâ- ëåíèÿ è îñàäêè ãðóíòà âî âðåìåíè. Íà îñíîâàíèè ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ ðàçðàáîòàí ìåòîä, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ñ âûñîêîé òî÷íîñòüþ ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü îñàäêó àíèçîòðîïíîãî âîäîíàñûùåííîãî ãðóíòà ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àíèçîòðîïèÿ, êîìïðåññèîííûé ïðèáîð, ìåðà ïîëçó÷åñòè, äàò÷èê ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ, ôèëüòðàöèîííàÿ êîíñîëèäàöèÿ, êîýôôèöèåíò ôèëüòðà- öèè, ìãíîâåííàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ, êðåìíèåâûé òåíçîðåçèñòîð, îñàäêà ãðóíòà âî âðåìåíè.

Êàê èçâåñòíî, ïðîöåññ óïëîòíåíèÿ âîäîíàñûùåííûõ ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòîâ ïðîòåêàåò âî âðåìåíè, ïðè ýòîì äåôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò ïåðåðàñ- ïðåäåëåíèÿ îáùèõ íàïðÿæåíèé ìåæäó ñêåëåòîì ãðóíòà è ïîðîâîé âîäîé. Äëèòåëüíîñòü ýòîãî ïðîöåññà çàâèñèò îò òàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê êîýôôèöèåíò ôèëüòðàöèè, ñæèìàåìîñòü ñêåëåòà è ïîðîâîé âîäû, ïîëçó÷åñòü ãðóíòà, ñâîé- ñòâà àíèçîòðîïíîé ñðåäû è äð. Óïðîùåíèåì ðåàëüíîãî ñòðîåíèÿ ãðóíòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèå åãî â âèäå èçîòðîïíîãî òåëà, ò. å. òåëà, ó êîòîðîãî ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîé- ñòâà ïî ëþáîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ îäèíàêîâûå. Îäíàêî ýòî óñëîâèå ïðèìåíèìî íå êî âñåì ðàçíîâèäíîñòÿì ãðóíòîâ. Íàïðèìåð, ëåíòî÷íûå ãëèíû, çàòîðôî- âàííûå è çàèëîâàííûå ìàññèâû ãðóíòîâ îáëàäàþò âûðàæåííîé àíèçîòðî- ïèåé, ò.å. èìåþò ðàçëè÷íûå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà â ðàçíûõ íà- ïðàâëåíèÿõ.

ã Ñìîëèí Þ.Ï., Êàðàóëîâ À.Ì., Âîñòðèêîâ Ê.Â., 2017 113 Þ.Ï. Ñìîëèí, À.Ì. Êàðàóëîâ, Ê.Â. Âîñòðèêîâ

Ðàñ÷åò äåôîðìàöèé îñíîâàíèÿ ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè îòâåòñòâåííûõ ñî- îðóæåíèé íà âîäîíàñûùåííûõ àíèçîòðîïíûõ ãðóíòàõ òðåáóåò ïðèìåíåíèÿ ìåõàíèêè àíèçîòðîïíûõ ñðåä. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá óïëîòíåíèè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî èçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà ñó÷åòîì ôèëüòðàöèîííîé êîíñîëèäàöèè è ïîëçó÷åñòè ñêåëåòà áûëî âûïîë- íåíî ïðîô. Â.À. Ôëîðèíûì [1]. Ê ìåíåå èçó÷åííîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ ìîæíî îòíåñòè ôèëüòðàöèîííîå óïëîòíåíèå àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà, òàê êàê ðåçóëü- òàòû èññëåäîâàíèé â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû â íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ðàáîòàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîöåññà äåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àíèçîòðîï- íîãî ãðóíòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêòóàëüíîé çàäà÷åé.  ýòîé ñâÿçè àâòîðû ïîñòàâèëè öåëü: ðàçðàáîòàòü ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà îñàäêè àíèçîòðîïíîãî âîäîíàñûùåííîãî ãðóíòà ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè. Ïðåä- ñòàâëåííîå ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îòíîñèòñÿ ê íåêîòîðîé èäåàëèçèðîâàííîé ðàñ÷åò- íîé ñõåìå, íî ýòà ñõåìà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðåàëüíûì óñëîâèÿì êîíñîëèäàöèè àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà ïðè êîìïðåññèè. Êàê èçâåñòíî, óïëîòíåíèå ãðóíòà ïðè êîìïðåññèè îñíîâûâàåòñÿ íà èçìå- íåíèè ïëîòíîñòè ãðóíòà îò íàãðóçêè â óñëîâèÿõ íåâîçìîæíîñòè áîêîâîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ.  îáùåì ñëó÷àå óðàâíåíèÿ îáîáùåííîãî çàêîíà Ãóêà ïðè àíèçî- òðîïèè èìåþò âèä øåñòè ëèíåéíûõ îäíîðîäíûõ çàâèñèìîñòåé.  ýòèõ óðàâ- íåíèÿõ èìåþòñÿ 36 íåçàâèñèìûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ. Åñëè ñòðóêòóðà ãðóíòà îáëàäàåò ñèììåòðèåé, óðàâíåíèå îáîáùåííîãî çàêîíà Ãóêà óïðîùàåòñÿ, òàê êàê íåêîòîðûå íåçàâèñèìûå êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðè íàïðÿæåíèÿõ è äåôîðìàöèÿõ ðàâíû íóëþ èëè çàâèñÿò îò äðóãèõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñòðóêòó- ðû ãðóíòà òàêîâî, ÷òî íàïðàâëåíèå ñèëû òÿæåñòè ñîâïàäàåò ñ îñüþ ñèììåò- ðèè è â ýòîé ïëîñêîñòè èìååòñÿ îäíî ãëàâíîå íàïðàâëåíèå è áåñêîíå÷íîå ìíîæåñòâî ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé â ïëîñêîñòè, íîðìàëüíîé ê ïåðâîìó, ò.å. ãðóíò îáëàäàåò òðàíñâåðñàëüíîé èçîòðîïèåé [2]. Çàêîí Ãóêà äëÿ òàêîãî àíèçî- òðîïíîãî ãðóíòà çàïèøåòñÿ â âèäå:

