Log Cabin Construction Techniques in Western Siskiyou County, 1850-1935:Their Function and Ethnic Origins

Home , Log building, Log cabin, Vernacular architecture

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

Ali Abusaidi for the degree of Master of Arts inInterdisciplinary Studies in the co-departments of Anthropology and HistoricArchitecture presented June 11, 1986

Title: Log Cabin Construction Techniques in WesternSiskivou County, 1850-1935: Their Function and Ethnic Origins Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved:

Under the sponsorship of the Klamath National Forest, 25log cabins which were built in western Siskiyou County between1850 and 1937 were located and studied. First, 11 exterior dimensions of these cabinswere selected, measured and recorded. Then 26 building elementswere identified for the purpose of finding whether there was a relationship between the exterior attributes of these structures and the occupation of theirbuilders. Four major builder occupations were identified: (1) placer mining,(2) hardrock mining, (3) homesteading, and (4) ranching.It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between these builder occupations and the exterior attributes of the cabins. A forward stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on the parametric variables. None of the 11 variables met the default criteria to enter (i.e., F=.15). Hence the null hypothesis that there is a relationship between the occupation of the builder and the exterior variables of the log cabins was confirmed. The 26 categorical variables which were used to classify the cabinswere crosstabulated against the occupation of the builders.The results indicated that only four nominal variables discriminated between the builder occupation groups. A predictive model for classifying cabins on the basis of these four variables is presented.

A second hypothesis was proposed to examine the relationship betweenlog cabin construction elements and the builder's ethnic background.Data collected on building variables was compared with those ethnic traits described by other log cabin researchers.From this comparison an index of ethnic trait compatibility was produced which demonstrated the strength of relationship between builder's background and cabin construction variables. Log Cabin Construction Techniques in WesternSiskiyou County, 1850-1935: Their Function and EthnicOrigins

by Ali Abusaidi

A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies

Completed June 11, 1986

Commencement June 1987 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy

Professor of Anthropology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy

Associ4'e Professorof A Jt rop ogy in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy

Professor of Architecture in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Chairman of Department of Anthropology

Redacted for Privacy

Dean o raduate Sc<'''ol

Date thesis is presented June 11, 1986 Typed by Donna Atto for Ali Abusaidi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION I

Chapter 2 HYPOTHESES 10

Chapter 3 ENVIRONMENT 15

Chapter 4 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 20

Chapter 5 ETHNICITY 29

Chapter 6 METHODOLOGY 37

Chapter 7 ANALYSIS 44

Chapter 8 SUMMARY 68

Chapter 9 CONCLUSION 78

Bibliography 82

Appendix I:ELEMENTS OF LOG CABIN CONSTRUCTION 91

Appendix II: ARCHITECTURAL DATA AND FLOOR PLANS 94

Appendix III: TABLE A: SOURCES FOR ETHNIC TRAIT ORIGINS. 272 TABLE B: INDEX OF ETHNIC TRAIT COMPATIBILITY. 276 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: Parametric Variable Cluster Analysis Dendrogram....47

TABLE 2: Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups. 49 Summary of Classification Functions

TABLE 3: Discriminant Analysis of Site Types: 50 Summary of Classification Functions

TABLE 4: Discriminant Analysis of Site Types: 51 Classification Matrix Results

TABLE 5: Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups: .....51 Classification Matrix Results

TABLE 6: Summary of Forward Stepwise Discriminant 52 Analysis

TABLE 7: Summary of Backward Stepwise Discriminant 53 Analysis

TABLE 8: Crosstabulation of Site Types by Occupancy 54

TABLE 9: Crosstabulation of Site Types by Porch 55

TABLE 10: Crosstabulation of Site Types by Cinking 56

TABLE 11: Crosstabulation of Site Types by Shed 57

TABLE 12: Cabin Characteristic Patterns 59

TABLE 13: Summary of Ethnic Trait Retention 65

TABLE 14: Comparison of Ethnic Trait Retention 66 Log Cabin Construction Techniques in Western Siskiyou County, 1850-1935:Their Function and Ethnic Origins

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Americans as a people, are proud of their democracy,frontier spirit, concept of the common man, self-reliance, courage and dream ofthe good life. All these sentiments express themselves well in thesymbol of the log cabin.

Many contestants for public office madeuse of this symbol successfully.For example, in 1840 the log cabin becamea popular symbol of the American pioneer spirit, largely through the presidential campaign of WilliamHenry Harrison. As the Whig candidate, he was contrasted to the affluentDemocratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, as the plain, honest product ofa log cabin background (Funk and Wagnalls 1973:264). A good many other seekers of federalposts proclaimed with pride their humble beginnings in log cabins. Thefact that Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, two American heroesamong many, were born in log cabins indicates the political and emotional significance associatedwith this pioneer cultural artifact.

The following address given in 1857 by Virginia Governor HenryA. Wise in the presence of President Tyler and on the occasion of the 250thanniversary of Jamestown (from Shurtleff 1939, p.191), illustrates how the logcabin had become associated with conquest, courage and emotionalism: "Here the Old World first met the New. Herethe White man first met the Red for settlement and colonization.Here the White man first wielded theaxe to cut the first tree for the first log cabin.Here the first log cabin was built for the first village."

Log cabins became ubiquitous both in the early coloniesas well as along the frontier because they were easily constructed withproper knowledge and because they were so ideally suited to the environment.They could be built entirely of the logs that were plentiful in thevast American forests. Well adapted to frontier conditions,a log cabin could be erected by one

man with one felling axe, perhaps a broadaxe anda huntsman's knife.The

walls followed the simplest rectangular planand were formed of rough hewnor round wall logs laid horizontally, jointedat the corners and chinked with mud or moss as protection aginst the wind and rain.The roof, either gable or hip, was made of roughly hand-rived hewn flatslabs of wood (i.e., shakes). There was usually only one door, attached withhand-wrought or leather hinges and wooden pegs for the jambs.Windows were generally covered with greased papers or canvas, since no glass was available.Shutters, windows and door jambs were attached with woodenpegs.The floor was often made by beating down the earth on which the cabin stoodor it was composed of the flat sides

of halved logs called puncheons.Although the log structures could be putup by one man, they were often erected by group effort and the occasionwas at the same time a social event.The early log cabins were not merely buildings of logs, clay and moss. They were the answer toa dire need for shelter in the hazardous wilderness.Log cabins were ideal shelters to meet such needs since once erected, they did not require much maintenance, whereas othertypes of dwelling constructions needed constant repair. According to the census of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the 3 year 1930, there were over 270,000 log dwellings in the UnitedStates.This figure represents 33.7 percent of the totalnumber of dwellings, more than those constructed of brick, stone and stucco combined.A survey in Georgia in the 1930's found there were more than 10,000 logcabins still standing in that state, many still occupied as homes (USDA 1939: Table 2).

A review of the archaeological site records of theKlamath National Forest cultural resource files andan examination of the literature on the history of the area reveal that several thousandlog cabins were constructed in western Siskiyou County, northern California.

This thesis is concerned only with the log cabinsthat were constructed in the western half of Siskiyou County between 1850and the 1930's.Other structures built by the early settlers of the areaare not included within the scope of the investigation. The objective of this study is threefold:

1) To compile a careful and detailed inventory of theexterior elements or attributes of the 25 log cabins thatwere still standing in the area during the project fieldwork.

2) To determine the correlation between the exteriorconstruction attributes of these cabins and the function of thearchaeolo- gical sites on which they stand. 3) To examine the relationship between the cabin construction elements and the builder's ethnic background.

The data collection was conducted in conjunction with the needs ofthe federal cultural resource program of the Klamath National Forest.A graduate student appointment with the Klamath National Forest provided the opportunity to record the rapidly vanishing and deteriorating nature of the historic log cabins in this area.Archaeological field surveys of proposed projects, 4 mainly timber sales, have produced a large and everexpandingsite record inventory file at the Klamath National Forest headquarter's officein Yreka, California.

From the standpoint of accessibility of reference library dataon local

sites, this remote area of California is remarkably well documented.The records, reports and registers kept by various local county and federal agencies are an invaluable source for delving into a gamut of research regarding the social history and background of the pioneers who movedinto the region.Without recourse to documents held by local federal andcounty administrative units and their cooperation, it would not have beenpossible to follow this line of research. Field data was collected in order to record and analyze thevariation in log cabin construction techniques during one time period. The timespan of 1850 to the 1930's was chosen since it covers most of the historic periodof the project area.The Klamath National Forest cultural resourceprogram has

followed, among other federal legislations, the directions and policiesset forth by the Antiquities Act of 1906 and the Archaeological ResourceProtec- tion Act of 1979. The program considers any Euro-American cultural material remains of 50 years in age or older as historic.The archaeological site record files for the data base include the above period.Since this study focuses on the correlation between exterior construction attributes and functions of the log cabin sites dating between 1850 and the 1930's, andnot change in construction or use through time, then the sample of cases examined includes almost the entire historic period of the area. The number of log cabin sites available for this study was substantial enough to be representative of functional types of the thousands of log cabins 5 which were built during the study period but whichhave largely fallen into ruin through aging and other adverse circumstances.The degree of complete-

ness of the existing site record files depends upon the type and intensityof specific field survey strategies.

Archaeological survey reports which provide general descriptiveand locational data on sites, vary in degree ofcoverage and detail because of survey designs and strategies, previous knowledge of the projectarea by the fieldworkers, the cultural sensitivity of specific geographiczones and the degree or type of timber sale project impactupon the lands.Essentially, archaeological survey efforts have concentrated inareas where timber sale undertakings have been designed and proposed, i.e., directand indirect impact areas.Therefore, the data base for this thesiswas generated from the non-random survey strategy of selected specific locations, i.e.,areas of potential impact.However, a large number of timber salesurvey reports which have been produced include the representative varieties oftopographic landforms and major land use activities within thewestern portion of Klamath National Forest and Siskiyou County, California.

In addition to the previous fieldwork conducted in differentlandform types, the fortunate availability of written historical documents, records, files, maps and local informants provided supplementary datato gain background historic knowledge of the project area and specific sites.The relevant written historical records furnished the controls which assisted in determination of four types of log cabin builder occupationsor land use activities.The Klamath National Forest historical files and local literature sources were utilized to establish the controls necessary for subsequent data analysis and conclusions.Related historical records files produced data 6 which enabled independent classification of thelog cabin archaeological sites into one of four types of builder occupations.

The project area of western Siskiyou County hasnot previously received any systematic detailed historic archaeological study.The area of the Klamath Mountains has been studied from theperspectives of ethnography, linguistics and prehistory, but study of thearea from the vantage point of historic archaeology proper did not begin until theearly 1970's.Then the Klamath National Forest initiated a number of archaeologicalresearch projects following the passage of federal culturalresource legislations in the 1960's and 1970's (McDonald 1979).

The Siskiyou County Historical Society (founded in1945) also undertook several projects to investigate the history of pioneer activityin the area. The Society's contribution to historic researchwas mainly in the form of the published Siskiyou Pioneer issues.Apart from these efforts, Siskiyou County may be considered one of the least known architectural regions inthe western United States.

Presently, however, the Forest culturalresource site record files contain brief descriptions and locations of only 60 of thesecabins that once provided shelter for the early settlers.Data on the rest are ruefully lacking. Of these 60 log cabins, only 25 exist in standingor partially standing condition.These were located during archaeologicalsurveys of projects undertaken by the Forest Service.It is not known if there are still additional standing log cabins in areas not yet field surveyed by theForest Service.

A variety of factors accelerated the destruction of thousands ofun- recorded and unchronicled log structures.For one reason, the early settlers 7 who worked as miners dismantled andremoved a great number of their housing structures when relocating their operations.Natural events such as land- slides, floods and deterioration through agingalso account for the disappearance of a great number of these folk dwellings.Fires either of natural origin or man caused, have also reduced thecabin population.Moreover, as these cabins became more accessible to outsiders,vandalism increased with time.

The Forest Service since its inception in1905, has succeeded in checking

some of these untoward events.However, government policies to checkoccu- pancy trespassing, adopted in the 1960's, salutaryas they are, have also contributed to the ruination of thesestructures.The directions and policies of the U.S. Forest Service intendedto alleviate the occupancy trespassing of structures on public lands during the 1960's and 1970'sresulted in the burning and removal of hundreds of cabins.Several local life-time residents and some historic site reports indicatea considerable decrease in the number of standing cabin structures due to their removalby government officials. Considering the multifarious negative forcesat work it is surprising that 25 log cabins still remain standing, affordingan opportunity for objective study of this aspect of the archaeology of thearea. In conclusion, a word needs to be said about therole of the government in the preservation of the cultural heritage of thestudy area.Major federal laws governing archaeological resourceswere passed in the early 1970's. These laws brought about a radical change in the direction ofresearch in the region (McDonald 1979).Pursuant to these laws, the Klamath National Forest established a cultural resource program in 1974.Consequently, since 1974 the Klamath National Forest has been active in the documentation and preservation 8 of a variety of cultural artifacts in the forestareas of Siskiyou County. By locating, describing and recording the historic and prehistoricsites, and compiling inventories of them, the Klamath National Forest hasaccumulated a plethora of data on the cultural artifacts of thearea that could well generate numberous topics and types of research.The only drawback is the fact that such activities on the part of theagency have been confined to areas that involve the alteration of lands or exert an impacton the forest resources. Thus all surveys and findings including the log cabin sample,are limited by the non-random locality of timber sale projects.

Interestingly enough, the federal laws required agencies responsiblefor road construction and the sale of timber to identify, describeand preserve the area's cultural resources.As a consequence, at present the bulk of information pertaining to log cabins is contained in the archaeologicalsurvey reports of timber sale projects.By the same token, all data leading to the location of the log cabins under studywere derived from the survey reports and site record files of the Klamath National Forest CulturalResources, for which this writer is specially indebted. The main consideration in undertaking any kind of social and scientific study is the accurate collection of data.Due to the rapid disappearance of these historical buildings, collection and recording of theraw data was viewed as the number one priority.The fact that these cabins are fast falling into ruin is evident from a comparison of pictures taken ofthem by the cultural resource personnel in 1978 and those taken in 1984, when the fieldwork for this thesis began.Another set of pictures taken at these sites in 1985 showed that further deterioration has been considerable.This was particularly evident in the roof and wall elements which normally decay faster 9 than the rest.Unfortunately, before long most of these structures willfall into such a state of ruin that the opportunity for theirinvestigation by future students in the field will be totally lost. Americans recognize the log cabin whatever its origins,as the typical

American frontier dwelling, one that holds a high place in the sentimentsof the people of this land.Therefore, it is imperative that historic architectural sites of such deep significance to the Americanway of life and folklore be studied in a scientific fashion.

There are a number of people doing local historic archaeology,but few archaeologists have pioneered the study of isolated artifactsleft behind in the steep and mountainous regions whichare not easily accessible.The typical terrain of the Klamath Mountains is comprised ofa succession of high ridges with slopes that continue without a break straightto the banks of adjacent rivers.An additional motive for the selection of this thesis project might well be ascribed to the challenge of such lofty terrain. 10

Chapter 2

HYPOTHESES

As stated in the introduction, the problemstatement consists of two parts related to historic cabin construction attributes.The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) To assess the correlationbetween construction variables and site function as identified by the builder'seconomic activity, and (2) To determine the relationship between log cabinconstruction elements and the builder's ethnic background.

The first part of the problem or hypothesis is basedon developing a typology of site function. The theoretical position of Knif fenand Glassie (1966:40) regarding typology is stated in these words: "If the geography of a settlement is to reach its fullpotential as the interpretable record of the historical events and cultural processes imprinted on the land, the components of settlements of all kinds must be systematically reduced totypes before they are set against the revealing vagaries of reality."

Historical documents and cultural resource overviews ofwestern Siskiyou

County indicate the occurrence of a large number of past human activitiesor occupations within the more populated communities.These communities func- tioned as the centers of services for smaller dispersed settlements in the surrounding area. Away from towns and communities in ruralareas historic settlement occurred in isolated situations.That is, individuals with or without partners, or family units comprised the extent of human activities in 11 the surrounding rugged mountainous terrains.The structures they constructed were occupied either only during the warm monthsor throughout the year. Essentially, review of documentary reportson the project area reveals four types of historic economic activities outside thetowns and populated centers.These activities are (1) placer mining, (2) hardrock mining,(3) homesteading, and (4) livestock grazing. The historic logcabins still remaining are directly associated with these four activities.Occurrences of these activities in different environmental settings in additionto the variation in the duration of site occupancy,suggest different cabin construction techniques may have been utilized.Therefore, it is specifically hypothesized that variation in the construction techniques ofdesignated log cabins is attributable to the function of their sitesas reflected in the occupation of their builders.As a corollary to this functional hypothesiswe can also test whether duration of site occupancy has any relationshipto site function.

For the purposes of this study, the two terms "function ofthe site" and "occupation of thebuilders" will be used interchangeably.It is hypothesized that individuals who were engaged for example in mining,would build log cabins significantly different in their exterior attributes fromthose built by individualswho were involved in livestock grazing activity.In other words, expected differences in construction elementsare affected by the builder's occupation or intended site use. Site function typologies are an aspect that many archaeologists consider in their research.This research orientation is common in prehistoric studies (e.g. Binford and Binford 1966, Willey and Phillips 1958, Willey and Sablof f 1980).Site function approaches were explored in the 1930's by architects of 12 historic buildings (e.g. Louis Henri Sullivan, DankmarAdler, Frank Lloyd Wright).However, to my knowledge no functional interpretations oflog cabin architecture has previously been attempted.

Prior to the start of fieldwork, a list of exterior constructionvari- ables on log cabin elements was developed.This list was utilized to establish consistency (from one site to another) duringrecording of cabin attributes.By recording construction variables the objective isto determine from the data which are the significant elements that will bestdiscriminate between the different builder occupation types.

In order to examine the correlation between constructionelements and builder occupation, cluster and discriminant methods ofmultivariate statistical procedures are utilized. To determine the degree ofsimilarity between site functional types based on parametric cabin attributesa clustering method of analysis is used. The cabin groups determined by thiscluster analysis are in turn compared by discriminant analysis to the initialhistoric cabin types in order to test the relationship between thesetwo classifications.The influence of the builder's economic activitieson building techniques is also examined by determining which cabin variables distinguishbetween the site function types by the analytical discrimination of variables.The discriminant statistical procedure is used to suggest the significant non-parametric variables which best predict cabin types based on the builder's economic activity. The second hypothesis suggests that construction techniques of log cabins can be expected to reflect the ethnic origin of the builder. Several investigators of log cabin buildings have identified and described ethnic origins for construction elements observed in the eastern, mid-western and southern U.S. 13 Important sources of literature which have discussedthe ethnic trait origins

as revealed in log cabin structures include Mercer (1927), Shurtleff(1939), Glassie (1963,1965 and 1969), Kniffen (1969), Kniffenand Glassie (1966), Jordan (1978), Remple (1980) and Rock (1980).

In their study of building construction methods inthe eastern U.S., Kniffen and Glassie (1966) describe distinctivestructural features (elements) which they found to be characteristic of differentethnic groups of settlers. They propose continuation of ethnic traits in horizontallog construction elements between Europe and thecore area of American log construction, that is, the original colonies.Kniffen and Glassie (1966:40) alsosuggest the diffusion of building construction traitsout of the original colonies and the "established seaboard nuclei" during the westwardmovement of settlers between 1790 and 1850.

Jordan (1978) describes and discusses the origin and diffusionof log folk architecture in Texas and the southern U.S. ingeneral.As a cultural geographer, he identifies and traces the ethnic characteristicsof Texas and southern log cabin constructions not only backto the eastern U.S. and the original colonies, but also to the different European ethnicgroups.Jordan (1978:74) focuses on the "...analysis of the cultural heritage ofbuilders as a key to the decision-making process." The diffusionary theoretical orientation of the above researchers implies some continuous ties between the log cabin builders in the U.S. and their European cultural heritage.If characteristic ethnic traits are revealed in the construction techniques of the eastern, mid-western and southern U.S., then a similar continuity can be anticipated between the eastern seaboard and the western U.S. (Rock 1980:15).It has been suggested that "...ethnic 14 origins for construction techniqueswere retained by the settlers and migrants who moved into the western U.S. (ibid.)."

The connection between the log cabin builders ofwestern Siskiyou County and their ethnic backgrounds are examined throughcomparison of data on construction variables with those ethnic traits alreadydetermined and presented by the mentioned authors.Sources for described ethnic trait origins are identified.Data from published materialsare used for comparison of ethnic elements with background of builder foreach cabin from western Siskiyou County. From this comparisonan index of ethnic trait compatibility will be developed. The strength of relationshipbetween the builder's ethnicity and the cabin construction techniquesdisplayed in this index can then be assessed. 15

Chapter 3 ENVIRONMENT

The project area is located on the western side of the Klamath National Forest and Siskiyou County in northwestern California. On thewestern side, the National Forest and Siskiyou County boundariesare essentially the same. They include the middle section of the Klamath River drainagesystem which consists of the rugged lands draining into the Klamath River fromthe mouth of

Shasta River on the east, down to the mouth of Salmon Riverat Somes Bar.The study area is located within the dissected mountainous terrain southof the Oregon-California border and is bounded by the Siskiyous and SalmonTrinity Alps on the north, west and south and by the Shasta, Scott and Quartzvalleys on the east.This zone falls within the Klamath Mountain geomorphic province which lies between the Coast and Cascade Mountainranges. A general geologic characteristic of the Klamath Mountain province is its many individual mountain ranges and creek drainages which display no particular orientation or directional patterns.Due to the diversity of rock structure and composition, the river and creek systems are irregularly shaped and cut transverse across the Eocene uplifted peneplain (Diller 1902:19). Typical of these mountain ranges are highly dissected old land surfaces, averaging 5,000-7,000 feet in elevation, which appear to be running into each other (Irwin 1966:19).Mountain summits reach 8,000-9,000 feet. 16

The Klamath Mountains vary in age, history of formationprocesses, geologic features, elevation and east-west extent (McDonald1979:5).They are like the mountains of the Sierra Nevadarange, mainly composed of sedimentary and intrusive igneous rocks (Diller 1902:9).In rock type and age, they were recognized early as being different from the juxtaposedCoast and Cascade ranges (Irwin 1966:20).

The development of the present-day topography ofthe Klamath Mountains was inferred by Diller as having begun during the Mesozoic geologicera with the uplift of the Klamath peneplain.Through repeated erosion cyclesa basically flat land surface was formed.This gently sloped surface was later displaced and tilted by the processes of faulting and uplifting(Diller

1902:11).Between periods of uplifting, rivers carved broad alluvialvalleys in areas with softer bedrock.

Diller (1902:14) describes 16 stages of folding, faulting, upliftingand subsidence to explain the geologic sequence of events whichled to the present topographic features of the province. Through these cycles ofuplift, faulting and erosion the Klamath peneplain formed "...roundedsummits of an approximate accordance in the altitudes of even-crested ridges, givingto these highlands the aspect of a dissected plateau (Diller 1902:15)." Several glaciation periods have influenced the topography of the higher elevations.U-shaped alpine valleys, lateral morraines and erratics pointto major past glacial activities.Hershey (1903:457) pointed to several geologic features on the South Fork of Salmon River valley which represent considerable action by glaciers on the higher elevations at various times in the past.He argues that because of glacial activities the upland areas of the Klamath Mountains "...rose 2,000-3,000 feet relative to the coastline at about the 17 time of the last great glacial stage, i.e., the Pleistocene,and that this region is now as high as it has been atany time during the Quarternary era (Hershey 1903:457)."

Typically, the rivers and tributary creeks cut through40-400 feet of bedrock forming long and deep intergorgecanyons, V-shaped drainages with narrow valley bottoms and sideslopes.The slopes between the riversor creeks and the adjacent ridgetops average greater than 65% inpitch.The character- istically steep and rugged topography of the KlamathMountains created restrictions on permanent centers of human activity.Typically, historic activities were focused in flat or gently slopedareas along drainages. Essentially, these consisted of the relatively broaderriver and creek terraces.

The geologic and topographic characteristics ofwestern Siskiyou County had major influences on distribution of the historicinflux of people into the area. The natural features particularly associated with minerals, dictated the historic settlement pattern in the ruralareas from 1850 through the 1930's.In the 19th and early 20th centuries thearea became known to the outside world because of its vast reservoir of gold.Two forms of gold deposits were found in the area, lode or hardrock in the higherelevations and placer gold deposited in the lower lands of river valleys. Manyof the lode deposits are associated with dike-like bodies of porphyry, called "birdseye" porphyry by the early local miners."Birdseye" porphyry has a structural relationship with the quartz diorite and granodiorite igneous rocks ofthe Klamath Mountains (Albers 1966:56). Lode deposits are veins that occur in the following geologic environments as described by Albers (1966:56): 18 (1)steeply dipping veins in black carbonaceous shaleor slate; (2)steeply dipping veins in greenstone (altered diorites) that underlie shale or slate in much of the region; (3)gently dipping veinlike deposits along faulted contactsbetween shale and greenstone; (4)steeply or gently dipping veins in "birdseye" porphyrydikes or quartz porphyry dikes; (5)steeply dipping dikes in schists (metamorphic crystallinerock) and miscellaneous rock types.

A necessary condition for the formation of gold-associatedporphyry dikes was the "fracture systems which allowed access of mineralizing fluidsfrom the plutonic bodies to the parent rock materials (Albers1966:57)".Fractures generally parallel the main lode deposits andare partly formed by tension caused by the upward push of magma through fissures.Hence, the orientation of fault fractures commonly determine the positionor location of porphyry dikes and quartz veins. The gold-bearingquartz and quartz-calcite veins were most likely formed from the same magmatic source and basicallyfollowed similar fracture systems as the dikes (Albers 1966:57). Placer gold abounded in the lower elevations afterlode gold had eroded or broken away, fell and was carried down by creeks and rivers anddeposited in the streambeds and along their banks.Thus, the majority of placer mining sites are located along secondary and tertiary tributaries ofthe Klamath River.

Most of the areas utilized for cattle pastureson government land included mountain slopes and higher elevation meadows andgrasslands such as those around the Marble Mountains in the center of the Klamath Mountains.

Although elevations vary between 2,000 and 8,300 feet, most of therange valleys and meadows lie between 4,000 and 6,500 feet.These alpine pastures are accessible by trails from all directions.Within the past two decades the Forest Service has constructed a number of logging routes.However, due to 19 the rugged topography it is still difficult and time-consumingto reach many of these localities. Prior to the 1920's, access into this regionwas limited to a few stage roads and many pack trails.The present transportation systems including State Highways 96 and 3, Etna to Forks of Salmon County Roadand Forest Highway 93, were developed after the 1920's. Some of the mainaccess roads were not completed until the 1950's and 1960's. 20

Chapter 4 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

A brief review of the historic social and economicdevelopment of the area in question is necessary for understanding the character of thepeople who migrated to California in general and to Siskiyou Countyin particular. Why they moved to the west and how they led their livesare crucial to comprehending the reasons why they settled ina particular location and why they erected one form of log structure for their dwellingrather than another, if as hypothesized there is actuallya difference in construction pattern. Social development in Siskiyou Countyas in most of California, followed the discovery of rich natural and mineralresources.As the news of the availability of gold spread to other parts of thecountry, soldiers of fortune seeking to become rich overnight lost no time in gettingto the newly discovered treasure.However, the first visits by non-Native Americans to the Klamath Mountains region were made by trapping expeditions ofthe Hudson's Bay Company (McDonald 1979:54).Groups directed by Peter Skene Ogden in 1826-27, Thomas McKay in 1827, Jedediah Strong Smith in 1828 and AlexanderMcLeod in 1829 explored the previously un-trapped area of the Klamath River (Dillon 1975:23).Each of these expeditions left the area after a few months of operation.During the 1830's subsequent parties from Hudson's Bay Company came seasonally to the area, trapping in the Klamath, Shasta and Scott river 21 valleys (Dillon 1975:43). The existing historic and archaeologicalreports held by the Forest Service, suggest that no semi-permanentor permanent dwellings were constructed by the Hudson's Bay Company trappers in theKlamath Mountains and valleys where they used their traps.Due to the mobile nature of their

activity, trappers did not build durablestructures in the mountains.Only

sporadically did some of them put up temporary shelters(McDonald 1979:55). Nonetheless, fur trapping led to the exploitation of othernatural resources and generated some trade and support services essential forthe sustenance of early settlers.

The event which played a pivotal role in the economicdevelopment of the region was the discovery of gold.Several economically valuable minerals including chromite and copper, have also been mined inthe Klamath Mountains (Albers 1966:51), but none of these discoveries couldmatch the discovery of gold which promised instant prosperity. The Euro-Americanswho settled in the Klamath Mountains however, did not start buildingpermanent dwellings immediately.

Even prior to the news of its discovery Europeanswere aware of rumors about gold in California through the early Spanish and Englishexplorers. "The discovery (in 1848) was to flood the state with adventurers andgold- seekers from all over the world, creating a phenomenon called the GoldRush (Stumpf 1979:4)."As soon as the news spread to the eastern U.S. thousands of Euro-Americans began their journey to the West. Immigrants who arrived in California to search for goldwere of mixed and diverse backgrounds. As Stumpf (1979:5) states: "Europeans, plagued by desperation, crop failure and political turmoil, embarked by the thousandsas 22 the news of the gold discovery swept the world."In addition to Europeans, he references sources that indicate arrivals of immigrants fromthe Philippines, the Marqueasas Islands, Australia, China, Hawaii, Chile, Peru,Colombia and Mexico.

During 1849 and 1850, several prospectors traveledover the Siskiyou and Salmon Trinity Mountains to search for gold.By 1850, rich gold deposits had been discovered along the Klamath, Salmon and Scott rivers.Various mining parties from Oregon began exploring the eastern slopes of theKlamath Moun- tains.Since these explorers had little luck they either returnedor continued their venture toward the Sacramento River Valleywhich promised richer grounds (Wells 1881:53).However, it was not very long before other groups began to appear on the scene.When good deposits were found in 1849 along the South Fork of the Salmon River and the lowerKlamath River, a group of miners came to Scott Bar to stake out additional claims(Wells 1881:60). After the discoveries at these two locations, thenews quickly spread to miners on the nearby Trinity River.This immediately led to the formation of a party to further work in the Scott Bar deposits (McDonald 1979:57).By late 1850, a group from Scott Bar prospected along the Klamath andShasta rivers until they struck extensive deposits in the Yrekaarea (McDonald 1979:57).By 1851, Yreka had become the center of camping supplies and servicesfor miners.

According to Albers (1966:54), several million dollars worth of goldwas recovered in the area from 1849 to 1880, and approximately 145 millionmore was produced between 1880 and 1966.Consequently, prosperous mining communities and towns sprang up at Scott Bar, Forks of Salmon and Bestville, i.e., along rich placer deposits (Gudde 1975 in McDonald 1979:57).As stated by 23 Stumpf (1979:7), in the 1860's several mining townswere established on the Klamath, Salmon and Scott rivers in order to furnish suppliesto the miners. These early communities basically resembled most other early miningtowns in California.Their rapid overnight growth was directly relatedto the size of income derived from the production of gold.

Based on historical records, four major economic activitiescan be defined during the settlement of western Siskiyou County: PLACER GOLD Placer gold deposits were worked by theminers first although they had some knowledge that the actualsource of the gold was in the lode deposits lying at higher elevations. Theareas which were exploited were, first, exposed river-beds and creek gravel bars and later, the river channels and more remote deposits.By 1851 the entire bed of the Scott River, from Scott Bar to its mouth, was turnedover and a substantial amount of gold had been removed (Gibbs 1972:159). Most placer deposits and mining sites were located alongtributaries of the Klamath River.However, as mentioned above, the actualsource of the placer gold deposits occurs at higher elevations.As the eroded portions of lode deposits washed down through erosion, gold with its associatedquartz, gradually settled down in lower elevations as placer deposits.According to Albers (1966:54), a considerable amount of gold was found in placer gravels originating from the alpine Pleistocene glaciers.The area of Slide and Fox creeks south of Callahan had several placer mining sites whichwere associated with glacial gravel deposits.Profits from placer deposits were so attractive that this form of mining continued well into the 20th century. LODE MINING As the greed for the production of gold increased and the easily accessible deposits were almost depleted, attention was directed to 24 gold sources located in the remote high elevations of themountains. The mining method used for extracting gold directly from rock iscalled lode mining. Lode refers to a vein of gold located between definiteboundaries of associated rock. Between 1849 and the 1880's, placer operationswere the main method of producing gold (Albers 1966:54).However, lode mining which started in 1859, increased in importance and quickly became the major mining activity.The peak period of this type of mining was between the 1860'sand 1880 (McDonald 1979:62).

The Klamath Mountains became the scene of lode miningoperations in the 1870's.Soon this region became as important in lode miningas it had previously been in placer mining. From the 1880's until WorldWar I, lode mining operations produced as much goldas did the placer mines (Albers

1966:54).

Lode mining required more cooperation between individualsand more capital investment than placer mining. The mining ofgold-bearing quartz veins required a greater variety of tools and equipment.For example, adits and shafts were constructed to reach the buried gold-bearingquartz and stamp mills and arrastras were utilized for crushing theore and separating the gold.Group effort and a somewhat refined level of technical skillswere needed to run these kinds of equipment and maintaina steady operation. On the whole, the gold rush in Siskiyou County as in other gold producing regions of California, led to rapid economic and social development. The earliest mining consisted of an individual miner with little capital.He did not need much financial resources to work the rich surface placer deposits. However, to extract gold from rock in higher elevations called for the 25 introduction of elaborate equipment, substantial outside capital investment, the establishment of large companies and the use of low-wage labor.Thus, with the exception of a few periods of decline (i.e., in the late1850's, 1860's and 1920's), gold mining was a spectacularsource of prosperity in Siskiyou County and the main incentive to live in thearea and build log cabins and ancillary services.

HOMESTEAD In the beginning, most of the land for farms andranches was pre-empted, that is, it was taken without title (McDonald 1979:68).The Homestead Act, passed in 1862, provided that a settler had the rightto own and use 160 acres of free public domain land if he livedon and made improve- ments on the land.With the establishment of forest reserves in 1891, public domain lands were set aside and excluded from homesteading.The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 "authorized the Secretary of Agricultureto open for entry forest-reserve lands chiefly valuable for agriculture whichwere not needed for public purposes and which in his judgment might beoccupied without injury to the forest (Dana and Krueger 1958:248)."Thus a new incentive for settling in the area permanently was added. In the Klamath Mountains, land occupied for farming and ranching consisted of the flat and broad alluvial valley floors adjacentto the montainous terrain.Gibbs (1972:52) in his 1851 journals, gives an account of the homestead trading post complex which developed in 1849-50on the glacial valley floor at the headwaters of the South Fork of Salmon River and North Forks of Trinity River drainage systems.The site was not only accessible to the miners on either side of the Salmon-Trinity divide, but was also close to the main travel route of the earliest miners who migrated into the Klamath Mountains. 26 Agricultural farms, ranches and homestead settlements beganas a response to the needs of the workforce in the mining camps. The earliest homesteads were located in close proximity to the mines for the obvious reason that the mine workers needed easy access to the food supply (McDonald 1979:68). Permanent settlements began as early as 1851 in Scott and Shasta valleys (Wells 1881:192).Homesteading necessitates the raising of livestock and farming. Hence, areas suitable for such activitieswere occupied first. Lands most suitable for ranching and farming are the river and creek terraces on open alluvial valley floors and the old dormant geologic landslide benches situated on mountain slopes.Permanent settlements grew in the alluvial valley floors which were proper for raising livestock and farmcrops for which there was a good market.Based on Gibbs' 1851 observation

(1972:63), Scott Valley is the second largest fertile alluvial valley inthe middle section of the Klamath River drainage, the first being ShastaValley. The natural characteristics of the valley floor and the mountains surrounding it make the area perfect for cultivation and cattle ranching.Gibbs (ibid.) writes, "The bunch grass becomes a natural hay without cutting....Animals, with any reasonable degree of work, will keep faton it throughout the year." Gibbs (ibid.) also reports that approximately 20 of a total of 100square miles of Scott Valley consisted of arable land, over half of whichwas located in the southern portion of the valley. RANGE In addition to the homestead lands, the federal government allowed suitable public lands to be used for grazing.Permits for grazing were issued to ranchers from 1905, when the Forest Service was established.Basically, grazing allotments were issued for meadow lands situated in the higher elevations, that is, for areas which were not being mined or utilized for 27 timber production. Most of the area used for cattle pastureon public lands consisted of mountain slopes of the alpine glaciated valleys andgrassy ridges in and around the Marble Mountains.These mountains are located in the center of the Klamath range and their elevation varies from 2,000to 8,300 feet.Most of the range valleys and meadows lie between 4,000 and 6,500 feet.Since the pastures were accessible by trails from several directions theywere coveted by all .stockmen.

