Contents

List of Figures xiii Central and South American Component 11 List of Tables xxi Archaic, Relict Component 11 Foreword xxiii Endemic Component 11 Preface to the Second Edition xxv Zoogeographic Concepts and North American Acknowledgments xxvii Fish Zoogeography 11 List of Abbreviations xxxiii Center of Origin/Dispersal 12 Vicariance 12

1. Arkansas Fishes: Arkansas Fish Zoogeography 13 Diversity, Derivation, and Zoogeography Introduction 13

Worldwide Fish Diversity 3 Distribution of Arkansas Fishes by River System 14 White River System 15 North American Fish Diversity 4 Arkansas River System 16 Ouachita River System 17 Arkansas Fish Diversity 5 Red River System 17 Derivation of the North American Fish Fauna 7 St. Francis River System 18 North American Fishes with a Marine Origin 8 Mississippi River System 18 North American Fishes with a North American Distribution of Arkansas Fishes by Ecoregion 25 Origin 8 Arkansas Fish Faunal Regions 26 North American Fishes with a Eurasian Origin 9 North American Fishes with a Central American Origin 9 2. History of Ichthyology in Arkansas

North American Fishes with a South American Age of Discovery: 10,000 BC–AD 1850 37 Origin 10 The Early Years: 1850–1900 38 Ages of North American Fish Families 10 Classic Period: 1900–1960 41 Derivation of the Arkansas Fish Fauna 10 Northern Component 10 Resurgence: 1960–1987 43

Great Plains Component 11 Post First Edition Modern Period: 1988–2019 45 Eastern North American Component 11

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 7 12/6/19 1:09 PM Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) 84 3. The Environmental Setting Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC) 85 Terrestrial Ecoregions 49 The Subspecies Concept 85 Aquatic Ecosystems 56 Molecular Techniques 86 Environmental Alterations 61 Early Applications 86 General Overview 61 Phylogeography 86 Agricultural Activities 62 Recent Applications 86 Stream Channelization 63 DNA Barcoding 87 Construction of Dams and Navigation Systems 66 Characters: Molecular Markers 88 Gravel Mining 71 Phylogenetic Methods and Markers 89 Accidental Chemical Spills 71 Forestry Activities 72 5. Conservation of Arkansas Fishes Industrial Pollution 73 Fishes in Trouble 91 Municipal Pollution 74 Groundwater Contamination and Withdrawal 75 Rarest Fishes 93

Roadbuilding Activities 77 Introduced Species 93 Categories of Introduced Fishes 93 4. Classification and Systematics Commercial Fishery 96 What Is a Fish? 79

Classification Basics 79 6. Organization of the Chapters Containing Species Accounts Higher Categories of Fish Classification 79 Order, Family, and Genus Accounts 99 Linnaean System of Classification and Nomenclature 80 Species Accounts 99 Common Names 81 Scientific Name and Common Name 99 Modern Evolution-­Based Systems of Classification 82 Photographs 100 Evolutionary Taxonomy 82 Distribution Map 100 Cladistics—Phylogenetic Systematics 82 Characters 100

Characters 83 Life Colors 101 Similar Species 101 What Is a Species? 84 Variation and Taxonomy 101 Biological Species Concept (BSC) 84

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 8 12/6/19 1:09 PM Distribution 101 10. Order Lepisosteiformes—Gars Habitat and Biology 101 Conservation Status 101 Family Lepisosteidae Gars 147 Genus Atractosteus Rafinesque, 1820a— Alligator Gars 149 7. How to Identify a Fish Genus Lepisosteus Lacépède, 1803— Keying Out Arkansas Fishes 103 Longnose Gars 154

Dichotomous Keys 103 11. Order Amiiformes—Bowfins Counts and Measurements 104 Family Amiidae Bowfins 161 Key to Arkansas Fish Families 106 Genus Amia Linnaeus, 1766—Bowfins 162