ex=a11 s x + a 12 s y + a 13 s z ,

ey=a12 s x + a 22 s y + a 23 s z , (1)

ez = a13( s x+s y). + a33 s z Ïîñêîëüêó ãðóíò â íàïðàâëåíèÿõ x è y èìååò îäèíàêîâûå ôèçè÷åñêèå èìåõàíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, òî à11 = à22, ïîýòîìó óðàâíåíèÿ (1) èìåþò âñåãî ÷åòûðå íåçàâèñèìûõ êîýôôèöèåíòà.  ñëó÷àå êîìïðåññèè çàïèøåì îòíîñèòåëüíûå äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòà: e=a(), s + s + a s z13 x y 33 z (2) ex= e y = 0,

ãäå à13 = à33 – êîýôôèöèåíòû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå îïûòíûì ïóòåì. Îáîçíà÷èì sx = sy = sáîê è sz = sîñ.

Ñîîòíîøåíèå áîêîâûõ sáîê è îñåâûõ sîñ äàâëåíèé ïðè êîìïðåññèè áóäåò ðàâíî sáîê = xsîñ, ãäå x – êîýôôèöèåíò áîêîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ. Îïðåäåëèì îñåâóþ ïðîäîëüíóþ äåôîðìàöèþ

ez =2a13 xsîñ + a 33 s îñ. (3) 114 Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëåíèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà...

Ó÷èòûâàÿ (1), íàõîäèì x èç óñëîâèÿ ex = ey = 0: a x = 13 . (4) a11+ a 12 Òîãäà îòíîñèòåëüíûå äåôîðìàöèè àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà ïðè êîìïðåññèè 2 2a13 + a33 ×() a 11 + a 12 ez = × s îñ. (5) a11+ a 12 Âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ïîëíîé äåôîðìàöèè îò ïîñòîÿííî íàðàñòàþùèõ íàãðó- çîê âî âðåìåíè îò t äî t çàïèñûâàåòñÿ: t ¶å(,) t t ez (,)()()t t= s t a0 - ò s t dt, (6) t ¶t ãäå ¶å(,) t t – äåôîðìàöèÿ îò åäèíè÷íîé íàãðóçêè, êîòîðàÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ èç ìãíîâåííîé îòíîñèòåëüíîé äåôîðìàöèè e¢ è äåôîðìàöèè ïîëçó÷åñòè (ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè) e¢¢ [3, 4]; a0 – ïàðàìåòð ìãíîâåííîé äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòà.

ez (,)t t= e¢ + e¢¢. (7) Äëÿ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî îïèñàíèÿ ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè ñêåëåòà ãðóíòà ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè Â.À. Ôëîðèíûì [1, 5] áûëà ïðèíÿòà ýêñïîíåíöèàëü- íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ âèäà --g()t t e(,)t t = açæ1 - e 1 ÷ö , (8) 1è ø

ãäå a1, g1 – ïàðàìåòðû ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè, îïðåäåëÿåìûå èç îïûòà. Íàéäåì ïîëíóþ äåôîðìàöèþ ãðóíòà ïðè åäèíè÷íîé íàãðóçêå, ïðèëîæåí- íîé â ìîìåíò t: --g()t t e(,)t t = a + açæ1 - e 1 ÷ö . (9) 0 1è ø

Ïàðàìåòð ìãíîâåííîé äåôîðìàöèè a0 äëÿ àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà áóäåò ðàâåí: 2 EE1()1--n 1 2 n 2 2 a0 = , (10) EE1 2()1 --n 1 n 2

ãäå Å1, Å2 – ìîäóëè äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòà â ïîïåðå÷íîì è ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâ- ëåíèÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî; n1, n2 – êîýôôèöèåíòû áîêîâîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå ïîïåðå÷íûå è ïðîäîëüíûå äåôîðìàöèè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Äåôîðìàöèþ ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè ìîæíî âûðàçèòü ÷åðåç èç- ìåíåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà ïîðèñòîñòè

e0 - e(,) t t ez (,)t t = , (11) 1 + eñð

ãäå å0 – íà÷àëüíûé êîýôôèöèåíò ïîðèñòîñòè ãðóíòà; å(t, t)– êîýôôèöèåíò ïîðèñòîñòè çà ïåðèîä âðåìåíè; 115 Þ.Ï. Ñìîëèí, À.Ì. Êàðàóëîâ, Ê.Â. Âîñòðèêîâ