Thus, in step with mining, farming and grazing also continuedto grow throughout the late 1800's and into the early 1900's (McDonald 1979:69). Initially, farms and ranches were close to mining communitiesin order to receive their business.By 1853, wheat, barley, oats and other grains, and vegetables were being produced in the vicinity of the mineswherever some arable lands could be found (Reichman 1957).

Later however, many of the migrants who moved into the regionto search for gold and did not achieve this goal turned to farming and ranching(Rock 1984:5).With the construction of the railway and continuing migrationof people into the county, agricultural and timber activities expanded between the 1890's and the turn of the century (ibid.:7). After World War I, lumber and logging replaced miningas the major source of local economy.With the exception of the Depression period, the logging industry steadily became the mainstay of the local economy of the Siskiyou area.All these activities entailed the use of requisite manpower and if these workers were to survive, they needed some form of dwelling which could provide protection and shelter against a relatively hostile environment. In summary, the above discussion of the cultural and social settlement of 28 the area suggests four types of cabins basedon the economic activities of the builders:

1)Placer Mining Cabins

2)Lode or Hardrock Mining Cabins

3)Homesteading Cabins 4)Range or Livestock Grazing Cabins

Log cabins erected on locations where placer gold depositswere mined are referred to here by the term "placer mining".Those cabins built in the proximity of lode mining operationsare classified under the term "hardrock mining"."Homestead" refers to cabins constructed by earlysettlers who acquired or intended to acquire land under theHomestead Act of 1862 and the Forest Homestead Act of 1906 (Dana and Krueger1958:248), while "range" refers to cabins built on higher elevations of the mountains by holdersof grazing permits.These four types of historic cabins will form the functional classification to be utilized in testing hypothesisone. 29

Chapter 5

ETHNICITY

Log cabins, while considered a highly significant feature ofcultural heritage, have not commanded the interest ofmany investigators.Previous literature regarding historic log cabins is not abundant andpast research of this quickly vanishing cultural resource in thearea has not been conducted.

Nonetheless, a small number of writers have delved into thissphere.The themes on which they concentrate overlap, yet each also callsattention to a particular aspect of ethnicity or the techniques used inconstructing log cabins.These will be reviewed briefly in chronological order.

The earliest and most detailed description of log cabinsyet discovered is that given by Danckaerts (Shurtleff 1939:166).In his 1679 personal journal, Danckaerts speaks of a Swedish log house built in theDelaware region. He remarks that although Swedish log cabinswere present in the Delaware settlements, their English neighbors continued toconstruct makeshift and draughty frame houses rather than learn the Swedishcraft of log cabin construction.This Dutch author notes the protruding ends and notching which are distinctive characteristics of Swedish and American log cabins.

According to Danckaerts, the Swedes used round log construction in theirmost primitive dwellings, as well as in their barns and storehouses (Shurtleff

1939:171). 30 Another early writing that describes log cabins is that ofPeter Ka lm, a professor of natural history at the University of Abo (Shurtleff1939:173). He visited America in 1749-50 and publishedan account of his travels three years later.The description that Kalm gives of Swedish houses inthe Delaware region closely corresponds with that noted by otherwriters who have analyzed log cabins.He says:

The houses that the Swedes built when they firstcame here had been very poor: a little cabin with a low door so one must stoop when going therein.Since they did not have glass with them, they made use of small holes with sliding boards in front to push up and down. They had no moss here, to chink the walls with...thereforethey made use of clay instead, which they daubed in the cracks bothon the outer and inner side of the house. The fireplacewas built there in the corner, either of gray stone or such stonesas they found on hills (Kalm, in Shurtleff 1939, p.174). Kalm adds that these houses were quite like Finnish cabinsin their windows and several other features.

Henry C. Mercer (1927:4-31) gives some useful clues regardingthe construction techniques of log cabins putup in the 17th century.In his article, "Origin of the Log Houses in the United States," heoutlines certain features of the log cabins in the Delaware region.Those he observed were built of round logs with protruding ends.The cracks between the logs were filled with clay and the gables were boarded above the platelogs.The striking elements of these structures were the doors and windows.These openings were sawed out after the walls were erected and framed withsections of plank pegged into log ends.The logs were different from those used in the New England blockhouses which were square rather than round.Log ends were often hewn or sawed flush to the wall. Shurtleff's (1939:186) main thesis is that log cabins were never built by the English or Dutch in their early colonial settlements. The English and 31 Dutch, after a short period during which they usedtemporary shelters, built framed houses as their preferred type of accommodation.In his view, the log cabin technique was introduced in Delaware by the Swedesin 1638 but did not spread beyond that area until the last quarter of the 17thcentury at the very earliest.Shurtleff refutes the position advanced bysome American historians that the early English settlers built log cabinsas their type of dwelling. He considers this assertion a sheer myth and evidence of ignoranceof English domestic architecture in the period preceding colonization.Shurtleff (1939:187) writes "historians projected late 18th century light intoearly 17th century darkness."Historians were persistently wrong in this regard since common topics such as housingwere of little account to them. No one thought it was worthwhile to study English housing backgroundin order to interpret the colonial sources.When they came across the word "cabin" they thought of a log cabin, not knowing that the term meant somethingelse to the English.

As viewed by Shurtleff (1939:211), it was easier for the Englishsettlers to erect dwellings of the traditional English type than to learn the somewhat complicated technique of fitting unhewn logs together,a craft for which they apparently had no preparation.Instead, the English tended to use their familiar methods of housing construction in the New World. He (ibid.p.20) believes the English settlers originally built temporary structures whichwere called by such names as huts, tents, cabins, booths, cottagesor wigwams. Except for the wigwams, all such structures were common in the mothercountry. Shurtleff argues that the log cabin did not appeal to the English colonists even after they had encountered it."It is a truism that whenever a large body of people possessing a relatively high culture of which they are 32 proud moves to another and distant area inhabited bypeople of a different and (to the newcomer) lower civilization, the emigrantsattempt to preserve in their new world as much as possible of themanners, customs, folkways, language, literature, arts, and crafts of their former home.And it is also a truism that the new-world environment beginsto affect these former folkways as soon .as the emigrants debark (Shurtleff 1939:57)."

Shurtleff, like several other writers, holds that the Scotch-Irishwere the first English speaking people to adopt log cabinsas their form of residence and the earliest date given for theiruse of this construction method is 1718.Earlier, the Swedes and Finns built the log housesthey were used to at home since they had thenecessary materials, tools and carpentry skills.Germans began coming to Pennsylvania in large numbersin the early 18th century. Many of them, particularly those from Switzerland,had lived in log houses at home and were thus instrumental in spreadingthe log cabin in the colonies.

According to Shurtleff (1939:175), a typical German-builtlog cabin of the 18th century was made of split oak daubed with clay.The Scotch-Irish log houses on the New Hampshire frontierwere built of hewn logs some 20 feet long with square corner notching.The Scotch-Irish cabin dimensions were 36 feet long, 20 feet wide and 12 feet in the stud. Thespace between the clapboards and the interior side walls were usually filled with clay.

Once the Germans had made a fresh introduction of the log house andthe Scotch-Irish had taken it up, this type of housing becamea common form of dwelling in Delaware Bay. From this region, log housing travelled alongthe American frontier.The German and the Scotch-Irish sent their vanguards across the Potomac and Harpers Ferry, up the Great Valley of Virginia, North 33 Carolina and through the gaps of the Blue Ridge.

Newcomb (1950:47), expounding on adaptation and the spread oflog cabins, put forward views similar to those of Shurtleff (1939).Newcomb's (ibid.) research shows that the Germans and Scotch-Irish who hadcome into contact with the early Swedish settlers, diffused log cabin buildingthrough the colonies.Through their influence, by the time of the RevolutionaryWar, log cabins had become the predominant American frontierdwelling. Kniffen and Glassie (1966:40-66) on theone hand, offer valuable criteria for determining ethnic origin of log cabins andon the other, make a strong case for developing proper typology in the study of cultural artifacts.With regard to the origins of log cabins, their concept is thathorizontal log construction has been used nearly everywhere in the New World.They suggest a fundamental rule for differentiating the majortypes of log construction.In this connection they write:

A basic difference distinguishes two all-inclusivegroups--the utilization or non-utilization of corner posts.To the second group belongs the method commonly used in American log houses,in which the timbers are notched at the ends so that they becomeimmovable when locked to the adjoining wall timbers above and below (Kniffen and Glassie 1966:48-49). The first group utilizes four posts set into the sill logsor ground at each corner, with the horizontal wall logs being nailed at each end to thecorner posts.With respect to corner notching, these authors name six specific American types: (1) saddle notching, (2) V notching, (3) diamond notching, (4)full dovetailing, (5) half dovetailing, and (6) square notching. Bea ler and Ellis (1978:17) bring forward the role that the French had in the spread of the log cabin.According to these authors, French emigrants came to North America in the early part of the 17th century.However, they arrived on the scene by a route quite different from those of the British and 34 Swedish colonists.The French first settled in Canada and being defeated in war, chose moving southward instead of returning to France. They expanded southward from the Great Lakes region along the Mississippi River,then changed course and went up the Ohio and Tennessee Riversand to the Appala- chian Barrier.Apparently the French did not settle the Atlantic Coast (ibid.).

Bea ler and Ellis (1978:18) conclude that the French builta good number of log cabins.However, the French cabins were built differently from thoseof the Germans, English and Scotch-Irish and somewhat different fromthe cabins built by the Swedes in the mid-17th century. The Frenchcabins including those built in the 19th century, were constructedvery much like Scandinavian cabins and the cabins of the early Swedish settlers of Delaware,Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Bealer and Ellis' (ibid.) position is that log cabinswere part of the cultural heritage of the French. Norsemen settled in Normandy duringthe 10th century and brought with them the tradition of the log cabin.This indicates why this tradition grew more in 10th century France than inEngland.Based on the above authors' point of view, the fact that French log cabinswere similar to those of the Swedes provides evidence that the horizontal timber construction originated in Scandinavia in prehistoric times.That early Swiss settlers were among the originators of the log cabin in America has been suggested by Bealer and Ellis (1978:19).However, they do not consider the contribution of the Swiss significant in view of their small numbers. These authors provide valuable information regarding the architectural details of log structures.Based on their analysis, most Scotch-Irish cabins were rectangular and usually about 16 by 20 feet.The main distinguishing 35 feature of the Scotch-Irish cabins was their two-door plan.Each cabin had one door in front and another directly opposite in the back. They also hada window or two and a large hearth of fieldrocks inone of the end walls, often mortared with clay. Bea ler and Ellis (1978:23) posit that most of the log cabins built in the early days were of the turtleback type.This is a kind of structure similar to a den with a low roof and low walls.The logs were likely unhewn or left round, the corners uneven, the floors of dirt and the roof made ofbark or hand-rived shakes. Many of these cabins are thoughtto have small chimneys built of fieldrocks, with clay-lined logs joining the flue.The way the early settlers built their chimneys is remarkable. They soaked bundles ofstraw in mud, then laid them like logs to form the chimney. In line with Kniffen and Glassie's (1966) view, Jordon (1978:21-29) in his study of the origins and diffusion of log folk architecture in Texas, identifies the background of different log cabin attributes in thatstate. Through tracing the processes of diffusion and changes, he developsa regional construction typology based on the diverse cultural heritage of the builders. Jordan (ibid:148) considers floor plans more crucial than any other building element in determining the ethnic origins of a log structure.Moreover, he gives the Germans credit for the spread of the log cabin tradition and their influence on other neighboring ethnic groups in the original colonies.Jordan (ibid:23) further speculates that in addition to Swedes, Russians also served as a source for the method of log cabin construction in the New World. Among the log cabin investigators, mention must be made of Jim Rock, archaeologist and cultural resource specialist for the Klamath National Forest.Due to the nature of his work, Rock has had a good opportunity to 36 study the log cabins of western Siskiyou County. He attemptsto clarify issues about the ethnicity of log cabins discovered in thearea.Rock (1980:1-17) traces the method of corner construction backto three different ethnic origins and concludes that there is a relationship between this construction element employed in western Siskiyou County and the ethnic background of the builders.However, he also provides evidence that suggests ethnic traits had to some extent been filtered out of log cabin construction techniques by the great distance of travel from thesource and the needs and demands of the new environment. Rock (ibid.)observes that pioneers moving west in the mid-19th century gave in to the demands of the rugged environment and built dwellings in a style more or less independent of the cabin-building traditions of the east.In his words, "By the time of settlement in Northern

California... amelting pot of cultural ideas was present (Rock 1980:15)". Rock's research suggests that both environmental forces and the ethnic backgrounds of the settlers influenced the types of the log cabins constructed in the area. In review, previous research has variously focusedon the aspect of ethnicity.Based on these studies we would expect that the relationship between ethnicity and cabin construction methods would be significant in western Siskiyou County of northern California as on the eastern seaboard. 37

Chapter 6

METHODOLOGY

As stated in the introduction, the objectives of this thesis projectwere first, to collect data on all 25 log cabins still extant in western Siskiyou County, second, to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the external attributes of these log cabins and the occupation of their builders and third, to study the relationship between construction elements and background of the builders. The theoretical foundation which dictated the research design of this thesis essentially followed Henry Glassie's (1975) approach in his material culture study, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia.Glassie suggests that in order to develop a typology of artifacts, one must isolate each artifact and objectively record its elements.This would assist in the understanding of the mental concept or design model that a builder conceives before start of construction. Glassie (1975:10) proposes that the process of artifact classification must attempt to reach into the mind of the maker.This logic is similar to the concept of a mental template which is often implied in anthropological literature (cf. Deetz 1967, Willey and Sabloff 1980).While most other folk architectural historians tend to focus on the more general patterns such as, migration, contact and diffusion (cf. Mercer 1927, Shurtleff 1939, Bucher 38 1966, West lager 1969, Jordan 1978), Glassie (1975:21)suggests a more detailed approach to building attribute analysis. He offersan outline of "rule sets" which consists of the steps required to design buildings.The "rule sets" imply the investigation and determination of howa structure was percieved rather than how it was built. For the development of classifications, it is suggested that individual building attributes be closely observed and recorded. Rules are the structure that binds distinct elements into a synchro- nic system (i.e., a building).Complex must be broken into simpler components and examined before re-assembling (Glassie 1975:20-21). The hypotheses of this study are tested through deductive reasoning. That is, although the assumptions are formulated from ethnohistorical data, the final classification and conclusions are extractedor discovered within the data.To meet this goal, because of the plethora of raw data collected during fieldwork, analysis included the use of multivariate statistical procedures. This study is concerned with the relationship and influence of each cabin function as defined by the builder's occupation and the builder's ethnic background on the construction elements.In order to test the effect of builder occupation, an initial artifact typology based on the function of the log cabin structures was formulated.Compatible sources were used to acquire background historic information and arrive at the independent classification of cabins. Through examination of site records of the Forest Service and subsequent site visitations 20 cabins in a fairly good state of repair were identified and 5 additional cabins were located on private properties adjacent to the Forest Service lands, making the total number of cabins available for observa- 39 tion 25.For the purpose of this investigation, the sample included those structures that were still standing and retained most of the essential exterior structural elements.Since very little attribute data could be deciphered from the collapsed and decomposing structures, the standing 25 cases were recorded for analysis. These 25 log cabins were considered as a non-random sample of several thousand log cabins that previously existed in the region under study. Because they were discovered on different landforms andwere associated with four major economic activities, they probablycan be generally viewed as representative of the log structures built by the early settlers in thearea. To collect data needed for the study and establish the controls for hypotheses testing both oral and literary sources were used.Primary sources produced such information as the ethnic background of early settlers, their types of business and the resources available to them.This approach provided a general knowledge of the origins of the people who settled the region. Essentially, four sources were utilized to establish the ethnic backgrounds of cabin builders.The ethnicity of the builder's name was utilized as an indicator of ethnic origin in cases where more specific information was not obtainable.Initially, informants who are lifetime local residents of the county, provided 16 names of builders.Because most knowledgeable informants have passed away and the few still alive are of considerable age, it is fortunate to have been able to obtain the builders' names for 16 of the 25 studied cabins. Additionally, three important sources assisted in establishing the ethnic background of each cabin builder.These were the Great Registers of Siskiyou County Voters, California Pioneer Biographical Records and the Members 40 Biographical Records (in the Siskiyou County Museum collections).It was possible to determine the ethnic background for 12 of the 16 known builders.

Oral interview data from the descendants and relatives of the builderswere utilized to specify the origins of the remaining four cabins.It was not possible to determine the builders' names for 9 of the 25 structures. A review of the Great Registers of Siskiyou County and the California Pioneer Biographical Records indicated the highly diverse backgrounds of people who settled in the county in the late 1800's and early 1900's.The availability of these historic source volumes offered an invaluable listing and background record of the local registered voters and early pioneers. Basically, they provided name, occupation and country of origin among other character information on each known settler. The data on background of builders were used to develop a scaleor index of ethnic compatibility.This index was produced to display the retention of ethnic traits by cabin builders.It also incorporated data collected from both oral and historic sources to suggest which traits continue to persist and are revealed in log construction elements.The index of compatibility was used to quantitatively measure or test the relationship between building attributes and ethnic background of builders. The historic records included: Site record files (Klamath National Forest) County Museum Library Cadastral Land Surveys or register of land ownership (Klamath National Forest) Status Conveyance files (Klamath National Forest--5490) Mining and homestead records (Klamath National Forest) State mineralogist reports (Klamath National Forest) Records of mining and homestead water rights files (held in the Siskiyou County Courthouse) 41 Great Registers of Siskiyou County 1868-1940 (County Museum Library) California Pioneer Biographical Records 1850-1900 (County Museum Library) Historical Society Members Biographical Records 1945-Present (County Museum Library) Forest Service management plans and policies bearing on land use Cultural Resource Library (Klamath National Forest) Other primary sources consisted of interviews with a number of knowledgeable informants residing in the area.The objective of these interviews was to gather supplementary information regarding site functions as well as construction techniques and backgrounds of the builders.In this way many vague points were clarified and fieldwork raw data were expanded. The data gathered through the process of interviewing did not form the basis of any conclusion. A piece of information received due attention only when there was a consensus among the reports of several resource persons. These data were assembled with the cooperation and sponsorship of the Klamath National Forest. To identify the salient features of the log cabins suitable for comparison, every exterior aspect of each structure was taken into account. A complete detailed list of the outside attributes was compiled prior to fieldwork to expedite careful observation of each site.This step entailed taking photographs and notes of floor plans and elements as well as unusual features.Comparing the photographs proved a highly useful method of double checking field notes and observations on variables and describing them accurately. The final variable list was prepared to assist in the systematic recording procedures and standardization of attributes for the analysis. The exterior features or attributes which were included in the study comprised the following items: 42 (1) Floor plan (6) Gable enclosure and eave detail (2) Sectional form (7) Roof elements (3) Wall construction (8) Foundation and floor systems (4) Window openings (9) Intactness or alterations (5) Door. openings (10) Condition or situation (11) Unusual features or details Except for the floor plan, the above items are all exterior architectural elements which can be observed from the outside and whichare ordinarily included in the design of a building.In other words, these items can be considered the essential constituent elements of log cabins, elements without which a horizontal log structure cannot take form. The list of exterior attributes facilitated the classification of the wide range of variation inherent in construction techniques.The classification of log cabins based on the raw variable data allowed the testing of the proposed functional typology.The main purpose of variable classification and descriptions as stated by Glassie (1975:20), is to recreate as closely as possible the original concept of the actual builder of the cabin as he set out to construct a home for himself.To classify log cabins from the observed range of variability in construction elements, complete and detailed recording method was utilized.Typology could be developed through understanding of the designs and patterns "...which were once carried in the minds of the original makers and users of artifacts (Willey and Sabloff 1980:140)." Exterior details were selected for investigation for two reasons.First, to keep data processing manageable.Hence, interior cabin attributes considered by other investigators as cultural elements were excluded from this study.Second, because interior features have over time been impaired, altered or disfigured to such an extent that they rarely reflect the original construction technique.Elements that currently constitute the interior 43 attributes of the log cabins often portray the modificationsor tastes of later tenants.Thus, confining observation to exterior attributeswas the logical course of action.Additionally, in some instances access to the inside of the log cabin was not possible due either to the refusal ofthe present occupants to grant permission or to the high risk involved in entering structures which might collapse at any moment.

The amount of time available for the study was limited and thetopogra- phic setting so rugged and steep that one mightsay it defies description.To complete the full documentation of every cabin, it wasnecessary to drive over narrow roads and hike into rough terrain.Nevertheless, the measurement of identified exterior attributes was undertaken with utmostcare to ensure that the data are accurate not only for this project but for future investigators who may utilize them. To this end a checklist was developed and usedconsis- tently.Further, by following an objective quantitative approach,every precaution was taken to minimize any bias in the study and editas little as possible at the stage of observation. The data collection stage culminated in the compilation of Appendix II. The architectural record of each site is described in 6-8pages as a supplement to archaeological site forms. As there are 25 cabins, this appendix adds up to 178 pages.Since this project was completed with the financial support of the Klamath National Forest, a copy of this paper with appendices will remain in the permanent files of that office. 44

Chapter 7

ANALYSIS

The data collected during fieldwork consisted of workingmeasurements and detailed descriptions of the exterior log cabin attributes.The list of construction elements included two levels of variables: 1) the attributes that were recorded through measurements and given numerical values suchas length, width, etc., are hereafter referred to as the parametric variables; 2)the log cabin attributes that were described by the presenceor absence of architec-

tural elements or defined an architectural type (i.e., overhanging log endsor flush log ends) are indicated as categorical variables. The collection of data on the parametric variables involved careful measurements and tabulations of 12 exterior dimensions. A detailed categorization of building attributes included 30 categorical variables whichwere used to classify the cabins.It must be mentioned that although 12 parametric variables and 30 categorical variables were measured, described and recorded during fieldwork, in actuality a total of 11 parametric and 26 categorical variables were included in the statistical procedures for analysis.The nonparametric variables included 25 construction variables and the occupancy variable (seasonable or permanent).Six variables were excluded from analysis, because data on one parametric variable (eave projection) were missing for 10 of the 25 total cases, and 5 categorical variables (i.e., plan shape, 45 roof form, roof covering, chimney and cellar) were assigned exactlythe same value for all cases. A complete list of all the variables recorded for analysis is contained in Appendix I.

In an attempt to develop a typology investigators "...should makeevery effort to discover or recapture the types as theseonce existed in the vanished culture (Taylor in Willey and Sabloff 1980:140)."Since the folk tradition of log cabin construction is the main focus of study the analysisof structural elements is essential.The objective here was to capture, as closely as possible, the original concept of each builder and avoid biasing the results through selective perception and description.

In order to examine the proposed functional hypothesis itwas necessary to establish the controls for the initial typology based on site function.As already listed in the Methodology section, numerous documentary recordsand files, including both primary and secondary sources,were examined to assist in the independent classification of site functional typesor builder occupations. Utilization of compatible and supplementary sources of data and oral interviews made it possible to independently classify each of the 25 total sample of cabins into one of four types of builder occupation: (1) placer miner (PM); (2) hardrock miner (HM); (3) homesteader (HS); and (4) rancheror stockman (RA).There were 11, 7, 5 and 2 log cabins of each type, respectively.These four functional cabin types will be utilized to assess for a correlation with the construction variables. The collected field data on the parametric and categorical variables were analyzed through the use of cluster and discriminant methods of multivariate statistical procedures.Initially cluster analysis offered by the Biomedical 46 Computer Program Manual (1977) was performed in order to produce homogeneous groups of sites based on the parametric variables only. A discriminant analysis was then executed on the results of the clusterprogram to determine which parametric variables were the most common between the newly generated cluster groups. Also, a second discriminant analysis was run on the same variable data from the previous independently classified builder occupation (site function) groups. The results of both discriminant analyses were compared with in order to detect which values (i.e., F-statistics) displayed more significance than

the other.This in turn implied the appropriateness and validity ofone method of classifying cabins over the other.

As mentioned above, the essential rationale for cluster analysiswas to create groups of similar entities in the data sample based on eleven parametric variables or attributes.The Biomedical (BMDP2M) cluster procedure

produced the following four groups of log cabin sites from the 25 totalcases (Table 1): Cluster Group One consisted of 5 placer mines and one hardrock mine. Cluster Group Two consisted of 4 hardrock mines, 3 homesteads and 2 placer mines. Cluster Group Three consisted of one homestead, one hardrock mine and one placer mine. Cluster Group Four consisted of 3 placer mines, 2 range sites, one hardrock mine and one homestead. The above four cluster groups were formed by the measures of amalgamation rule inherent in the Biomedical cluster analysis program. The amalgamation rule is a distance measure of dissimilarity between the cases analyzed.That is, the amalgamation distance measure values determined the degree of dissimilarity between cases and classified the sample of cases into four groups based on the parametric variables. 47 TABLE 1 Parametric Variable Cluster Analysis Dendrogram

CASE (Read Down) 1 11 1221211 21 221 12 2 65 9474 93216021 3 5 7 5 688 043 SITE TYPEPPPPPHHHHHHHHPPHHP RRHPPHP M M M M M M M M M S S M S M M SMM AAMMMSM OCCUP PPPPPSPPSPPSPPSPPPSSPPPPP LABEL 14 44 4 415154 415554 4114 4 582 00010 1100000 1 2110001 11 00 1 485 64 218313 64 0094 69332 919 12 08 9 969 98154853788 082 094 AMALG. DISTANCE

S 1.415 XX X X X x- +-X X X 1 1.472 X X X X X x x x -+- m 1.536 X X X X X - - +-x x 1 1.641 X X X-+-x x x x x x x x xx 1 1.698 X x x x x x x x x x xx a 1.843 - + --x xx x x xx xx r 2.008 x --+- 2.315 2.331 x -- + 2.365 x xxx x 2.414 -+ 2.417 2.420 x x x +- 2.557 D 2.571 x 1 2.681 S 2.752 S 2.795 1 2.959 m 3.075 -+ 1 3.078 -+ 1 3.367 a 4.046 r 4.511 -+

PM = Placer Mine HS = Homestead Cluster 1-5 PM, 1 HM HM = Hardrock Mine RA = Range Cluster 2-4 HM, 3 HS, 2 PM OCCUP P = Permanent Occupancy Cluster 3-1 HM, 1HS,1 PM OCCUP S = Seasonal Occupancy Cluster 4-2 RA, 3PM, 1HS, 1H M 48

The results of cluster analysis and its amalgamation rule indicated that the cabins in group one were more homogeneous than the cases in the other three groups.Cluster groups two and three respectively, displayed less

degree of homogeneity in parametric elements than group one and clustergroup four was the most heterogeneous as it formed an outliergroup. The objective of cluster analysis was to determine if the types defined

by function were in fact present in the parametric variables.Essentially, the classification of sites by the cluster method resulted ina different set of groupings than the original types classified on site function.Therefore, the results of parametric variable cluster analysis suggest that although groups do exist within the data, these groups are not based on the builder's occupation.This result does not indicate a correlation between site function and cabin construction variables. A discriminant function analysis was performed on the parametric variable data from the four cluster groups that resulted from allowing the clustering program to include each case within a group (Table 1).A second discriminant procedure was run on the same data from the four builder occupationgroups. The results of both were compared to determine the significance and validity of each procedure, and to find out which parametric variables revealed the most commonality between the groups. The significance test utilized within the discriminant procedure consisted of the values of F-statistics based on variable tolerance set at .01 or 99% confidence level, and the classification matrix. The source referred to for the values of F at the .05 and .01 confidence levels is R. A. Fisher and F. Yates Statistical Table D, published in Levin (1977:274).The same standard of significance test, i.e., F-statistics, was applied to both 49 discriminant analysis results. Discriminant analysis on the cluster groups produced the following cabin attributes or parametric variables which appeared significant in affecting the four cluster groups.Based on the F-statistic table of values, WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS displayed significant valucs. Hence, these variables seemed to display greater influence on the formation of the four cluster groups.

TABLE 2 Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups Summary of Classification Functions

GROUP = CLUS 1 CLUS 2 CLUS 3 CLUS 4 VARIABLE 2 WIDTH 2.49866 1.79196 .57944 1.30574 4 THEIGHT .16642 1.23944 5.82594 1.87240 6 MINLOGS 1.07540 .31969 .46324 .74880 9 MINGABLE 2.57448 7.62184 8.33666 4.11440 10 MAXGABLE 2.17215 6.53321 6.03895 3.24704 CONSTANT 23.88501 21.18390 37.80581 25.07432 On the other hand, a discriminant run performed on the four builder occupation groups indicated five elements which displayed significant F values.These were WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS AND MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS. Of the above, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS was the only variable different from the significant set of attributes suggested by the analysis of cluster groups. 50

TABLE 3 Discriminant Analysis of Site Types Summary of Classification Functions

GROUP = PLACMINE HARDMINE HOMESTD RANGE VARIABLE

2 WIDTH 2.52108 2.69614 2.29892 2.06086 4 THEIGHT .38043 .45023 .86433 .63945 7 MAXLOGS .90957 .78878 .75392 .53742 9 MINGABLE -7.51042 -8.50350 -9.75505 -6.29859 10 MAXGABLE 6.56865 7.32599 8.69313 5.40846

CONSTANT -24.88633 -26.24513 -26.52015 -18.49649

The remaining four variables produced by both analyses were the same. However, the F values were different for each set of variables offered by the two discriminant runs.Each of the five parametric elements produced from the analysis of cluster groups appeared significant and had higher F values than the attributes of site function group analysis.The parametric variable set generated from the analysis of builder occupation groups did not fit the criteria of significance, whereas the set produced by the analysis of cluster groups appeared significant.This was supported by the classification matrix. Based on the F values, the attributes resulting from the examination of builder occupation groups lacked significance and this observation was reinforced by the poor classification matrix. 51 TABLE 4 Discriminant Analysis of Site Types Classification Matrix Results

PERCENT NUMBER OF CASES CLASSIFIED INTO GROUP CORRECT GROUP PLACMINE HARDMINE HOMESTD RANGE -PLACMINE45.5 5 2 2 2

HARDMINE42.9 1 3 2 1

HOMESTD 40.0 1 0 2 2 RANGE 100.0 0 0 0 2

TOTAL 48.0 7 5 6 7

In contrast, the variable set selected by the computation of cluster groups as being significant, is supported by a stronger classification matrix.

TABLE 5 Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups Classification Matrix Results

PERCENT NUMBER OF CASES CLASSIFIED INTO GROUP CORRECT GROUP CLUS1 CLUS2 CLUS3 CLUS4 CLUS 1 83.3 5 0 0 1 CLUS 2 88.9 0 8 0 1 CLUS 3 100.0 0 0 3 0

CLUS 4 57.7 2 0 1 4

TOTAL 80.0 7 8 4 6 Classification matrices determine the percentage of time one might correctly predict cabin builder occupations based on the significant variables.Therefore, the variable set generated from the analysis of cluster 52 groups implicate better chance of correctly classifying cabin sites than the attribute and classification matrix results of site function analysis. Discriminant method of multivariate analysis was employed to determine which of the 11 parametric variables best discriminated betweenthe four independently derived occupational groups.Discriminant analysis facilitated the statistical process of distinguishing between the fourgroups of cases. This procedure assisted in the selection of significant variables which could reliably classify cabins into the correct builder occupationgroups. A forward stepwise discriminant function analysis was performedon the parametric variables utilizing the SAS statistical packageprogram STEPDISC. None of the 11 variables met the default criteria to enter,an F value whose probability of occurring by chance was less than .15.The best single predictor was MAXLOGS with an F (3,21)=1.123, P>.36.The summary table is presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Summary of Forward Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

VARIABLE R**2 F PROB > F TOLERANCE LENGTH 0.0453 0.333 0.8019 1.0000 WIDTH 0.0401 0.293 0.8302 1.0000 WHEIGHT 0.0382 0.278 0.8405 1.0000 THEIGHT 0.0264 0.189 0.9024 1.0000 VOLUME 0.0176 0.126 0.9439 1.0000 MINLOGS 0.0972 0.754 0.5324 1.0000 MAXLOGS 0.1382 1.123 0.3624 1.0000 SIZELOGS 0.1072 0.840 0.4871 1.0000 MINGABLE 0.0217 0.156 0.9250 1.0000 MAXGABLE 0.1194 0.949 0.4350 1.0000 PITCH 0.0822 0.627 0.6057 1.0000 53 To further examine the parametric attributes a backward stepwise discriminant function analysis was also performed to determine whether there was some subset of the variables which could reliably discriminate among the four builder occupation types even if no single variable could.However, no such set was observed.All variables were excluded, with MAXLOGS being the last to leave the equation as would be expected. The summary table is presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Summary of Backward Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Average Squared Variable No.PartialF Sta-ProbWilks'Prob > Canonical Prob > Deleted In R**2 tistic > FLamda Lamda CorrelationASCC Step 0 11 .31378939.9798.31074267.9663

1 MINLOGS 10 .05440.211.8866.33185295.9535.29736738.9317 2SIZELOGS 9 .08650.379.7701.36326745.9211.27678347 .8924 3 MAXGABLE 8 .10590.513.6803.40623225.8888.24807807.8639 4MINGABLE 7 .09850.510.6818.45068469.8431.22516294.8073 5VOLUME 6 .11270.635.6039.50792787.8049.19270291 .7799 6LENGTH 5 .04000.222.8797.52906909.6527 .18348770.6162 7 WHEIGHT 4 .16981.159.3542.63729665.7047.13102046.6937 8 WIDTH 3 .15721.119.3676.75613461.7677.08508017 .7492

9THEIGHT 2 .04530.301.8246.79201426.5579 .07229327 .5381

10 PITCH 1 .08100.587.6304.86178933.3624.04607022.3624 11 MAXLOGS 0 .13821.123.3624 Detailed categorization of cabin attributes entailed the data collected on the categorical variables.The twenty-six variables which were used to classify the cabins, were crosstabulated against occupation of builder with 54 the use of the SPSSCROSSTABSstatistical procedure. Four of them: OCCUPANCY (seasonal versus permanent occupation),PORCH(yes or no),SHED(yes or no) and CHINKING (yes or no) displayed chi-squares that were significantat the .05 level or better.They are presented in Tables 8 through 11.