8. Order Petromyzontiformes—Lampreys 12. Order Hiodontiformes—Mooneyes Family Petromyzontidae Lampreys 114 Family Hiodontidae Mooneyes 167 Genus Ichthyomyzon Girard, 1858— Genus Hiodon Lesueur, 1818a—Mooneyes 168 River Lampreys 115 Genus Lampetra Bonnaterre, 1788— Brook Lampreys 122 13. Order Anguilliformes—Eels Genus Lethenteron Creaser and Hubbs, 1922— Northern Brook Lampreys 124 Family Anguillidae Freshwater Eels 173 Genus Anguilla Schrank, 1798—Freshwater Eels 174 9. Order Acipenseriformes— Sturgeons and Paddlefishes 14. Order Clupeiformes—Herrings

Family Acipenseridae Sturgeons 128 Family Clupeidae Herrings 179 Genus Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758— Genus Alosa Linck, 1790—River Herrings 180 Holarctic Sturgeons 129 Genus Dorosoma Rafinesque, 1820a— Genus Scaphirhynchus Heckel, 1836— Gizzard Shads 185 Shovelnose Sturgeons 133

Family Polyodontidae Paddlefishes 140 15. Order Cypriniformes— Genus Polyodon Lacépède, 1797— Minnows, Carps, Loaches, and Suckers North American Paddlefishes 140 Family Cyprinidae Carps and Minnows 192 Genus Campostoma Agassiz, 1855—Stonerollers 203 Genus Carassius Jarocki, 1822—Goldfishes 221

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 9 12/6/19 1:09 PM Genus Chrosomus Rafinesque, 1820a— Genus Catostomus Lesueur, 1817b— Redbelly Daces 222 Finescale Suckers 388 Genus Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner, 1866— Genus Cycleptus Rafinesque, 1819—Blue Suckers 390 Grass Carps 225 Genus Erimyzon Jordan, 1876b—Chubsuckers 394 Genus Cyprinella Girard, 1856—Satinfin Shiners 228 Genus Hypentelium Rafinesque, 1818c— Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758—True Carps 243 Hog Suckers 398 Genus Erimystax Jordan, 1882—Slender Chubs 246 Genus Ictiobus Rafinesque, 1820a—Buffalofishes 400 Genus Hybognathus Agassiz, 1855— Genus Minytrema Jordan, 1878b— Silvery Minnows 249 Spotted Suckers 407 Genus Hybopsis Agassiz, 1854—Bigeye Chubs 257 Genus Moxostoma Rafinesque, 1820a— Redhorse Suckers 409 Genus Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker, 1860— Bigheaded Carps 261 Genus Luxilus Rafinesque, 1820a— 16. Order Siluriformes—Catfishes Highscale Shiners 268 Genus Lythrurus Jordan, 1876a— Family Ictaluridae North American Catfishes 425 Finescale Shiners 276 Genus Ameiurus Rafinesque, 1820a— Genus Macrhybopsis Cockerell and Allison, 1909— Bullhead Catfishes 430 Blacktail Chubs 284 Genus Ictalurus Rafinesque, 1820a— Genus Mylopharyngodon Peters, 1881— Forktail Catfishes 436 Black Carps 294 Genus Noturus Rafinesque, 1818d—Madtoms 440 Genus Girard, 1856—Chubs 296 Nocomis Genus Pylodictis Rafinesque, 1819— Genus Notemigonus Rafinesque, 1819— Flathead Catfishes 465 Golden Shiners 301 Genus Notropis Rafinesque, 1818a—True Shiners 303 17. Order Osmeriformes—Smelts Genus Opsopoeodus Hay, 1881— Pugnose Minnows 353 Family Osmeridae Smelts 469 Genus Phenacobius Cope, 1867b— Genus Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758—Rainbow Smelts 469 Suckermouth Minnows 356 Genus Pimephales Rafinesque, 1820a— Bluntnose Minnows 358 18. Order Salmoniformes— Genus Platygobio Gill, 1863—Flathead Chubs 368 Trout, Salmon, and Whitefish Genus Pteronotropis Fowler, 1935—Flagfin Shiners 370 Family Salmonidae Trouts and Salmons 473 Genus Scardinius Bonaparte, 1837—Rudds 374 Genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861— Genus Semotilus Rafinesque, 1820a— Pacific Trouts and Salmons 475 Creek Chubs 375 Genus Salmo Linnaeus, 1758— Atlantic Trouts and Salmons 479 Family Catostomidae Suckers 377 Genus Salvelinus Richardson, 1836—Chars 482 Genus Carpiodes Rafinesque, 1820a— Carpsuckers 382