åñð – ñðåäíèé êîýôôèöèåíò ïîðèñòîñòè ãðóíòà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì äèàïàçîíå óïëîòíåíèÿ. Ïðèðàâíèâàÿ äåôîðìàöèè (6) è (11), âûðàæàåì èçìåíåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà ïîðèñòîñòè âî âðåìåíè. Çàòåì ýòî âûðàæåíèå äâàæäû äèôôåðåíöèðóåì ïî t èïîëó÷èì ¶e(,)(,) t t¶ 2e t t g + = 1 ¶t 2 ¶t (12) é ¶s(,)t t ¶ 2s(,)(,)t t ¶st t ù = -()1 +e × a g + a - a g . cð ê 0 1 0 2 1 1 ú ë ¶t ¶t ¶t û Îñíîâíîå óðàâíåíèå ôèëüòðàöèîííîé êîíñîëèäàöèè äëÿ îäíîìåðíîãî óïëîòíåíèÿ - ¶e(,) t t ¶ ¶Í =()1 + e k , (13) ¶t ñð¶z ô ¶z

ãäå kô – êîýôôèöèåíò ôèëüòðàöèè ãðóíòà; Í– äàâëåíèå â ïîðîâîé âîäå. Äèôôåðåíöèðóåì (13) ïî t: ¶ 2e(,) t t ¶ ¶ 2Í =()1 + eñðk ô . (14) ¶t 2 ¶z ¶z¶ t Ó÷èòûâàÿ (13) è (14), ïðåîáðàçóåì óðàâíåíèå (12) ¶s(,)(,)(,)t t¶ 2 st t ¶st t ¶ 2H ¶ 3H g1a 0+ a 0 + a1g 1 = gk ô + k ô . (15) ¶t ¶t 2 ¶t ¶z 2 ¶z2 ¶ t Óðàâíåíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ äëÿ ëþáîãî ìîìåíòà âðåìåíè èìååò âèä q= +s u, (16) ãäå q – âíåøíÿÿ íàãðóçêà; s – äàâëåíèå â ñêåëåòå ãðóíòà; u – äàâëåíèå â ïîðîâîé âîäå. Åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàòü ñîáñòâåííûé âåñ âîäû, çàïîëíÿþùåé ïîðû ãðóíòà, íà- ïîð áóäåò ðàâåí Í = u/g. Èç óðàâíåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ (16) èìååì ¶s ¶P ¶H = - u = - g , (17) ¶t ¶t ¶t ãäå g – óäåëüíûé âåñ âîäû. Ó÷èòûâàÿ (17) è ïîäñòàâëÿÿ â óðàâíåíèå (15), ïîëó÷èì îñíîâíîå óðàâíå- íèå óïëîòíåíèÿ âîäîíàñûùåííîãî ãðóíòà ñ ó÷åòîì ëèíåéíîé ïîëçó÷åñòè ñêåëåòà ãðóíòà ïðè ïðèíÿòîì âèäå ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè ¶H ¶ 2H æ ¶ 2H ¶ 3H ö gg()a+ a + ga = k ç g + ÷. (18) 1 0 1 1 0 2 ôç 1 2 2 ÷ ¶t ¶z è ¶z ¶z ¶ tø Ðåøàÿ ýòî óðàâíåíèå ìåòîäîì Ôóðüå, îïðåäåëèì íàïîð â ïîðîâîé âîäå ê ìîìåíòó âðåìåíè t: 116 Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëåíèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà...

¥ 4q 1 bi¢()()t- t b i¢¢ t- t ipz H = ×å [Ci e - Di e ] × sin , (19) gp 1, 3 , 5 ... i h ãäå h – âûñîòà ñëîÿ ãðóíòà. Íàïðÿæåíèÿ â ñêåëåòå ãðóíòà: ì ¥ ü 4 1 bi¢()()t- t b i¢¢ t- t ip z s(,)[]t t= q - g H = q í1 -å Ci e - Di e ý ×sin . (20) î p 1,, 3 5... i þ h Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ (20) â (6), îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïðîäîëüíàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ îáðàçöà: t ì ¥ ü 4 1 bi¢()()t- t b i¢¢ t- t ip z --g1 ()t t ez (,)[] tt= qa0 - a 1 g 1 í1 -Ci e - Di e ×sin ýe dt, (21) ò p å i h t î 1, 3 , 5 ... þ ãäå

2 k ô 2 k ô AABi+ i - i - AABi--- i i ga0 ga0 C i = , D i = , (22) 2 2 2 ABi- i 2 ABi- i

1 é g1 k ôù k ôg1 Ai =ê (),a0 + a 1 + ú Bi = , 2 ëa0 ga0 û ga0

b' = -çæ AABAAB -2 - ÷ö , b¢ = -çæ + 2 - ÷ö. iè i i iø iè i i i ø Îñàäêà ãðóíòà ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà ââèäå h s(,)(,) tt= ò ez t t dz. (23) 0 Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ âûðàæåíèå äëÿ ïðîäîëüíîé äåôîðìàöèè (21) â (23), ïîëó÷à- åì âûðàæåíèå äëÿ îñàäêè àíèçîòðîïíîãî âîäîíàñûùåííîãî ãðóíòà ïðè îäíî- ìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè

t ïì é 8¥ 1 ù ïü s(,)() tt= qh a - a g 1 -C ebi¢()()t- t - D e b i¢¢ t- t e--g1 ()t t dt . (24) í 0 1 1 ò ê 2å 2 i i ú ý îï t ë p 1, 3 , 5 ... i û þï Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ îñàäêè ãðóíòà ïî ôîðìóëå (24) íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü ïàðà- ìåòðû âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãëèíèñòîãî ãðóíòà. Ê òàêèì ïàðà- ìåòðàì îòíîñÿòñÿ: ìãíîâåííûå êîýôôèöèåíòû ñæèìàåìîñòè, ñðåäíèé êîýô- ôèöèåíò ïîðèñòîñòè â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì äèàïàçîíå èçìåíåíèÿ íàïðÿæåíèé, êîýôôèöèåíò ñæèìàåìîñòè, ïàðàìåòðû ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè, õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ãðóíòà, êîýôôèöèåíòû ôèëüòðàöèè, êîýôôèöèåíòû ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ ãðóíòà è äð. Äëÿ óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ýòèõ ðàñ÷åòíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ àâòîðàìè áûëè âûïîëíå- íû ýêñïåðèìåíòû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àíèçîòðîïíîãî ñëîèñòîãî ëåíòî÷íîãî òÿæåëîãî ñóãëèíêà.  òàáë. 1 ïðèâåäåíû ôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îïûò- íîãî ãðóíòà. 117 Þ.Ï. Ñìîëèí, À.Ì. Êàðàóëîâ, Ê.Â. Âîñòðèêîâ

Ò à á ë è ö à 1. Ôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îïûòíîãî ãðóíòà

3 3 3 g, êÍ/ì gs,êÍ/ì gd,êÍ/ì w wL wp Ip IL e0 20,1 27,3 16,4 0,21 0,39 0,22 16 0 0,690

Ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ìãíîâåííûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ñæèìàåìîñòè â îïûòàõ áûëà èñïîëüçîâàíà ìåòîäèêà âèäåîñúåìêè ïðè ñòóïåí÷àòîì íàãðóæåíèè, îïèñàííàÿ â [6, 7]. Ïàðàìåòðû ìåðû ïîëçó÷åñòè ñêåëåòà ãðóíòà íàõîäèëèñü ïî ìåòîäèêå èñïûòàíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âûñîò îáðàçöîâ ãðóíòà ïðè êîìïðåññèè. Ñóùíîñòü ìåòîäèêè ñîñòîÿëà â ñëåäóþùåì: â êîìïðåññèîííîì ïðèáîðå èñïûòûâàëèñü îáðàçöû ñ îäíîé è òîé æå ïëîùàäüþ è ïðè îäíîì äàâëåíèè, íî ñ ðàçëè÷íîé âûñîòîé îáðàçöîâ (10, 20, 30 ìì). Îïðåäåëÿëèñü îòíîñèòåëüíûå äåôîðìàöèè ýòèõ îáðàçöîâ âî âðåìåíè. Çíàÿ îòíîñèòåëüíóþ äåôîðìàöèþ ýòèõ îáðàçöîâ e–h, ñ ïîìîùüþ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè íàõîäèëàñü îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ ãðóí- òà ïðè òîëùèíå h ® 0. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ è îñàäîê ïðè êîíñîëèäàöèè îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â êîìïðåññèîííîì ïðèáîðå ñ ïëîùàäüþ êîëüöà 60 ñì2 è âûñîòîé 2,5 ñì. Îáðàçåö ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî îáæèìàëñÿ íà- ãðóçêîé 25 êÏà, à çàòåì äàëüíåéøèå îïûòû ïðîâîäèëèñü ïðè äàâëåíèè sz =150 êÏà.  òàáë. 2 ïðèâåäåíû íåîáõîäèìûå äàííûå äëÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé îöåíêè óï- ëîòíåíèÿ îïûòíîãî ãðóíòà.

Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Ïàðàìåòðû îïûòíîãî ãðóíòà â èíòåðâàëå íàãðóçîê 0-150 êÏà Êîýôôèöèåíòïîïåðå÷íîãî Êîýôôèöèåíò Ñðåäíèé Êîýôôèöèåíò Ïàðàìåòðûïîëçó÷åñòè ôèëüòðàöèè êîýôôèöèåíò ìãíîâåííîé ðàñøèðåíèÿ kô,ñì/ñ ïîðèñòîñòè eñð äåôîðìàöèè a0 a1 g1 n1 n2 8·10–7 0,690 0,04 0,038 0,051 0,40 0,37

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êðåìíèåâûõ òåíçîðåçèñòîðîâ ïîçâîëèëî ñîçäàòü íå- ñêîëüêî òèïîâ ìåìáðàííûõ âûñîêî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ äàò÷èêîâ ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ [8]. Îäèí èç òàêèõ äàò÷èêîâ ñîñòîÿë èç ïðèåìíèêà äàâëåíèÿ ñ èãëîé, ìåìáðàíû, òåíçîðåçèñòîðîâ è êðûøêè ñ âûâîäíûìè ïðîâîäàìè (ðèñ. 1). Ïåðåä îïûòàìè ãðóíò íàñûùàë- ñÿ âîäîé. Äàò÷èê ñ èãëîé ïåðåä îïûòîì òàêæå íàïîëíÿëñÿ âîäîé è èãëà âñòàâëÿëàñü â ãðóíò íà ëþáóþ âûñîòó îáðàçöà ÷åðåç ñïåöèàëüíî ïðîñâåðëåííîå îòâåðñòèå â êîëüöå. Ïðè ïðèëîæåíèè íàãðóçêè ïîðîâàÿ âîäà äàâèòíà âîäó â ïðèåìíèê äàò- Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà äàò÷èêà ïîðîâîãî äàâëå- ÷èêà, ìåìáðàíà ïðîãèáàåòñÿ è íà íèÿ ñ èãëîé ãàëüâàíîìåòðå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèãíàë, 1 – êîðïóñ; 2 – ìåìáðàíà; 3 – êðûøêà; 4 – èãëà; 5 – òåíçîðåçèñòîðû; 6 – âîäà ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ýòîìó äàâëåíèþ. 118 Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëåíèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà...