TABLE8 Crosstabulation of Site Types by Occupancy PERMANENT OCCUPANCY HM HS PM RA TOTAL

Frequency 4 5 10 0 19 Percent 16.00 20.00 40.00 0.00 76.00 RowPct 21.05 26.32 52.63 0.00 Col Pct 57.14 100.00 90.91 0.00

SEASONAL OCCUPANCY

Frequency 3 0 1 2 6 Percent 12.00 0.00 4.00 8.00 24.00 Row Pct 50.00 0.00 16.67 33.33 Col Pct 42.86 0.00 9.09 100.00

TOTAL 7 5 11 2 25 28.00 20.00 44.00 8.00 100.00 55 TABLE 9 Crosstabulation of Site Types by Porch

SITE TYPE - HM ABSENT PRESENT ROW TOTAL

Count 0 6 6 Row Pct . 0 100.0 26.1 Col Pct .0 42.9 Tot Pct .0 26.1 SITE TYPE - HS

Count 4 0 4 Row Pct 100.0 .0 17.4 Cot Pct 44.4 .0 Tot Pct 17.4 .0 SITE TYPE - PM

Count 5 6 11 Row Pct 45.5 54.5 47.8 Col Pct 55.6 42.9 Tot Pct 21.7 26.1 SITE TYPE - RA

Count 0 2 2 Row Pct .0 100.0 8.7 Col Pct .0 14.3 Tot Pct .0 8.7

COLUMN TOTAL 9 14 23 39.1 60.9 100 . 0 56 TABLE 10 Crosstabulation of Site Types by Chinking

SITE TYPE - HM ABSENT PRESENT ROW TOTAL

Count 2 5 7 Row Pct 28.6 71.4 28.0 Col Pct 28.6 27.8 Tot Pct 8.0 20.0 SITE TYPE - HS

Count 4 1 5 Row Pct 80.0 20.0 20.0 Col Pct 57.1 5.6 Tot Pct 16.0 4.0 SITE TYPE - PM

Count 1 10 11 Row Pct 9.1 90.9 44.0 Col Pct 14.3 55.6 Tot Pct 4.0 40.0 SITE TYPE - RA

Count 0 2 2 Row Pct .0 100.0 8.0 Col Pct .0 11.1 Tot Pct .0 8.0

COLUMN TOTAL 7 18 25 28.0 72.0 100.0 57 TABLE 11 Crosstabulation of Site Types by Shed

SITE TYPE - HM ABSENT PRESENT ROW TOTAL

Count 4 3 7 Row Pct 57.1 42.9 29.2 Col Pct 19.0 100.0 Tot Pct 16.7 12.5 SITE TYPE - HS

Count 4 0 4 Row Pct 100.0 .0 16.7 Col Pct 19.0 .0 Tot Pct 16.7 .0 SITE TYPE - PM

Count 11 0 11 Row Pct 100.0 .0 45.8 Col Pct 52.4 .0 Tot Pct 45.8 .0 SITE TYPE - RA

Count 2 0 2 Row Pet 100.0 .0 8.3 Col Pct 9.5 .0 Tot Pct 8.3

COLUMN TOTAL 21 3 24 87.5 12.5 100.0 Three other categorical variables including UNIQUE FEATURES, CONDITION and NAILS, had chi-square values in the .05 to .10 significance range.Since a total of 26 non-parametric variables were being tested, to reduce the risk of capitalizing on chance, further analysis was restricted to the four 58 variables that met the .05 significance criterion. One perspective of examining the data is in terms of the patterns of combination of the four characteristics with significant chi-squares.Since each variable only takes on two values, no single variable could uniquely classify a cabin into one of the four possible builder occupationgroups. However, it is possible that some combinations of attributes could do so. There are sixteen conceivable different combinations of the four cabin characteristics.Analysis results produced only seven patterns in data.The most common cabin characteristic pattern (7 cabins) was a permanently occupied, chinked cabin with a porch but without a shed.The least common pattern (1 cabin) consisted of a seasonally occupied, but chinked cabin without a shed or a porch. A list of all 25 sites, sorted on the four characteristic variables and divided into the seven observed patterns is presented in Table 12.The entry labeled "CHOICE" designates occupation most frequently occurring for that pattern while "ERRORS" indicates other occupations having that cabin pattern. 59 TABLE 12 Cabin Characteristic Patterns

SITETYPEPORCHCHINKINGOCCUPSHEDCHOICEERRORS Pattern 1 4082 PM N Y P N PM

4068 PM N Y P N PM

5090 PM N Y P N PM

1144 HS N Y# P N PM HS Pattern 2 1041 PM y Y P N PM

2194 pm y Y P N PM

4050 PM Y Y P N PM

4122 PM Y Y P N PM

4168 PM Y Y P N PM

5208 PM Y Y P N PM

4047 HM Y Y P N# PM HM Pattern 3 1116 HM Y Y P Y HM

4138 HM Y Y P Y HM Pattern 4 5018 HS N N P N HS

5193 HS N N P N HS

8019 HS N N P N HS

4031 HS N N P N HS

4049 PM N Nil P N HS PM Pattern 5 5105 pm N Y S N PM Pattern 6 1093 RA Y Y S N RA

1130 RA Y Y S N RA

4065 HM Y Y# S N RA HM Pattern 7 1039 HM Y N S N HM

4129 HM Y N S N HM Missing Data 5089 HM ? Y P Y HM 60 If cabins are classified by assigning the most frequently occurring occupation for that cabin's pattern, 20 of the 24 cabins with complete data can be correctly classified, i.e., 83.3%.Furthermore, site number 5089 which did not have a value on PORCH, can none-the-less be correctly classifiedas a hardrock mine (HM) site on the basis of the SHED variable since the only other

cabins with sheds, i.e., sites number 1116 and 4138,were HM cabins.Site number 5089 is also consistent with pattern 3, i.e., an HM pattern,on the basis of the CHINKING and OCCUPANCY variables. The four errors or non-conforming sites could be assigned toa correct pattern by reversing the value of only one of the four variables. The non-conforming variables are indicated by the "#" symbol.In three of the four cases, the non-conforming variable was CHINKING.In the fourth, it was SHED. Further examination of the patterns reveals that the most consistent builder occupation group was the homesteader (HS).Four out of five HS sites were permanently occupied, unchinked cabins without a porch or a shed.Only one non-HS site, i.e., site 4049 (placer miner or PM), displayed this pattern. Site 1144 (an HS) had only one (out of four) non-conforming variable (CHINKING) which segregated it from the HS pattern.Both range (RA) sites were seasonally occupied chinked cabins with porches but without sheds.One HM site, i.e., 4065, also exhibited this pattern. Placer miner (PM) sites also expressed considerable consistency. Of the

11 PMs, 9 built permanently occupied, chinked cabins without a shed.However, they were almost evenly divided on the presence or absence of a porch (i.e., 6 with and 5 without).The two exceptions were site 4049 which had no chinking, and site 5105 which was seasonally occupied.Only one site, 1144, an HS, 61

would be falsely classified with the PM group on the basis of CHINKING,an attribute absent from the other HS sites. The most inconsistent group was the hardrock miner (HM).There was at

least one HM site in each of four of the seven cabin characteristictypes. One consistent feature was the presence of a PORCH on all six of the HM sites with complete data.One HM site, 5089, had missing data on PORCH. However, this attribute was also present on both RA sites and six of the eleven PM cases.As a result, while the PORCH variable was a consistent feature of HM sites, it had little value in distinguishing them from other types. Therefore, the testing of hypothesis one, the strength of relationship between site function and building variables, did not show a strong correlation by any of the analytical methods used.However, when the non-parametric

variable occupancy (permanent vs. seasonal) was introduced into thecrossta- bulation analysis it, in combination with three other construction variables (chinking, porch, shed), displayed a significant value in predicting site function (Table 12).This important result is considered in greater detail in the summary chapter.

Problem statement or hypothesis two specifically suggests that there isa relationship between the building attributes and the ethnic background of the cabin builder.It is implied that log cabin construction variables observed and described in the eastern U.S. can be identified in the sample of cabins studied in northern California.Ethnic trait variables are anticipated to persist in western Siskiyou County log cabins.In other words, recorded building elements should reflect distinct ethnic origins. Based on past log cabin research it was expected that ethnic traits would be retained by the cabin builders.Ethnic identity of construction elements 62 was established by searching documents, records and by talking to informants. Ethnic characteristics were identified from previous log cabin studies and are displayed in Appendix III, Table A.This table summarizes the literature sources for the previously identified origins of ethnic trait variables. Since these traits are categorical variables the analytical method consisted of direct comparison and, the establishment of an ethnic index which summarizes each builder's retention of ethnic traits (Appendix III, Table B). Table A (Appendix III) exhibits only those construction variables for which ethnic origins could be found in the literature.The nominal values from this table have been incorporated with the already established builder's background to demonstrate the ethnic assimilation of construction traits. The purpose of Table B is to present an index of ethnic variable compatibility which measures the retention of ethnic construction traits by the known builders.The results of this index (Table 13) suggest the extent of ethnic trait persistence by the builders as revealed in log cabin construction elements.Therefore, the produced index based on literature sources, quantitatively indicates the degree of continuity of ethnicity for specific non- parametric building variables. The highest possible value for the index of ethnic element compatibility

(Table 13) is17.50.The highest value is derived by adding one point for each identified variable which matches the known ethnic background of buildcr. As can be observed from Table A (Appendix III), some construction aspects, i.e., floor plan, loft, corner construction, etc., have multiple ethnic designations.In such cases when a builder's ethnicity corresponds to one of these variables, appropriate fractions (.33 or .50) are added to the ethnic index value. 63 The index values attained by the cabins in this studyrange from 0 to 6.66.Considering that the highest value possible for each case is 17.50, the results suggest that the ethnic variables do not display a strong relationship with the ethnic background of the builders.These results are in contrast with similar ethnic trait studies of log cabins from the eastern and southern U.S. as reviewed in Chapter 5 (Ethnicity).For example, method of corner construction is one variable highly emphasized in most previous studies and is credited with a strong ethnic retention level.The results of data from Table A (Appendix III) on corner construction show only 25 percent of 16cases with known ethnic backgrounds that were compatible in this variable.This result does not indicate high ethnic retention of corner construction techniques. Few researchers have focused on the other cabin elements, hence ethnic data on most aspects of log construction are insufficient as displayed in Table B (Appendix III).This table generally illustrates the biases of past investigators in the selection of only certain variables for which to collect data.Limitations of literature are reflected in the lack of complete and uniform data collection on variables other than wall and corner construction. Quantitative testing of this sample of cabins from western Siskiyou County clearly suggests a mixing and incorporation of ethnic trait variables that are not characteristic of the ethnic background of the builders.The results of index of compatibility (Table 13) in addition to lack of any characteristic variable patterning even in the most conforming cases, suggest a weak relationship between construction elements and the ethnic background of builders. From this index it is inferred that various ethnic traits were assimilated in the construction of cabins by the builders.The result of analysis does not support the notion of ethnic trait retention in western 64 Siskiyou County as stated by the second hypothesis.Perhaps ethnic traits in general have low persistence in the West because of the greater integration of people with different cultural origins. 65 TABLE 13 Summary of Ethnic Trait Retention VARIABLE:Builder's Background Index of Ethnic Trait Compatibility Case #

54-82 Anglo-Saxon 1.33 51-144 Anglo-Saxon 1.50 51-41 Scandinavian 5.66 52-194 Anglo-Saxon 4.33 54-50 Anglo-Saxon 1.83 54-122 German 6.66 54-168 Anglo-Saxon .33 55-208 French 1.66 51-116 Anglo-Saxon 4.83 55-18 Anglo-Saxon 1.33 58-19 German 5.66 54-31 Anglo-Saxon 3.83 55-89 Scandinavian 5.66

A summary of ethnic construction data analyzed here is displayed in Table 13.All but four of the cases with known builders achieved values below 28% of total score.The four remaining cabins with the best ethnic trait retention attained 32 to 38 percent of the highest possible index value of

17.50.This table, in general, suggests a low persistence of ethnic log cabin construction attributes in the study area.It is interesting to observe that the ethnic background of the most trait retaining builders were either German or Scandinavian.As a group, Anglo-Saxon builders appear to borrow a greater number of construction elements. 66 TABLE 14 Comparison of Ethnic Trait Retention

ETHNIC VARIABLES RETENTION NON-RETENTION % RETENTION Floor Plan 12 4 75 Loft 4 12 25

Chimney/Stove 3 13 18.7

Porch 1 15 .6

Attached Shed 1 15 .6

Position of Openings 9 7 56.2 Treatment of Wall Logs 5 11 31.2 Corner Construction 4 12 25

Log Ends Overhang 2 14 12.5

Chinking 2 14 12.5 Daubing 4 12 25

Gable Enclosure 3 13 18.7

Roof System 2 14 12.5 Roof Pitch Angle 5 11 31.2

Ceiling Joists on Plates 2 14 12.5

Roof Cover 1 15 .62

Foundation 1 15 .62

Position of Sills 7 9 43.7 Connection of Floor Joists 3 13 18.7 Cellar 0 16 0 TOTAL 3.55 12.45 22.0

Table 14 shows which construction variables retained greater ethnic traits than others.Of the 20 analyzed architectural categories (elements) with known ethnic characteristic origins only two displayed higher than 50% retention value.The position-of-openings and floor plan variables attained 75 and 56 percent ethnic retention, respectively, but the remaining 18 67 elements achieved only 0% to 44% values.It must be remembered that both the position-of-openings and floor plan variables were assigned multiple ethnic designations which makes it easier for them to fit the builders' ethnic background. However, the average percentage of ethnic trait retention for all 20 construction attributes is 22%. The low average persistence of trait retention indicates mixing of ethnic variables during the construction of cabins considered here.In general, the low percentage of ethnic traits suggests that perhaps different cultural traditions were assimilated and that distinct ethnic construction patterns were not retained in the settlements of the West. 68

Chapter 8

SUMMARY

This study was the outgrowth of three interests: archaeology, architecture and social history.To understand archaeology through historic architecture and cultural geography is a most fruitful approach to comprehending the cultural patterns of human behavior.Architectural features are an important guide to past cultures because of what Glassie (1975:14) calls their "univer- sality, tenacity, complexity and fixedness."

With this epistomological orientation the present study was pursued.The purposes were (1) to collect for future reference and research a detailed architectural record of the 25 log cabins located in the western Siskiyou area, (2) to determine whether there is a relationship between the exterior attributes of these log cabins and the occupation of their builders, and (3) to examine the relationship between construction variables and ethnic background of builders. The first goal was fulfilled with as much detail and completeness as time and human limitations would permit.For systematic recording procedures, a complete list of the exterior construction elements was developed (Appendix I) and utilized during fieldwork.This checklist assisted in measurement, description and analysis of structural characteristics.In addition to floor plan working drawings, photographs of cabin elevations, construction attributes and unusual details were taken to supplement the raw data recordation. The second objective was pursued with recourse to multi-variate statis- 69 tical analysis.It was necessary to use this type of analysis so that some regularity could be established out of the plethora of data which accumulated as the study progressed.It was a basic premise of the study that if rigorous research tools were not utilized for such endeavors, it would be possible to interpret the data in any fashion inspired by the theoretical orientation of the researcher. The third objective was tested by the development of an index of ethnic construction element compatibility (Appendix III).This index demonstrated the strength of relationship between building variables and the ethnic background of builders.Until more quantitative methods can be developed and tested, this comparative method provides an estimate of the disperse diffusion of ethnic traits. To many it may seem a matter of slight moment what sort of houses the early settlers lived in so long ago and whether there is a relationship between the type of housing and the occupation of the builders.However, with the enlarged and now accepted archaeological concept which embraces the study of all forms of past human behavior, it is of great importance to discover whether men with different ways of earning a living would produce different styles of architecture.If this assumption can be substantiated by the vigor of the scientific method, then most probably the search for a degree of certainty in archaeological research will fall within the purview of science. Of the several thousand log cabins that were built in western Siskiyou County between 1850 and the 1930's, only a total of 25 were known to be standing when the fieldwork for this study was carried out.Since the 25 surviving log cabins were recorded for analysis they included the total population sample of cases.Due to the nature of this type of archaeological 70 resource the non-random sampling strategy was employed.In addition to the non-random method of sample selection, sample size and the nature of this particular sample provided some limitations to be concerned about during analysis.In order to test the proposed hypothesis it was necessary to study the log cabins that retained most of their essential exterior construction elements.Since only a total of 25 cases were discovered to be still standing and not in an advanced stage of deterioration, no other option remained butto utilize the non-randomly selected total extant population. Additionally, due to the perishable nature of these structures, the total population sample studied was all that remained.Because of the large quantity of field data generated, utilization of the statistical method of multi-variate analysis was the most viable approach to examine the data.

Therefore, in addition to the use of ethnohistorical data, inferenceswere based on the results of the statistical procedures. Initially, relevant existing written records--documents, historical files, libraries and photographs, in addition to oral interview data from informants--provided invaluable knowledge of the background and histories of the studied structures.The necessary controls for development of the original cabin typology based on site function were derived from the local historical files and records. The ethnohistorical controls enabled the independent classification of builder occupation groups which was required for testing the assumption related to construction techniques and site function. Based on the ethnohistorical data each of the 25 cabins was classified independently into one of four types of builder occupation: (1) placer miner (PM), (2) hardrock miner (HM), (3) homesteader (HS), and (4) stockman (RA). A stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed on the eleven 71 parametric attributes with the use of the BMDP statistical packageprogram (BMDP7M). This resulted in the selection of five of the eleven parametric elements based on the F-statistic table of values criteria: WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS. The other six variables failed to meet the F-to-enter (0.2) or the tolerance (.01) criteria. Individually none of the five selected variables was a significant predictor of builder occupation, nor were they significant takenas a group [Wilks Lamda (5,3,21) =.532; approximate F(15,47)=.8111

Next, the BMDP cluster analysis (i.e., BMDP2M) was applied to thesame eleven parametric variables in order to determine whether the cabins could be categorized empirically into homogeneous site groups, without regardto the occupation of the builder.The last four clusters formed by the clustering program were chosen for further analysis.Cluster group 1 consisted of 6 cases: 5 placer and 1 hardrock mining cabin.Cluster 2 had 9 cases: 4 hardrock, 3 homestead and 2 placer.Cluster 3 had 1 hardrock, 1 homestead and 1 placer site.Cluster 4 with 7 cases, had 2 range, 3 placer, 1 homestead and I hardrock site.

These four empirical cluster groups were analyzed using thesame stepwise discriminant function analysis program as was used for the original typology based on occupation.This resulted in the selection of five of the eleven parametric variables which met the F-statistic values of significance criteria: WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINI- MUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS. With the exception of one attribute, i.e. MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS instead of MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, this was the same set of variables 72 discovered for the original typology.Considered as a group, the five variables were quite significant [Wilks Lamda (5,3,21)=.081, approximate F(15,47)=4.69], and all of the five selected variables made a significant contribution to discriminating amongst or between the empirical cluster groups, with TOTAL HEIGHT being particularly important [F-to-leave (3,17)

=16.10]. The hypothesis that the site function (occupation of the builder) would be correlated with the construction technique of the cabin was not supported. A stepwise discriminant analysis of parametric variables failed to display any linear combinations of eleven cabin measurements that could reliably classify the 25 cabins into the four independently derived occupation groups of placer mining, hardrock mining, homesteading and stock raising. A cluster analysis performed on the eleven parametric variables suggested four empirical groupings of the 25 cases.A second discriminant analysis of the four cabin clusters rather than of the independently formed groups proved significant.Because the clusters were formed post hoc on the basis of the same variables used in the discriminant analysis, these statistics and their associated significance levels should not be given the same emphasis or importance that they would if they had been formed independently.However, they imply that patterns of cabin characteristics that are not associated with the occupation of the builder may be inferred from the field data. In addition to the use of the BMDP statistical package program, both forward and backward stepwise discriminant function analyses were also performed on the eleven parametric variables with the assistance of the SAS statistical package program STEPDISC. None of the eleven variables met the criteria to discriminate among the builder occupation types.Nor was there 73 some subset of the variables which could dependably classify the 25 sites into the occupation groups.Essentially, the examination of the parametric cabin attributes suggested that no linear combination of the eleven variables existed that could correctly infer the builder's occupation. On the other hand, twenty-six categorical variables were cross-tabulated against the four builder occupation groups.Four of these variables. displayed significant chi-squares at the .05 level or better.They were: OCCUPANCY (seasonal versus permanent occupation), PORCH (yes or no), SHED (yes or no) and CHINKING (yes or no).It was possible to accurately deduce the builder's occupation for 20 of the 24 cabins with complete data on the four categorical variables. One cabin (site #55-89) was missing data on the porch variabale and was not categorized within the 7 characteristic patterns. One possible predictive model (Figure 1) for classifying cabins on the basis of these four non-parametric variables is suggested. 74

RANGE PLACER MINE HARDROCK MINE HOMESTEAD

1 PORCH PRESENT PORCH ABSENT PORCH ABSENT PORCH ABSENT

SHED ABSENT SHED ABSENT SHED PRESENT SHED ABSENT

CHINKING PRESENT CHINKING PRESENT CHINKING ABSENT

SEASONAL PERMANENT

OCCUPANCY DURATION

FIGURE 1.83.3% AccuracyPredictive Model for Classifying Cabins

To utilize this predictive model, one would first evaluate whether the occupancy was seasonal or permanent.Following the chosen branch downward considering the presence of chinking and finally the presence of porch or shed, one arrives at the predicted function of the historic cabin.For example, a seasonally occupied cabin with chinking and a porch would probably be a range cabin. With the exception of range cabins all other types were permanently occupied. The extent of range activities consisted mainly of caretaking of horses and looking after cattle during the warm summer months.These activities necessitated a covered area outside of the cabin room itself.Porch 75 construction may have provided a practical and sufficient covered space for work on riding and packing equipment to have been carried out.An additional reason for a porch in a range activity associated environment perhaps was as a cool shaded sitting area in the open meadow. Permanent cabins were associated with placer mining, hardrock mining and homesteading. Of these only homestead cabins lacked chinking.Chinking is the only attribute which differentiates homestead cabins from all other types. This is perhaps due to the superior wall construction of homesteads. The hand hewn wall logs may fit so tightly that no additional weather proofingwas required.In contrast to the hewn wall logs, the round wall logs of range, placer mining and hardrock mining cabins required chinking to prevent weather elements penetrating these buildings. The main variable which distinguishes between placer and hardrock mining cabins is the presence or absence of shed.Sheds appear to occur only at hardrock mining cabins.This may be due to the quantity of mining equipment associated with this type of mining that requires storage.Range, placer mine and homestead activities lack the quantity of equipment necessary for the construction of sheds.In hardrock mining operations ore carts, tracks and stampmills are required and, in order to repair and maintain this machinery, associated tools and equipment needed to be housed in a dry environment within close proximity to the mining location.Sheds were not built on homestead cabins due to the large number of outbuildings generally found on homesteads (i.e., barns, dairies, spring houses, etc.). The fact that the four significant categorical variables were determined after examining the data rather than in advance increases the risk of capitalizing on chance distribution of cabin characteristics in this particular 76 sample.Application of the same rules to a different sample of cabins would most likely result in a lower success rate. However, the relatively high success rate (83.3%), and that it was possible to correctly classify the one cabin (#55-89) with missing data on the basis of its non-missing values, and the four misclassified cabins had only one non-conforming attribute out of four, suggest that there is some validity to a modified hypothesis that builder occupation influences cabin construction when the seasonal duration of occupancy is also considered.Only through replication will it be possible to determine how strong this relationship is and whether the four categorical variables recommended by this study are the actual general distinctive features of occupation-related cabin construction or merely the chance result of this specific sample.It is suggested that subsequent investigators include them in their observations in order to evaluate the generality of these characteristics. The ethnic origins of log cabins have been of great interest to many investigators. An attempt was made to study the log cabins in the area for the purpose of identifying their origin through the use of statistics.If the analysis of data had shown distinct and mutually exclusive construction patterns, such a finding could have been further analyzed to determine whether there was a correlation between log cabins built in European countries and those constructed in Siskiyou County.However, since the results did not show any significant differences, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that ethnic traits were assimilated as the pioneers pushed the frontier westward. Kniffen and Glassie (1966:48) who proposed the theory of continuity of the craft of log construction, also found enough evidence to support the concept of diffusion.These authors (ibid.:65) suggest that as the pioneers 77 moved west between 1790 and 1850, many of the original features of horizontal log cabin construction were lost.Hence, during the westward movement, with the effects of contact and diffusion in addition to the many environmental factors, it is most likely that the different ethnic traits became assimilated to form new and perhaps different localized patterns as expressed by their log cabin construction techniques. 78

Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

The implication of the results of this study from the point of view of ethnicity is that the ethnic background of the builders had little or no influence on the architectural design and construction of the log cabins they built for themselves in the Siskiyou County region.As Kniffen and Glassie (ibid.) have implied, because the distance between the eastern seaboard and western Siskiyou County is vast and the forces working for adaption are overwhelming, there remains little justification for continuing ethnic trait patterns.This might also indicate that the westbound pioneers weremore adaptive and versatile in their styles of home building than were the traditional settlers in the original colonies and the East. This study also lends support to the position of Jordan (1978:18) and the view of Rock (1980:15) that the greater the distance between the log cabins constructed and their ethnic source, the more variations in building techniques are introduced.Kniffen and Glassie (1966) studied small and fairly well-defined communities in the East, hence they found substantial evidence for the concept of ethnic continuity.The diversity evident in western Siskiyou County was far more striking, probably not only because of the settlers' movement west but also because of the time span involved. The above authors concentrated on log cabins which were built at least two generations before those considered in this study.Based on the detailed observation undertaken for this study it is safe to conclude that in view of the factors 79 of contact and diffusion, a mixture of ethnic traits and techniques were employed in western Siskiyou County. According to analysis of several research studies, log cabins built of round logs with notched corners and protruding ends are reminiscent of Swedish log architecture.These features were present in 13 or about half the total log cabins studied here while different techniques were observed in the remaining 12 cabins.Because of these characteristics one may suggest that remnants of Swedish architectural techniques survived or predominated in the West even after the lapse of several centuries. An explanation of the apparent persistence of these Swedish traits may well be an interesting topic for future study.Thus, although there were many elements in the 25 cabins traceable to a specific ethnic group such as Swedish or German, these architectural variables were not significant enough to permit any accurate predic- tion about the ethnic origin of the builder. Due to the nature of the data, hypothesis one and hypothesis two cannot be statistically compared.However, it is of general interest to see whether economic activities or ethnic backgrounds of builders have a greater influence on historic cabin architecture.The results of this study suggest that the builder's economic activity has a greater influence on construction technique than his known ethnic origin. Concerning the future use of the data gathered for this study, it is believed the material provides a basis for other investigators who wish to use the quantitative method to restudy the area or to examine other aspects of the project.It is hoped this study will generate other fruitful research projects in fields related to the topics investigated here.Questions which can be posed and which lend themselves to further research include: 80 Do log cabin construction techniques used in western Siskiyou County reflect superior craftsmanship when compared with and contrasted to cabins built in other parts of California or other parts of the United States? Is there a difference between log cabins built permanently and those erected seasonally when interior detail, log shape, corner notch, log preparation or foundation elements are taken into consideration? Are there differences in size or craftsmanship between seasonally built log cabins and those built as permanent residences? Is the observed increase in ethnic trait assimilation over time related to the temporary nature of some of the cabins? Do these cabins display less log preparation work or a lack of concern for protecting the structures from rot or infestation? Is permanency of occupation associated with the planting of fruit trees and specific kinds of decorative vegetation?Such a study would analyze the relationship between log structures and landscapes. If the structure was built to house a family rather than one or two men, was there any provision for a loft, a larger interior volume or a porch? If consistent and sufficient field data on all the construction elements were to be collected from larger samples, would it be possible to distinguish or classify cabins based on characteristic ethnic trait attributes? Did public domain status of the lands affect the intensity of construction activity or quality of workmanship after 1905, when the Forest Service was established? It is hoped this study will provide inspiration that will lead to wider research and to greater prominence being given to log cabins in the study of archaeology. 81 The log cabin archaeological resources have deteriorated and continue to deteriorate or decay at a rapid rate.Since this study offers only a tentative model, it is recommended that other samples be examined to further test the results of analysis here.It is possible that similar studies in adjacent areas or other regions with larger samples could provide evidence to either substantiate or negate the conclusions.Perhaps future testing of the proposed tentative model could further refine the results.In any case, if the nature of other samples is analogous to western Siskiyou County in terms of the rapid decay of structures, then it is strongly suggested that such investigations be carried out as soon as possible.These data bases will diminish and eventually perish in the near future. 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIX 91

APPENDIXI ELEMENTS OF LOG CABIN CONSTRUCTION

I. FLOOR PLANS AND SECTIONAL FORMS: 1. Single-pen plan-square or rectangle 2. Double-pen plan-double pen with one or two end chimneys; central-hall (dogtrot) with one or two end chimneys and saddlebag or central chimney plan 3. Hall-and-parlour with two end chimneys 4. The central "I", T- or L-shaped plan with central, end or paired chimneys 5. Porch floor plan and section 6. Height--single story, one and one-half story, and two story 7. Depth--one room or two room 8. Exterior or interior staircase 9. Location of interior partitions

II. WALL CONSTRUCTION: 1. Logs--hewn or left round, with the bark, peeled log, pole, hand sawn, rough sawn, circular sawn, planed,milled, sill log, log joists, spandrel log, tie beam or ceiling joists, plate log, summer beam or girder 2. Method of corner notching and construction and log crown-ends 3. Tree species used, grain, dimensions, quality or nature of wood 4. Wall finishes or siding--weather board, clapboard, board and batten, shingles, shiplap, whitewash, water table and nail types 5. Gable ends--method of gable enclosure, vertical or horizontal continuous logs or boards

III. OPENINGS--WINDOWS AND DOORS: 1. Position or placement--centered, off-centered, etc. 2. Window shape and frames 3. Door shape, frame and details--rough sawn vertical board door, panels, drip board, lintel or head, strap hinges, jambs, and threshold board 4. Sills and window sash 5. Pins, spikes, dowels, nails, etc. 6. Glass, glazing, blinds, and hardware (latches, knobs, etc.) 7. Louvered openings or shutters 92

IV. FOUNDATIONS. FOOTINGS, AND FLOORS: 1. Materials--rock vs. stone, hardwood log post or blocks, etc. 2. Sills (floor sills, log sill) 3. Log joists 4. Piers (stone), pillings, or columns 5. Cellar or crawl space and access to it--i.e., from living room or exterior, etc. 6. Ledger strip 7. Infill header 8. Finished floor and sub-floor 9. Baseboards

V. FLOOR SYSTEMS: 1. Ground floor (heavier system of joists) vs. second floor system (lighter system of joists) 2. Floor boards, interior partitions 3. Joists, girders, sleepers, or floor beams, and relationships 4. Plates and ceiling joists

VI. ROOFS: 1. Roof forms--gable, hip, shed type, lean-to, etc. 2. Roof pitch 3. Gable and cave detail, construction, ridge board, materials 4. Attic 5. Plate logs, tie beams or ceiling joists 6. Ridge beam 7. Purlins 8. Rafters--log or pole, tapered rafter ends or not 9. Trusses 10. Collar tie or beam 11. Diagonal or collar brace 12. Roof covering--boarding (waney-edged boards, etc.), or sheathing methods (split slabs, shingles, etc.) 13. Materials--tree species used 14. Dormers 15. Valleys, chimneys, and vent pipes 16. Fascia and rake board--tapered or not 17. Watertabling, gutters, downspouts 18. Porch roof--plan and section, and relationship with the whole house roof 93

VII. HEARTH AND CHIMNEYS: 1. Position or placement: end-wall, interior, exterior, paired, and central block chimneys 2. Types: stove chimneys, hung chimneys, and metal chimneys 3. Construction and materials: stone, brick, stick-and-mud, or clay 4. Form of lintels (top of fireplace)--arched or flat 5. Chimney mortar characteristics--datable or not

VIII. CHINKING AND DAUBING: 1. Method--interior and exterior, blocking, infill, soft fillers, and daubing reinforcement 2. Materials and mixtures--wood plank; saplings; split poles, wood strips; mud, clay, or animal dung mixed with animal hair or straw; clay, limeand sand; clay with salt; lime and sand; lime, sand, wood ashes and granulated salt; sawdust, lime and sand; floor and salt; mortar-mix and sand or lime; shredded newspaper and sawdust; barbed-wire or chicken-wire; bricks; stones

IX. PORCHES: 1. Floor plans and sections 2. Steps and landings 3. Rail and posts 4. Flooring, ceiling, back wall, and balconies 5. Roofs

X. DESCRIPTIONS OF EACH ITEM: 1. Species utilized, grain, dimensions, quality 2. Manufacturing process, tools, and procedures

XI. GENERAL INTACTNESS. ALTERATIONS. OR ADDITIONS: APPENDIX II 94

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

DAVID RUSSELL CABIN

Site #05-05-54-82

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 13'-5"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 17'-31/2"; W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 13'-51/2"; S. Elev.(E.-W.) = 17'-5".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft and no chimney. The woodstove has been removed but its piping hole (which has been covered) was located along the center of the E. wall.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - EAST

LENGTH: 13'-5". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): 6'-10" (middle of the wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: 2'-61/2" to 5'-11/2" from the S.E. corner. Window opening: 7'-91/2" to 10'-51/2" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGSNOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-7" wide x 6'-4" in height. The 1st (sill) log was square notched and the 2nd through 15th sawn off for the door opening. Window opening: 2'-8" wide x 2'-10" in height. The 7th through 12th logs were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window itself has been removed and the opening secured with vertical boards.The two window jambs measured 1"x7"x2'-8". The window sill and head boards measured 1"x6"x2'-8". The door has been removed. The threshold board measured 2"x6 7/8"x2'-314". The head board measured 1 5/8"x71/4"x2-6". The two door jambs measured 1 5/8"x6 3/4" and 1 3/4"x7" and 6'-2" in length. All of the boards were circular sawn. 95

2a) ELEVATION ONE EAST

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 Douglas-fir logs on the N. side of the door. 17 log-butts (2'-0" in length each) on the S. side of the door.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 3" to 7" (sill). AVERAGE = 51/2".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Log ends were directly nailed to a 11/20 3/4"x6'-6" and a 11/2"x81/2"x6'-4" vertical corner boards. At the S. end a 6" in diameter vertical corner post was nailed to the mentioned vertical corner boards in order to support the E. ends of the two ceiling plates. The corner post did not provide any additional support for the rest of the wall logs. The N.E. vertical corner post was missing. This method of corner construction is classed as having even-tiered horizontal logs (Kniffen and Glassie 1966).

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay (unknown source).

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - NORTH

- LENGTH: 17'-31/2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original height unknown due to the eroded fill from up-slope. Present height is approximately 5'-0" at middle of the wall. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 3'-21/2" to 5'-11" from the N.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-81/2" in width x 2'-101/2" in height. The 3rd through 9th wall logs (from the top of the wall or top of the plate) were sawn off and the 10th squarenotched for the opening. The total number of wall logs is unknown, hence the reason for counting the logs from the top of the wall. 2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 NORTH 96

The window itself has been removed.

The window sill measured 2"x6"x2'-4". The two window jambs measured 2"x5 3/4" and 2" x 6" and 2'-10" in length.

The head board measures 1 1/8" x 11/2" x 2'-8".

All the boards were circular sawn.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 11 Douglas-fir logs are visible (including the ceiling plate) and the lower wall logs are buried by the eroded soil from up-slope.

- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 7". AVERAGE = 6".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK. The ceiling plate was hewn on the interior but left ROUND on the exterior.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The log ends were directly nailed to a 1 3/4"x6" and a 2"x614" vertical corner boards. The two N.E. and N.W. vertical corner posts are missing. The ceiling plate was square notched 2'-0" from its ends to fit over the supporting corner posts (currently missing).

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: 11/2" to 3" in diameter and variable length Douglas-fir poles.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - WEST

- LENGTH: 13'-51/2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-0" (middle of the wall). - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROMA SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: 5'-411" to 8'-21/2" from the S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-10" in width x 6'-3 3/4" in height. The 2nd through 17th logs were sawn off for the opening. The 1st (spandrel) log and the 1 gable log had two square notches each (measuring 21/4" in width x 1" in deptheach) for the two vertical door jambs. 97 2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 WEST

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door was made of two circular sawn vertical 1"x131/2" and 1"x16" and 6'-0" in length boards which were braced by two 2"x4"s from behind. A l'-91/4" in width and 2'-41/4" in height opening was made in the center of the door. There was no evidence of a glass window or a shutter for the opening. No door threshold was observed. The two door jambs measured 1 7/8"x 7", 2"x7" and 6'-6" in length. The head board measured 11/2"x7"x2'-6".

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 17 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 9" (Spandrel). MOSTLY = 5".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK. Only the spandrel log was PEELED and square hewn at its S. end (N. end not visible) where the vertical corner post was set.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The logs were directly nailed to a 11/2"x9" and a 11/2"x71/2" vertical corner boards. A 61/4" round and 6'-2" in height vertical S.W. corner post was set on top of the spandrel to support the W. end of theceiling plate. The N.W. corner post was missing. The S. end of the spandrel log was saddle notched on the bottom to fit over the S. will.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 SOUTH

- LENGTH: 17'-5". - HEIGHT (BOTTOMOF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-4" (Middle of the wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 6'-0" to 13'-71/2" from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Window opening: 7'-71/2" in width x 3'-1/2" inheight. The 5th and 11th logs were square notched and the6th through 10th sawn off for the opening. 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH 98

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Originally there were three side by side (4 or 6 pane sash frame types conjectured) windows in the single opening. However, they have been removed and the opening secured with boards. Four square notches (each 3/8" in depth x 11/2" in width) on 301/2" centers were made on top of the 5th wall log for the four window jambs. The window jambs measured 11/2" in thickness x 21/2"to 6 7/8" in width x 2'-111/4" in length. The head board measured 1 3/8" x 6 3/4" x 7'-4". No window sill was observed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 41/2" to 8" (sill log). AVERAGE = 61/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK. The ceiling plate was hewn on the inside and left round on the exterior.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The log ends were directly nailed to a 2"x6" and a 1 3/4"x6" vertical corner boards (6'-4" in length each). Two 6" round vertical corner posts were set on the E. and W. wall spandrels in order to support the ceiling plate which was square notched 2'-O" from its ends for the connection.

- LOG ENDS OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Little amount of clay still remained.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

8 ROUND and WITH THE BARK HORIZONTAL logs in each gable measuring 3" to 41/2" in diameter. The 1st log in each gable was saddle notched at both ends to fit over the ceiling plates of adjoining walls. Some clay daubing was observed. No chinking was detected. However, scrap metal sheets were put over each gable.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There were no gable openings. 99 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 12" to the original roof shakes. 14" to the edge of the later galvanized corrugated metal.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND) Approximately 11'-0".

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 25°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): PLATE = 61/2" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 6" in diameter. PURLIN = 3 pairs on 16" to 24" (mostly 18") centers and measuring 41/2" to 6" (mostly 41/2") in diameter. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

ROOF COVERING: 3/8" to 1/2"x4" to 6"x3'-0" in length hand-rived shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins. Variable dimension sheathing boards were nailed perpendicular to the shakes. Sheets of galvanized corrugated metal were put on top of the sheathing boards.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The (E.-W.) sill and (N.-S.) spandrel logs were set on natural field rocks and leveled ground.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: 6 square hewn and 1 left round for a total of 7 joists.

TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE): The square hewn S. ends measured 4"x4" to 41/2". The S. end of the second joist from S.E. corner was 51/2" in diameter. The N. ends of the floor joists were not visible.

- JOISTS CENTERING: 22" to 30" (mostly 24") centers. 100

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: 7 square notches (41/2" in width x 4" in depth) were made on top of the S. sill to fit the joists. The joists themselves were not notched. The N. sill (E.-W.) was not observable.

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE observed.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin exterior is all original with the exception of the scrap metal sheets which were put over the two gables. It is possible but not certain that the roof sheathing boards (E.-W.) and the galvanized corrugated metal cover were put on top of the original shakes at a later date. The E. and S. wall windows were removed and the openings secured with boards.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

With the exception of the N. side, the cabin foundation and wall logs are in good shape. Considering the logs were left WITH THE BARK on it is very surprising that not much dry rot was observed. The main problem is lack of drainage on the N. side where the up-slope eroded soil has buried several of the lower wall logs. The removal of windows and doors will allow moisture to increase the rate of dry-rotting. The gable logs and original roof shakes were not visible to be inspected for their conditions.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

The cabin's corner construction method of even-tiered horizontal logs (Kniffen and Glassie 1966) is unique. Only two other log cabins on the Forest (i.e., Sites #05-05-54-50 and 05-05-54-106) are known to display the same technique.

The typical diameter of wall logs (i.e., 5 3/4") is smaller than the average log size (i.e., 8") of most recorded log structures on the Forest.

REFERENCE:

Kniffen, Fred and Henry Glassie 1966 Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective. In the Geographic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 49. IT-3 1/2° if--2'-8 1/21--3'-2 1/2" F I es I _ C A C

CORNER DETAIL NO SCALE

NOTES: A A.5 1/2" TO 6 1/2" THICK LOG WALLS. B.6" TO 6 1/4" IN DIAMETER EXISTING VERTICAL CORNER POSTS TO SUPPORT S. CELING PLATE ENDS. C. MISSING VERTICAL POSTS. D. REMOVED WINDOWS ARE CONJECTUREDTO HAVE BEEN THREE SIDE BY SIDE 4 OR 6 PANE SASH FRAMES ORIGINALLY. B D B E. ESTIMATED LOCATION OF REMOVED . . WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING. r% I F. LOWER N. WALL LOGS ARE BURIED / BY THE UP-SLOPE SOL. 6' 0" ( 7 1/2" 1

SITE 05-05-54-62 DAVID RUSSELL LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN / SCALE: 1/4"1*-0" 102

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

Site #05-05-54-68

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S. Elev.(E.-W.) = 18'-8"; W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 16'-2"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 18'-0"; E. Elev.(N.-S.) =15'-11".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDINGGENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a full loft over the entire cabin. Location of the access to the loft was undetectable. There was no chimney. Wood stove and its piping were located 21-6" from the center of the E. wall.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

- LENGTH: 18'-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Because the plate and S.E. corner were badly decayed, all heights arerough measurements: 6'-0" at the E. end; 7'-4" at the W. end. - LOCATION OFOPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 9'-10" to 12'-101/2" from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-1/2" wide x presently 4'-6" in height due to badly sagging top wall logs; however,the door itself measured 5'-8" originally. The 1st log (sill) was not visible. The 2nd through 5th logs were sawnoff and the 6th was square notched for theopening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 2 circular sawn vertical boards(1"x121/4"x5=8" each) braced by horizontal boards from behind. The following were carved on the door boards: "Fred A 10/30/97; L. E. SHORT August 15, 04; W. P. Taylor 6-8-06; and R. Dobson(no date)." On 103 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOOR (continued): the east door jamb "D. N. 6/7/04" was carved. The two door jambs measured 1"x8 3/4" (planed). The head board (also planed) was 7/8"x8 3/4". No evidence of a threshold board was observed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 8 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF ROUND WALL LOGS: RANGE = 5" to 16" (sill log) in diameter. AVERAGE = 101/2" in diameter. HAND HEWN PLATE MEASURED: 5 3/4" in width x 10" in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: With the exception of the ceiling plate which is hewn on four sides, the remaining 7 wall logs were left ROUND but PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH. The notches were both axe-chopped and hand sawn. The triangular shaped V-notches, made on the bottom of the log ends, typically measured 8" to 91/2" on the sides, 8" in depth or height and 10" in width (at the bottom).

LOG END OVERHANGS: Only rough estimations were taken because of the dry-rotted log crown ends.

- OVERHANG AVERAGE = 5". RANGE = 21/2" to 14 3/4".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Both machine-cut square nails and round wire nails were utilized.

- CHINKING METHOD: 1/2"x114" and variable length hand split strips of Douglas-fir.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay and gravel obtained from the local silty clay soil.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

- LENGTH: 16'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Measurements are rough estimations: 6=10" at the S. end; 7'-6" at the N. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGSFROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 7'-1" to 9'-9" from the S.W. corner. 2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST 104

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-8" in width x 3'-1" in height. The 2nd and 5th logs were square notched while the 3rd and 4th were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window itself has been removed. The two window jambs and head boards measured 3/4"x11 7/8". The window sill measured 7/8"x12". All the boards were circular sawn and planed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 101/2" to 151/2". AVERAGE = 13".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. wall.

LOG END OVERHANGS: Only four log end projections could be measured as the rest of the log crown ends were badly deteriorated. OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4". RANGE = 2" to 6 3/4".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:.NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the S. elevation.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - NORTH

- LENGTH: 18'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): Present heights (not original): 4'-6" at the E. end; 6'-6" at the W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 9'-6" to 12'-6" from the N.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3' -O" in width x 2'-9" in height. The 4th and 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window itself has been removed. The two window jambs and head boards measured 1"x8". The exterior frame boards over the jambs and head board measured7/8"x3 3/4" x 21-8" to 3'-0" in length. The window sill measured 1"x101/2"x31-0". All the boards were circular sawn and planed. 2c) ELEVATION 3 NORTH 105

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 8 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF ROUND WALL LOGS: RANGE = 5" to 141/2". AVERAGE = 12". HAND HEWN PLATE MEASURED: 51/2" wide x 8 3/4" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Ceiling plate was hand hewn on four sides. The remaining 7 logs were left ROUND but PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 2 3/4". RANGE = 1" to 41/2".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Same as the S. wall.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. wall.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. wall.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - EAST

- LENGTH: 15'-11". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not original due to the sagging wall. Rough estimations: 4'-0" at the N. end; 5'-1" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Opening with unknown function (probably either a window or a former fireplace/chimney opening): 5'-3" to 10'-11" from the N.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Opening = 51 -8" in width x 3'-0" in height (presently). The 1st log (spandrel) is buried and NOT visible. The 2nd and 3rd logs were sawn off and the 4th square notched for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The opening has been secured with vertical boards (of variable dimension) and a flattened washtub. Based on the large size and position/location of the opening, it is conjectured that this opening was the result of removal of aformer fireplace and or chimney. 2d) ELEVATION 4 - EAST 106

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 9" to 13". AVERAGE = 11".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. wall.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4 3/4". RANGE = 21/2" to 12".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the S. wall.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. wall.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. wall.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL Both gables have collapsed. IC to 1/2"(mostly 1/2")thick x 2" to 6" in width and variable length (2'-6" to 4'-0") horizontal hand split cedar shakes were nailed to 3" to 4" round vertical poles which were set on 18" centers on the top E. and W. wall logs.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: No gable openings were observed.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Due to the badly deteriorated roof shakes, eave overhangs were not observable.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TOGROUND): Presently, not observable. However, the 1976 Archaeological Site Sur- vey Record suggests 13'-8" total height at the W. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 45°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): HEWN PLATE = 5 3/4"x10" S. plate;51/2" wide x 8 3/4" in height N. plate. CEILING JOIST = 6 joints (N.-S.) HEWN on four sides, measuring 4"x4" to 4"x5" and set on 22" to 34" (mostly 24") 4) ROOF 107

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS)(continued): CEILING JOISTS = centers for a full loft. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Unobservable (possibly NONE used). PURLIN = NONE. RAFTER = 7 round pairs (4" to 6" in diameter each) set on 3'-0" centers and mitered at 45° angles (i.e., the roof pitch) on the eave ends to fit on the hewn plates. The ridge ends were not observable. TRUSSES = NONE. COLLAR TIES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: E.-W. spaced sheathing boards (of unknown dimension) were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins (on 2'-6" to 3'-0" centers). Hand-rived cedar shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the sheathing boards. Typical shakes measured 1/4"to 1/2" (mostly 3/8") x 4" to 6" x 2'-6" to 3'-0".

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: E.-W. running sill logs and the N.-S. running spandrel logs were set on stacked field rocks (foundation) and leveled ground.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE visible.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: Neither sill log notching nor any other connections were observed.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE observed.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

It is conjectured (based on dimensions and location/position) that the E. wall opening was originally used for fireplace and or chimney. Later it was secured with boards and a flattened washtub. A wood stove was put in the same location.

The door and window jambs, sill and head boards, which were planed to 3/4" and 7/8" thicknesses, were all put in later.

Some of the roof shakes have been replaced during repairs. 7) CONDITION OR SITUATION 108

The structure is in very poor condition due to the considerable dry rot in the wall logs and the badly deteriorated log crown ends. Although the foundation is sound, because of the collapsed roof (due to lack of maintenance) which has increased the rate of dry rot decay, the cabin could completely collapse at any moment and is dangerous to be around.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

All the wall logs were left round with the exception of the two ceiling plates which were hewn with a broad-axe on four sides.

Utilization of hand-rived horizontal shakes nailed to round vertical poles for the gable enclosure is unique.

High variation in the range of log end overhang (projection) measurements (2" to 14 3/4", particularly on the E. and S. walls.

If the conjecture that an exterior fireplace and or chimney used to exist in the current E. wall opening is assumed correct, then it would imply a feature not found in most log cabins of the Forest. NOTES

A. 12" THICK N. LOG WALL. B. 13" THICK W LOG WALL C. II" THICK E LOG WALL. D. 10 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL. E. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 4 1/2" IAVE.) LOG END PROJECTIONS. F.ORIGINAL OPENING SECURED WITH VARIABLE DIMENSION VERTICAL BOARDS AND A FLATTENED WASHTUB. BASED ON THE LARGE OPENING SIZE AND POSITION IT IS CONJECTURED TO BE THE RESULT OF A FORMER FIREPLACE OR CHIMNEY REMOVAL. G. CAST IRON WOOD STOVE 2'-6" FROM THE INTERIOR OF E. WALL.

SITE 05-05-54-68 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:I /4 =I' -O" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD' 110 (CONTINUATION SHEET):

Site #05-05-55-90

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N. wall(E.-W.) = 16'-6"; W. wall(N.-S.) = 36'-6"; S. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-3"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 37'-2".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a loft in the S. half of the cabin. There was no chimney. Two stove pipings go through the roof 3' on either side of the ridge line and 11'-10" from the exterior of S. wall. Although no evidence of the stoves was left, it is conjectured that in addition to a cast iron wood stove there was a cook stove also.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE NORTH

- LENGTH: 16'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-4" at the E. end; 4'-8" at the W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 6'-8" to 9'-81/2" from the N.E. corner

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Door opening: 3'-1/2" in width x 4'-9" in height.The 1st sill log and 5th wall log were notched and the rest sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 4 circular sawn vertical boards, each measuring 1"x12", 1"x12", 1"x4" and 1"x6". The vertical boards were braced by circular sawn horizontal 11/2"x6" boards. Two 11/2"x21/4" shims or wedges of wood strips were put next to the door to ad- just for differential settling of the N. wall. 2a) ELEVATION ONE - NORTH 111

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 15" to 24" (sill log) in diameter. AVERAGE = 171/2"

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. Typical square notch size dimensions on all four walls are 21/2" to 41/2" in height or depth x 12" to 13" in width.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE: 121/2". Most E. log crown ends have completely deteriorated. RANGE: 91/2" to 17".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local decomposed granite soil. Also, carpet-like upholstery materials and blue jeans were pushed in between the logs.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

- LENGTH: 36'-6". HEIGHTS (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original wall heights are not known due to structural settling and sinking. Present heights are: 5'-O" at the N. end. 3'-3" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: N. window: From 8'-2" to 111-2" from the N.W. corner. S. window: From 27'-0" to 29'-111/2" from the N.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): N. window: 3'-O" in width x 2'-71/2" in height. S. window: 2'-111/2" wide x 2'-7" in height. The 2nd and 5th logs were square notched while 3rd and 4th were sawn off for both openings.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window head board = 1"x2"x21-91/2". Two window jambs measure 1"x7"x2'-6", and 1"x111/2"x2'-6". Window sill = 1"x2"x21-7". All the above boards are circular sawn. Window consists of 6 pane sash frame type with 4 sides measuring: 3/4"x11/2"x2'-6"; 11/4"xl1/2"x2'-7";11/2"x11/2"x2'-7" and 11/4"x2"x2'-61/2". 112 2b) ELEVATION 2 WEST

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 12" to 161/2". AVERAGE = 151/4".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 1st four logs have DOUBLE SQUARE notches while bottom of the plate at the S. end has a SINGLE SQUARE NOTCH (5" in depthxl6 "x16" surface area).

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 121/2". RANGE = 6" to 20".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Horizontal split cedar shakes mostly measuring

1/4" to 1/2"x51/2"x2'-6".

DAUBING MEXTURES: Mud.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 SOUTH

LENGTH: 17'-3". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently: 3'-1" at the W. end. 3'-11/2" at the E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: 3'-8" to 6'-7" from S.W. corner. Back Door: 9'-5" to 12'-8" from S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 2'-11" wide x 2'-6" in height. Back Door: 3'-3" in width x 4'-10" in height. The 3rd and 5th logs were notched and the 4th cut for the window opening. The 1st & 5th logs were notched and the rest sawn off for the door opening.

CONTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The back door is made of 3 vertical circular sawn tongueand groove 1"x12"s and one 1"x3". The front of the door Z-diagonal bracing consistedof 2 horizontal 1.4"x6"s and one diagonal 1"x21/2". The two door jambs measured 1 3/4" x ai" to 8 3/4". No evidence of threshold, sill nor head boards was observed. The two window jambs measured 11-"x11 3/4" and 1 3/4"x8 3/4". 113 2c) ELEVATION 3 - SOUTH

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 10" to 18" (sill log). AVERAGE = 141/2" in diameter.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 141/2". RANGE = 81/2" to 22".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Horizontal split cedar shakes measuring

1/4" to 1/2" x 4" to 4 3/4" x 21'-1/2" to 3'-4".

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - EAST

LENGTH: 37-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original heights are unknown due to 2nd logs being pushed out. Rough estimations: 4'75" at the S. end. 8'-0" at the N. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: S. window: From 5'-10" to unknown (because the 2nd and 3rd logs are not in place). N. window: From 11'-3" to unknown.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Because the 2nd and 3rd logs are pushed out, the dimension of the openings is unknown. The middle sections of the 2nd and 3rd logs measure 12'-6". It is conjectured that the E. wall window openings have the same dimensions as those of the W. wall openings.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Windows have been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 12" to 18". AVERAGE = 14".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. 114 2d) ELEVATION 4 - EAST

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. Same typical notch size as that of the N. elevation.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 10" at the N. end. RANGE = 9" to 11" at the N. end. The S. crown ends are too badly deteriorated for measurements.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N. elevation.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL:

There are 9 round and peeled HORIZONTAL LOGS (6" to 12" in diameter range, mostly 8" round) in each gable. Similar split cedar chinking and mud daubing to the N. and E. elevations were utilized.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: The S. half loft has no openings, and there is no N. gable opening.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 20" eave overhang on the E. wall. 4" eave overhang on the W. wall.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Presently: 12'-1" at the N. End, and 12'-4" at the S. end. Original heights are unknown due to differential settlement of the wall logs.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

PITCH ANGLE: 45°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL(DIAMETERS): PLATE - E. plate = 13" and W. plate = 161/2" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = 6 round ceiling joists, 4" to 5" in diameter and set on 4L9" centers for the S. half loft. 2"x4" cedar floor boards are nailed perpendicular to the ceiling joists. 115 4) ROOF

- DIMENSIONS FORTYPICAL (DIAMETERS): RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 8" in diameter. 1"x8" (variable length) boards were nailed on both sides of the ridge to fasten the top layer of shakes. PURLIN = 3 pairs of purlins, 7" to 11" in diameter range, averaging 9" in diameter, set on 20" to 25" centers - mostly on 24" centers. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

ROOF COVERING: Hand rived cedar shakes measuring 1/4"to 1" (mostly 3/8") in thickness x 51/2" to 81/2" (mostly 6") in width x mostly 3'-4" in length.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS: Granite field rocks were used to level the terrace beneath the cabin and to support the E.-W. running sills and the N.-S. running spandrel logs. Additionally, two 10" round Douglas-fir blocks, used as piers or footings, were observed under the E. spandrel log.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Although floor joistsexisted, due to the large amount of structural debris on the interiorfloor, it was not possible to count the number ofjoists nor to take their dimensions.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTIONOR RELATIONSHIP: The floor joists run parallel to the E.-W. runningsills; however, their connection with the spandrellogs was not visible (obstructed by the interior debris).

- CELLAR OR CRAWLSPACE: Not observable.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin exterior is entirely original with theexception of some of the roof shakes which were replaced duringmaintenance or repairs.

The cabin interior was not carefully examined todetect any alterations or modifications. 116 7) 'CONDITION OR SITUATION

The cabin is in poor shape. The lower wall logs, i.e., the sills and spandrels display a great deal of dry rot and are badly decomposed. In addition to the decayed sills and spandrels, the 2nd and 3rd E. wall logs, the 3rd and 4th N. wall logs, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th S. wall logs have badly deteriorated and are pushed out by the weight of the structure. Thus, considerable differential settling of the four walls has occurred to the point of its imminent collapse. The interior partitions and loft are collapsing and obscuring the visibility for observations.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

The average diameter of the wall logs and the E. and W. wall log lengths (i.e., 36'-6" to 37'-2") are much greater than those of other log cabins so far recorded in the Klamath National Forest.

Two 10" round wooden blocks of Douglas-fir used as piers under the E. wall spandrel, are the only examples observed in the recorded log structures. 117

SITE v05-05-55-90 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"a1' -0"

NOTES: t A.17 1/2" THICK N. LOG WALL. a B.15 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. C.14 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL. D. 14" THICK E. LOG WALL. E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 133/8" (AVE.] LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS. F. BADLY DETERIORATED S. WALL LOG END OVERHANGS AT THE E. END. G. HIGHLY DECAYED PORTION OF THE E. LOG WALL ADJACENT TO THE S. END WINDOW (WIDTH UNMEASURABLEL H. APPROXIILATE LOCATION OE TWO W090 31900FS. Mill PIPINGREMQ\LE/11. 37'-2" 11 '-3" 3'-0" 12*-6" 5' 10" I 'F L__

11' 10" I H

iEi Co: O H 0

8.-2" 3' -O" 6' 6" 36' -6"

SITE 05-05-55-90 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"z1*-0- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD 118 (CONTINUATION SHEET):

D. WILMINGTON LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-51-144

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S. wall (E.-W.) = 11'-8"; W. wall (N.-S.) = 11'-6". N. wall (E.-W.) = 11'-10"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 11"-8".

PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen square plan. One story design with no loft nor chimney. Wood stove piping goes through the roof in the S.W. corner. The wood stove itself has been removed.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: There is no evidence of a porch or an attached shed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE SOUTH

- LENGTH: 11'-8". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OFGABLE TO GROUND): 5'-2" at the W. end. 5'-7" at the E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 4'-4" to 6'-10" from the S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Door opening: 2'-6" in width x 6'-1/2" in height. The first wall log was square notched and the rest, throughthe second gable log, were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Variable size hand split boards were used for thedoor jambs

(11/2" x 61/4" and 2" x 71/2") and the head board(3/4" x 51/4 ") . There was no threshold board. The door is made of 14 horizontal 1" x6" tongue and groove milled boards which are braced by two vertical2" x 4"s on the outside.

- NUMBER OF WALLLOGS: 6 pine logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7 3/4" to 141/2". AVERAGE = 91/2". 119 2a) ELEVATION ONE SOUTH

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = RANGE = 1 5/8" to 5 7/8".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips of variable size and some round poles.

DAUBING MIXTURES: White clay, most likely acquired locally.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

LENGTH: 111-6". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-2" at the N. end. 5'-8" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 4' -S" to 6'-101/2" from the N.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-51/2" wide x 2'-1/2" in height. The 4th and 7th wall logs were notched and 5th and 6th logs sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Original window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 13". AVERAGE = 81/2".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG MOSTLY = 4". RANGE = 21/2" to 4".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Variable size wedges of hand split Douglas- fir strips and some round poles. 120 2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - WEST

DAUBING MIXTURES: White clay, probably acquired locally.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 NORTH

LENGTH: 117-10". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 3'-10" at the W. end. 4'-6" at the E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 71/2" to 101/2". AVERAGE = 8 3/4".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4 3/4". RANGE = 11/2" to 8 3/4".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the W. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the W. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 EAST

LENGTH: 111-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-10" at the N. end. 6'-1" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 4'-5" to 6'-111/2" from the S.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-61/2" in width x 2'-3/8" in height. The 4th and 7th wall logs were square notched and the 5th and 6th logs sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Original window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height (including the ceiling plate). 2d) ELEVATION 4 - EAST 121 - SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6 3/4" to 16" (sill log). AVERAGE = 91/4".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED. Typical notch size dimensions: 81/4" to 91/4" wide x 3" to 4" in depth or height.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = RANGE = 1" to 5 3/8".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the W. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the W. elevation.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

- HORIZONTAL LOGS: 4 logs in N. gable. 6 logs in S. gable. 6" to 8" round logs used for the gables. Similar chinking and daubing methods as the walls were used in the gables.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 71/2" eave overhang on the W. wall. 9" eave overhang on the E. wall.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT(FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 8'-81/2" at the N. end. 9'-8" at the S. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 35°. ROOF 122 DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 7 3/4". CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 7" at the S. end. 81/2" at the N. end. PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins on either side of the ridge-log. The purlins are set on 10" to 16" centers with typical centering of 14". Range from 5" to 8". Ave. = 6". RAFTERS = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE. - ROOF COVERING: SHAKES (hand rived) nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE: le to 1/2" x 51/2" to 8" (mostly 6") x 2'-6" in length.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUNDCONNECTION:

MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS are used under the spandrel log (1st S. wall log), but the rest of the foundationis not visible due to the thick duff cover.

- NUMBER OF FLOORJOISTS: NONE. 7/8" thick x 5" to 61/2" wide floor boards are laid directly on the ground.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: All the structural elements of the cabin are original as there is noevidence of modifications or additions.

The cabin is essentially in goodcondi- 7) CONDITION OR SITUATION: tion. Only the 4th, 5thand 6th E. wall logs have dry-rotted and deteriorated at their N. ends. Because the site has not been maintained and the structurestands in a thicket of young trees, shade, moisture andthick duff cover will increase its rate of deterioration. rn

NOTES: A. 9 1/4" THICK E. LOG WALL. 8.9 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL. C.8 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. D.8 3/4" THICK N. LOG WALL. E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNERCONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 3 3/4" lAVE.I LOG END OVERHANGS. F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF THE REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING.

ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED.

4'-4" 2'6'-4 II' 8"

SITE 05-05-51-144 DANIEL B. WILMINGTON LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"=1"-0" 124 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

F. STEPHANSON LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-51-41

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIORDIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S. Wall (E.-W. ) = 13'-4"; W. Wall (N.-S.) = 14'-7"; N. Wall (E. -W.) = 13'-2"; E. Wall (N.-S.) = 14'-9".

- PLAN SHAPE(INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft nor chimney. Wood stove and its piping is located just off-center along the S. (front) wall, 5'-0" from the exterior of E. wall and 3'-6" from the S. wall exterior.

- PORCH OR ATTACHEDSHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: S. end covered porch which is 12'-6"(E.-W.) wide, extends 4'-2" beyond the S. wall. The porch is made by leaving the S. ends of the 12th E. wall log and 13th W. wall log(i.e., both ceiling plates) 3'-10" and 3'-6" respectively, longer than the rest of the E. and W. wall logs.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

LPNGTH: 13'-4".

- HEIGHT(BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-1" at the E. end. 7'-2" at the W. end.

- LOCATION OF OPENINGSFROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 2'-8" to 5'-10" from the S.E. corner. Door opening: 7'-7" to 10'-11" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3'-2" in width x 3'-0" in height.The 6th and 12th logs are square notched while the 7th thru. 11th logs sawn off for the window opening. Door opening: 3'-4" in width x 6'-0" in height. The 1st wall log is square notched and the 2nd thru.11th sawn off for the door opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OFWINDOW AND DOOR: Window has been removed. The door is made of five circular sawn vertical boards measuring 7/8"x10", 3 3/4", 114", and 12".Diagonal Z- shaped bracing with circular sawn boards measuring 125 2a) ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWAND DOOR (CONTINUED): 3/4" to 1", mostly 7/8"x51" to 6", are used in front of the vertical boards. None of the window and door jambs, sill, threshold and head boards were measured.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 12 logs in height. The 3rd and 6th logs are Douglas-fir while the rest of the wall logs areAlder.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 9" in diameter. AVERAGE = 6.15" in diameter. -TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 9th,124Tad W. ends of the 1st wall logare SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED while the restof the logs are DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED. 11 - LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 3" to 7". MOSTLY = 5". - EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round wire nails.

- CHINKING METHO : NONE used on the exterior. Hand split 2" to 4" wide wedges of Douglas-fir and Alder strips were utilized on the interior of walls. - DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud and gravel from the local site soil (i.e., alluvial sandy silt andgravels). Later, during repairs/maintenance, cement daubing has been put on top of the original mud mixture.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO - WEST

- LENGTH: 14'-7".

- HEIGHT(BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-2" at both N. & S. ends.

- LOCATION OFOPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 5'-10" to 8'-10" from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR OPENING): Window opening: 3'-0" wide x 2'-7" in height. The 7th thru. 11th logs are sawn off for the opening. None were notched. - CONSTRUCTION OFWINDOW: Window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALLLOGS: 13 Douglas-fir and Alder logs in height including the ceiling plate. The 1st (sill), 3rd, 5th, 6th, 8th, 11th and 13th wall logs are Douglas-fir while therest are Alder. 126 2b) ELEVATION TWO - WEST

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: 42" to 8 3/8" (sill log) in dia. range. AVERAGE = 61".

- TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

- LOG END PROJECTIONS: RANGE = 3" to 5" overhang. MOSTLY =4". - EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: No exterior chinking. Alder and Douglas-fir wedges on the interior.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud and gravel. Later on cement.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION THREE NORTH

- LENGTH: 13' -2 ".

- HEIGHT(BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-14." at the E. end. 7'-6" at the W. end.

- LOCATION OF OPENINGSFROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 4'-41" to 6'-2" from the N.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR OPENING): Window opening: 1'-91" in width x 2'-10" in height. The 6th wall log was planed on top (by theopening), and the 7th thru. 11th were sawn off for opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW:Window has been removed. The jambs, sill and head boards were not measured.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 12 logs in height. The 4th, 6th and 9th logs are Douglas-fir while the rest are Alder.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 8" in diameter. AVERAGE = 6".

TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 1st, 7th and 9th logs are SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED while the rest are DOUBLE SADDLENOTCHED.

- LOG END PROJECTIONS: RANGE = 3" to 7". MOSTLY = 5". - EXTERIOR WALL FINISHESOR SIDINGS: NONE. 2c) ELEVATION THREE - NORTH 127

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - EAST

LENGTH: 14'-9".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-5" at the S. end. 7'-8" at the N. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no east wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 12 logs in height including the ceiling plate. The 1st three logs are Douglas-fir and the rest of the wall consists of Alder logs.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 8 5/8" in diameter. AVERAGE = 6.375" in diameter. - TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION: All but the ceiling plate are DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED. The plate is SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 2" to 6". MOSTLY = 4" to 5". - EXTERIOR WALLFINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

In each gable there are 8 unpeeled HORIZONTAL LOGS andtwo short log-butts saddle notched for the ridgepole. Mud and gravel daubing is used in between the gable logs,but NO exterior chinking is observed. 1" to 3" wide and random length wedges of Douglas-fir and Alder chinking areutilized inside. There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTIONS(BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 17" to 18" (mostly 17") overhang on the E. wall. 14" to 15" (mostly 141") overhang on the W. wall. 128 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL (CONTINUED)

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT(FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND) 12'-0" at the S. end. 12'-1" at the N. end.

4 ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 35.

- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE(DIAMETERS): CEILING PLATE = 5" E. plate and 6" W. plate. CEILING JOISTS = 5 unpeeled Alder poles set on 3'-0" to 3,-1" centers measure 3 3/4" to 4t" in diameters. The joists are nailed directly on top of ceiling plates without any notching. SINGLE PEELED RIDGEPOLE = 10" at the S. end and 81" at the N. end in diameter. PURLINS = NONE. RAFTERS = 7 pairs of rafters are used for the interior and 2 pairs for the porch roof. The E.-W. running rafters are 3' to 4" in diameter and set on 22" to 30" (mostly 24") centers. TRUSSES, COLLAR TTES AND BRACES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: 7 pairs of N.-S. running circular sawn spaced sheathing boards are nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the rafters. The spaced sheathing boards which are set on 8" to 10" centers, measure 7/8"x5 5/8" to 53/4" in width. Two 1"X11 3/4" (N.-S.) sheathing boards are nailed on top of the ridgepole on either sides of ridgeline. Two layers of E.-W. running hand-rived cedar shakes are nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the spaced sheathing boards. The split shakes measure *" to 2" (mostly 3/8") in thickness, 4" to 9" (mostly 6") in width and 2'-.54" to 2'-7" (mostly 2'-6") in length.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Original foundation is set on leveled terrace ground which naturally slopes down towards the W., consists of river cobbles with mud and gravel daubing reinforcement. More recent cement is observed on top of the original mud daubing as the result of maintenancework. The 1st wall logs are set on top of the river cobble foundation. Although the 1st W. wall log supports the W. ends of the 1st N. and S. wall logs, due to naturalground slope, the E. ends of the 1st N. and S. wall logs aresaddle notched on top to support the 1st E. wall log. 129 5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

There is one 8"x5" ventilation hole in the foundation rocks under the 1st N. wall log 5'-6" from the N.E. corner. Another 14"x6" vent hole covered with metal screen exists under the 1st W. wall log the same distance from the S.W. corner. The E. and S. wall foundations are not observable. - NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = The 6 E.-W. running floor joists which are only visible at their W. ends, are set on 2'-6" to 2'-7" centers. The W. sill log is saddle notched at 2'-6" intervals to receive the W. ends of the 6 joists. The E. ends of the floor joists are not visible. The round joists measure 4 3/4" to 6" (mostly 52") in diameter. All but two of the joists are left with the bark on as the rest are peeled. Two additional joists are used under the porch floor boards.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The essential exterior structural elements are original. The following alterations are observed. During maintenance work cement has been used in between the wall logs on top of the original mud and gravel daubing and as mortar reinforcement for the foundation rocks. Some of the original shakes (particularly in the S.E. corner) have been replaced by sheets of corrugated metal during roof repairs. Electrical hookup system has been added.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

Due to a solid foundation and adequate ventilation capability beneath the floor joists the structure is in good shape. A disadvantage in construction preparation with the bark left on the wall and gable logs, some termiteinfestation is observed. Some of the roof shakes have decayed from dry rot causing leaks.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IFPRESENT)

Utilization of Alder logs is not known in any other log structure in western Siskiyou County. Superior craftsmanship is displayed in the perfectly fitted double saddle corner notches and inthe hand split wedges of Alder and Douglas-fir strips which are very tightly fitted in between (on the interior only) the wall and gable logs. Construction of ventilation holes in the foundation rocks under the N. and W. walls is unique. 14' 7" 5' 10" 3' 0"---t

A H 0

NOTES:

A.6 1/8" THICK S. LOG WALL. B.6 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. C.6" THICK N. LOG WALL. D.6 3/8" THICK E. LOG WALL. E. DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 4 3/4" (AVE.) LOG END PROJECTIONS. F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD STOVE. G. COVERED PORCH FLOOR BOARDS UNDER THE EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS. H.SINGLE BOARD STEP. LH

14' 9"

--r--(=.-

SITE *05-05-51-41 STEPHANSON LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"=1.-0" 131

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

JOHN ATTEBERRY LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-52-194

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONSLENGTHS): North Wall (E.-W.)= 25'-3"; East Wall (N.-S.)= 17'-5"; South Wall (E.-W.)= 25'4"; West Wall (N.-S.)= 17"-6".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan with loft. Stove and stove piping along the middle of the south wall near the west end window. No chimney.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: East open Porch is a lean-to extending 6'-10" beyond the wall, from below the east gable. West open Porch extends 12'-0" beyond the west wall and 10'-2" from the S.W. corner and has an open gable roof. Both the front and back porches may not be original.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - WEST

LENGTH: 17'-6". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-l" at the N. end. 7'-6" at the S. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: From 2'-6" to 5'-7" from S.W. corner. Front Door: From 7'-4" to 10'-5" from S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-1" in width and 2'-10" in height. 6th and 11th wall logs have been notched for the window opening. Front Door: 3'-1" in width and 6'-6" in height. 1st and 12th wall logs have been notched for the door opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:

3 muntin sash window with 6 panes or lights. 132

2a) ELEVATION ONE WEST

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 81/2" in diameter. AVERAGE = 71/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. Typical square corner notch at the log ends in all four corners measures 2" to 21/2" in height or depth and 12" in length.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4". RANGE = 3" to 5".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

- CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud (from the local soil), gravel and newspaper mixed. Later on, cement and nails were put on top of the original daubing.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH

- LENGTH: 25'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): 8'-6" at the W. end. 8'-3" at the E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: East end window: From 3'-6" to 9'-71/2" from S.E. corner. West end window: From 17'-1" to 20'-3" from S.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): East end Window: 6'-11/2" in width x 2'-81/2" in height. The 6th wall log has been notched and 7th through 10th cut for the opening. West endWindow: 3'-2" in width x in height. 6th and 11th wall logs are notched for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window openings are covered with corrugated metal, thus they are not observable. However, it can be conjectured that they would be the same type as the north and east wall windows.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 logs in height (including the ceiling plate). 133

2b) ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH

- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALLLOGS: RANGE = 5" to 9". AVERAGE = 8 ".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4". RANGE = 2" to 5".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: 3/8" x 11/4" and varying length strips of board.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud (from local soil) and gravel mixture. More recently, fiberglass insulation has been used.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - EAST

LENGTH: 17'-5". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-2" at the N. End. 8'-4" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: From 2'-3" to 5'-5" from N.E. corner. Back Door: From 7'-4" to 10'-4" from N.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-2" in width x 2'-2" in height. 6th and 11th wall logs have been notched for the opening. Back Door: 3'-0" in width x 6'-6" in height. 1st and 12th wall logs are notched for the door opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: 3 muntin sash window with 6 panes or lights.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 10" in diameter. AVERAGE = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4". RANGE = 31/2"to 5". 134

2c) ELEVATION 3 EAST

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud. Fiberglass insulation has been utilized more recently.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 NORTH

- LENGTH: 25'-3". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-8" measured at middle of the wall.

LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: West end Window: From 3'-6" to 9'-8" from N.W. corner. East end Window: From 15'-6" to 21'-8" from N.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): West end window: 6'-21-1" in width x 2'-10" in height. East end window: 6'-21/2" in width x 2'-10" in height. The 7th and 12th wall logs have been notched, and 8th through 11th cut for both window openings.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Both windows are made out of 2 side by side 6 pane sash frames.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 10". AVERAGE = 8".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4". RANGE = 2" to 4".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: 3/8" x 1 3/8"-11/2" and varying length strips of board.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the South Elevation. 135

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

There are 19 HORIZONTAL logs in the East gable and 20 logs in the West gable.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: LOFT OPENING: East gable opening 3' in width and 6'-6" in height; i.e., similar dimensions as the E. wall door. The 1st through 13th East gable logs were cut for the opening. West Gable opening is conjectured to have the same dimensions as the W. wall window, i.e., 3'-1" wide x 2'-10" in height. 7th and 13th gable logs have been notched for the opening.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 10" eave overhang beyond both the N. and S. walls.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Unable to measure due to the west elevation porch which has a much lower roof line than the ridge line of the cabin. 16'-10" at the E. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 35° to 400.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 7" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = 9 ceiling joists. Range: 3" to 5". Typical: 5". JOISTS CENTERING = On 3' centers. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 411" at the W. end; 6" at the E. end. PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins on 22"-26" centers. Range: 4" to 8". Typical: 8". RAFTER = None. TRUSSES = None.

