TELEOSTS… part 1 Division Teleostei (perfect bone)
• 26,840 species (96% of all fishes) • 40 orders • 448 families
No limits for Teleosts!
Limited habitat, Limited ecology
NO LIMITS
Division Teleostei (perfect bone) Division Teleostei (perfect bone)
• >95% living species = 400+ families • arose 200 mya Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (bony tongues) • common genera of today existed 40-70 MYA Subdivision Elopomorpha (tarpons and true eels) Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha (herrings, • evolved from several lines minnows, catfish) • 4 subdivisions Subdivision Euteleostei (the main event)
1 Major trends in Teleosts: Evolution of paired fin location in teleosts
• reduction in bony elements primitive -fewer vertebrae -fewer bones in skull advanced -fin ray reduction in C, P1, P2 • dorsal fin function and position changes • pectorals and pelvics change body position intermediate • caudal fin modifications • swimbladder modifications • improvements in feeding apparatus
Dorsal fin shape basic & function Caudal fin reinforced by hypurals, uroneurals, and epurals diversified spinous
specialized
primitive Actinopterygian Evolution of protrusible jaw:
Neopterygian (Amiidae)
Teleost (Cichlidae)
2 Protrusible mouths Pharyngeal TeethPharyngeal Teeth
Characters of Teleosts
End results of Teleost trends: • operculum has 4 bones • homocercal tail, partly supported by uroneurals • fast and highly maneuverable • cycloid / ctenoid scales • reduced armor but quick and spiny • vertebrae are ossified, but lightweight • efficient prey capture mechanisms • swimbladder is a buoyancy organ • efficient and diverse prey processing • maxilla and premaxilla are moveable, premaxilla is principal bone of upper jaw • fins are highly maneuverable with rays and spines • body shape is highly variable
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (2 orders) Order: Osteoglossiformes Order Osteoglossiformes (bonytongues) Family: Osteoglossidae (bonytongues) Pantodon (4 families, 218 spp.)
• most teeth are on tongue or roof of mouth • premaxilla small & fixed to skull (no supramaxilla) • huge scales in some arowana arapaima • fresh water, usually tropical • some are electric, production and receptive
Examples: arowana, arapaima, mormyrid elephant fish
3 Arowana Arapaima gigas mouthbrooding • one of largest freshwater fishes: 15 feet • obligate air breather
Order: Osteoglossiformes Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Notopteridae (African knifefishes) Family: Mormyridae (elephant fishes) - electric production and reception
Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Gymnarchidae (aba)
4 Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha Subdivision Elopomorpha Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes) (1 families, 2 spp.) • Order Elopiformes (tarpon) • small • Order Albuliformes (bonefish) • freshwater • Order Anguilliformes (true eels: e.g., moray, snake-eels, conger • eastern US ) • Order Saccopharyngiformes (deep-sea gulper eels)
Characters: • leptocephalus larvae: very thin, leaflike • snake-like bodies (often)
Leptocephalus larvae Order: Elopiformes Elops: ladyfish or tenpounder (2 families, 8 spp.) Family: Elopidae (tarpon)
Order: Albuliformes (3 families, 30 spp.) Family: Albulidae (bonefish)
5 Order Albuliformes - halosaurs Order: Anguilliformes (eels) (14 families, 791 spp.) -- in all major habitats
characters: • no pelvic fins • no scales (usually) • opercular series reduced • premaxilla fused to vomer & ethmoid • gill opening narrow • no gill rakers American eel
progression from Order: Anguilliformes leptocephalus larva to Family: Muraenidae (moray eels) adult eel body plan
goldspot moray
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae
6 Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae snipe eels (Nemichthyidae)
garden eels
Order: Saccopharyngiformes (gulper eel) Subdivision: Ostarioclupeomorpha (4 families, 26 spp.) Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: Clupeiformes Superorder: Ostariophysi Order: Gonorynchiformes Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes Order: Siluriformes Order: Gymnotiformes
Characters: -- connection of swimbladder to inner ear
Order: Clupeiformes Order: Clupeiformes (5 families, 364 spp.) Family: Clupeidae (herrings)