×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü äàò÷èêîâ ïîçâîëè- ëà çàìåðÿòü ïîðîâîå äàâëåíèå âåëè- ÷èíîé äî 1 êÏà (ðèñ. 2). Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå è òåîðåòè÷å- ñêèå çíà÷åíèÿ èçìåíåíèÿ îñàäîê ãðóí- òà (à) è ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ (á) âî âðå- ìåíè ïðè èñïûòàíèè ãðóíòà â êîì- ïðåññèîííîì ïðèáîðå ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñ. 3. Èç ðèñ. 3 âèäíî, ÷òî äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòà è íàïîðû â ïîðîâîé âîäå, âû- ÷èñëåííûå ïî ôèëüòðàöèîííîé òåî- ðèè êîíñîëèäàöèè ñ ó÷åòîì ïîëçó÷å- ñòè ñêåëåòà ãðóíòà, íå â ïîëíîé ìåðå Ðèñ. 2. Ñõåìà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ äàò÷èêà â êîìïðåññèîííîì ïðèáîðå ñîâïàäàþò ñ îïûòíûìè äàííûìè. 1 – êîðïóñ; 2 – êîëüöî; 3 – ïîðøåíü; 4 – îáðà- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî óòâåð- çåö ãðóíòà; 5 – äàò÷èê ïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ æäàòü, ÷òî àâòîðû ðàçðàáîòàëè äî- âîëüíî òî÷íûé ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà îñàäêè àíèçîòðîïíîãî âîäîíàñûùåííîãî ãðóí- òà ïðè îäíîìåðíîì óïëîòíåíèè. È åñëè â ðåøåíèè çàäà÷è äîïîëíèòåëüíî ó÷åñòü ñæèìàåìîñòü ïîðîâîé æèäêîñòè, íà÷àëüíûé ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé ãðàäèåíò

Ðèñ. 3. Ãðàôèê èçìåíåíèÿ âî âðåìåíè îñàäêè ãðóíòà s (à) èïîðîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ u (á) â êîìïðåññèîííîì ïðèáîðå ïðè âåðòèêàëüíîì äàâëåíèè sz = 150 êÏà 1 – äàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå îïûòíûì ïóòåì; 2 – äàííûå, âû÷èñëåí- íûå ïî ôîðìóëàì àâòîðà 119 Þ.Ï. Ñìîëèí, À.Ì. Êàðàóëîâ, Ê.Â. Âîñòðèêîâ

è ñòðóêòóðíóþ ïðî÷íîñòü ãðóíòà [9], òî ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü ëó÷øåãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ îïûòíûõ è òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ. Îäíàêî ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è â òàêîì ñëó÷àå ñëèøêîì óñëîæíÿåòñÿ.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Ô ë î ð è í Â.À. Îñíîâû ìåõàíèêè ãðóíòîâ Ë.: Ãîññòðîéèçäàò, 1959. Ò. 1. 357 ñ. 2. Ï è ñ à í å í ê î Â.Ï. Îá àíèçîòðîïèè äåôîðìàöèîííûõ ñâîéñòâ ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòîâ Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Ïðèîáüÿ // Èíæåíåðíî-ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ è îñîáåííîñòè ôóíäàìåíòîñòðîåíèÿ ïðè òðàíñïîðòíîì ñòðîèòåëüñòâå â óñëîâèÿõ Ñèáèðè / Òð.ÍÈÈÆÒà. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1977. Âûï. 180. Ñ. 80-83. 3. Ì å ñ ÷ à í Ñ.Ð. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ðåîëîãèÿ ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòîâ. Ì.: Íåäðà, 1985. 342 ñ. 4. À ð ó ò þ í ÿ í Í.Õ. Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû òåîðèè ïîëçó÷åñòè. Ì.; Ë.: Ãîñòåõòåîðåò- èçäàò, 1952. 323 ñ. 5. Ì à ñ ë î â Í.Í. Ôèçèêî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëçó÷åñòè ãëèíèñòûõ ãðóíòîâ â ïðàêòèêå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1984. 176 ñ. 6. Ñ ì î ë è í Þ.Ï., Ê î ð ÷ ó ã à í î â Ä.Þ. Ê ìåòîäèêå îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìãíîâåííîãî ìîäóëÿ äåôîðìàöèè ãðóíòîâ // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2005. ¹ 8. Ñ. 109-112. 7. Ñ ì î ë è í Þ.Ï., Ñ î ë î â ü å â Þ.È. Ê ìåòîäèêå îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìãíîâåííûõ è äëè- òåëüíûõ ìîäóëåé äåôîðìàöèè ïîëçó÷èõ ãðóíòîâ // Âîïðîñû èíæåíåðíîé ãåîëîãèè, îñíîâàíèé è ôóíäàìåíòîâ / Òð. ÍÈÈÆÒà. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1971. Âûï. 123. Ñ.137-146. 8. Ñ à ì î ë å ò î â Ý.À., Ñ ì î ë è í Þ.Ï. Êðåìíèåâûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè äëÿ èññëåäî- âàíèÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ãðóíòîâ // Èíæåíåðíî-ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ è îñîáåííîñòè ôóíäàìåíòîñòðîåíèÿ â Ñèáèðè / Òð. ÍÈÈÆÒà. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1974. Âûï. 152. Ñ. 155-159. 9. Ë ÿ ø å í ê î Ï.À. Ñîïðîòèâëåíèå è äåôîðìàöèè ãëèíèñòîãî ãðóíòà. Êðàñíîäàð: ÊóáÃÀÓ, 2014. 161 ñ.