- ROOF COVERING: Sheets of CORRUGATED IRON (Not original) laid directly on top of the purlins. 136

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS. Sills which run East to West are reinforced with rocks in the corners.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: 11

TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE): 5" to 51/2" squared ends to fit the square notches in the N. sill log. The rest of the joists were not observable.

- JOISTS CENTERING: 2' centers.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: In the north log sill, there are 11 square notches for the floor joists which are set on 2' centers. In the north sill, the visible floor joist ends are 5" to 51/2". The ends of floor joists are not visible in the south log sill.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: None.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

With the exception of the following items, the exterior of the cabin appears to be in its original shape and form. Cement and nails along with fiberglass insulation have been used more recently for daubing on top of the original mud and gravel mixture. The corrugated iron roof cover may not be original. The door in the East gable may have been put in at a later date; however, it is difficult to determine its purpose since no evidence of a balcony was detected. Both the front and back open porches may not be original.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The cabin appears to be in very good condition. The rock supports under the sills or the lower wall logs have helped the drainage and ventilation beneath the cabin. 25'-3" 6' 5" 5' 10" 6' 2" 3' 6" t 6'-2" It

s- co D

G IN. I i(--3*-2" 7' 5 1/2" 6' 1 1/2" . 3' 6" 12'-0" 25.-6" 6' 10"

NOTES:

A.8" THICK /1., E. AND S. LOG WALLS. SITE 05-05-52-194 B. 7 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. JOHN F. ATTEBERRY LOG CABIN C. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT FLOOR PLAN 4" ION THE AVERAGE) LOG END OVERHANGS. SCALE:3/16"I'-0" D.W. OPEN GABLE COVERED PORCH WITH VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS. E.E. LEAN-TO OPEN PORCH WITH CORRUGATED METAL ROOF SUPPORTED BY VERTICAL POSTS. F. WINDOWS COVERED WITH CORRUGATED METAL G. ESTIMATED LOCATION OF THE WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPING. 138

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

HALL BROS. LOG CABIN

Site /105- 05 -54 -50

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS(ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 15'-6"; S. Elev. of original cabin (E.-W.) = 16'-0"; with the later W. end addition = 261-0"; the W. Elev.(N.-S.) was not measured nor observed because of the eroded terrace which has undercut the W. end room addition, leaving an overhang supported on stilts. The N.Elev.(E.-W.) was not measured due to inconvenience of the occupants.

PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan with a W. end later add-on (not original) room and loft. The loft construction and its location were not observed. There was no chimney. The wood stove and its piping were along and just S. of the center of E. wall.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Enclosed porch, which was originally open, extends 7'-O" (E.-W. width) beyond the E. wall and is 15'-0" in length (N.-S.). There was no attached shed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

- LENGTH: 16'-0" - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OFGABLE TO GROUND): At the E. end = 6'-8". The W. end height was not measured. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 6?-0" to 9'-O" from the S.W. corner of original cabin. DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHEDFOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3'-O" wide x 2'-8" in height. The 4th and 8th wall logs were square notched and the rest sawnoff for the opening. 139

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE SOUTH

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window was not observed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 11 Douglas-fir logs in height (including ceiling plate).

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 10". AVERAGE = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Log ends are directly nailed to a 1" x 10" and a 2" x 6" vertical corner boards. There was no evidence of use of a vertical corner post.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Hand split cedar strips of varying dimensions on the exterior. Round poles on the inside.

DAUBING MIXTURES: A mixture of moss and mud.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 EAST

LENGTH: 15'-6" HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-8" at the S. end. 7'-10" at the N. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Not measured because of inconveniencing the current occupants. Window: Estimated 2'-0" from S.E. corner. Door opening: Estimated 2' -O" from N.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): The openings were not measured nor closely observedin order to not disturb the occupants.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 10 Douglas-fir logs in height.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 10" AVERAGE = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Log ends are directly nailed to a 1" x 10" and a 2" x6" vertical corner boards. There was no evidence of use of avertical corner post. 140

2b) ELEVATION 2 - EAST

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Not observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Not observed. Presumably similar to the south wall.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - NORTH

LENGTH: 16'-0" (estimated). - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): 7'-10" taken at the east end. W. end height was not measured. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window Opening: From 6'-0" to 9'-0" from N.W. corner (estimated).

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-0" wide and 2'-8" in height. 4th and 8th wall logs were square notched for the window opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OFWINDOWS AND DOORS: Not closely observed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 11 Douglas-fir logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 10". AVERAGE = 8".

- TREATMENT OF WALLLOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. and E. walls.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Moss and mud mixture. 141

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 WEST

The W. Elev. was not observed at all due to lack of any access from the exterior. The creek terrace is being eroded away from under the W. end of the cabin, thus making it inaccessible and unobservable from the outside.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

HORIZONTAL LOGS: 6 logs (Average log size 12" in diameter each) in the E. gable. The W. gable was not observable.

GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There is no E. gable opening. The W. gable was not observed.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS) 12" eave overhang beyond the N. and S. walls.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT(FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 12'-10" at the E. end. W. end height not taken.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 45°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL(DIAMETERS):

SOUTH CEILING PLATE = 6" at the E. end, 8" at the W.end. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 61/2". PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins: 5" to 6" at the E. end; 8" at the W. end. RAFTER = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: Hand rived cedar shakes nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins. A layer of sheathing boards is laid perpendicular to and on top of the shakes. Another (2nd) layer of split shakes is nailedperpendicular to and on top of the sheathing boards.

- DIMENSIONS OFTYPICAL PIECE: Shakes: 3/8" to 1/2" thick by varying widths and lengths. The sheathing boards were not measured. 142

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:

MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS are used under only the N. wall sill log (E.-W.). The S., E. and W. 1st wall logs are all set directly on the ground without any foundation support.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: 7 floor joists are set on 2'-0" centers.

TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE): 4" squared ends.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: N.-S. running floor joists are set on 4"x4" square notches cut in the E.-W. running sills every 2'-0".

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin exterior is essentially original. The east side covered porch was originally open on its 3 sides (from 1976 site photos), and more recently (since 1976) it was enclosed with shake siding. A log room was added later on to the W. end of the cabin.

It was not possible to determine whether the windows, door and roof elements were original or not.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The W. end log room (later add-on) overhangs the creek becauseof the eroded terrace which is undercutting the cabin. The exterior of the original cabin is in good shape.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IFPRESENT)

This cabin's method of corner construction is rare for log structures in the Klamath National Forest. The log ends of each wall are nailed to a 1" x 10" and a 2" x6" vertical corner boards with no evidence of vertical corner posts. Thus, the method of corner construction is classed as having even-tiered horizontallogs (Kniffen and Glassie 1966).

The average size of the E. gable logs(12" average) is larger than the typical size of wall logs (i.e.,8" average) which is usual for most log structures on the Forest. 143

REFERENCE:

Kniffen, Fred and Henry Glassie 1966 Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective. In The Geographic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 49. A

C ENCLOSED PORCH

jet -0' A

6' 0" 10*-0" 16'-0" 7' 0" NOTES: A. 8" THICK N.. E. AND S. LOG WALLS. B. WALL LOGS ARE NAILED TO A 1-40" AND A 2%6" AT EACHEND WITHOUT ANY CORNER POSTS OR CORNER NOTCHES. SITE 05-05-54-50 C. HALL BROS. LOG CABIN INACCESSIBLE. UNOBSERVABLE OR UNKNOWN CONSTRUCTION PORTIONSOF THE STRUCTURE FLOOR PLAN BEING UNDERCUT BY THE ERODED CREEK TERRACE. SCALE:I/4-84'4r D. APPROXIMATE ESTIMATED DIMENSIONS AND POSITIONS OFOPENINGS AND WOOD STOVE PIPING (INACCESSIBLE AND UNOBSERVABLE). 145 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

THOMAS HENSHER LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-122

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1), FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL FLP,VATIONS LENGTHS): N.E. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.)= 14 ° -5 "; S.E. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.)=21°-3"; S.W. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.)= 15'-0"; N.W. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.)=21'-1".

- PLAN SHAPE(INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a former full loft which has been removed. Loft access is unobservable. The wood stove has been removed, but its piping goes through the roof about the middle and approx. 2°-0" from the S.E. wall.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: The N.E. front gable end covered porch is made by the 11'-0" extension of the ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole which are supported at their N.E. ends by 3 vertical 4f"(ave.) round posts set on stacked rock terrace foundation with a pact dirt floor. No traces of an attached shed were observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE N.E. - LENGTH: 14' -5 ". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-7" at the N.W. end. 7'-6" at the S.E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFICCORNER: Door opening: With the slanted E.corner, 2°-2" to 4'-3" from the E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: Originally, 2'-10f" in width x 6'-2" in height. The 1st (spandrel) log is square notched and the 2nd thru. 13th logs were sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOOR: The door is made of 4 circular sawn vertical boards of 1"x6" to 12" in dimensionwith diagonal Z-shaped bracing of 1"x4" to 12" in measure. One existing door jamb is circular sawn and measures7/8" x 5 7/8"x6°-1". The head board measures 7/8"x5 7 8"x2'-10". The threshold board is 1 3/8" to 21"x7"x2'-10e. 146 2a) ELEVATION ONE - N.E.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 16 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 3i" to 8" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5 3/4". - TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP ONLY.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 4" to 8". AVERAGE = 5 3/4".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: 3/4" to 12" round and random length peeled poles. - DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay and moss infill mixture.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO - S.E. - LENGTH: 21'-3".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-1" at the S.W. end. 8'-4" at the N.E. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: N.E. end window opening: 4'-8" to 9'-5" from the E. corner. S.W. end window opening: 3'-0" to 8'-6" from the S. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): N.E. end opening: 4'-9" in width x 2'-8" in height. S.W. end opening: 5'-6" in width x 2'-8" in height. The 8th through 13th wall logs are sawn for both openings.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS: 1980 photos of the structure depict two side by side 6 pane sash frames were utilized for both windows which have since been removed. The S.W. end window's existing vertical jamb measures 1 5/8"x3 5/8" x 2'-61". Window sill and head boards have been removed. Only the N.E. end window sill which measures 7/8"x4i" to 5 "x4' -9 3/4", remains.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 16 logs in height including the ceiling plate. SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 34" to 7 3/4" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5 3/4". - TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. 147 2b) ELEVATION TWO - S.E.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP ONLY.

LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 31" to 71". AVERAGE = 6". - EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Clay and moss mixture.

2c) EXTERIOR RTRNATION THREE - S.W. LENGTH: 15'-0".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6' -9" at the N.W. end. 7'-3" at the S.E. end. - LOCATION OF OTENING3FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: N.W. end window opening: 2'-11" to 5'-6" from W. corner. S.E. end window opening: 3'-0" to 5'-6" from S. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): N.W. end opening: 2'-7" in width x V-2t" in height. S.E. end opening: 2'-6" in width x 2'-2T" in height. The 8th through 12th wall logs were sawn off for both openings.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS: Both windows have been removed. From observation of other structures constructed in the 1930's it is conjectured that 6 pane sash frames were used for both windows. Both window sills measure 7/8"x4"x21-5". A 2nd ex1 5/8"x2'-2" board has been nailed on top of the sills. The two jambs and head board for each opening measure 7/8"x4"x2'-1". The inside trim (to hold up the sash frame) for the S.E. end window measures 5/8 "x ". No N.W. end window trim was observed. All recorded boards were circular sawn.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 16 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 3 3/4" to 71" in diameter. AVERAGE = - CORNER CONSTRUCTION: Same as the N.E. elevation.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 3" to 71". AVERAGE = 51". EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE. 148 2c) ELEVATION THREE - S.W.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N.E. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - N.W. LENGTH: 21'-1".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-5" at the S.W. end. 8'-6" at the N.E. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening:4'-6" to 9'-4" from N. corner. - DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening:4'-10" in width x 2'-41" in height. The 8th thru. 12th wall logs were sawn off for the opening. - CONSTRUCTION OF THE WINDOW: The window has been removed, however, the 1980 photos of the structure depict two side by side 6 pane sash frames were used. The head board measures 7/8"x5"x4'-10". The two jambs measure 718 "x5 7/8"x2'-21". The window sill measures 7/8"x5 7/8"x4'-10". - NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 16 logs including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 3-1" to 8" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5 3/4". TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION: Same as the N.E. elevation.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 4" to 9". AVERAGE = 7". EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N.E. elevation.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

The N.E. gable enclosure is made with16 vertical boards and battens and no windows or openings. The vertical boards measure 7/8"x6" to 12" (mostly 12" wide) and varying heights. 149 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVES:

The battens are *"xl 7/8" to 2" and different heights. The S.W. gable consists of 13 vertical boards and battens with similar dimensions as the N.E. gable. There is a loft window (2' wide by 4'-6" in height) just to the right of the ridgepole in the S.W. gable. All boards were circular sawn.

- EAVE PROJECTION(BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 1'-4" to 1'-71" (mostly 1'-4") eave overhang on both N.W. and S.E. walls.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TOGROUND): 12'-6" at the S.W. end. At the N.E. side 12'-10" to the top of the raised rock terrace foundation. 14'-4" to top of the natural ground at the N.E. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 3e.

DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE (DIAMETERS): CEILING PLATE = 44" average diameter. CEILING JOISTS = The 10 ceiling joists for the full loft range from 2 3/4" to54" and average 41". JOISTS CENTERING = 2'-0" to 3'-2", mostly 2'-0" centers. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 52" in diameter. PURLIN = NONE. RAFTER = 10 pairs of interior rafters and 5 pairs ofexterior rafters for the porch measure 34" to 4" and 3 3/4" average diameter. TRUSSES = 8 (N.W.-S.E. running) round trusses(over 15'-0" in length each) are nailed to the rafters at the eave ends and vary from 4" to 7" indiameter. COLLAR TIES = NONE. COLLAR BRACES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: N.E.-S.W. running sheathing boards(7/8"x42" to mostly 12" and varying lengths) are nailed directly on top of and perpendicular to the N.W.-S.E. running rafters. Recent composition roofing material.is placed on top of the sheathing boards. The original roof cover is undetermined.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUNDCONNECTION: Field rocks were used under the 1st N.E., S.E. and S.W. wall logs.The N.W. wall sill is set directly on the ground without anyfoundation.

- NUMBER OF FLOORJOISTS: No floor joists nor floor boards or any trace of them were observed. - CELLAR OR CRAWLSPACE: NONE. 150 6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

With the exception of the recent composition roofing all the remaining exterior construction elements appear to be original.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

No floor joists nor boards were observed. The primary disadvantage of this log cabin in terms of its preservation is that the bottom wall logs rest on natural field rocks and the N.W. wall sill is set directly on the ground. The sill to ground connection has greatly deteriorated the lower wall logs. Lack of any drainage capability below the structure has caused the dry-rotting of sills. The present condition of the cabin is very poor and dangerous to be near. Due to lack of sufficient drainage the lower wall logs display considerable dry rot damage. The N.W., S.W. and S.E. wall sills have completely decayed and are all but gone. The rotting lower logs are sagging and settling under the weight. Additionally, vandals have recently removed portions of N.E. wall logs 7th through 13th and S.E. wall logs 8th through 14th. Thus, there is no support in the E. corner of the building. Since there are a number of lower wall logs that are in irreparable shape the collapse of the entire structure is imminent. Because the walls are slanting out towards the N.W., it may collapse at any moment and is very dangerous to be around.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

Stacked rock terrace foundation for the N.E. side front extended roof elements covered porch is unique amongst the sample of cabins recorded in the Klamath National Forest. 151

SITE 4005-05-54-122 THOMAS HENSHER LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4":1'..0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES:

A.5 3/4" THICK N.E. AND S.E. LOG WALLS. B. 5 1/4" THICK S.W. LOG WALL. C.5 3/4" THICK N.W. LOG WALL. CORNER CONSTRUCTION D.SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ION TOPI WITH ABOUT 6" (AVE.) LOG ENDOVERHANG PROJECTIONS. WITH EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTSAND E.N.E. OPEN GABLE COVERED PORCH AND DIRT FLOOR. 3 VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS ONA RAISED ROCK TERRACE FOUNDATION WINDOW ELEMENTS. F.OPENINGS WITH REMOVED DOOR AND AS DEPICTED BY THE G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OFREMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPM THE 1980 PHOTOGRAPHS OF STRUCTURE. VANDALS IN 1983. H.E. CORNER LOGS REMOVED BY

152 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

BOSTON LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-168

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): East Elevation (N.-S.) = 16'-2"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 23'-11". West Elev. (N.-S.) = 16'-3";.S. Elev. (E.-W.) = 24'-1/4".

PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Originally, single-pen rectangular with a wood stove in the N.W. corner. More recent additions include an east room made from manufactured pre-fabricated tongue and groove half- log imitation siding and a covered porch. No loft nor chimney were observed.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: A more recently added rectangular covered porch at the east end of the cabin measures 8'-0" beyond the east wall and 16'-2" wide.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH

- LENGTH: 23'-11". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5'-2" (Middle of the wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: l'-61/2" to 5'-6" from the N.E. corner of the original log cabin and NOT from the N.E. corner of the later addition.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-111/2" in width and 231/2" in height. 4th and 7th logs have been notched for the window opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window: 2 side by side 4 pane sash frame.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 8 logs including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2"to 9". TYPICAL = 7".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. 153 2a) ELEVATION ONE NORTH

LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: 3/8" to 1/2"x 1 1/2" to 4" and variable length hand rived shakes.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local clayey silty soil.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

- LENGTH: 16'-3". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the S. end 5'-3" to top of the porch floor boards. 6'-4" to the ground. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door: 6'-2" to 9'-2" from the N. W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door: 3'-0" in width and 6'-3/4" in height. 1st and 10th (2nd west gable log) wall logs have been square notched for the door.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Door is made of 4 rough-sawn vertical boards. However, the frame boards, i.e., jambs, threshold, etc., are relatively recent replacements due to repairs or maintenance.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 8 logs in height.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 12" (sill log). TYPICAL = 71/2".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Similar to the North Elevation.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local soil. 154 2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 SOUTH

LENGTH: 24v-1/4". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6v-4" (Middle of the wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: 5v-10" to 10v-4" from the S. W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 4v-6" in width and 2' -6" in height. 4th and 7th logs have been notched for window opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Same as the North wall window.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 logs in height -including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 12". TYPICAL= 71/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: 1st through 6th wall logs are SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED (on the bottom of the logs, except the 1st log is notched on its top), but the 7th through 9th logs are DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED on both tops and bottoms.

LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the North and West Elevations.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the North Elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 EAST

East wall is covered up by a later room (non-log construction) and porch additions (See Section 1 under FLOOR PLAN SHAPE).

LENGTH: 16' -2 ". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5' -2" at N. end. 6' -4" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Original log wall openings unobservable. Openings for the more recent room addition: Door: 19" to 51" from the S.E. corner. Window: 7'-3" to 111-3" from the S.E. corner. 155 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 EAST

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door (more recent): 2'-8" in width and 6'-5" in height. Window: 4'-0" in width and l'-11" in height.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Door: 5 paneled door. Window: 2 side by side 4 pane sash frame.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 8 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 10". TYPICAL = 8".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Not visible, currently covered up by a more recent room addition. It can be conjectured that there is no siding.

NAIL TYPES: Not visible.

CHINKING METHOD: Not visible.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Not visible.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

HORIZONTAL LOGS = 7 logs in W. gable. E. gable was not observable.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 6" from wall to the roof boards and NOT to the edge of the more recent corrugated tin.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): ll'-0" at the East end. 10'-0" at the West end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 30°. 156 4) ROOF

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 6" north plate,71/2" south plate. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = 5° round. PURLIN = Range: 2.5" to 6". Ave.: 4.5". RAFTER = NONE in the log building. TRUSSES = NONE.

ROOF COVERING: CORRUGATED TINon. top of the 1" x 13" boards which are laid (N.-S.) perpendicular to and directly nailed on top of the purlins.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:

MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS with cement and mud mixtures used as mortar. The 1st North wall log is set directly on the ground.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = None visible from the exterior.

LOWER WALL LOGS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: 1st south wall log (E.-W.) supports the 1st (N.-S. running) west and east wall logs (at their south ends). The 1st west and east wall logs support the 1st north wall log.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

Most of the original log cabin is intact with the exception of some of its roof, door and window elements. However, a room and a covered porch have been added to the east end of the original log cabin. This east room addition is made from manufactured pre-fabricated tongue and groove half-log imitation siding.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The log cabin is in good shape due to its well built foundation. Since it has been lived in, general maintenance and repairs have kept it in good condition. 15 7

SITE 05-05-54-168 BOSTON LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE1/4":1'-0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES: A. 7" THICK N. LOG WALL. B.7 1/2" THICK W. AND S. LOG WALLS. C.8" THICK E. LOG WALL. PRE-FABRICATED D. LATER ADDITION 4" TO 5" THICK MANUFACTURED TONGUE AND GROOVE HALF-LOG IMITATION WALLS. E. LATER ADDITION VERTICAL BOARD ANDBATTEN BOX CONSTRUCTION WALL WITH A 2" FINISHED THICKNESS. F. LATER ADDITION E. ENO OPEN -SCECOVERED PORCH WITH VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS AND FLOOR BOARDSIUNMEASUREDI. G. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNERCONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. H. APPROXIMATE IUNMEAURED1 LOCATIONOF THE W000 STOVE AND ITS PIPING. LOG WALL AND DOOR OPENING. I. UNMEASURED AND UNOBSERVABLE INTERIOR 18'-0" 8' 2" 7' 9" 1/2" I' 6 1/2"

"a F

5' 10" 4' 6"--4' 8'-I/4" 8' 0"

SITE 05-05-54-168 BOSTON LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"111.-0" SHEET I OF 2 158 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

LOUIE LATTIMORE LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-55-208

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): CABIN NOT ON ORIGINAL SITE. E. wall(N.-S.) = 15'-0"; S. wall(E.-W.) = 12'-11/4"; W. wall(N.-S.) = 15'-0"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 12'-0".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft and no chimney. Due to relocation of the cabin and complete roof replacement, the wood stove location was not observable.

- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLANMEASUREMENTS: The two ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole of the log room were left extended 10'-81/2" (on the E. side) to 10'-91/2" (on the W. side) beyond the N. wall in order to form the N. side attached shed. The attached shed was completely reconstructed when the log cabin was relocated from its original site on Wildcat Creek. The shed's W. wall was made of 5/8" to 1" (mostly 3/4") x 12" x mostly 5'-0" in length circular sawnHORIZONTAL BOARDS nailed to three vertical posts (4" to 61/2" in diameter each) spaced on 4'-911" to 5'-51/4" centers. The shed's N. wall consisted of 1"x14" and variable length (3'-9 3/4" to 111-10" in length) circular sawn HORIZON- TAL BOARDS nailed to seven 31/2" to 51/2" round vertical posts, set on 201/2" to 241/2" centers, in order to support the N. ends of the purlins, ridgepole andceiling plates. The shed's E. side was left open.

The horizontal boards for the shed were brought to the Siskiyou County Museum from the original site (Michael Hendryx 1985). However, it is not known whether they were part of the original attached shed or not. None of the vertical posts were original.

No evidence of an original porch was observed. 159 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE EAST

- LENGTH: 15'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO TOP OF CEMENT): Not original. Presently, 6'-2" at middle of the wall. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: 3'-6" to 6'-0" from the S.E. corner.. Window opening: From 8'-41/2" to 10'-103" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-6" wide x 5'-6".in height. The 1st (sill) and 7th (ceiling plate) logs were square notched for the door opening. Window opening: 2'5 3/4" in width x 2'-9 3/4" in height. The 3rd and 6th logs were square notched while the 5th log was sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed. The two window jambs measured 11/4"x51/4" to 51/2"x2'-9 3/4". No window sill nor head boards were observed. The door was made of two circular sawn vertical boards (3/4" x 81/4" and 7/8" x 19") supported by Z-diagonal bracing from the inside. The diagonal bracing measured 1" x 3 3/4" x 5'-0". The top and bottom horizontal brace boards measured 1" x 3 3/4" x 2'-21/2". Two strap-hinges and two butt-hinges were used on the door. The two door jambs were 1 1/8" x 51/2" x 5'-5 3/4".

No threshold nor head boards were observed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4 3/4" to 51/4" in width x 8" to 111/2" in height (ex- cluding the recent ceiling plate and sill logs. AVERAGE = 5" wide x 10 3/4" in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Some logs were HEWN (with a broadaxe) on the sides and left ROUND on their tops and bottoms-while others were HEWN on four sides.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD: All but the sill and plate logs were DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED. The sill log was SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED on top while the ceiling plate was SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED on the bottom. The sill and plate logs 160 2a) ELEVATION ONE - EAST

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD (continued)

are recent replacements and not original. Size range of corner notches measured 2" to 31/2" (mostly 21/2") in vertical depth or height and 31/2" to 7" (mostly 6") in horizontal width.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Machine-made square nails were used to fasten the notches of the adjoining log ends.

- CHINKING METHOD: NONE observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH

LENGTH: 12'-11/4". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 6'-0" at middle of the wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Gun port opening: 5'-4 3/8" to 6'-6" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACHOPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Gunport opening: l'-1 5/8" in width x 21/4" in height. Middle of the 5th log was square notched on the bottom.

- NUMBER OF WALLLOGS: 6 logs in height.

- SIZE OF HEWN WALLLOGS: RANGE = 414" to 51/2" wide x911'- 14" (Spandrel log) in height. AVERAGE = 5" in width x 11" in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALLLOGS: Some logs were HEWN on the sides and left ROUND on their tops and bottoms,while others were hewn on four sides. The Spandrel log is a recent replacement.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED. Similar size range as the E. wall. 161 2h) ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES ORSIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the E. wall.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 WEST

- LENGTH: 15'-0". - HEIGHT(BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 5'-10" at middle of the wall. - LOCATIONOF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 6'-3" to 8'-81/2" from theS.W. corner.

- DIMENSIONOF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHEDFOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-6" in width x 2'-9 3/4" in height. The 3rd and 6th logs were squarenotched and the 4th and 5th sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTIONOF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed. The two window jambs measured11/4" x 51/4" x 2'-9 3/4". No sill nor head boards wereobserved. A drip board on top of the windowopening measured 1" x 11/2" x2'- 8 3/8". All the boards were circular sawn. plate - NUMBEROF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height, the ceiling and sill logs. width x - SIZE OF HEWNWALL LOGS: RANGE = 41/2" to 51/2" in 91/2" to 11" in height. AVERAGE = 5" in width x101/4" in height. The sill - TREATMENTOF WALL LOGS: Same as the E. wall. is a replacement log.

Same as the E. wall. - CORNERCONSTRUCTION METHOD:

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

NONE. - EXTERIORWALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: 162 2E) ELEVATION 3 - WEST

- NAIL TYPES: Same as the E. wall.

- CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 NORTH

LENGTH: 12'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 5'-9" at middle of the wall. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height.

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 41/4" to 5 3/4" wide x 9" to 14 3/4" in height. AVERAGE = 5" in width x 111/4" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the E. and S. elevations. The 1st and 2nd logs are recent replacements.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the E. wall.

- CHINKING METHOD: None.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

Four HEWN (on four sides) and one 4" ROUND HORIZONTAL LOGS in each gable. The average size of hewn logs measured 5" wide x 9" in height. No chinking nor daubing were observed.

- GABLE OPENINGDIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION(BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Originally unknown. Presently, 7" to 9" overhang on the E. side. 10" overhang on the W. side. 163 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

- TOTAL BUILDINGHEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Originally unknown. Presently: 10'-4" at the S. end. 101-6" at the N. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Original unknown. Presently, 35°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL(DIAMETERS): HEWN PLATE (NOT ORIGINAL) = 4 3/4" wide x 7" in height W. plate. 5" wide x 61/2" in height E. plate. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM)(NOT ORIGINAL) = 61/2" in diameter. PURLIN(NOT ORIGINAL) = 2 pairs averaging 6" in diameter. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING(NOT ORIGINAL): E.-W. running circular sawn boards (1" x 7 7/8" to14" in width x variable length) were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins. Recently made E.-W. running split shakes measuring 1/4"to 11/4" (Mostly 3/4") x 3" to WI" (mostly 4" to 6") x variable length were nailed on top of the roof boards.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUNDCONNECTION: Originally unknown. Presently, the sill (N.-S.) and spandrel (E.-W.) logs are set on a cement base. It is conjectured that the original floor was packed dirt.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: NONE.

- CELLAR OR CRAWLSPACE: Originally unknown.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The structure was relocated (in1976) from its original site on Wildcat Creek to theSiskiyou County Museum. After relocation, several elements were completelyreplaced. The following wall logs were replaced (MichaelHendryx 1985): 164 6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS (continued)

The E. sill and plate, the S. spandrel, the 1st and 2nd N. wall logs, the W. sill, and both ceiling plates. The purlins, ridgepole, roof boards (E.-W.) and shakes were recent replacements. The 5/8" x 51/2" rake boards were also recent. The attached shed's horizontal boards came from the original site, but it is unknown if they were the original attached shed siding. The vertical posts were recently made.

The wood stove has been removed and its location is unknown. Since there are NO photos of the cabin from prior to removal, it was not possible to describe the elements (mentioned above) which were recently replaced.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

It is conjectured that the original lower wall logs, roof and attached shed were badly deteriorated to necessitate their complete replacement. The present cabin situation is good, even though the windows have been removed.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

Some of the log walls were hewn on four sides which is a unique feature of the cabin. The S.. wall gun port opening made by the square notch on the bottom of the 5th wall log is the only example known on the Forest.

REFERENCES:

Hendryx, Michael 1985 Personal communication with Ali Abusaidi regarding the Louie Lattimore Cabin. 165

SITE # 05-05-55-208

CORRECTION ADDENDUM TO ARCHITECIURAL DATA

ITEM # 5) FOUNDATION AND FLOOR SYSTEMS - SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: During the field investigation of the original site (on 4/17/1985), the rock foundation and floor boards of the Lattimore cabin were observed. The original cabin and attached shed foundation consisted of both natural field and river rocks. The overall dimensions of the cabin floor boards which were still connected together, measured 11'-3" x 14'-3". The floor boards were relocated on-site, to 3m north of the original cabin location. The circular sawn floor boards measured mostly 1 1/8"x12"x8'-6". NO floor joists were observed. Instead, circular sawn 1"x6"s and 1"x8"s of variable length were nailed perpendicular to and underneath of the floor boards to fasten than together. During the displacement of the Lattimore cabin, the floor boards were left on the original site and not moved to the Siskiyou County Museum with the log cabin itself. 15.-0" 3/4/2'-4 1/44t2'-6 i /4"' 3' 6"

B a 1/24 6' 3" 10.-9 1/2" 15.-0"

NOTES:

A.5" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS. B. RECENT ADDITION I" THICK HORIZONTAL BOARD ATTACHED SITE *05-05-55-208 SHED WALLS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL POSTS. LOUIE LATTIMORE LOG CABIN C.1'.-1 5/8" IN WIDTH AND 2 I/4- IN HEIGHT GUN PORT OPENING FLOOR PLAN SQUARE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE 5TH WALL LOG. SCALE-41/4"=r-0" D. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.

ORIGINAL LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE IS UNKNOWN AFTER CABIN RELOCATION. 167

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

Site #05-05-54-47

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS(ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 14'-1"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 18'-1/2"; W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 14'-3/4"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 18'-1".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a loft in the south half (i.e., 9'-6" from the interior of W. wall). The access ladder to the half-loft was located along the middle of the W. wall. There was no chimney. The metal wood stove was located along the S. wall, about 7' -O" from the inside S.W. corner.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of an original attached shed was observed. The only evidence which implies an E. side original front porch (removed) consists of the vertical gable battens which were cut 16" short of the bottom of the vertical gable boards, and a 21/2"x4"x13'-6" horizontal board nailed to the gable boards just below the battens. The portion of the gable boards above the bottom of the battens displays considerable discoloration and stain due to weather exposure, while just below the bottom of battens the degree of stain is much less.

Although it was not possible to detect the original porch dimensions and construction, it is conjectured that the form was a lean-to.

A very recent (since 1976) lean-to open porch made from Douglas-fir poles was constructed on the front E. side by the current mining claim occupant. 168 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - EAST

LENGTH: 14'-1". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-3" at the N. end. 8'-0" at the S. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 5'-6" to 8'-7" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-1" in width x 6'-41/2" in height. The 1st log (sill) was square notched and mitered towards the outside and away from the opening while the 2nd through 5th logs were sawn off and also mitered to the outside for the opening. The logs were sawn on the sides 51/2" from the opening to decrease their widths to 10". In addition, they were mitered (at 20° to 300 angles) to eliminate sharp edges next to the doorway.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door was made of four circular sawn vertical boards, each measuring 7/8" thick x 21/4",101/2" to 10 3/4" in width and 5'-9" in length. The vertical hoards were braced by four circular sawn horizontal boards. Two 91/2" in width x 131/2" in height openings were cut into the front door.

The two door jambs measured 1"x10"x6'-11/4". The two wood trims on the jambs measured 5/8"xl 1/8"x5'-81/2" to 5'-91/2".

The threshold board measured 2" to 21/2" thick x81/2" in width x 2'-10" in length. The head board measured 1"x10"x3'-1/4". The trim over the head board was 3/8" x2"x2'-101/2". All the boards were circular sawn.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height including the sill.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 11" to 18" (sill) in diameter. AVERAGE = 141/2".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. The logs were squared 12" to 151/2" (mostly13") from their ends and mitered at about 20° to 30° angles on the averagetowards the exterior and away from the squared ends. The squared ends of the logs (after notching) averaged111/2" in width (horizontally)x9" in vertical height. The special mitering cut just before the squared ends (of double square 169 2a) ELEVATION ONE EAST (Continued)

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: notches) was most likely done to eliminate the additional sharp corner edges caused by the large size of wall logs.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round machine-made.

CHINKING METHOD: 1" to 2" wide and variable length wedges of hand-split Douglas-fir.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud (from the local soil of Holland- Skallan association or soil mapping Unit 144), twigs and moss mixture.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 NORTH

LENGTH: 18'-1/2". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-6" at the E. end. 6'-4" at the W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 6'-91/2" to 11'-5 3/4" from the N.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPEN- ING): Window opening: 4'-81/4" wide x 2'-41/2" in height. The 4th and 6th logs were square notched (WITHOUT any special mitering or notching as in the door opening) and the 5th log sawn off for the opening. The notch depths varied from 4" to 7".

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window opening is presently partially secured with boards and the window removed. Originally, two side by side 6 pane sash frame windows were utilized. The two window jambs measured 1 "x8 2"x2' -4" to 2'-41/2". The head board measured 1"x81/2"x4'-6". Four 1"x81/2"x4'-6" boards were nailed on top of one another instead of a single window sill.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate. 2b) ELEVATION 2 NORTH 170

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 101/2"(plate) to 15". AVERAGE = 12".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. The squared ends of the logs (after the corner notches) averaged 111/4" in horizontal width x 71/4" by vertical height. Only the 2nd, 3rd and 4th logs (at their E. ends only) had the special mitered (at about 15° to 25° angles) cut just before the double square notches in order to decrease the otherwise sharp edges. The E. end of the 1st log was butted up against the N. end of the E. sill log. The W. half of the 1st log is buried and completely deteriorated.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round machine-made.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the E. wall.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the E. wall.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 WEST

LENGTH: 14'-3/4". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Due to sinking of sill and soil deposition behind the wall, the heights are not original. 5'-2" at the N. end. 5'-6" at the S. end.

LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There were no W. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height..

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 91/2" to 141/2" in diameter. AVERAGE = 12" in diameter.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. The squared ends of the logs averaged 111/4" in horizontal width x 7" in height. The N. ends of the 2nd through 5th logs and the S. end of the 4th log had the special mitered cut before the double square notches. The typical 171 2c) ELEVATION 3 - WEST (Continued)

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. mitered cuts were made 12" to 13" from the log ends and measured 31/2" in depth.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round machine-made.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the E. wall.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the E. wall.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 SOUTH

- LENGTH: 18'-1". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-8" at the E. end. 6'-5" at the W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 9'-8" to 14'-4" from the S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPEN- ING): Window opening: 4'-8" wide x 2'-O" in height. The 4th and 6th logs were square notched (21/2" to 6" in depth) and the 5th sawn off for the opening. Only the 4th and 5th logs (at the E. end of opening) had the special mitered notch cut as in the E. door opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been taken off. Originally, two side by side 6 pane (or 3-muntin) sash frames were used. The head board measured 1"xl1/4"x4'-5". No window sill was yklgg;,c25,,due to its removal. Two window jambs measured

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 11" to 14" in diameter. AVERAGE = 121/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. 172 2d) ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD (Continued): The squared ends averaged 10 3/4" in width x 7 3/4" in height. The E. ends of the 2nd through 4th logs and the W. end of the 4th log had the special mitered cut or notch before the double square notches.