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 10 12/6/19 1:09 PM Family Poeciliidae Livebearers 541 19. Order Esociformes— Genus Gambusia Poey, 1854—Gambusias 542 Pikes and Mudminnows

Family Esocidae Pikes and Mudminnows 487 24. Order Anabantiformes— Genus Esox Linnaeus, 1758—Pikes 488 Labyrinth Fishes Genus Umbra Kramer, 1777—Mudminnows 495 Family Channidae Snakeheads 547 Genus Channa Scopoli, 1877—Snakeheads 548 20. Order Percopsiformes—Trout-­Perches

Family Aphredoderidae Pirate Perches 499 25. Order Scorpaeniformes— Genus Aphredoderus Lesueur, 1833— Mail-Cheeked­ Fishes Pirate Perches 499 Family Cottidae Sculpins 553 Family Amblyopsidae Cavefishes 502 Genus Uranidea DeKay, 1842— Genus Troglichthys Eigenmann, 1899a— Uranidea Sculpins 554 Ozark Cavefishes 503 Genus Typhlichthys Girard, 1859— Southern Cavefishes 506 26. Order Perciformes— Perches and Relatives

21. Order Mugiliformes—Mullets Family Moronidae Temperate Basses 561 Genus Mitchill, 1814—Striped Basses 562 Family Mugilidae Mullets 511 Morone

Genus Mugil Linnaeus, 1758—Mullets 511 Family Centrarchidae Sunfishes 573 Genus Ambloplites Rafinesque, 1820a— Rock Basses 575 22. Order Atheriniformes—Silversides Genus Centrarchus Cuvier, 1829—Fliers 582 Family Atherinopsidae New World Silversides 515 Genus Lepomis Rafinesque, 1819—Panfishes 584 Genus Labidesthes Cope, 1870—Brook Silversides 516 Genus Micropterus Lacépède, 1802—Black Basses 609 Genus Menidia Bonaparte, 1836— Genus Pomoxis Rafinesque, 1818c—Crappies 619 Atlantic Silversides 522 Family Elassomatidae Pygmy Sunfishes 624 Genus Jordan, 1877b—Pygmy Sunfishes 625 23. Order Cyprinodontiformes— Elassoma Killifishes, Topminnows, Livebearers, Family Percidae Perches and Darters 627 and Toothcarps Genus Ammocrypta Jordan, 1877b—Sand Darters 634 Genus Jordan and Gilbert, 1885— Family Fundulidae Topminnows 527 Crystallaria Crystal Darters 638 Genus Fundulus Lacépède, 1803—Topminnows 528

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 11 12/6/19 1:09 PM Genus Etheostoma Rafinesque, 1819— Appendix 1. Arkansas Fish Collections 769 Etheostoma Darters 640 Appendix 2. Preservation of Specimens 771 Genus Nothonotus Putnam, 1863—Lined Darters 712 Appendix 3. Aids to Identification of Fishes 773 Genus Perca Linnaeus, 1758—Perches 717 Appendix 4. Pre-­1988 Distribution Maps for Arkansas Genus Percina Haldeman, 1842— Fishes 779 River Darters and Logperches 720 Appendix 5. Checklist of Species and List of Higher Genus Stizostedion Rafinesque, 1820a— Taxonomic Categories of Arkansas Fishes 821 Pikeperches 752 Glossary 827 Family Sciaenidae Drums and Croakers 757 Literature Cited 841 Genus Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 1819— Index to Common and Scientific Names 951 Freshwater Drums 758

Family Cichlidae Cichlids and Tilapias 760 Genus Oreochromis Günther, 1889—Tilapias 762

**Robison-FISHES-text-FINAL.indb 12 12/6/19 1:09 PM