Ñìîëèí Þðèé Ïåòðîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; Å-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Êàðàóëîâ Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; Å-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Âîñòðèêîâ Êîíñòàíòèí Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê; Å-mail: [email protected] Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê

Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 04.05.17

Smolin Juriy Petrovich, DSc, Professor; Å-mail: [email protected] Siberian Òransport University, Novosibirsk, Russia Karaulov Alexander Mikhailovich, DSc, Professor; Å-mail: [email protected] Siberian Òransport University, Novosibirsk, Russia Vostrikov Konstantin Vladimirovich, PhD; Å-mail: [email protected] Siberian Òransport University, Novosibirsk, Russia

CONSOLIDATIONPROCESSOFSATURATEDANISOTROPIC CLAYSOILDURINGODOMETRICTESTING

The paper gives a solution to the problem of determining the sedimentation of water-saturated soil in time, taking into account the filtration consolidation and creep of the soil skeleton. For the numerical analysis of the obtained theoretical results, the following 120 Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è îá îïðåäåëåíèè îñàäêè âîäîíàñûùåííîãî àíèçîòðîïíîãî ãðóíòà... parameters of the experimental soil were investigated experimentally: physical characteristics, creep parameters, pore pressure, instantaneous compressibility factor, filtration coefficient and other parameters required for calculation. To determine the pore pressure in the water-saturated ground, the authors made a sensor based on silicon strain gauges. The experimental and theoretical values of the change in pore pressure and soil sediment in time. K e y w o r d s: anisotropy, oedometer, creep measure, pore pressure sensor, consolidation, permeability coefficient, instantaneous deformation, silicon tensometric resistor, soil settlement in time.

REFERENCES

1. F l o r i n V.A. Osnovy mekhaniki gruntov [Fundamentals of soil mechanics]. Leningrad, Gosstroyizdat, 1959. Vol. 1. 357 p. (in Russian) 2. Pisanenko V.P. Ob anizotropii deformatsionnykh svoystv glinistykh gruntov Novosibirskogo Priob¢ya [On the anisotropy of the deformation properties of clay soils of Novosibirsk Ob River]. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie usloviya i osobennosti fundamentostroeniya pri transportnom stroitel’stve v usloviyakh Sibiri. Trudy NIIZhTa [Engineering-geological conditions and features of foundation engineering for transport construction in Siberia. Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Railway Engineers]. Novosibirsk, 1977. Issue 180. Pp. 80-83. (in Russian) 3. Meschan S.R. Eksperimental’naya reologiya glinistykh gruntov [Experimental rheology of clay soils]. Moscow, Nedra, 1985. 342 p. (in Russian) 4. A r u t y u n y a n N.Kh. Nekotorye voprosy teorii polzuchesti [Some questions of the theory of creep]. Moscow; Leningrad, Gostekhteoretizdat, 1952. 323 p. (in Russian) 5. M a s l o v N.N. Fiziko-tekhnicheskaya teoriya polzuchesti glinistykh gruntov v praktike stroitel’stva [The physical and technical theory of creep of clay soils in the practice of construction]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1984. 176 p. (in Russian) 6. S m o l i n Yu.P., K o r c h u g a n o v D.Yu. K metodike opredeleniya mgnovennogo modulya deformatsii gruntov [To the technique for determining the instantaneous modulus of soil deformation]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2005. No. 8. Pp. 109-112. (in Russian) 7.Smolin Yu.P., Solov’ev Yu.I. K metodike opredeleniya mgnovennykh i dlitel’nykh moduley deformatsii polzuchikh gruntov [To the technique for determining the instantaneous and long moduli of deformation of creeping soils]. Voprosy inzhenernoy geologii, osnovaniy i fundamentov. Trudy NIIZhTa [Questions of engineering geology, foundations and foundations. Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Railway Engineers]. Novosibirsk, 1971. Issue 123. Pp. 137-146. (in Russian) 8. S a m o l e t o v E.A., S m o l i n Yu.P. Kremnievye preobrazovateli dlya issledovaniya mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik gruntov [Silicon converters for studying the mechanical characteristics of soils]. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie usloviya i osobennosti fundamentostroeniya v Sibiri. Trudy NIIZhTa [Engineering-geological conditions and features of foundation engineering in Siberia. Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Railway Engineers]. Novosibirsk, 1974. Issue 152. Pp. 155-159. (in Russian) 9. Lyashenko P.A. Soprotivlenie i deformatsii glinistogo grunta [Resistance and deformation of clay soil]. Krasnodar, KubSAU, 2014. 161 p. (in Russian)

121 ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6

ÏÀÌßÒÈ ÄÌÈÒÐÈß ÃÅÎÐÃÈÅÂÈ×À ÊÎÏÀÍÈÖÛ, ÂÛÄÀÞÙÅÃÎÑß Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ È ÏÅÄÀÃÎÃÀ

23 àïðåëÿ 2017 ã. íà 65-ì ãîäó óøåë èç æèçíè ïðîôåññîð Òîìñêîãî ãîñóäàð- ñòâåííîãî àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, äîêòîð òåõíè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, ÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÀÑÍ, çàâåäóþùèé êàôåäðîé ìåòàë- ëè÷åñêèõ è äåðåâÿííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ÷ëåí ðåäàêöèîííîé êîëëåãèè æóðíàëà «Ñåéñìîñòîéêîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. Áåçî- ïàñíîñòü ñîîðóæåíèé» Äìèòðèé Ãåîð- ãèåâè÷ Êîïàíèöà.