The E. end of the 1st log was butted up against the S. end of the E. sill log without any notching. The W. half of the 1st log was completely buried (badly deteriorated) and not visible.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round machine-made.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the E. wall.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the E. wall.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

14 circular sawn vertical boards (1"x11"to12", mostly 111/2" wide) and 13 battens (1/4"to1/2", mostly 3/8"x2" to 41/2", mostly 31/2") were utilized for the W. gable.

16 circular sawn vertical boards (1"x6"to12", averaging 101/2" wide) and 15 vertical battens (with the same dimensions as the W. gable battens) were used for the W. gable. Vertical boards of both gables were square notched (notches measured 11/2" to 2", mostly 12" in depth x 4" to 6" in width) to receive and support the ends of the E.-W. running purlin boards.

Top of the E. gable opening was 3'-0" below the ridge line. The E. gable opening measured 3'-6" in width x 2'-0" in height. Its two jamb boards were 1"x21/2". The E. gable opening sill measured 1"x4"x3'-10", the head board was 1"x21/2"x 3'-6".

The top of W. gable opening was 2'-6" below the ridge line. Including the top and bottom exterior trims, the opening measured 141/2" in height x 2'-0" in width. It was not possible to closely examine and measure the W. gable opening's exterior trims, jambs, sill and head boards. 173 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS) 12" overhang on both the N. and S. walls.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND) E. elevation total height = 16'-0". W. elevation total height = 13'-3".

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

PITCH ANGLE: 45°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): PLATE = 011" N. plate; 11" S. plate. CEILING JOIST = 5 joists set on 2'-6" to 3'-1" (mostly 3'-0") centers were squared at their ends on the bottom to fit the five square notches (6" to 7" wide each) made on top of each ceiling plate. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = No ridgepole was utilized. Instead, two E.-W. running circular sawn 11/2"x5" and 11/2"x6" ridge boards were nailed on either side of the ridgeline and directly on top of the rafters. PURLIN = 4 pairs of circular sawn purlin boards (E.-W. running) measuring 11/2" mostly to 2"x41/2" to 7" (averaging 51/4") were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the rafters and set on 2'-0" centers. RAFTER = 7 pairs of round (4" to 6" in diameter) rafters were square notched at their ends to fit over the ceiling plates. The rafters were set on 2'-6" to 3'-1" (mostly 3'-0 ") centers. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived cedar shakes (1/4" to 1/2", mostly 3/8"x4" to 8", mostly 6"x2'-6" to 3'-0") were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlin boards. 174 5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The two ends of the E. wall sill log were set on FIELD ROCKS while the rest was left on the leveled ground. The W. wall sill and the two N. and S. spandrel logs were set directly on the ground.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: Because the floor boards (which measured mostly lutol4 "x8"to91-i") were set well off the ground, it is conjectured that floor joists were utilized. However, they were not visible.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTIONOR RELATIONSHIP: Not visible.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

With the exception of following elements, the entire cabin exterior is original. As implied by the discoloration of the bottom of vertical gable boards and battens, the length of battens and a 21/2"x4"x13'-6" horizontal board which was nailed to the bottom of the gable boards, an original front E. porch is inferred. However, this porch (of unknown construction) was removed at an unknown date, and sometime after 1976 a horizontal Douglas-fir pole crib-wall construction E. side porch was built. Recently, the N. and S. wall window openings (original windows removed) have been partially secured with boards and cardboard. Some of the roof shakes have been replaced during maintenance work. The cabin interior was not examined for modifications.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

Essentially, the cabin exterior is in good shape. The W. wall sill and the N. and S. wall spandrel logs display considerable dry-rotting and wood decay. Due to settling and sinking of the structure, the above-mentioned lower wall logs are almost completely buried by the up-slope soil erosion. This has caused lack of drainage and ventilation under the cabin and increased the rate of decay. The remaining wall logs and crown-ends are in goodcondition. Removal of the windows is allowing moisture to causedry- rotting of interior elements. Some of the roof shakes need to be replaced. Continued use of the site will increase the potential for further damage. 175 8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

The wall logs at the N.E., S.E. and N.W. corners were squared 12" to 151/2" from their ends and then mitered (at 20° to 30° angles) towards the outside and away from the Double Square notches. This was also done at the door opening in order to eliminate the additional sharp edges which otherwise would have been caused by squaring the ends of large diameter logs. This type of special detail mitered cut before the squared ends has not been observed in any other log cabin in the Forest.

The square notches made at the eave ends of the rafters for connection with the ceiling plates are rare in other structures. I8'-1/2" 4'-8 1/4" 6'-9 1/2"

NOTES:

A.12" THICK N. AND W. LOG WALLS. B.12 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL. C.14 1/2" THICK E. LOG WALL. D. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER 9'-6" CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. THE CORNERS ARE SQUARED 12" TO 15 1/2" FROM THE LOG ENDS AND THEN MITERED AT 20' TO 30' ANGLES ION THE AVERAGES TOWARDS THE OUT$1DE AND AWAY FROM THE DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHES. THE SPECIAL G MITERED CUTS BEFORE THE CORNER NOTCHES ARE TYPICALLY 3 1/2" 14 DEPTH - AND 13" FROM THE LOGENDS. E. THE 4TH S. WALL LOG SQUARE NOTCH FOR THE WINDOW OPENING WITH SPECIAL MITERED CUTS GAT ABOUT 30' ANGLE) IN THE 4TH AND 5TH LOGS ON THE E. SIDE OF THE OPENING WITH REMOVED SLL. F. THE 1ST E. WALL LOG ISLL) SQUARE NOTCH FOR THE DOOR OPENING WITH SPECIAL 20' TO 30' ANGLE MITERED CUTS. 6.6*-0" IN HEIGHT VERTICAL WOODEN LADDER SET 14 26"x34' LOFT 9'-8" 4' 8" ACCESS OPENING CUT THROUGH 18' I" LOFT FLOOR BOARDS. H. DOUBLE BARREL METAL STOVE WITH 23"14 DIAMETER BOTTOM BARREL AND 14" IN DIAMETER TOP BARREL AND A 5 1/2" ROUND PPING. SITE *05-05-54-47 1. E. EXTENT OF W. HALF CELING LOFT. GUNBARREL MINE LOG CABIN J.1"10 3/8" ION THE AVERAGE) FLOOR PLAN LOFT FLOOR BOARDS. SCALE: 1/4"mr-0" 177 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

FLORENCE KENDRICK COOPER LOG CABIN K.C. MINE LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-51-116

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 18'-4"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 21'-10"; E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 18'-2"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 22'-2".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan with three interior partition walls, made with horizontal boards nailed to vertical studs. The ceiling and roof have been removed. However, from the existing ceiling joists it can be conjectured that originally there was a loft. There is no evidence of a chimney nor of a stove and piping.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Outline of an enclosed covered porch (presently removed) with shake exterior siding extends 6'-6" beyond the W. wall. Wood floor for another porch or deck (removed) extends 7'-6" beyond the S. wall. An east room addition with the same width as the cabin (i.e., 18'-4") extends 16'-2" beyond the E. wall. Box construction system with vertical boards nailed to pole braces was used for the addition. A pole and shake work shed was constructed on the E. side of the addition.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE WEST

LENGTH: 18'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): Wall heights were not measured because of the fallen boards and building debris in and around the cabin. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 3'-10" to 7' -O" from the S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Door opening: 3'-2" in width x 6'-6" in height. The 1st through 8th wall logs have been sawn off for the dooropening. 178

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE WEST

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Door has been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 9" to 121/2". TYPICAL = 91/2"

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left round with the exception of the 4th and 8th logs which were hewn with a broadaxe on the inside only to align with the rest of the wall logs. The logs were WITH THE BARK on the outside but peeled on the interior.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round nails in the wall logs. Large square spikes were observed on top of the ceiling joists only.

- CHINKING METHOD: None on the exterior. Variable size split boards were used on the interior of walls.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud, moss and newspaper. More recently cement has been put on the original mud and moss daubing.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 SOUTH

- LENGTH: 21'-10". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLETO GROUND): Wall height was not measurable because of the debris pile surrounding the cabin. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Presently there is a single S. wall opening from 4=91/2" to 19'-11" from the S.W. corner. Originally there were two window openings (as depicted by a 1981 photo) and recently the 4th through 7th wall logs in between the two openings have been removed, thus making it impossible to determine their provenience and precise widths. Both openings were 3'-6" in height.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Present single opening after dismantling of the 4ththrough 7th logs: 3'-6" in height and 15'-11/2" in length. The 4th through 7th logs were sawn off for both of the openings. 179

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 SOUTH

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Windows have been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 10 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 8" to 12". TYPICAL = 91/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: All the logs with the exception of the plate were PEELED and left ROUND. The ceiling plate was hand hewn to an 8" x 8" square beam.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Same as the W. elevation.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the W. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the W. wall.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 EAST

- LENGTH: 18'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not measurable. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 3'-2" in width and 6'-6" in height. The 1st and 8th logs were square notched and the 2nd through 7th sawn off for the opening. Opening located 3'-2" to 6' -4" from the S.E. corner. CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Door has been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE= 7" to 10". MOSTLY = 9".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: All the wall logs were peeled and left round with the exception of the 6th and 9th logs which were hewn with a broadaxe on the inside only toalign with the rest of the wall logs.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH. 180

2c) ELEVATION 3 EAST

LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the W. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud, moss and newspaper.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 NORTH

LENGTH: 22'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not measurable. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: East window opening: From 4'-6" to 7'-10" from the N.E. corner. West window opening: From 4'-7" to 7'-9" from the N.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Eastwindow opening: 3'-4" in widthand2'-6"inheight. Westwindow opening: 3'-2" in widthand2'-4"inheight. 4thwall log was square notched and5thand6thlogs sawn offfor both openings.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Both windows have been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 8" to 13" in diameter. MOSTLY = 10".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: All the logs with the exception of the ceiling plate were PEELED and left ROUND. The ceiling plate was hand hewn to an 8" x 8" square beam.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round nails used in the wall logs. Large square spikes were observed on top of the ceilingjoists only. 181

2d) ELEVATION 4 NORTH

- CHINKING METHOD: Variable size split boards were used on both the exterior and interior. Most of the chinking consists of variable length 1" x 4"s and 1" x 8"s.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Original mixture consisted of mud, moss and newspaper. Cement has been used during repairs and maintenance.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

The roof and both gables have been dismantled by the owners in order to remove the cabin.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: Not observable.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Not observable.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Not measurable.

4) ROOF

The entire GABLE roof has been romoved.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 30° (estimated from a 1981 photo).

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 8"x8" hand hewn square beams. CEILING JOIST = 5" to 7" (MOSTLY 6") round logs. JOISTS CENTERING = 7 ceiling joists on 36" to 42" (MOSTLY 36") centers. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) =.Not observable due to roof removal. PURLIN = Not observable. RAFTER = All but the porch rafters are gone. The 4 collapsed porch rafters measure 2 3/4" to 41/2" in diameter and are set on 20" centers. TRUSSES = Not observable.

- ROOF COVERING: A 1981 photo of the cabin, before the removal of the roof, depicts the use of hand-rived shakes for the main cabin roof and sheets of corrugated iron for the porch roof. However, during the field investigation no evidence of the roof shakes was observed for measurements. 182

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

Because the cabin was being dismantled a large pile of logs, poles, boards and other building materials surrounded the base of all four walls and prevented any views of the floors, the lower wall logs, the sill logs and the foundation.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: Not observable.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: Not observable.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: Not observable.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin exterior is essentially original except for the repair and maintenance modifications done on the W. and E. wall logs. Small half-round log butts were wedged in under the 7th and 8th E. wall logs and the N. end of the 7th W. wall log in order to replace the deteriorated portions of those logs. The cement daubing on all 4 walls has been put on top of the original daubing mixture more recently. Due to the removal of the roof, both porches, windows and doors, it was not possible to look for any alterations in those elements.

It appeared that the interior partitions were not original, rather later modifications, although it was not possible to verify this. The interior walls consisted of variable dimension horizontal circular sawn boards nailed to 31/2" to 6" round vertical poles which were used as studs. More recent wall paper was put on the horizontal boards.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

Prior to the recent dismantlement of the cabin, the structure appeared in good condition. The only evidence of deterioration was at the log crown ends. However, currently (at the time of this field investigation, i.e., 11-11-1983) the cabin is being dismantled for removal, thus it is in very poor shape.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

All the wall logs were left round with the exceptionof the N. and S. ceiling plates. The two ceiling plates were hand hewn to 8"x8" square beams. The use or mixing of both round and hewn logs in the same structure is rare for the knownlog cabins in the Klamath National Forest. 183

SITE 05-05-51-116 FLORENCE (KENDRICK) COOPER LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"x1.-0"

NOTES: A. 9 1/2" THICK W. AND S. LOG WALLS. B.9" THICK E. LOG WALL. C.10" THICK N. LOG WALL. D. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. SILL AND SPANDREL ORIENTATIONS ARE UNOBSERVABLE. E. REMOVED N. WALL WINDOWS. EARLY STRUCTURE PHOTOSDEPICT 6 PANE SASH FRAMES CONJECTURED TO HAVE BEEN ORIGINAL. F. REMOVED SECTION OF S. WALL LOGS AND WINDOW OPENINGS. EARLYPHOTOS DEPICT ORIGINAL 6 PANE AND 12 PANE SASH FRAMES FOR THE 2 OPENINGS. DIMENSIONS ARE CONJECTURED FROM PHOTOS. G.1%12" CIRCULAR SAWN HORIZONTAL BOARDS NAILED TO 2"x4-VERTICAL STUD POSTS FOR AN INTERIOR PARTITION. H.I":12" HORIZONTAL BOARDS NAILED TO 3 1/2" TO 4" ROUND VERTICALPOSTS FOR INSIDE PARTITIONS IONE REMOVED). I. REMOVED DOORS. OPENING NOTCHED OR SAWN UNDETERMINED. J.APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING. K. ENTIRELY COLLAPSED AND REMOVED ENCLOSED COVEREDPORCH. EARLY PHOTOS DEPICT AN ORIGINAL PORCH MADE OF VERTICAL STUD POSTS ANDSPLIT SHAKE SIDING CONSTRUCTION WITH THREE WINDOW AND ONE DOOROPENINGS. UNRECORDED ATTACHED KITCHEN (16.-2"x18"-2") AND WOOD SHED ON THEE. SIDE WERE BEING REMOVED DURING THIS FIELDWORK. 6' 6" 22' 2" 4'-7" 3' 2"-i' le---3.-4" 4' 6"

I -1

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4' 8"--k 21'-10"

SITE 05-05-51-116 FLORENCE (KENDRICK) COOPER LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE.3/16".41.-0" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD 184 (CONTINUATION SHEET):

MESDAMES ELIZABETH GRAHAM AND MIMS LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-138

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS(ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N.E. Wall (S.E. -N.W. =16' -4i "; N.W. Wall (N.E.-S.W.)=9'-7"; S.W. Wall (S.E.-N.W. =16'-6"; S.E. Wall (N.E.- S.W.)= 9' -6 ".

PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. 1/3 partial loft at the S.E. end with access ladder in the E. corner. The wood stove and its piping are located about the middle of the S.W. wall. No chimney was constructed.

- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: N.W. side extended roof elements covered porch measures 6'-O" (S.E.-N.W.) x 9'-9" (N.E.-S.W.). S.W. side attached lean-to shed measures 7'-O" (N.E.-S.W.) x 13'-2" (N.W.-S.E.).

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE N.W. LENGTH: 9'-7". - HEIGHT(BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-3t" at the N.E. end. 6'-4T" at the S.W. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: 2'-41" to 5'-2" from W. corner. Window opening: 1'-6" to 3'-8" from N. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-9-1" in width x 5'-102" in height. The 1st and 15th wall logs are square notched and the 2nd thru. 14th sawn off for door opening. Window opening: 2'-2" in width x 2'-0" in height. The 8th thru. 12th wall logs are sawn off for window opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window consists of a 2 muntin sash frame with 4 panes or lights. The door is made of 3 circular sawn vertical boards of 1"x5", 8" and 15"x5'-10" in dimension with diagonal Z-shaped bracing of 14 "x4"x2'-4", 12 "x41"x2'-4" and 11"x2ex41-6". One existing circular sawn door jamb measures 2"x41"x51-10". Three threshold boards (4" to 3/4" in thickness) are used. their widths are not measurable due to the locked door. 185 2a) ELEVATION ONE N.W.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 3e to 7" in diameter. AVERAGE = 51". - TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: RANGE = 3" to 7". AVERAGE = 4 3/4". - EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: 7/8" to 12" round poles nailed in between wall logs. - DAUBING MIXTURES: Infill mixture behind the chinking consists of silty clay and moss.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO N.E.

- LENGTH: 16'-41".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-10" at the N.W. end. 7'-21" at the S.E. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: S.E. end window opening: 1'-6" to 6'-6" from E. corner. N.W. end window opening: 1'-4" to 6'-4" from N. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING(LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): S.E. end opening: 5'-3/4" in width x 2'-6" in height. N.W. end opening: 5'4" in width x 2'-51" in height. The 8th and 14th wall logs are square notched while logs 9th thru. 13th are sawn off for both window openings.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS: Two side by side 3 muntin sash frames with 6 panes (one removed) are used in the S.E. end opening. The N.W. end window is entirely gone. The two circular sawn S.E. end window jambs measure 1*" x5"x2'-51". The sill measures 12 "x6".

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height including the ceiling plate. - SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 6" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5". TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. 186 2b) FLEVATION TWO - N.E.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: Same as the N.W. elevation.

- EXTERIOR FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: I" to 14-;" round poles nailed between logs.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Silty clay and moss mixture.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION THREE - S.E.

LENGTH: 9' -6 ".

- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): 7'-4" at the N.E. end. 7'-1" at the S.W. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no S.E. wall openings. - NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 31" to 61" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5". - TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION: Same as the N.W. elevation.

LOG END PROJECTIONS: Same as the N.W. elevation.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: 5/8" to 2" (with majority being 1") round peeled poles nailed in between wall logs. - DAUBING MIXTURES: Not visible, but conjectured to be similar to other elevations.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - S.W. - LENGTH: 16'-6".

- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): 7'-2" at the N.W. end. 7'-1" at the S.E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no S.W. wall openings. 2d) ELEVATION FOUR S.W. 187

- HUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 4" to 7" in diameter. AVERAGE = 5". - TREATMENT OF LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION: Same as the N.W. elevation.

LOG END OVERHANGS: Same as the N.W. elevation.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: 5/8" to 1 3/4" round poles nailed in between only the 13th and 14th wall logs. - DAUBING MIXTURES: Not visible, but conjectured to be similar to other walls.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

The S.E. and N.W. gables are made of 21 and 23 vertical poles respectively, with the center vertical pole of each gable supporting the double ridgepoles. The peeled poles of the gables measure 3.1" to 5" with the majority being 44" in diameter. There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDEWALLS): Overhang varies from 71" to 81".

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 10'-61" at the N.W. end. 10'-8" at the S.E. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 30°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE DIAMETERS: CEILING PLATES = 42" average diameter. CEILING JOISTS = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Double ridgepoles: Bottom one = 5" round. Top one = 31" in diameter. PURLINS = 3 pairs: 3 3/4" to 5", mostly 4" in diameter. RAFTERS = 3 pairs: 3" to 4" range, set on 8'-0" centers. TRUSSES, COLLAR TIES and COLLAR BRACES = NONE. 188 4) ROOF

ROOF COVERING: N.E. to S.W. running hand-rived shakes measuring Ai" to 1" (mostly 3/8") in thickness, 5k" to 7" (mostly 61") in width and mostly 2'-6" in length, were nailed directly on top of and perpendicular to the N.W.-S.E. running purlins. Several 1"x12" circular sawn boards observed and conjectured to be replacement parts from during repairs of roof shakes. No sheathing boards were observed.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Natural field rocks with mud mortar are set under all 1st wall logs.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = 10 N.E.-S.W. running joists. Dimensions and measurements were not taken.

FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: There are 8 square notches in each of the two S.E.-N.W. running sills to receive the 10 N.E.-S.W. running floor joists which are nailed together. The floor joists are set on 2'-4" centers (on the average).

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin appears to be almost completely in its original shape and form. Very little or no alterations are observed on the exterior. Only the windows and the lean-to shed may have later elements, but this is not certain.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The structure is generally in very good condition.Apparently the well-drained ground and the ventilation beneath the cabin due to the rocks on which the sills are set, have greatly decreased deterioration rate. The N.W. wall's 1st log displays dry rot, cracks and expansion at its ends. This appears to be the only structural element in poor shape and may need replacing in the near future. The removal of two windows allow moisture to the interior of cabin.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT) Double ridgepole (one on top of the other) supported by both center vertical gable logs which are set into the central notches of the 15th or top N.W. and S.E. wall logs. The center vertical S.E. gable log is 42" in diameter and 3'-0" in height. 12' 8"

NOTES:

A.5 1/2" THICK N.W. LOG WALL. B. 5" THICK NI.. S.E. AND S.W. LOG WALLS. C. DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 4 3/4" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANGS. 42'-01' /-2'- 0 " D. TWO SIDE BY SIDE 6 PANE SASH J FRAMES IN ONE WINDOW OPENING. RI E. 4 PANE SASH FRAME WINDOW. F.S.E. HALF CEL1NG LOFT WITH A E. CORNER LADDER. ESTIMATED 1"s10 1/2" (AVE.) LOFT B FLOOR BOARDS. G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD -t" STOVE (UNOBSERVABLE) AND ITS PIPING. H.N.W. END OPEN OPEN WALL 0. 6' 6" q). COVERED PORCH WITH 2 VERTICAL a> POST SUPPORTS SET ON PORCH F FLOOR BOARDS (MOSTLY 1-8"1. LEAN-TO OPEN SHED WITH FOUR VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS 14 1/2" IN AVE. DIAMETER). ONLY N.W. WALL ENCLOSED. J.HORIZONTAL TOP PLATE LOG SUPPORTING CORRUGATED D B D METAL ROOF. ; 5'-0" 5' 0" l'-4" I6'-4 (/2" 6' 0" SITE 05-05-54-138 ELIZABETH GRAHAM AND Mrs. MIMS LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:I/4-0'4r 190 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

ALEXANDER PARKER HOMESTEAD LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-55-18

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONSLENGTHS): N.W. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 15'-1"; S.W. wall (N.W.-S.E.) = 16'-10". The N.E. and S.E. wall lengths were not measured due to a large hornet's nest in the E. corner of the cabin.

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no original loft nor chimney. Original wood stove has been removed. The wood stove piping goes through the roof just S.W. of the center (ridge line) of the cabin.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: There is no attached shed nor porch.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - N.W.

- LENGTH: 15'-1" HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the N.E. end = 6'-2". At the S.W. end = LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 3'-11" to 6'-9" from the W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-10" wide x 6'-6" in height. The 1st wall log (sill log) and the 1st gable log were square notched for the door opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The cabin door has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: TYPICAL HEWN LOGS = 7" in width or thickness and 12" to 15" in height. 2a) ELEVATION ONE N.W. 191 TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hand hewn with a chop- ping axe and broadaxe on the sides but left round on their tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs. Round wire nails in the chinking.

CHINKING METHOD: Circular sawn 1" x 7" to 9" (mostly 8" wide) and variable length boards.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local grayish silty sand.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.

LENGTH: 16'-10" - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the N.W. end = 7'-2". At the S.E. end = 7'-6". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 6'-81/2" to 9'-1" from the W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-41/2" wide x 2'-0" in height. The 3rd wall log was square notched and the 4th log sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window (Not original): 4 pane sash frame type.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 71/2" in width x 12" to 17" in height. MOSTLY = 7" wide x 14" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hewn on either side but left round on tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE. 2b) ELEVATION 2 S.W. 192 NAIL TYPES: Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs. Round wire nails in the chinking.

CHINKING METHOD: 2 circular sawn 1" x 8"s and 2" x 4"s (variable lengths) between the 3rd, 4thand 5th logs presently remain.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local grayish silty sand.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - S.E.

LENGTH: Not measured because of a large hornet's nest. HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): N.E. end not measured due to a hornet's nest. At the S.W. end = 6'-10". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 5'-4" to 7'-10" from the S. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'-6" wide x 2'-6" in height. The 2nd and 4th wall logs were square notched and the 3rd log sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: The wall logs were not measured, however, they appeared to have similar dimensions as those of the N.E. wall logs, i.e., 7" to 8" in width and 14" in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The wall logs were hewn on two sides and left round on tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the N.W. elevation.

- CHINKING METHOD: Same as the N.W. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N.W. elevation. 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 N.E. 193 LENGTH: Not measured because of a large hornet's nest. HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the N.W. end = 6'-8". Not measured at the S.E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 8" in width x 14" to 15" (plate log) in height. MOSTLY = 8" in width x 14" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hand hewn on two sides and left round on tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Square nails (hand wrought) in the wall logs. Round wire nails in the chinking.

- CHINKING METHOD: Circular sawn 1/2"to 3/4" (mostly 3/4") thick x 8" to 11" (mostly 8") in width and variable length boards.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from local grayish silty sand.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

HORIZONTAL LOGS: 4 hand hewn logs in each gable. Gable chinking method is similar to that of the N.W. wall.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 10" overhang to the sheathing boards. 12" overhang to the roof shakes.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): ll' -O" at the N.W. end. Due to a hornet's nest no height measurement was taken at the S.E. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 25°. 4) ROOF 194 DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = Hand hewn N.E. plate is 8" wide x 15" in height. Hewn S.W. plate is71/2" wide x 14" in height. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE = 5" at the N.W. end. PURLIN = 3 pairs of purlins measuring 31/2"to 41/2" at N.W. end and 4" to 6" at the S.E. end set on 20" to 24" centers (mostly 20"). RAFTER = 10 pairs of rafters consisting of circular sawn 1" x 5"s to 8"s set on 24" centers. Sheathing boards (circular sawn 1" x 10"s to 12"s) are nailed perpendicular to and on top of the rafters. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived Sugar pine shakes nailed perpendicular and directly on top of the sheathing boards.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE: 3/8" x 6" x 2'-0" to 2'-6" in length.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS: Field rocks were used under all but the N.W. wall. The N.W. sill log is set directly on the ground. This could be due to the separate and detached floor joist system from the lower wall logs.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: 9 floor joists are set on 2" x 10" wooden blocks and field rocks without any connections to the wall logs.

- TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE): 4" x 6" joists.

JOISTS CENTERING: Floor joists are set on 24" centers.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: The floor joists are set parallel to the N.E. to S.W. running sill logs. There are no connections between the S.W.-N.E. running joists and the 1st N.E. and S.W. wall logs (i.e., the spandrel logs). Thus, the floor system is independent of the walls.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE observed.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: Since the floor system is separate and not connected to the wall logs, one could conjecture that it is not the original floor.

Circular sawn boards were used for the roof rafters and sheathing, for the door and window jamb and head boards, and for the chinking. 6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS 195 In addition, only round wire nails were observed in these elements whereas hand wrought square nails were used in the rest of the original cabin parts. These are later modifications from during repairs and maintenance. Also, the loft and the electrical hookup system are recent.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION Considering the relatively early construction date, the cabin wall logs are in good shape. The S.W. wall logs and the N.E. ceiling plate have dry-rotted. Due to uneven sloping ground beneath the cabin (especially towards the S.E. end), differential settlement of the wall logs and floor joists is taking place. This will be getting worse because of the eroding soil under the S.E. half of the structure. The N.W. sill log is set directly on the ground and is slowly deteriorating. The cabin interior has not been taken care of and is in poor condition.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT) Hand-carved squared wooden dowels were used (as pegs) in the ends of the ceiling plates to fasten the corner notches of the adjoining wall logs. C

B NOTES: u A A.7" THICK N.W. AND S.W. HEWN LOG WALLS. B.7 1/2" THICK S.E. HEWN LOG WALL. : C.8" THICK N.E. HEWN LOG WALL. F D. HALF DOVETAIL NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. E. FOUR PANE SASH FRAME WINDOW. F.. REMOVED S.E. WALL WINDOW. G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF 8" ROUND WOOD STOVE PIPING. ORIGINAL © WOOD STOVE HAS BEEN REMOVED. 7

THE N.E. AND S.E. WALLS WERE NOT MEASURED DUE TO LARGE HORNET'S NEST E A IN THE E. CORNER. I I 6' 8 1/2" 2.-4 1/24--- 16'-I0"

SITE 05-05-55-18 ALEXANDER PARKER HOMESTEAD LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"ar-O" 197

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

RICHARD HAYDEN LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-55-193

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S.E. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 11'-0"; S.W. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 16'-31/2"; N.W. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 111-4"; N.E. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 16'-4".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft and no chimney. The wood stove has been removed, but some evidence of its remains suggests that it was located 18" away from the S.W. wall and 4'-0" from the S.E. wall.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E.

LENGTH: 11'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-6" at middle of the wall. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 4'-0" to 6'-7" from the S. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-7" in width x 6'-6" in height. The 1st (sill log) and 9th logs were square notched while the 2nd through 8th were sawn off for the opening. 198

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE S.E.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Door was made of 5 circular sawn vertical boards measuring: 7/8"x2 3/4"x2'-101/2"; 7/8"x111/2"x2'-101/2"; 1"x 11 5/8"x2'-101/2";11/4"x2 7/8"x6'-3" (two end boards). The vertical boards are braced from behind by two horizontal 7/8"x3 3/4" and 7/8"x61/4" and 2'-10" in length. The two door jambs measured 7/8"x71/2" and 1 1/8"x71/4". Two strips on the jambs were 1 1/8"x 2 1/8" and 1"x4". Two boards on either side of the door opening measured 3/4"x91/4" and 7/8"x11 3/4" and 6'-0" in length.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2" to 7.3/4" in width and 8i" to 10t" in height.\ AVERAGE = 71/2" in width x 9 3/4" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hewn on two sides and left rJund on their tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: All but the sill and the 9th logs were DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED. The sill and the top (or 9th) logs were SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED on top. Size range of notches measured 21/4"to 5" in vertical depth or height and 61/2" to 8" in horizontal width.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Hand-wrought square nails utilized for fastening the notches of the adjoining log ends.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.

- LENGTH: 16'-31/2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-4" at middle of the wall. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 7'-4" to 9'-41/2" from the W. corner. 199

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 2'- 1/2" wide x l'-7" in height. The 5th and 8th logs were square notched (only 1/2" deep notch) and the 7th log sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window opening shutter (not original) was made of two circular sawn horizontal 3/4" x 7" and 111/4" boards, and two vertical 3/4" x 31/2" boards. Two strap- hinges (used vertically) attach the shutter onto the 8th wall log. Only round nails were observed in the shutter. The jambs, head and sill boards were covered up and not observable (not accessible.)

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2" to 7 3/4" in width x 9" to 10 3/4" in height. AVERAGE = 71/2" in width x 10" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hewn with a broadaxe on the sides and left round on their tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: All but the ceiling plate (log) were DOUBLE SQUARE notched. The ceiling plate log was SINGLE SQUARE notched on its bottom. Three wooden pegs (dowels) at the N.W. end and two at the S.E. end of the plate were used to fasten the top N.W. and S.E. wall logs. The peg holes were 1" in diameter each.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Same as the S.E. wall. Also, ROUND nails were observed in the window opening shutter.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE. 200

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 N.W.

- LENGTH: 11'-4". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-8" at middle of the wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N.W. wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 Douglas-fir logs in height.

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 7 3/4" in width x 8 3/4" to 101/2" in height. AVERAGE = 71/4" wide x 91/2" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the S.E. wall. Additional- ly, the two ends of the 9th log were mitered at 450 angle to match the roof pitch.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S.E. wall.

- LOG ENDS OVERHANGS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Same as the S.E. wall.

- CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 N.E.

- LENGTH: 16'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-3 3/4" at middle of the wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N.E. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 9 Douglas-fir logs including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2" to 7 3/4" in width x 81/2" to 101/2" in height. AVERAGE = 71/2" wide x 9 3/4" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the S.W. wall. Additional- ly, the 8th and 9th (ceiling plate) logs were hewn on four sides to almost a square beam. 201

2d) ELEVATION 4 N.E.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S.W. wall. Addi- tionally, a 1" in diameter peg hole was made at each end of the ceiling plate.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the S.E. wall.

- CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

1"x12" circular sawn HORIZONTAL BOARDS laid on the N.W. side of the cabin as both gables and roof have collapsed and some elements (i.e., S.E. gable boards, ridgepole) removed. The ends of the N.W. gable boards and the 9th N.W. wall log were mitered at 45° angles to match the roof pitch.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: Unobservable.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THESIDE WALLS): Not observable due to thecollapsed roof.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROMRIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Unobservable.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 45° (from mitered ends of collapsed gable boards).

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): HEWN PLATE = 7" wide x 9 3/4" in height, N.E. plate. 71/4" wide x 9" in height, S.W. plate. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Unobservable. PURLIN = NONE. RAFTER = 3" to 4" round rafters. Unknown numbers. TRUSSES = NONE. 202

4) ROOF

- ROOF COVERING: 7/8"x8" to 12" (mostly 10") wide and variable length circular sawn N.W. to S.E. running sheathing boards (not spaced) were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the N.E.-S.W. running rafters. No roof shakes were observed. Tar paper comprised the final roof cover finish.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Natural field rocks were utilized only under the ends of the two N.W. and S.E. wall sills, while middle of the sill and spandrel logs were set directly on the ground or left suspended.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: Not all joists were visible. Their number and centering were unobservable.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: N.E. to S.W. running joists were not attached to the N.W. to S.E. running spandrel logs. Most likely they were set directly on the ground.

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: None observed.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin door, window shutter, jamb, sill and head boards, roof sheathing boards and tar paper finish are not original. It is not known when the original roof was replaced. The interior was not closely observed due to the great amount of collapsed roof and gable parts.

The four walls were original.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The roof and gables have collapsed allowing moisture to increase dry-rotting and wood decay as evidenced by the badly deteriorated floor boards, sill and spandrel logs. The ends of the first three S.E. and S.W. wall logs have been pushed out of the S. corner notches, thus increasing weight pres- sure on the other three corners and lower logs. The sills and spandrels display the most signs of dry-rotting. Both ceiling plates and the 8th N.E. wall logs have fallen. Al- though field rocks were put under the four corners, no additional support was provided for the rest of the sill and 203

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

spandrel log lengths. Structural sinking has caused ground to 1st log contact hence decreasing cabin's chances of survival.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

Utilization of logs which were hewn on the sides first and then numbered (with ROMAN NUMERALS 1 through 36) to track the order of arrangement for during assembly.

Wooden pegs were used at the ends of the ceiling plates and the top S.E. and N.W. wall logs in order to fasten the adjoining notches. I6'-4"

B A

-7. -71- N. ::. NOTES: .k. --i 0 A.7 1/2" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS. B. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. C. WINDOW SHUTTER MADE OF TWO I HORIZONTAL 3/4"x7" AND II 1/4" 4. CIRCULAR SAWN BOARDS WITH VERTICAL a 0 METAL STRAP-HINGES USED IN THE OPENING. D. LOCATION OF 6" ROUND STOVE PIPING. C WOOD STOVE HAS BEEN REMOVED. / I I / 7' 4" )(2'-1/24 16' -3 1/2"

SITE *05-05-55-193 RICHARD HAYDEN LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4".sr-0" ot\.) N 205

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

EUGENE R. STROUSS LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-58-19

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N. Elev. = 19'-8"; E. Elev. = 25'-10". S. Elev. = 20"-0"; W. Elev. = 25'-6".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular with loft located in the north half of the cabin. One wood stove piping hole through the loft in the N.W. corner and the other in the center of the north wall of cabin.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: None observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE NORTH

LENGTH: 19'-8". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the W. end = 9'-2". At the E. end = 10'-3". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: No wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2" to 10". AVERAGE = 71/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18". RANGE = 17"-18".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed. 2a) ELEVATION ONE - NORTH 206

- DAUBING MIXTURES: "Papier mache" newspaper and mud mix.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH

LENGTH: 20'-0".

HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At S.E. end = 9'-2". At S.W. end = 9'-9".

LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window from S.W. corner: 4'-8" to 1F-1". Door from S.E. corner: 20" to 4'-10".

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): 6th and 11th logs were notched for a 3' high and 6'-5" wide window opening. 1st and 10th logs were notched for 3'-2" wide and 5'-9" (conjectured) in height door opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Windows and doors have been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 14 logs in height.

- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6"-91/2". AVERAGE = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

LOGEND OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18". RANGE = 18"-19".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: "Papier mache."