Äìèòðèé Ãåîðãèåâè÷ Êîïàíèöà – èçâåñòíûé ó÷åíûé, óâàæàåìûé ïåäà- ãîã, ìíîãî ñèë îòäàâøèé ïîäãîòîâêå ìîëîäûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Îí ðîäèëñÿ 25 èþëÿ 1952 ã. â ã. Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêå-Êàçàõñêîì. Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ øêîëû ïîñòóïèë â Òîìñêèé èíæåíåðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé èíñòèòóò, â 1979 ã. îêîí÷èë åãî, à â 1985 ã. çàùèòèë êàíäèäàòñêóþ äèññåðòàöèþ â Ìîñêîâñêîì èíæåíåð- íî-ñòðîèòåëüíîì èíñòèòóòå. Ñ 1985 ã. Äìèòðèé Ãåîðãèåâè÷ Êîïàíèöà íà- ÷àë ðàáîòàòü â Òîìñêîì èíæåíåðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíîì èíñòèòóòå (íûíå ÒÃÀÑÓ) â äîëæíîñòÿõ ñòàðøåãî íàó÷íîãî ñîòðóäíèêà, ñòàðøåãî ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ, äîöåíòà, çàâåäóþùåãî êàôåäðîé ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è äåðåâÿííûõ êîíñòðóê- öèé.  2003 ã. çàùèòèë äîêòîðñêóþ äèññåðòàöèþ. Áëàãîäàðÿ ýíåðãè÷íûì è öåëåíàïðàâëåííûì óñèëèÿì è ëèäåðñòâó Äìèòðèÿ Ãåîðãèåâè÷à íà êà- ôåäðå áûëà ñîçäàíà íàó÷íàÿ øêîëà ïî èññëåäîâàíèÿì íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîð- ìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ðàçðàáîòàíû è ïðåä- ëîæåíû äëÿ âíåäðåíèÿ â ïðîèçâîäñòâî óíèêàëüíûå èííîâàöèîííûå êîíñò- ðóêöèè, ïðèîáðåòåíî óíèêàëüíåéøåå îáîðóäîâàíèå, êîòîðîå ïîçâîëèò êîëëåêòèâó åùå äîëãèå ãîäû âåñòè íàó÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â óêàçàííîì íà- ïðàâëåíèè. Îí ó÷àñòâîâàë â êà÷åñòâå ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ ýêñïåðòíîé ãðóïïû â ðàññëåäîâà- íèè ïðè÷èí àâàðèè íà Ñàÿíî-Øóøåíñêîé ÃÝÑ. Åãî íàó÷íàÿ è ïåäàãîãè÷å- ñêàÿäåÿòåëüíîñòü íåîäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëàñü âûñîêèìè íàãðàäàìè ÒÃÀÑÓ, ã.Òîìñêà, Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè, Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Çà âêëàä â íàóêó è îáðàçîâàíèå áûë íàãðàæäåí çîëîòîé ìåäàëüþ ÍÈÓ ÌÃÑÓ. 122 Ïàìÿòè Äìèòðèÿ Ãåîðãèåâè÷à Êîïàíèöû, âûäàþùåãîñÿ ó÷åíîãî è ïåäàãîãà

Íàó÷íîå ñîîáùåñòâî âûñîêî îöåíèëî âêëàä Äìèòðèÿ Ãåîðãèåâè÷à â ñòðîèòåëüíóþ íàóêó, îí áûë èçáðàí ÷ëåíîì-êîððåñïîíäåíòîì ÐÀÀÑÍ, ÷ëåíîì ýêñïåðòíîãî ñîâåòà ÂÀÊ ÐÔ ïî ñòðîèòåëüñòâó è àðõèòåêòóðå. Äìèòðèé Ãåîðãèåâè÷ - àâòîð áîëåå 170 íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ â îáëàñòè ñòðîè- òåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé è ñîîðóæåíèé, 5 ìîíîãðàôèé è 6 ó÷åáíûõ ïîñîáèé, â òîì ÷èñëå ìîíîãðàôèè «Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî àíàëèçó æèçíåííîãî öèêëà çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé ïîâûøåííîé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè íà îñíîâå ïðîöåññíîãî ïîäõîäà èìåòîäîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé»; è ó÷åáíîãî ïîñîáèÿ «Ìàòå- ìàòè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äèíàìè÷åñêîé ïðî÷íîñòè êîíñòðóêöèîííûõ ìà- òåðèàëîâ». Ïîä åãî ðóêîâîäñòâîì çàùèòèëè êàíäèäàòñêèå äèññåðòàöèè 5 àñïèðàí- òîâ, ïîäãîòîâëåíû 3 äîêòîðñêèå äèññåðòàöèè. Îí áûë ó÷åíûì, ãîðÿ÷î ïðåäàííûì íàóêå è ïðîôåññèè, îòçûâ÷èâûì èâíèìàòåëüíûì êîëëåãîé, ÷åñòíûì, èíòåëëèãåíòíûì ÷åëîâåêîì.