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 EAST

LENGTH: 25'-10". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): S. end = 9'-8". N. end = 10'-0". Opening for window from S.E. corner: 3'-6" to 7'-4".

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): 6th wall log square notched and 7th-8th sawn off for a 2=0" in height and 3'-10" wide window opening. EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 2c) EAST 207 - CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2"-91/2". AVERAGE = 7".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18". RANGE = 17"-18".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE OBSERVED.

DAUBING MIXTURES: "Papier mache" newspaper and mud.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 WEST

LENGTH: 25'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): N. end = 9'-4". S. end = 9T-8". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: N. window from N.W. corner: 2'-10" to 9'-1". Front door from N.W. corner: 11' -2" to 14'-4". S. window from S.W. corner:2=8" to 9'-0".

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): 6th-9th wall logs sawn for the two window openings, both of which are 3'-0" in height and 6'-4" in width. The 1st log beneath the door opening is missing, but the 10th log was square notched for the 6'-2" high door.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Windows and door have been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 15 logs in height including ceiling plate.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6"-9". AVERAGE = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH. 2d) ELEVATION 4 WEST 208 LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18". RANGE = 17"-181/2".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: "Papier mache" newspaper and mud mix.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

HORIZONTAL LOGS: 15 logs in each gable. Gable logs measure 6" to 91/2"(mostly 8") .

GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: 6'-10" wide x 3'-0" high loft window opening centered in the north gable, and 4'-4" below the ridge line. South gable opening is also centered and measures 6'-6" in width and 4'-4" in height.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): At the north end: 20"-22". At the south end: 20"-22"; 24" conjectured for the original eave overhang.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 19'-6" measured at the north wall elevation.

4) ROOF:

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 45°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 8" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = 2nd joist from the south end notched every 1611-18" for full-sized 2" x 4"s j_ to the joists for the loft floor boards.

RIDGEPOLE = 61/2" in diameter. PURLIN = 6 pairs of purlins; 51/2"-7" range, 6" average on 18" centers. RAFTER = None. TRUSSES = None

- ROOF COVERING: SHAKES (Hand-rived) are in poor condition. 4) ROOF 209 DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 3/8" x 6"-7" wide x 2'-6" to 3' long, with the majority being 2'-6" long.

FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The sills are set directly on the ground without any footing or support.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: None. Originally dirt floor.

- FLOOR JOISTS TOSILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: Originally dirt floor, later NrS.running 1 3/4" x 5" boards set on 14" centers inside on the ground with ErW.running 31/2" x 3/4" tongue and groove floor boards.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS, Most of the cabin elements are original with the exception of the N.-S. running floor supports and the floor boards which were later added to what was originally a dirt floor.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION Generally, the cabin is in very poor condition and may collapse at any time. Since the sills were set directly on the ground they have completely rotted and allowed for no ventilation beneath the structure. All of the lower wall logs are in poor shape and the whole building is leaning out towards the west. This along with the partial collapse of the lower south wall increases the chances of falling. The roof cover is in bad shape and leaks water.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT) The number of gable logs (i.e., 15) is greater than the wall logs (i.e., 14), thus giving the roof a steeper pitch angle (i.e., about 45°) than most log cabins.

9) OTHER Considerable vandalism has also caused a great amount of damage to the interior of the cabin. The doors, windows, some of the floor boards, and the staircase have been removed. 25' 6" 6' 4" 2' 2" 2' 1" 6'-4"

E A E NOTES:

A.8" THICK (AVE.) W. AND S. LOG GO WALLS. 8.7 1/2" THICK (AVE.) N. LOG WALL. C.7" THICK (AVE.) E. LOG WALL O. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH 18" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANGS. E. REMOVED DOORS AND WINDOWS. F. REMOVED STAIRCASE. 6. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD STOVES AND THEIR PIPINGS (BOTH REMOVED). H. APPROXIMATE S. END OF N. HALF 0 GO CEILING LOFT. 0 t--3 -1"

3'-6" 25*-10" SITE 005-05-58-19 EUGENE STROUSS LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"=r-0" 211

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

ABRAMS TRADING POST LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-31

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-4"; W. wall (N.-S.) = 21'-2"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-1"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 21'-4".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular. One story design with no original loft nor chimney. 1917 photo of cabin shows a wood stove piping in the S.W. corner of cabin. According to Jim McNeill (1964), a large stone fireplace was built in the mid-1890's in the S. end of the cabin (no evidence of it remains presently) after H. D. McNeill took over the trading post.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Presently, there is no evidence of a porch or attached shed. However, a 1917 photo of the cabin (from the Siskiyou Pioneer: Vol. 3, No. 7. 1964, page 58.) depicts a lean-to (with its 3 sides open) at the S. end and a pole and shake constructed room, with its gable roof about 3'to 4' higher than the cabin's ridge line, added to the N. side.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE NORTH

LENGTH: 12'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-7" at the W. end. 4'-10" at the E. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Front door opening: From 4'-6" to 7'-611" from the N.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Front door opening: 3= 1/2" wide x 5'-81/2" in height. The 1st through 7th wall logs were sawn off for the opening. 212

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 6 circular sawn vertical boards, each measuring 1"x5 3/4". Behind the boards, on the inside, there are 5 vertical battens, four of which measured 1/2"x3 3/4" and the other 1/2"x51/2".

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 hand hewn logs in height. It was not possible to determine the type of logs used. However, Jim McNeill (1964) mentioned that pine logs were used for the walls.

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 6" in width or thickness and 71/2" to 9" in height. TYPICAL = 6" in width and 8" in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hand hewn on two sides and on their tops and bottoms.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical cedar shakes measuring le to 1/2" in thickness x 4" to 6" (mostly 51/2") in width and 14" to 36" (mostly 14" to 16") in length.

NAIL TYPES: Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs. Round wire nails used in the vertical shake siding.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

- LENGTH: 21'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-4" at the N. end. 4/ -9" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no W. wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 6" in width or thickness and 71/2" to 81/2" (mostly 8") in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hand hewn on two sides and on their tops and bottoms. 213

2b) ELEVATION 2 - WEST

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical cedar shakes measuring 1/4"to 1" (mostly 1/4")in thickness x 6" to 10" (mostly 6") in width x 2'to 3'(mostly 2'-6") in length.

NAIL TYPES: Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs. Round wire nails observed in the vertical shake siding.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 SOUTH

LENGTH: 12'-1". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-2" at the E. end. 4'-6" at the W. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: W. end opening (unknown function): 2'-7" to 4'-6" from S.W. corner. Middle opening (unknown function possibly a former door): 4'-6" to 7'-4" from S.W. corner. E. end opening (unknown function): 7'-4" to 9'-81-1" from S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): W. end opening: 1'-11" wide x 4'-1" in height. The 3rd through 8th (or the 1st gable log) wall logs were cut for the opening.

Middle opening: 2'-10" wide x 5'-71/2" in height. The 1st through 10th (including the 1st through 3rd gable logs) were cut for the opening.

E. end opening: 2'-41/2" wide x 3'-10" in height. The 3rd through 8th (or 1st gable log) wall logs were cut for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: All three S. wall openings have been secured with vertical circular sawn boards of 1"x12" and variable length. NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height. The 1st wall log (sill log) has badly deteriorated. The 2nd and 3rd wall logs have each been replaced by 2 circular sawn 4"x6" x 4'-6" (in length) planks. 214

2c) ELEVATION 3 - SOUTH

- TYPICAL SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: 6" in width or thickness and 71/2" to 81/2" (mostly 8") in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The original wall logs were hand hewn on two sides and on their tops and bottoms. The 2nd and 3rd original wall logs were each replaced by 2 circular sawn 4"x6"x4'-6" planks.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical shakes measuring 1/8" to 1/2"(mostly 3/8")x 6" in width x 3'-O" (2'-0" gable siding) in length.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the N. and W. elevations.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 EAST

LENGTH: 21'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-4" at the N. end. 4'-6" at the S. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no E. wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height (including the ceiling plate).

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: 6" in width or thickness and 71/2"to 9" (mostly 8") in height.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the N. and W. elevations.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical shakes measuring 1/8" to 3/8" (mostly 3/8") in thickness x 5" to 6" (mostly 51/21in width x 2'-6" to 3'-O" (mostly 2'-6") in length.

NAIL TYPES: Same as the N. and W. elevations. 215

2d) ELEVATION 4 - EAST

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL: 6 HORIZONTAL hand hewn logs in the N. gable with mitered ends (to the roof pitch angle). 8 HORIZONTAL hewn logs in the S. gable with mitered ends. Typical gable logs measured 6" in width and 8" in height. Dimensions of the gable shake siding are similar to those of the N. wall siding.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 4" to 6" overhang on the W. wall (to the more recent corrugated iron roof cover).

8" eave overhang on the E. wall (to the corrugated iron roof cover which is NOT original).

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 9'-11" in height at the N. end. 9'-10" in height at the S. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 45°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

HAND HEWN PLATE = 6" in width or thickness x 8" in height. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 61/2". PURLIN = 2 purlins on the E. side of the ridge on 18" to 24" centers. 3 purlins on the W. side of the ridge on 24" centers. SIZE RANGE = 6"to 71/2" round. TYPICAL = 61/2". RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: SHEETS OF CORRUGATED IRON nailed directly on top of the purlins. 216

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS: Local FIELD ROCKS (i.e., glacial erratics) are used under all four walls. However, the foundation rocks and the 1st wall logs are hidden by the shake siding on the walls.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE. The present floor boards (circular sawn 1" x 11 3/4"s and 1" x 12"s) are laid directly on the ground without any floor joists. This floor system was put in at a later time than the original construction date. Because no evidence of the sill or spandrel logs being notched or modified to receive or connect with any floor joist system was observed, it is conjectured the floor consisted of packed dirt.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: None observed.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

Several indications imply that some structural alterations have occurred through time. Jim McNeill (1964) suggests that "in 1912 the cabin was torn down and completely rebuilt by R. Gordon Abrams, John Maxwell, Charles Roff, H. D. McNeill (Jim McNeill's father) and Bill McClay...." while Jim McNeill himself was present as a little boy.

Vertical shake siding with round nails has been put on the exterior of wall logs sometime after the 1890's. Original wall logs display the use of square nails only. However, the exterior siding prevents detail observation of most of the wall logs for evidence which may imply reconstruction or re-assembly of the cabin and support Jim McNeill's statement. The three S. wall openings are later modifications as displayed by the round nails and the circular sawn boards used for the framing. Jim McNeill (1964) points out that in "the mid-1890's...a large stone fireplace was built in the S. end...."

It is inferred that the 3 S. wall openings were made because of the stone fireplace construction.

The 2nd and 3rd original S. wall logs have each been replaced by 2 circular sawn 4"x6"x4'-6" planks. The roof cover of corrugated iron sheets with 2 skylight openings is not original. All of the cabin's interior elements, including the floorboards, interior siding, partitions and the shelves are later modifications and NOT original. 217

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The lower wall logs, i.e., the sills and spandrels, have considerable dry rot due to structural settling and sinking below the ground surface. The S.W. and N.E. corner notches have deteriorated. However, the wall sidings obstructed any observation of the logs for their condition.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

The asymetrical arrangement of the uneven number of purlins (i.e., 5 purlins total) is highly unusual. However, this feature may or may not be original (see Section on GENERAL IN- TACKNESS). Based on the arrangements or relationships of construction parts it is conjectured that the walls were not reconstructed as has been suggested by McNeil (1964).

REFERENCE:

McNeill, James 1964 "That Old House." In The Siskiyou Pioneer, Vol. 3, No. 7, p. 58. Yreka, California: The Siskiyou County Historical Society. 21'-4"

NOTES:

A.6" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS. B. HALF DOVETAIL NOTCHED CORNER D CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. C.ORIGINAL EXTERIOR FIREPLACE OPENING COVERED UP WITH CIRCULAR SAWN 1"2" VERTICAL BOARDS AS THE FIREPLACE WAS REMOVED IN THE 1890'S. D.1"at12" CIRCULAR SAWN VERTICAL BOARD INTERIOR S. AND E. WALLS FINISH (NOT ORIGINALL E.1"1111 1/2" CIRCULAR SAWN VERTICAL BOARD INTERIOR WALL CONJECTURED TO NOT BE ORIGINAL. e F.I/2-4 1/2" TO 6" ROUGHSAWN HORIZONTAL BOARD INTERIOR WALL. G. 4"4" CIRCULAR SAWN VERTICAL POST RIDGEPOLE SUPPORT. H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS 13' 0" PPING INOT ORIGINALL 2I'-2" 1

SITE *05-05-54-31 ABRAMS HOMESTEAD TRADE POST LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"1' -0" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD 219 (CONTINUATION SHEET):

LEO KINSMAN LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-49

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-6"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 22'-0"; S. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-6"; W. wall(N.-S.) is not observable nor measurable due to the recently (1960's) built enclosed porch which is used for storage and covers up the wall.

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a loft in the S. half. The ladder to the loft is located along the S. wall, 7'-0" from the S.W. corner. There is a rock stone chimney at the S. end of the recently added covered porch. Wood stove piping goes through the roof in the N.E. corner; however, the wood stove itself has been removed. No evidence of original chimney observed. No original porch or attached shed was observed. The Enclosed covered porch (W. side) was built in the mid-1960's 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH Albien (1984).

- LENGTH: 17'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-8" at the E. end. 7'-10" at the W. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 4'-8" to 11'-8" from the N.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 7'-0" in width x 3'-1" in height. The 4th and 8th logs were square notched and the 5th through 7th logs sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Present window is not original because of the makeshift sill, jamb and head boards which have been put in more recently to fit the existing three side-by-side 4 pane sash frames into the original opening. The original window has been removed. 220 2a) ELEVATION ONE NORTH

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 10 logs (9 Douglas-fir and one cedar logs) in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 7" to 12" in diameter. TYPICAL = 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top of logs only).

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12". RANGE = 10" to 14".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud and moss mixture was utilized. More recently, cement has been put on top of the original daubing.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - EAST

LENGTH: 22'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-0" at the N. end. 7'-4" at the S. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 5'-9" to 11'-10" from the N.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 6'-1" in width x 2'-6" in height. The 4th, 5th and 6th logs were sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window has been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 10 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 5" to 11". AVERAGE = 81/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top of logs only). 221 2b) ELEVATION 2 EAST

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12". RANGE = 10" to 14".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: None originally. More recently variable dimension circular sawn boards have been nailed in between the 1st (spandrel) and 2nd wall logs.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N. elevation.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 SOUTH

- LENGTH: 17'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 6'-8" at the E. end. 8'-4" at the W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 2'-6" to 8'-10" from S.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 6'-4" in width x 3'-3" in height. The 4th and 8th logs were square notched and the 5th through 7th were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 10 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 8" to 12" in diameter. AVERAGE = 10".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; WITH THE BARK.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top of logs only).

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12". RANGE = 10" to 14".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N. and E. elevations. 222 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 WEST

The entire W. elevation is covered by a more recently (1960's) built enclosed porch add-on which prevented measurements and observations of the wall. However, a 3'-0" wide door opening located 2'-6" from the N.W. corner was observed. Also, the 10 wall logs (8 Douglas-firs and 2 cedars) were of similar range and average diameters to those of the E. wall logs. Corner construction method was the same as the other corners.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

8 UNPEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS (6" to 8" in diameter) in each gable. Similar daubing mixture to the N. and E. elevations was utilized. No chinking was observed.

GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: The 4th, 5th and 6th N. gable logs were cut for a 2'-6" x 2'-6" gable opening with a 4 pane sash frame window.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 14" overhang beyond the E. wall. W. wall was not observable.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 12'-4" at the N. elevation. S. elevation height was not measured.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 30°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): PLATE = 7" W. plate, 8" E. plate. CEILING JOIST = 61/2" in diameter. JOISTS CENTERING = 2'-6" centers. RIDGEPOLE (WITH THE BARK)= 6" in diameter. PURLIN (WITH THE BARK)= 4 pairs; 4"-7" (mostly 6"); on 20" centers. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: 3/4" x 6" to 12" wide and variable length circular sawn sheathing boards were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins. More recent tar paper has been put on top of the sheathingboards as the final roof cover. 223 5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The E.-W. running sills and the N.-S. running spandrel logs were set directly on the leveled ground without any field rocks or other type of foundation.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Unknown number (unobservable).

TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE) = Variable size (unmeasurable).

JOISTS CENTERING = Unobservable.

FLOOR JOISTS TO SPANDREL CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: The E.-W. running joists are set directly on the ground with no connections to the N.-S. running spandrel logs (Albien 1984). Floor boards (unknown dimensions) are nailed perpendicular to the floor joists.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

With the exception of the following the cabin exterior is original:

The W. side enclosed covered porch add-on with the rock chimney were built in the 1960's (Albien 1984).

The N. wall window along with the roof sheathing boards and tar paper covering are more recent alterations.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The cabin is in very poor condition. This is mainly because every wall log was left with its bark unpeeled,thus causing wood decay and insect infestation. Due to the type of corner construction method (i.e., SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP) which collects moisture, and lack of any kind of foundation, both the log crown ends and the lower wall logs (i.e., sills and spandrels) display considerable dry rot. Imminent collapse could occur at any moment. 224 8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

All three window openings are much wider (i.e., 6'-1" to 7'-O" in width) than the average width of openings in the recorded log cabins.

PRIMARY REFERENCE:

Albien, John (Local resident) 1984 Personal communication regarding the history of the Reed Brothers log cabin.

George, Katherine 1979 Memorandum letter to the Klamath National Forest. Yreka, California. 225

SITE *03-03-34-49 LEO KINSMAN LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:I/4'*-W SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES:

A.8" THICK IAVEJ N. AND W. LOG WALLS. B.8 I/2" THICK (AVE.) E. LOG WALL. C.10" THICK (AVE./ S. LOG WALL. D. SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON TOP ONLY CORNERCONSTRUCTION WITH 18" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS. E. REMOVED WINDOWS. F.VERTICAL WOODEN LADDER SET IN A 24").34" (ESTIMATED/ OPENING THROUGH CUT LOFT FLOOR BOARDS. G. APPROXPAATE EXTENT OF S. HALF CELING LOFT. H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED WOODSTOVE AND ITS PIPING. 3.-0" 2' 6"-7'

C /

244

I 2"

.-61--; 6' I" 5' 9" SITE *05-05-54-49 LEO KINSMAN LOG CABIN 22'-0" FLOOR PLAN SCALE.I/ 4"a 1.-0" SHEET I OF 2 226

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

Site # 05-05-55-105

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S. wall(E.-W.) = 11'-0": W. wall(N.-S.) = 12'-4"; N. wall(E.-w.) = 111-0"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 12'-6".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/ STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft nor chimney. Wood stove (presently removed) piping goes through the roof in the S.E. corner.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE SOUTH

LENGTH: 11'-0 ". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): None of the original heights could be measured due to significant differential settling and sagging of all four walls. Present height is 4'-4" (middle of the wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 3'-0" to 5'-6" from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Door opening: 2'-6" in width x 5'-10" in height. The 1st (sill) through 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 5 vertical circular sawn tongue and groove 1"x51/4" boards. It measured 2'-4" wide and 5'-8" in height. No threshold, jamb or head boards were observed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height. 227 2a) ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 81/2" to 12" in diameter. MOSTLY = 81/2" in diameter.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. TYPICAL size of sawn notches in all four walls measured 3" in depth or height, 9" in length (from the log ends) and 8" in width.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

- CHINKING METHOD: No exterior chinking. 2" to 5" (mostly 3" to 31/2") wide and variable length wedges of hand split cedar were nailed on the interior only.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud made from the local soil which consisted of gravelly sandy silty loam.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 WEST

LENGTH: 12'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Present height (badly sagging) is 4'-10" (at middle of wall). - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 4'-9" to 8'-0" from the S.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3'-3" in width x 2'-6" in height. The 3rd, 4th and 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed. The window sill, jambs and head boards were hand split. However, their dimensions were not measured.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 6" to 12". MOSTLY = 7".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. 228 2b) ELEVATION 2 WEST

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

2c) ELEVATION 3 - NORTH

LENGTH: 11'-0". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Present height (sagging) is 4'-8" at middle of wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N. wall openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 51/2" to 12" (sill log). MOSTLY = 10".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

LOG END OVERHANGS: The 1st three N. wall logs are sawn FLUSH with the 1st three E. and W. wall logs. The 4th, 5th and 6th E. and W. wall logs project 6" to mostly 20" beyond the adjoining N. wall logs.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 EAST

LENGTH: 12'-6". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Badly sagging present height is 5'-0". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no E. wall openings. 229 2d) ELEVATION 4 EAST

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 41/2" to 12". AVERAGE = 7".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the S. elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the S. elevation.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL 4 ROUND and PEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS (same size as the rest of the wall logs) in the S. gable, and 3 (of the same) logs in the N. gable. Similar interior chinking and daubing as those of the S. elevation were utilized. None was used on the exterior.

GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Due to deteriorated roof shakes no eaves were left to be observed.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Original heights are unknown. Present badly sagging wall heights are 7'-6" at N. end and 7'-8" at the S. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 30°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS): PLATE = 8" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 6" in diameter. PURLIN = 2 pairs on 20" centers. Mostly 4" at the S. end and 6" at the N. end. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE. 230 4)' ROOF

- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived cedar shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.

- DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 3/8" to 1/2" x 4" to 6" in width x 24" to 30" in length.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The E.-W. running sills and the N.-S. running spandrel logs were set directly on the leveled ground without any type of foundation material.

- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: NONE. Floor consisted of packed dirt.

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

Both the exterior and interior of the structure are original as NO modifications were observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION The cabin structure is in very poor condition. Lack of any foundation has caused considerable dry rot and differential settling of the lower wall logs to the point of its imminent collapse. The building is sagging and badly leaning towards the N. The roof shakes have decayed, allowing moisture to reach the interior.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT) Considering the high site elevation of 5100' which receives a great deal of annual snow fall, the cabin's roof had a very light construction system, i.e., without any rafters, trusses or sheathing boards. I2'-6"

NOTES:

A.. 8 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL. B.7" THICK E. AND W. LOG WALLS. C.10" THICK N. LOG WALL. D. REMOVED WINDOW. E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPING. 3' 3" 4.-9" 12'-4"

SITE *05-05-55-105 DOG PATCH MINE LOG CABW FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"-1*-0" ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET): 232

Site #05-05-51-93

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN):

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): E. wall (N.-S.) = 10'-8"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-8". W. wall (N.-S.) = 10'-7"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 12'4".

PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story with no loft nor chimney. Light tin wood stove and piping in the S.E. corner.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Open Porch (presently deteriorated and not existing): N. side = 5'-1" (beyond the E. wall). S. side = 4'-11" (beyond the E. wall). No attached sheds.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE EAST

LENGTH: 10'-8". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): N. end (presently) = 2'-5". S. end = 6'-1". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door: From 2'-31/2" to 5"-31/2" from the N.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3' -O" in width and 5'-6" in height. The 1st through 6th wall logs were cut and the 7th square notched for the door.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: 2 axe split boards were used on each side of the door for the jambs. On the right side of the door a 1"x 6" and a 1 3/4"x 3" and on the left side of the door opening a Px 7 3/4" and a 3/4"x 1 5/8" jamb boards were nailed to the sawn wall logs. There are no top (head) nor bottom (threshold) boards.

The door is made of 5 vertical hand split boards, each measuring 1"x 61/2" to 7" and 5'-6" in length. There are 4 vertical shake battens (each 3/8" to 1/2" thick) in front of the boards. Two hand-carved wooden handles and metal strap hinges were used. 2a) ELEVATION ONE EAST 233 All the cabin logs are white fir.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs in height.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 61/2" to 7". AVERAGE = 6 3/4". Mostly 7".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Axe-cut V-NOTCH, with typical notch measuring 71/2" in width and 3" to 4" in height.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = RANGE = 61/2" to 101/2".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Wedge-shaped hand split cedar logs; typical piece measured2" wide, 2" to 3" in height, and varying lengths.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local decomposed granite soil.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 NORTH

LENGTH: 12'-8" HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): E. end (presently) = 2'-6". W. end = 4'-0" to top of the very thick duff cover. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: No wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 white fir logs (including the sill and ceiling plate).

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE m 6" to 91/2". Mostly 8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. There is evidence of curing (burning marks) by charring of the wall logs in order to preserve them from insects and dry rot.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH (axe-cut).

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 81/2" to 9" (W. end); E. end completely deteriorated.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND. 2b) ELEVATION 2 NORTH 234 CHINKING METHOD: Hand split cedar logs (burnt or charred for curing), typically 2" wide,21/2" to 5" in height and 2'-8" to 4'-7" in length.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local decomposed granite soil.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 WEST

LENGTH: 10'-7". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): N. end = 3'-11". S. end = 4'-6". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: No wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs. Spandrel and 2nd wall logs have completely deteriorated.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE =71/2" to 9". AVERAGE = 81/2"

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 9 3/4 RANGE = 6 3/4" to 13".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Hand split cedar logs measuring 3" to 4" wide, 2" to 41/2" thick and 2'-8" to 4'-7" in length.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the E. and N. walls.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 SOUTH

- LENGTH: 12'-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): W. end = 4'-51/2". E. end = 4'-101/2". LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window Shutter opening: From 4'-8" to 6'-8" from the S.E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Shutter opening: 2'-0" in width and 2'-3 3/4" in height. The 3rd and 6th wall logs are notched and 4th and 5th logs cut for the opening. 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH 235

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Just a window shutter which opens upwards, and no glass window. The wall opening shutter consists of 3 hand split vertical boards, each 1 1/8" thick x 71/4",51/2" and 71/2" in width. There are 2 vertical battens (each 1/2"x 4") behind the boards. The 2 side jambs measure 1 1/8" to 1 3/16", 7" wide and 2'-31/2" in length. The window shutter sill is 1/2"x41/2"x l'-91/2". Another 1"x 11/2" board is nailed on top of the sill.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs (including the ceiling plate).

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 41/2" to 91/2". AVERAGE =

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED. There are burning scars as evidence of curing by charring of the wall logs and the chinking.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 9 3/8". RANGE = 7" to 121/2".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Charred to cure hand split cedar logs measuring 2" to 41/2" in width, 3" to 41/2" in height and 13" to 36" (mostly 2'-8" to 3'-0 ") in length.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the other walls.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL: HORIZONTAL LOGS = 3 round and peeled logs in each gable with similar chinking methods as the E. and W. walls. The gable logs measured 6"-8" in diameter.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: No gable openings.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 9" on the N. wall. 91/2" on the S. wall.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT(FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 7' at the W. end. 6'-6" at the E. end (partially collapsed at its N. end).

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 20°. 4) ROOF 236

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 6 3/4". CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = 6 3/4" at the W. end. 41/4" at E. end. PURLIN = Range: 3" to 41/2"(E. end), Ave. = 3 3/4". 5 3/4" to 7" (W. end), Ave. = 6 5/8". Purlins Centering: Range = 18" to 23". Ave. = 201/2". RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: SHAKES (hand rived) nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE: 14" to 1/2"(mostly 3/8") thick x 41/2" to 61/2" (mostly 51/2" to 6") in width x 2'-6" to 3'-O" (mostly 2'-6" to 2'-8" in length).

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS under the sill and spandrel logs. Split log chinking material has been wedged in between the 1st W. wall log (spandrel log) and the ground to provide additional support and insulation.

- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: There are no floor joists nor boards, as the cabin floor consists of packed dirt. The N. sill is completely deteriorated.

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: The cabin is completely in its original intactness as no alterations or additions are observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION: Considering the high elevation and the high amount of precipitation that the cabin site receives, the structure is in good condition. The N. sill and 2nd wall logs have decomposed, which will decrease the survival chances of the cabin. Also, the 1st and 3rd W. wall logs, the log ends at the S. W. corner, and the N. end of the E. wall logs are rapidly deteriorating. Although there is a rock foundation, the decaying lower wall logs will greatly increase the deterioration rate of the rest of the structure. 8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT) 237 Very light roof construction system and low pitched roof (i.e., 20° pitch) angle for this site elevation (5760'). Also unusual is curing of the wall logs and the chinking materials by burning or charring them in order to preserve from insects and dry rot. In addition to a rock foundation, this is the other reason for the cabin to be still standing. 12' 8" 5.-1"

1 MOTES:

A.7" TO 7 I/4" THICK IAVEJ E. AND S. LOG WALLS. B.8" THICK N. LOG WALL. C. 8 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. D. V-NOTCHED CORNERCONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 9" IAVEJ LOG ENDOVERHANGS. E. HAND SPLIT VERTICALBOARD A E II 1/8"4 1/2" TO 71/2"I AND BATTEN 11/2"4"1 WINDOW SHUTTER. F. LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING. 4' 8" G. FOUNDATION OUTLINE OF EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCH. 12.-8" 4' 11"

SITE *05-05-51-93 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"zr-0" 239 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

CLIFF VALLEY LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-51-130

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N. wall (E.-W.) = 21'-2"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 15'-2"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 19'-8"; W. wall (N.-S.) =

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story with no loft nor chimney. Wood stove in N.E. corner and stove piping hole between the 2nd and 3rd E. gable logs.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Open Porch: N. side = 4'-10" (beyond the W. wall). S. side = 5'-4" (beyond the W. wall). Different measurements due to shifted walls. May conjecture that original porch extension was 5'-0" beyond the wall. No attached shed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - WEST

- LENGTH: 16'-0" (Rough Estimation due to the shifted logs ). HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure original heights because of pushed-out wall logs. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Front Door: From 3'-9" to 6'-9" (rough estimation) from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-0" in width; the height measurement was not possible to record due to the pushed-out lower wall logs. 5th wall log was square notched for the door opening while the 1st through 4th were sawn off.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 3 1"x12" vertical boards, 6' in length each. The vertical boards are held together by using 52"x4"s in a double Z-bracing method.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height. 2a) ELEVATION ONE - WEST 240

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 11" to 18" AVERAGE = 13 7/8"

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Double square notch.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: No overhang; FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: Split wood with variable sizes.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 NORTH

- LENGTH: 21'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to take the original height measurements. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: From 8=61/2" to 11'-81/2" from the N.W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-O" in width; height measurement not taken due to collapsed wall logs. 3rd and 4th wall logs were cross-cut sawn (with no notching) for the window opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height originally - Presently in collapsed condition.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 111/2" to 16". AVERAGE = 13 1/8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: No overhang. FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: Variable size split wood.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None. 2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - EAST 241

- LENGTH: 15'-2". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to take original height measurements, because the wall is almost on the ground, as only 3 wall logs remain. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: It was not possible to measure opening distance from the corners because of the wall logs being pushed in. However, the window opening appears to be centrally located in the wall.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 3'-O" in width; not possible to take height measurement nor to determine which wall logs were notched for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: Due to severe dry rot, presently only 3 wall logs remain. It may be conjectured that there were 6 logs originally.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: Only possible to measure one wall log. It is 11" in diameter.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: No overhang. FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Variable size split wood.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH

LENGTH: 19'-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Entirely collapsed. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM ASPECIFIC CORNER: Not possible to measure location of the opening due to its in- accessibility (under collapsed logs).

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Unknown.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Unknown. The window has been removed. 2d) ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH 242

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: Only the plate log (10" in diameter) remains. The rest of the wall logs are badly deteriorated and not measurable.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: (See above.)

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: No overhang. FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: Variable size split wood.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None.

3) -GABLE ENCLOSUREAND EAVE DETAIL: HORIZONTAL LOGS - 5 round and peeled logs in each gable. Typical gable logs measured 10"-12".

-GABLEOPENING DIMENSIONS: NO LOFT OPENING. However, the metal pipefor the wood stove comes out of a 6"round hole between the2nd and 3rd E. gable logs.

EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): No eave overhang. The eaves are flush with the side walls.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TOGROUND): Presently, 6'-0" in total height at the E. end. Due to its collapsing state, the original cabin height is unknown.

4) ROOF:

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 45°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL(DIAMETERS): PLATE = At W. end of S. Elev. 10". At W. end of N. Elev. 111/2". The E. ends of both plates have severely dry- rotted. CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = At W. end of the single ridgepole 91/4". PURLIN = At W. ends, RANGE = 61/4" to 8". AVERAGE = 7". E. ends have dry-rotted. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE. 4) ROOF: 243

- ROOF COVERING: SHAKES (hand-rived) nailed perpendicular and directly on top of the purlins.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE: 14" to 3/8" thick, 23" to 37" in length and 9" to 11" wide.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS:

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:

MATERIALS: Unknown. Since the cabin is partially collapsed and the meadow soil (sandy loam) is filling in the structure, none of the foundation is visible. However, because of the badly deteriorated lower wall logs and the collapsing state of the cabin, it can be conjectured that there is no foundation and it was set directly on the ground.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: NONE.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: There are no floor joists nor boards. The floor consists of packed dirt (i.e., meadow soil). It was not possible to determine the sill and spandrel logs and their alignments.

- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: No obvious modifications or additions are observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION: The cabin is in very poor shape structurally. Due to its extremely moist site setting (i.e., wet alpine meadow), with little or no sunlight in the winter months, considerable dry- rotting of the wall logs and roof parts is causing the collapse. Possible lack of any foundation has also increased the deterioration rate. Only the logs from just below the gable up remain to soon decompose.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT): Considering the location of the cabin which receives high amount of snowfall each winter, it is surprising that a light roof construction system was used, without rafters, sheathing boards and trusses. 244

SITE *05-05-51-130 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4".1'-0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES: A. ONLY S. WALL LOG LEFT IS A 10" ROUND S. CELING PLATE. B. ONLY ONE II" ROUND E. WALL LOG LEFT. C.13" lAVEJ ROUND N. WALL LOGS. D.14" (AVEJ ROUND W. WALL LOGS. E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. ORENTAT)ONS OF SLL AND SPANDREL L063 ARE UNOBSERVABLE. F. REMOVED N. WALL WINDOW. G. INACCESSIBLE AND UNMEASURABLE L AND S. WALL WINDOW OPENINGS. CONJECTURED POSITION OF S. WALL OPENING IS BASED ON LOCATION OF N. WALL OPENING. POSITION OF E. WALL OPENING APPEARS TO BE CENTERED FROM THE OUTSIDE. H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED W000 STOVE AND ITS PPING WHICH COMES OUT OF THE BULDING BETWEEN THE 2ND AND 3RD E. GABLE LOGS. 6'-0" FROM N.E. CORNER. I EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCH (COLLAPSED). 4' 10" 21' 2" I /

01 0

ii O 1

411 6 40

4, 5' 4" 19'41"

SITE 05-05-51-130 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"1.-0" SHEET I OF 2 245 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

WINDY GAP MINE LOG CABIN

Site #05-05-54-65

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): E. wall (N.-S.) = 12'-4"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 14'-2"; W. wall (N.-S.) = 12'-31/2";S. wall (E.-W.) = 14'-0".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no original loft nor chimney. Metal wood stove was located in the N.E. corner on top of a 3'43" by 4'-3" rock hearth.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Foundation outline (i.e., packed dirt) of a former E. end porch is barely visible. However, it was impossible to measure the exact dimensions. There was no attached shed. Purlin ends extend 19" to 21" beyond the E. gable as evidence of a former porch. 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE EAST

LENGTH: 12'-4". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-8" measured at middle of the wall.

LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 3'-6" to 6'-4" from the S.E. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 2'-10" in width x 4'-6" in height. The first wall and gable logs were square notched for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door (with a 2'-51/2" total width) is made of 3 rough-sawn vertical boards (measuring 1"x81/2", 1"x9" and 1"x111/2" each) braced by two 1"x10" horizontal boards. The lintel or head board is a circular sawn 1"x4". 11/4" thick circular sawn jambs measured 6 3/4" and 81/4" in width at the bottom and were tapered to 4 5/8" and 51/2" widths at the top of the doorway.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 3 Douglas-fir logs in height. 246 2a) ELEVATION ONE - EAST

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 91/2" to 18" in diameter. AVERAGE = 14".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left ROUND WITH THE BARK on the exterior, but PEELED on the interior.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. Typical square corner notch at the log ends in all four corners measures 2" to 3" in height or depth and 14" to 15" in length.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Machine-cut square nails in the chinking.

CHINKING METHOD: Variable size (4" to 6" wide) wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - NORTH

- LENGTH: 14'-2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 3'-6" at middle of the wall. Original height is unknown due to differential settlement and deteriorated logs. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 11" to 17". AVERAGE = 13 3/4".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left ROUND and WITH THE BARK on the exterior, but PEELED on the interior.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: None observed.

- CHINKING METHOD: No exterior chinking. Variable size (61/2" to 71/2" wide) wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips. 247 2b) ELEVATION 2 NORTH

DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 WEST

LENGTH: 12'-31/2". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently 3'-10" at middle of the wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no W. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 3 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 14" to 16" in diameter. AVERAGE = 141/2".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the E. and N. walls.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Machine-cut square nails in the chinking. None other observed.