Äîáðàÿ è ñâåòëàÿ ïàìÿòü î Äìèòðèè Ãåîðãèåâè÷å Êîïàíèöå íàâåêè ñî- õðàíèòñÿ â ñåðäöàõ âñåõ òåõ, êòî åãî çíàë!

È.Ñ. Èíæóòîâ – äèðåêòîð ÈÑÈ ÑÔÓ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, ñîâåòíèê ÐÀÀÑÍ, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ Ã.È. Ãðåáåíþê – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ÑÌ, ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, ÷ë.-êîð. ÑÎ ÌÀÍ ÂØ Â.Ì. Ìèòàñîâ – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ÆÁÊ, ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, ÷ë.-êîð. ÑÎ ÀÍ ÂØ, Ïî÷åòíûé ñòðîèòåëü Ðîññèè Ñ.Â. Äåîðäèåâ - çàâ. êàôåäðîé ÑÊèÓÑ ÈÑÈ ÑÔÓ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîöåíò, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÅÍ Â.Â. Ïóðòîâ – äîöåíò êàôåäðû ÌÄÊ, ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, Ïî÷åòíûé ñòðîèòåëü Ðîññèè

123 ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÍÎÂÛÕ ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÒÈÂÍÛÕ ÑÕÅÌ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ

 ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), íà êàôåäðå æåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ðàçðàáîòàí è ðåàëèçî- âàííà ïðàêòèêå ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûé ñáîðíî-ìîíîëèòíûé áåçðèãåëüíûé êàðêàñ äëÿ ñòðîè- òåëüñòâà ìíîãîýòàæíûõ çäàíèé ñ ïîíèæåííûì ðàñõîäîì ñòàëè.

ÏÐÅÈÌÓÙÅÑÒÂÀ ÒÀÊÎÃÎ ÊÀÐÊÀÑÀ: — ñòåíû ëþáîé êîíñòðóêöèè â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ óòåïëèòåëÿìè; — ñòîèìîñòü êîðîáêè íèæå òðàäèöèîííîé íà 34–35 %; — íàãðóçêà íà ôóíäàìåíò ñíèæàåòñÿ íà 17–18 %; — íîðìàòèâíûé ñðîê ñòðîèòåëüñòâà êîðîáêè ñîïîñòàâèì ñ ìîíòàæîì ÊÏÄ; — ñâîáîäíàÿ ïëàíèðîâêà âíóòðåííèõ ïîìåùåíèé â ïðåäåëàõ ýòàæà. Ïðåäëîæåí øàã êîëîíí 6´7,5 ì (ìîæåò áûòü ïåðåìåííûì, ñ «ïëàâàþùåé» ñòîéêîé). Ñõåìà ïîçâîëÿåò ðåøèòü ïðîáëåìó íåðàâíîìåðíûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ äåôîðìàöèé, òîðìî- çÿùèõ ðàçâèòèå êàðêàñíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà, è ìîæåò áûòü ðåàëèçîâàíà â ëþáûõ ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ ðåãèîíàõ. Ïî äàííûì ðàçðàáîòêè ñõåìû âîçâîäèëñÿ 12-ýòàæíûé äîì (ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë.Óðèöêîãî, ñì. ôîòî). Âåäóòñÿ äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ ñáîðíî-ìîíîëèòíîãî áåçðèãåëüíîãî êàðêàñà ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ.

Ðàçðàáîò÷èêè: Ìèòàñîâ Âàëåðèé Ìèõàéëîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; Äîáðà÷åâ Âàëåðèé Ìèõàéëîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.

630008, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Ëåíèíãðàäñêàÿ, 113, Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí). E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.sibstrin.ru/innovation Òåë. +7(383) 266-42-81

Èíäåêñ 70377

ÓÂÀÆÀÅÌÛÅ ÀÂÒÎÐÛ! Æóðíàë ïóáëèêóåò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðàçðàáîòêàõ â îáëàñòè ñòðîèòåëüñòâà îáúåìîì 1 ñ., âêëþ÷àÿ 1–2 èëëþñòðàöèè. Óêàçûâàþòñÿ ðàçðàáîò÷è- êè: ôàìèëèÿ, èìÿ, îò÷åñòâî ïîëíîñòüþ; çâàíèÿ; êîíòàêòíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ è ìåñòî ðàáîòû. Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ îáÿçàòåëüíà.

ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2017. ¹ 6 (702). 1–124 ÁÁÊ 38 È 33 ÓÄÊ 69

Íàó÷íîå èçäàíèå

Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ

¹ 6 (702) 2017

Íàó÷íî-òåîðåòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë

Ðåäàêòîðû: C.Ì. Ïîãóäèíà, Í.È. Êîíîâàëîâà Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Í.Ì. Ìàêàðåíêî Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ âåðñòêà Ð.Ã. Óñîâà Êîððåêòîð Ã.È. Øâåäêèíà

Ñâèäåòåëüñòâî î ðåãèñòðàöèè ¹ 993 îò 28.11.90 ã.

1 Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 28.06.17. Ôîðìàò 70´108 /16 Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 10,85+0,35. Òèðàæ 350 ýêç. Çàêàç 5570 ÎÎÎ «Ïàðòíåðû Ñèáèðè», 630009, ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Äîáðîëþáîâà, 16