- CHINKING METHOD: Variable size (5" to 11" wide) wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips in between the gable logs only.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 SOUTH

LENGTH: 14'-0". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5'-2" measured at middle of the wall. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 5'-51/2" to 9'-O" from the S.W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Window opening: 3'-61/2" in width and unknown height. Only the 3rd log notch (for the opening) is visible as the 4th or plate log has completely deteriorated in the middle.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window has been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate. 248 2d) ELEVATION 4 SOUTH

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 11" to 15" in diameter. AVERAGE = 13 3/4".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the E. and N. walls.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.

- LOG ENDS: FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: None observed.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the E. Elevation chinking.

DAUBING MIXTURES: None observed.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

There are 3 ROUND and UNPEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS in each gable. The E. gable logs measure 7",91/2" and 11" in diameter. The W. gable logs measure 71/2",10" and 11" in diameter.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 12" eave overhang on the N. wall. The S. eave and plate have completely deteriorated.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND) E. elevation height = 8'-4" (rough estimation from photos). W. elevation height = 6'-8" (rough estimation from photos).

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 30°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 11" in diameter. CEILING JOIST = None. RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Double ridgepoles: 61/2" and .6 3/4" each. PURLIN = 2 pairs on 20" centers. Range: 5" to 91/2". Ave.: 7 5/8".Purlin ends extended RAFTER = None. 19" to 21" beyond E. gable TRUSSES = None. for a former porch.

- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins. 249 4) ROOF

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE: 3/8" to 1/2" thick with variable widths and lengths.

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:

MATERIALS: NONE. The E.-W. running sills and the N.-S. running spandrels were set directly on top of leveled ground with no rock or other type of foundation under the walls.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE. There were no floor joists nor floor boards. The cabin floor consisted of packed dirt.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE detected.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

No modifications or additions were observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The structure's S. wall and roof have considerable dry rot and are collapsing. Due to lack of any type of foundation the sill and spandrel logs have settled below the ground surface and are rapidly deteriorating. Therefore, complete structural collapse is imminent.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

Greater than normal (for known log cabins in the Klamath National Forest) average wall log size, i.e., 14" in diameter.

61/2" and 6 3/4" double ridgepoles.

The site is located at an elevation of 4350' which receives high amount of snowfall annually. It is functionally unusual that a light roof construction system without rafters, sheathing boards and trusses, was utilized. NOTES

A. 13 3/4" THICK N. AND S LOG WALLS. B. 14" THICK E. LOG WALL. G C.14 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL. D. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS. E. REMOVED WINDOW. F. ROCK HEARTH FOR A REMOVED METAL WOOD STOVE. G. BARELY VISIBLE FOUNDATION OUTLPIE OF A FORMER PORCH CONJECTURED TO HAVE EXTENDED APPROX. 5%.0. BEYOND THE E. WALL ORIGINALLY. ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED.

SITE P05-05-54-65 WINDY GAP MINE LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4-Nr-0- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD 251 (CONTINUATION SHEET):

Site #05-05-51-39

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): S.E. wall (S.W.-N.E.) = 13'-8"; N.E. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 18'-8". N.W. wall (S.W.-N.E.) = 13'-6"; S.W. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 18'-11/2".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft nor chimney. Location of the wood stove and its piping was not determinable.

- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Presently, the open porch is collapsed, but originally it extended approximately 9' -O" beyond the S.E. wall. No attached sheds.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E.

LENGTH: 13'-8" - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original heights are not measurable due to almost complete collapse of the cabin. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: From 10'-4" to 13'-4" from the S. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-0" in width x 6'-0" in height. The 6th wall log was notched and the 1st through 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 2 6'-0" long vertical hand split boards measuring 11/2" x 10" and 11/2" x 17" wide. 3/4" x 4" rough-sawn boards were used for the side-way ()*) A-shaped bracing in front of the door. Hand carved wooden handle was used.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 cedar logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 91/4"to 161/2" (sill log). AVERAGE = 11 3/8".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OR DOWN-SIDE OF THE LOGS. 2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE S.E. 252 LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 13 1/8" only the N.E. end. RANGE = 9" to 19". The S.W. end was too dangerous to measure.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: No chinking was used.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - N.E.

LENGTH: 18'-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure original heights. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: From 5'-10" to 9'-4" from the E. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3'-6" in width x 2'-4" in height. Due to collapse of the wall it is not possible to determine which logs were cut or notched for the opening.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW: 2 hand split blocks (3 3/4" x 91/2" and 3" x 91/2", both 2'-4" in height) were used as window jambs. No window sill nor head (lintel) boards were observed. The window is 6 pane sash frame type, although the panes and muntins have been broken. The sash frame measures A" thick x 21/2" wide all the way around.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 71/2" to 121/2". AVERAGE = 9 5/8".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE LOGS.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 16". RANGE = 15"-18". Based on 3 log end measurements. The rest were too deteriorated and unmeasurable.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND. 2b) ELEVATION 2 - N.E. 253 - CHINKING METHOD: No chinking was used.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - N.W.

LENGTH: 13'-6". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure original heights. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 5 logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 81/2" to 12" (sill). AVERAGE = 1014".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE LOGS.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 16". RANGE = 121/2" to 21".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE USED.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W.

LENGTH: 18'-11/2". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TOGROUND): Not possible to measure original heights. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 8'-10" to 12'-31/2" from the W. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Due to the collapse of the wall logs the opening height and the logs notched for the opening were not determinable. Width of the opening =

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Unknown because of wall deterioration. 2d) ELEVATION 4 - S.W. 254

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: Presently only 3 wall logs remain. The rest have deteriorated. SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 101/2" to 121/2". AVERAGE = 11 3/4".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE LOGS.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 13 3/8". RANGE = 11" to 16". Based on 3 log end measurements.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: NONE.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL: SINGLE HORIZONTAL LOG GABLE (S.E. Elevation) with 4 square notches (of varying depths) for 4 of the 6 purlins. The other 2 purlins are set on top of the 2 saddle notches of the 6th S.E. wall log. The depths of the gable log notches increase the farther away they are from the ridge line, i.e., the closer a notch is to the ridge line the shallower its depth. In addition to the variable depth notches, a 21/2" thick wooden block is nailed on top of the gable log to support the ridge log. These two gable characteristics create the roof pitch.

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: There are no gable openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THESIDE WALLS): Unable to determine due to the displacement of the ceiling plates.

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROMRIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure the original cabin height. Approximately 7'-8" height is inferred from 1976 photos of structure.

4) ROOF:

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 10° to 15°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL(DIAMETERS):

PLATE = N.E. wall = 8" (S.E. end). 10" (N.W. end). S.W. wall plate is missing. 4) ROOF: 255 - DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = 6" at S.E. end. 91/2" at N.W. end. PURLIN = 81/2" at N.W. end. 51/2" at S.E. end. RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

ROOF COVERING: SHAKES = hand-rived Sugar pine shakes nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 1/8" to 1/2"(mostly 3/8") x 61/2" to 7" x 2'-6".

5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS:

SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The N.E. to S.W. running sills and the 1st S.E. and N.W. wall logs are set directly on top of leveled ground with no rock or other type of foundation supports under the walls.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: NONE.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: NONE.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: No modifications or additions were observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION: The cabin has greatly deteriorated since it was located about 8 years ago. The roof and most of the wall logs have collapsed. Although it is partially standing, it is dangerous to be near due to the instability from lack of foundation. The up-hill soil is gradually filling in the structure.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT): Single horizontal gable log notched in 4 places for the purlins along with a slightly raised (above the purlins) ridge log gives the structure the lowest roof pitch angle (i.e.,10° to 150) observed on the Klamath National Forest. This extreme low angle and the very light construction system of the roof are very unusual functionally because of the high site altitude(5920') and the considerable accumulation of snow in the winters. 256

SITE *05-05-51-39 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"1.-0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES:

A.II 3/8" (AVE.) THICK S.E. LOG WALL WITH 13 1/8" LOG END PROJECTIONS. B.9 5/8" (AVE.) THICK N.E. LOG WALL WITH 16" (AVE.) LOG ENO PROJECTIONS. C.10 1/4" (AVE.) THICK N.W. LOG WALL WITH 16" LOG ENO OVERHANGS. D. II 3/4" IAVEJ THICK S.W. LOG WALL WITH 13 3/6" (AVE) LOG ENDOVERHANGS. E.SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM ONLY WITH LOG ENO OVERHANGPROJECTIONS. F. REMOVED WINDOWS. G. FOUNDATION OUTLINE OF EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCHICOLLAPSEDL

WOOD STOVE LOCATION IS NOT DETERMINABLE. WALL THICKNESSES AND LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS ARE AVERAGED. 18'-8" 9'-0"

1,-3'-5 1/2" 5' 10" 18'-1 1/2" SITE 05-05-51-39 FLOOR PLAN SCALE:I/4"1*-0" SHEET I OF 2 257 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

KRUEZ LOG CABIN Pyramid Mine Log Cabin: Site #05-05-54-129

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS): N.W. and S.E. Elevations = 23'-0". N.E. and S.W. Elevations = 19'-1".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan with no chimney and no loft nor wood stove location observable.

PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: Covered porch under roof extension of S.W. wall - presently collapsed = 10'-4" beyond the S.W. wall. No sheds.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE S.E.

- LENGTH: 23'-0". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-7" (Taken at middle of wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window #1: 5'-8" to 8'-6" from south corner. Window #2: 14'-7" to 17' -7" from south corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window #1: 2'-10" wide x 2'-11/2" in height. Window #2: 3'-0" wide x 2'-6" in height.

3rd and 6th wall logs have been square notched for both windows.

- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Rough-sawn boards were used for the window framing; however, the windows have been removed.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs high.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 91/2" to 16". AVERAGE = 121/2" to 13".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH. 2a1 EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E. 258 LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8". RANGE = 5" to 14".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

- CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Silty sand and mud, i.e., the local soil.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - N.E.

LENGTH: 19'-1". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-1" (Middle of wall) LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: No openings.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 wall logs + 7 gable logs.

DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 10" to 19". AVERAGE = 13".

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

- LOGEND OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8" at the E. corner; ave.= 7" at N. corner. RANGE = 7" to 16" at the E. corner; 4"-7" at N. corner.

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None observed.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Gravelly brownish silty sand, i.e., the local soil.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 N.W.

- LENGTH: 23'-0". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8' -O" (Middle of wall). LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window: 14'-41/2" to 16'-101/2" from the N. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 2'-6" in width x l'-111/2" in height. 5th and 6th logs sawn off and the 7th log notched for the window. 2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3- N.W. 259 - CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW: Unknown - window has been removed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 logs including the ceiling plate.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 10" to 16". AVERAGE = 12".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8". RANGE = 6" to 18".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: NONE.

- DAUBING MIXTURES: Brownish gravelly silty sand, i.e., the local soil.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W. Collapsed and decomposing.

LENGTH: 19'-1". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not determinable. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Collapsed window: 5'-4" to 7'-10" from W. corner. Front Door: 39" to 79" from S. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window: 30" in width and height not determinable. Front Door: 40" wide and 74" in height. Vertical position or provenience of the openings is not determinable.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Unknown.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 conjectured, based on the N.E. wall and earlier photos.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = About 9" to 16". AVERAGE = 12".

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: ROUND; PEELED.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: AVERAGE = 8" conjectured at the S. corner. RANGE = 6" - 12" from photos - guessed. 260 2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W. - Collapsed.

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: ROUND.

CHINKING METHOD: None.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud from the local silty sand.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL

- HORIZONTAL LOGS = 7 N.E. gable logs; N.W. gable has collapsed.

GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: None.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): 14".

- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): 13'-6" at the N.E. gable. Note: N.E. gable logs #3, 4 and 6 have been saddle notched and the 2nd gable log cut for support of purlins' ends.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: Approximately 30°.

DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):

PLATE = 10" CEILING JOIST = None. JOISTS CENTERING =s1N/All RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Double ridgepole = 8" each. PURLIN = 5 pairs on each side of the ridgepoles, each 6"-7" in diameter, and on 20"-24" centers. RAFTER = None. TRUSSES = None. COLLAR TIES = None. COLLAR BRACES =a None.

- ROOF COVERING: SHAKES = Rived Cedar shakes.

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 1/4"to 3/8" thick, 5" to 8" wide, and 2'-8" to 3'-0" in length. 261 5) FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION S.E.-N.W. running sills are set directly on the ground with NO rock nor hardwood block supports.

- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: None.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: With no floor joists or boards, the cabin has a dirt floor.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: None.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS It appears that most structural members of the cabin are original as no additions nor replacements from during repair or maintenance were observed.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION The roof and the S.W. wall have collapsed and the roof shakes have deteriorated, thus leaving the cabin very exposed to weather in the winter months. Lower wall logs and sills are also decomposing due to direct contact with the ground and lack of any ventilation and sufficient drainage beneath the structure.

8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

- Double ridgepoles = 8" round each.

- Above normal average wall log size, i.e., 12"-13" round. 262

SITE 005-05-54I29 KRUEZ LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:I/4-31.-0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES

A. 12" THICK S.W AND N.W LOG WALLS. 9. 12 3/4' THICK S.E. LOG WALL. C. 13" THICK N.E. LOG WALL. D. DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH el" (AVE.) LOG END PROJECTIONS. E. REMOVED DOOR AND WINDOWS. F. COLLAPSED EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENT OPEN COVERED PORCH.

WOOD STOVE LOCATION IS NOT DETERMINABLE.

ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED. 2'-6" I4'-4 1/2"

D A

°):

SITE 05-05-54-129

411 KRUEZ LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:1/4"=1"-0" SHEET I OF 2

-1 I

5' 8" 2' 10" 6' I" 3 0" 10' 0" 23' 0" 263 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD (CONTINUATION SHEET):

OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN Site #05-05-55-89

SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:

1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS) OF THE LOG ROOM: N.E. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.) = 15'-81/2"; S.E. ELEV.(N.E.-S.W.) = 19'-8"; S.W. Elev.(N.- W. -S.E.) = 15'-5"; N.W. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.) = 19'-8".

- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE): Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft (in the log room) and no chimney. The wood stove has been removed; however, its piping goes through the roof just on the N.W. side of the ridgepole 3'-0" from the N.E. wall.

- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS: The ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole of the log room were left extended 21'-0" beyond its N.E. wall in order to form a vertical post and shake kitchen room. This N.E. side attached kitchen was built with hand hewn vertical posts (each measuring 81/2"x91/2"x5'-0" in height) which support the extended ceiling plates, and vertical split shake siding variable size with same dimensions as the roof shakes.

The Kitchen's N.W. and S.E. walls extend 18'-101/2" and 19' -O" respectively, beyond the N.E. wall of the log room. The Kitchen's N.E. wall (i.e., its width) measures 15'-8". It has the same gable opening and roof construction system as the log room.

The gable enclosure consisted of two half-round logs (61/2" in diameter each) nailed and butted up against two 10" in diameter diagonal logs which were saddle notched on the bottom and set on top of the purlins' N.E. ends. Split vertical shake siding (same dimension as roof shakes) was used on the outside.

For the location and dimension of its three doors and two windows, refer to the structure's floor plan drawing. The Kitchen stove (presently removed) piping is located 2'-6" on the N.E. side of the ridge line and 4'-10" from the N.E. wall. 264 1) FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)

There is a storage loft covering 3/4 length (N.E.-S.W.) of the Kitchen from its S.W. end. 4" to 6" round ceiling joists were used for the loft.

An attached wood and tool shed (presently collapsed) extended 21'-0" (its N.W. wall length) and 22'-6" (its S.E. wall length) beyond the Kitchen's N.E. wall. The tool shed's N.E. wall (i.e., its width) measured 16' -O ". Its collapsed remains revealed the same type of construction system as that of the Kitchen. How- ever, it had a separate roof system from the Kitchen's.

No attached porch was observed.

2a) EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - N.E. (LOG ROOM ONLY)

- LENGTH: 15'-81/2". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-10" at the N.W. end. 5'-4" at the S.E. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Door opening: 7'-4" to 10'-41/2" from the N. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Door opening: 3'-1/2" in width x 4'-7" in height. The 1st log (spandrel) was not visible around the door opening. The 2nd through 5th logs were sawn off, and the 6th was square notched for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of three circular sawn vertical boards (3/4" x 10 3/4"; 3/4" x 11"; 3/4" x 11 3/4") with diagonal Z-shaped bracing. Two circular sawn 1"x9"s were used for the jambs. No door threshold or head boards were observed.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF WALL LOGS: AVERAGE HEWN LOGS = 91/2" in width or thickness and 121/2" in height or log diameter.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: 5 logs were hewn on the sides but left round on their tops and bottoms. The entire 5th wall log was left round.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH. The notches were both axe-chopped and sawn. Typical notch depth or height, as in all four corners, measured 6" and 1" in width at its top. Mud and gravel daubing was utilized in between thenotches. 265 2a) ELEVATION ONE - N.E.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 3'-6" (refer to floor plan drawing).

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

NAIL TYPES: Round.

CHINKING METHOD: 1/2" thick x 3" to 31/2" wide x 3'-0" to 4'-0" in length split cedar.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud (from the local decomposed granite soil) and gravel mixture.

2b) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 S.E. (LOG ROOM ONLY)

LENGTH: 19'-8". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5'-0" at the N.E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: 6'-10" to 9'-10" from the S. corner.

- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACHOPENING): Window opening: 3'-0" in width x 2'-61/2" in height. The 3rd and 6th logs were square notched, while the 4th and 5th were sawn off for the window opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:

The window itself has been removed. However, two 6 pane sash frame windows were observed nearby on the site. The window sill = 1" x 7" x 2'-10". Two circular sawn window jambs = 1" x 11" x 2'-6" each. No head board was observed; however, a 1/2" thick (tapered to a point) x 6" wide x 3'-0" in length split board wasused as a shade above where the head board would have been.

- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 7 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- AVERAGE SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: 91/2" in width and 121/4" in height. The round (unhewn) logs varied from 71/2"to 10" and averaged 81/2" in diameter.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: 4 logs were hewn on the sides but left round on their tops and bottoms. The 3rd, 5th and 6th logs were left round but peeled.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation. 266 2b) ELEVATION 2 - S.E.

LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 5 3/4". RANGE = 41/2"to 7".

- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round.

- CHINKING METHOD: 2" x 3" and variable length split cedar and half-round 3" to 4" wide poles of variable length.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud and gravel mixture.

2c) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 S.W.

- LENGTH: 15'-5". HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 4'-10" at the N.W. end. 6'-3" at the S.E. end. LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: Window opening: From 6'-3" to 9'-3" from the W. corner.

DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING): Window opening: 3'-0" in width x 2'-6" in height. The 2nd and 5th logs were square notched, while the 3rd and 4th were sawn off for the opening.

CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window has been removed. However, a couple of 6 pane sash frame windows were observed nearby on the site. The window sill and head boards = 3/4" x 7" x 2'-10" each. Two window jambs = 3/4" x 11" x 2'-5" each. All the above boards are circular sawn.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 Douglas-fir logs in height.

SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS: AVERAGE = 9k" in width and 111/2" in height. The round (unhewn) logs averaged 91/2" in diameter.

- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: 4 logs were hewn on the sides but left round on their tops and bottoms. The 4th and 6th logs were left round but peeled.

- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 6". RANGE = 5" to 7".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round. 267 2c) ELEVATION 3 - S.W.

CHINKING METHOD: Same as the N.E. Elevation.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Same as the N.E. elevation.

2d) EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 N.W. (LOG ROOM ONLY)

- LENGTH: 19'-8". - HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5'-3" at the N.E. end. 5'-3" at the S.W. end. - LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no N.W. wall openings.

NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 6 logs in height including the ceiling plate.

- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE = 81/2" to 13" in diameter. AVERAGE = 10" in diameter. The hewn section of the logs (i.e., beyond the N.E. wall only) averaged 91/2" in width and 101/2" in height.

TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left round except beyond the N. corner notches or the N.E. wall for 3'-6" where they were hewn on the sides but left round on their tops and bottoms. The ceiling plate was hewn 5'-0" from the S.W. wall (only) on its inside.

CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the N.E. elevation.

- LOG END OVERHANGS: OVERHANG AVERAGE = 6". RANGE = 41/2" to 61/2".

EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: NONE.

- NAIL TYPES: Round

- CHINKING METHOD: 2" x 3" and variable length (one piece measured 15'-0" in length) split cedar.

DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud and gravel mixture.

3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND SAVE DETAIL (LOG ROOM ONLY)

9 HEWN (except for two) HORIZONTAL LOGS IN THE S.W. gable and 10 HEWN (some left ROUND) HORIZONTAL LOGS in the N.E. gable. Similar chinking as the N.E. elevation's was utilized in both gables. No daubing was observed. 268 3) GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL (LOG ROOM ONLY)

- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: One opening (as vent) measuring 12" in width and 21" in height was centrally located in each gable. The 6th and 9th gable logs were square notched, while the 7th and 8th sawn for the openings. Inside shutter doors were used for both openings.

- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS) 9" eave overhang on both the N.W. and S.E. walls.

TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND) 12'-10" at the N.E. end. 13'-8" at the S.W. end.

4) ROOF

- ROOF FORM: GABLE.

- PITCH ANGLE: 45°.

- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE (DIAMETERS): HEWN PLATE = 10" in width or thickness and 11" in height. Both plates were carved (or tapered to oval-shape ends) on their bottoms to about half the original diameters of the logs (refer to photos of structure). CEILING JOIST = NONE. RIDGEPOLE BEAM = 10" in diameter. Carved to oval- shape ends as in the plates at the S.W. end. PURLIN = 3 pairs (10" to 12" in diameter) set on 22" average centers. All were carved to oval shape at their S.W. ends (similar to the plates). RAFTER = NONE. TRUSSES = NONE.

- ROOF COVERING: Three layers of hand split boards and shakes were used. The 1st layer of split boards, nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins, measured (mostly) 1" x 6" x 3'-6". The 2nd and 3rd layers of split cedar shakes measured mostly 1/2" x 6" x 3'-6". A (18" x 24" 6 pane sash frame window) skylight was put in the roof on the S.E. side of the ridgepole and 8'-6" from the S.W. wall. 269 5) 'FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS

- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Field rocks were used under the (S.W. to N.E. running) S.E. sill log. However, the N.W. wall sill and the two S.E. to N.W. running spandrel logs were set directly on the ground as no foundations were observed.

NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Only two 6" in diameter floor joists (set on 2'-10" centers) were visible from the root cellar.

- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: The N.W. - S.E. running joists were not connected to the N.E.-S.W. running sills. Instead, they were set directly on the ground and nailed to the sills at their ends. 1" x 11" circular sawn floor boards (Not tongue and groove) were nailed perpendicular to the joists.

CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE: A 61-0" x 8'-0" x approximately 5'-0" in depth root cellar with a trap door on the cabin floor was located in the center of the log room. Cellar construction consisted of a rock wall crib system. Field rocks were piled behind vertical posts, horizontal logs (some hewn and some left round), and split boards which were layered perpendicular to each other in order to provide tension on the horizontal boards and form the retaining side walls of the cellar.

6) GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS

The cabin structure is entirely original as NO modifications were observed. It is possible but not certain that the collapsed N.E. wood and tool shed may have been a later (but not recent) add-on.

7) CONDITION OR SITUATION

The log room and the kitchen are structurally (i.e., the walls) in sound shape. Due to some dry rot, the log crown'ends display slight cracking and splitting across the grain. Lack of any windows or doors allows moisture inside and may cause further dry rot to occur. Several of the roof shakes need to be replaced. Some of the chinking is coming apart and trapping moisture. Because of lack of foundation under the spandrels and theN.W. sill log, some deterioration and settling has occurred. The N.W. wall of the Kitchen shows differential settling. Some of the Kitchen's shake siding requires replacement. 270 8) UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)

The following features of this structure are unique, i.e., the only examples observed in the Klamath National Forest.

Utilization of both hewn and round (unhewn) logs in all four walls.

Extremely long roof elements, i.e., the ridgepole, purlins and ceiling plates, which were left extended 21'-0" beyond the N.E. wall of the log room in order to form the Kitchen roof.

The ridgepole, plates and purlins projected 22" beyond the S.W. wall and were carved or tapered to oval-shape ends of about one- half the logs' original diameters. They were carved and tapered on their bottoms only with a drawknife,starting 6" beyond the exterior of S.W. wall, or 16" from the ends of the roof elements.

An interior (log room) root cellar with crib system of retaining rock walls (see section on FOUNDATION for construction details). 271

SITE 005-05-55-89 OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"x1.-0" SHEET 2 OF 2

NOTES:

A.9 1/2" (AVEJ THICK N.E.. S.E. AND S.W. LOG (SOME HEWN AND SOME LEFT ROUND) WALLS. B. 10" (AVE..) THICK N.W. ROUND (EXCEPT FOR THE HEWN OVERHANG PORTION) WALL LOGS. C. V-NOTCH CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH 6" (AVEJ LOG END OVERHANGS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE 3.-6" N.E. SIDE PROJECTIONS. D. 6.-0"x8.-0"31APPROX. 5.-0" IN DEPTH SUB-TERRANEAN ROOT CELLAR WITH A 2'4' TRAP DOOR CENTERED ON THE LOG ROOM FLOOR. E. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF LOG ROOM WOOD STOVE (REMOVED) ANO ITS PIPING. F.N.E.. S.E. AND N.W. WALLS OF ATTACHED KITCHEN BUILT OF HAND HEWN VERTICAL POSTS MEASURING 8 I/2"x9 1/2"x5.-0" IN HEIGHT WHICH SUPPORT THE EXTENDED CEILING PLATES. AND HAND SPLIT VERTICAL SHAKE SIDING OF VARIABLE SIZE. ALL WINDOWS AND DOORS HAVE BEEN REMOVED. G. HAND HEWN VERTICAL POSTS (8 I/2"x9 1/2"4'.-0" IN HEIGHTI. H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED KITCHEN STOVE AND ITS PIPING.

ON THE N.E. SIDE OF THE KITCHEN AN ATTACHED WORK AND TOOL SHED OF SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION AND WIDTH EXTENDED 21.-0" TO 22.-6" BEYOND THE N.E. KITCHEN WALL BUT HAS COMPLETELY COLLAPSED. 19'-0" 19' 8"

t-2' -41---- 4.-1" t 3' -0" 6' 10" 1' / 4 A

(7t D 0 0 L

B J, 11"-4

18' -10 1/2"

SITE 105-05-55-09 OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16.'1.-0" SHEET I OF 2 271b

APPENDIX III TABLE A 272 Sources for Described Ethnic Trait Origins Used as Comparative Data A=Anglo-Saxon C=CzechoslovakianF=FrenchG=German S=Scandinavian VARIABLE Mercer Glassie Glassie Busher Knif fin (1966) (1927) (1963) (1965) (1966) & Glassie

1.Square A Floor Plan

2.Rectangular S G Floor Plan A 3.Loft 4.Wood Stoves

5.Exterior Gable A A End, Centered Sidewall Fireplace 6.Back Endwall Exterior Fireplace 7.Gable End Extended Roof Elements (Porch) 8.Lean-to Gable End Pentporch Roof between lst/2nd Floors 9.End Sheds 10. Attached Lean-to Sidewall Shed

11. Centered Window & S G,F,S Off-Centered Door

12. Centered Door A Opening 13. Symmetrical Front & Rear Door Openings 14. Round Wall Logs 15. Hcwn Wall Logs 16. Square Corner NotchG,S

17. V-Notch Corners S G,S

18. Saddle Corner Notch S G G,S

19. Half-Dovetail S G,S,Cz G G,S,Cz Corner Notch 20. Corner Post G,S,F 21. Log End Overhang 22. Flush/Boxed Corner TABLE A, Page 2 273 VARIABLE Mercer Glassie Glassie Busher Knif f in (1966) (1927) (1963) (1965) (1966) & Glassic 23. Chinking

24. Daubing S

25. Horizontal S Log Gable

26. Vertical G Board Gable

27. Horizontal S Board Gable 28. Ridgepole and Purlins No Rafters 29. Ridgepole and Rafters No Purlins 30. Mitered Rafters and Sheathing No Ridgpole No Purlins 31. Rafter & Purlins without Ridgepole

32. Roof Pitch Angle < 35° S 33. Roof Pitch Angle > 45' 34. Ceiling Joists on Ceiling Plates

35. Ceiling Joists 2 or S More Logs below Ceiling Plates 36. Shake Roof Cover

37. Shingle Roof Cover A

38. Low Native G Rock Foundation 39. Round Wood Pier Footing 40. Sills in Sidewalls 41. Sills in Front and Rear Walls

42. Floor Joists A Notched onto Sills

43. Floor Joists Set G Directly on Ground or Foundation with No Sill Connection TABLE A, Page 3 274

VARIABLE Knif fen Beater & Brunskill Jordan Remple Rock (1969) Ellis (1963) (1978) (1978) (1980) (1980)

1. Square A A Floor Plan

2.Rectangular A A,G A Floor Plan

3.Loft A A 4.Wood Stoves

5.Exterior Gable A A A End, Centered Sidewall Fireplace

6.Back Endwall A Exterior Fireplace 7.Gable End Extended Roof Elements (Porch) 8. Lean-to Gable End Pentporch Roof between 1st/2nd Floors 9.End Sheds A 10. Attached Lean-to A Sidewall Shed

11. Centered Window & S,F G G,F Off-Centered Door 12. Centered Door A A Opening

13. Symmetrical Front & A Rear Door Openings 14. Round Wall Logs G,S G,S 15. Hewn Wall Logs G,S G,S,F

16. Square Corner Notch G A G G,S G 17. V-Notch Corners G,S G,S G,S 18. Saddle Corner Notch G,S G,S G G,S

19. Half-Dovetail G,S A G,S,Cz G,S G,S,Cz Corner Notch 20. Corner Post F F G,S,F F 21. Log End Overhang S 22. Flush/Boxed Corner G G TABLE A, Page 4 275 VARIABLE Knif f en Bealer & Brunskill Jordan Remple Rock (1969) Ellis (1963)(1978) (1978) (1980) (1980)

23. Chinking G,Cz

24. Daubing A G,S G 25. Horizontal Log Gable

26. Vertical G Board Gable

27. Horizontal A Board Gable

28. Ridgepole and S S Purlins No Rafters

29. Ridgepole and A A Rafters No Purlins

30. Mitered Rafters A G,A A G,A and Sheathing No Ridgpole No Purlins 31. Rafter & Purlins A without Ridgepole

32. Roof Pitch Angle < 35' S S 33. Roof Pitch Angle > 45' A A,G

34. Ceiling Joists A A on Ceiling Plates

35. Ceiling Joists 2 or G G More Logs below Ceiling Plates

36. Shake Roof Cover G

37. Shingle Roof Cover S A

38. Low Native G Rock Foundation

39. Round Wood A Pier Footing 40. Sills in Sidewalls G,S

41. Sills in Front A and Rear Walls 42. Floor Joists Notched onto Sills 43. Floor Joists Set Directly on Ground or Foundation with No Sill Connection TABLE B Index of Ethnic Trait Compatibility 276 A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian F=French G=German S=Scandinavian VARIABLES CASE # 54-8254-6855-9051-14451-4152-19454-50

1. Builder's Anglo- Anglo- Scandi- Anglo- Anglo- Background Saxon Saxonnavian SaxonSaxon 2.Floor Plan A,G,S A,G.SA,G,S A,G A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S 3. Loft 0 A,G A,G 0 0 A,G 0 4.Chimney/Stove G A G G G G G 5.Porch 0 0 0 0 F G,F F 6. Attached Shed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.Position of G,S,F G,S,F G,S,F A G,S,F A G,S,F Openings

8.Treatment G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S of Wall Logs

9. Corner F,G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S F,G,S Construction

10. Log Ends Overhang C S S S S S S 11. Chinking G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz 12. Daubing G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S

13.Gable Enclosure S A,S S S S S S

14. Roof System S A,G S S A S S

15. Roof Pitch Angle S A,G A,G S S A,G A,G 16.Ceiling Joists 0 A A 0 A A 0 on Plate

17. Roof Cover C G G G G G G

18. Foundation G G G,A G G G 0 19. Position of Sills G,S A A G,S G,S G,S G,S 20. Connection of A G 0 0 A A A Floor Joists 21. Cellar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22. Scale or Index 1.33 0 0 1.50 5.66 4.33 1.83 of Ethnic Trait Compatibility 277 TABLE B, Page 2

A=Anglo-Saxon C=CzechoslovakianF=French G=GermanS=Scandinavian VARIABLES CASE # 54-12254-16855-20854 -4751-11654-13855-18

1. Builder's German AngloFrench Anglo ShastaAnglo- Background Saxon Saxon Indian Saxon 2.Floor Plan A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S A,G,S

3. Loft A,G 0 0 A,G A,G A,G 0

4.Chimney/Stove G G G G G G G

5. Porch F 0 F G F F 0 6.Attached Shed 0 0 0 0 A A,G 0

7. Position of G,S,F G,S,A G,S,F A G,S,F G,S,FG,S,F Openings

8.Treatment G,S G,S F,G,S G,S G,S G,S F,G,S of Wall Logs

9. Corner G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S,Cz Construction

10. Log Ends Overhang S G G G G S G

11.Chinking G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz G,Cz S 12.Daubing G,S G,S 0 G,S G,S G,S G,S

13.Gable Enclosure G S S G G 0 S

14. Roof System A S S G,A A 0 S

15. Roof Pitch Angle S S S G,A S S S

16. Ceiling Joists A 0 0 A A A 0 on Plate

17.Roof Cover 0 G G G G G G 18. Foundation G G G 0 0 G G

19.Position of Sills G,S G,S A A A G,S A 20.Connection of 0 0 0 0 0 A G Floor Joists 21. Cellar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22. Scale or Index of Ethnic Trait 6.66 .33 1.66 o 4.83 9 1.33 Compatibility 278 TABLE B, Page 3

A=Anglo-Saxon C=CzechoslovakianF=French G=GermanS=Scandinavian VARIABLES CASE # 55-19358-1954-3154-4955-10551-93

1. Builder's DutchGermanAnglo Background Saxon 2.Floor Plan A,G,SA,G,SA,G,SA,G,SA,G,SA,G,S 3.Loft 0 A,G 0 A,G 0 0

4.Chimney/Stove G G A G G G 5.Porch 0 0 0 0 0 F 6.Attached Shed 0 0 0 0 0 0

7.Position of A G,S,G A G,S,FG,S,FG,S,F Openings 8.Treatment F,G,S G,S F,G,S G,S G,S G,S of Wall Logs 9.Corner G,S G,S G,S,Cz G,S G,S G,S Construction

10. Log Ends Overhang G S G S G S

11. Chinking S S S S G,Cz G,Cz 12. Daubing 0 G,S 0 G,S G,S G,S

13. Gable Enclosure A,S S S S S S

14. Roof System G,A S S S S S 15. Roof Pitch Angle A,G A,G A,G S S S

16. Ceiling Joists 0 A 0 A 0 0 on Plate

17. Roof Cover 0 G G 0 G G

18. Foundation G 0 G 0 0 G

19. Position of Sills A G,S A G,S A G,S

20. Connection of G 0 0 G 0 0 Floor Joists 21. Cellar 0 0 0 0 0 0

22. Scale or Index 0 5.66 3.83 0 0 0 of Ethnic Trait Compatibility 279 TABLE B, Page 4

A=Anglo-Saxon C=CzechoslovakianF=FrenchG=German S=Scandinavian VARIABLES CASE # 51-13054-6551-3954-12955-89 I.Builder's LatinScand i Background nav ian 2.Floor Plan A,G,SA,G,SA,G,SA,G,SA,G,S 3.Loft 0 0 0 0 0

4.Chimney/Stove G G G G G

5.Porch F F F F 0 6.Attached Shed 0 0 0 0 A 7.Position of G,S,FG,S,FG,S,FG,S,FG,S,F Openings 8.Treatment G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S of Wall Logs 9.Corner G,S G,S G,S G,S G,S Construction

10. Log Ends Overhang G G S S S

11. Chinking G,Cz G,Cz S S G,Cz 12. Daubing 0 0 0 G,S G,S

13. Gable Enclosure S S S S S

14. Roof System S S S S S

15. Roof Pitch Angle A,G S S S A,G 16. Ceiling Joists 0 0 0 0 0 on Plate

17. Roof Cover G G G G G

18. Foundation 0 0 0 0 G 19. Position of Sills 0 G,S A A G,S 20. Connection of 0 0 0 0 G Floor Joists

21. Cellar 0 0 0 0 G 22. Scale or Index of Ethnic Trait 0 0 0 0 5.66 Compatibility