American shad
herring • open water, silvery, compressed bodies • planktivorous: flexible mouth and fine gill rakers • swimbladder touches the inner ear: otophysic connection for increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds • major commercial importance
Examples: herring, shad, anchovy
7 sardines Order: Clupeiformes Family: Engraulidae (anchovies)
wolf herring (Chirocentridae): Superorder Ostariophysi: carnivorous & up to 1 m long Order Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Order Cypriniformes (carps) Order Characiformes (tetras & others) Order Siluriformes (catfishes) Order Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes)
• 64% of all fresh water fishes! • widespread, but absent from Australia and Antarctica • great diversity of form: large predators to small herbivores
Superorder Ostariophysi Weberian apparatus – improves hearing
skull Characteristics • Weberian Apparatus - first 4 vertebrae fused -- connects inner ear to gas bladder (low frequency hearing) • fright substance - "Shreckstoff • trend toward reduction of jaw teeth - even absence • well developed lower pharyngeal bones • pelvic fins abdominal, adipose fins in some, pungent spines often present
8 Order: Order: Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Cypriniformes (carps) (4 families, 37 spp.) (6 families, 3270 spp.!) • small mouth • toothless common carp
Chanos chanos goldfish
Order: Cypriniformes Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae (minnows, carp, barbs) Family: Catostomidae (suckers)
worlds smallest fish: Paedocypris progenetica • fleshy lips
sicklefin redhorse giant barb bluehead chub
Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes (tetras & others) (18 families, 1675 spp.) loaches (Cobitidae)
9 Order: Characiformes Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others)
tetras black pacu
Order: Characiformes Order: Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Siluriformes (catfishes) (34 families, 2870 spp.) characters: • barbels (wiskers) • adipose fin • scaleless or armored
Order: Siluriformes electric Family: Ictaluridae channel catfish
venomous
blue catfish armored
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biL- QcviQGk
10 Order: Siluriformes Family: Pimelodidae Mekong giant catfish
captured in the Mekong river in 2005: 9 ft long, 645 lb.
wels catfish goonch Candiru – your worst nightmare
http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QQWgUht-ObI
Order: Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) (5 families, 62 spp.) Family: Gymnotidae
-- produce and receive electrical impulses
500 volts!
11 Subdivision Euteleostei (>300 families & >17,000 spp!) Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Protacanthopterygii 9 Superorders: Order Argentiformes (argentines) Protacanthopterygii (pikes, salmonids, smelts, argentines) Order Osmeriformes (smelts) Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfishes, bristlemouths) Order Salmoniformes (salmon & trouts) Ateleopodomorpha (jellynose fishes) Order Esociformes (pike) Cyclosquamata (pearleyes, lizardfishes) Scopelomorpha (lanternfishes) Characters: Lampridiomorpha (oarfish, opah) • no fin spines Polymixiomorpha (beardfishes) • most have adipose fin • hypural plates consolidated to the urostyle (strong swimmers) Paracanthopterygii (cusk-eels, cods, frogfishes) • slender predatory fish with many specializations Acanthopterygii (mullet, silversides, whalefishes, • cycloid scales squirrelfishes, John dories, sticklebacks, • physostomous connection (passageway) between swimbladder and swamp eels, scorpionfishes, flatfishes, pharynx pufferfishes, and all perchlike fishes) • pectoral and pelvic fins usually in ancestral position
Order: Order: Argentiformes (argentines or herring smelts) Osmeriformes (smelts) (6 families, 202 spp.) (3 families, 88 spp.) barreleye • all deep sea • crumenal organ (branchial) common smelt
Family: Microstomatidae (pencilsmelts) -- includes former Bathylagidae (deepsea smelts)
Order: rainbow trout Salmoniformes (salmonids: salmons, trouts, charrs, chinook salmon graylings, charrs)
(1 Family, 66 spp.)
Family: Salmonidae Atlantic salmon
12 Order: Salmoniformes
Arctic grayling
(to 70 kg) Salmo Oncorhynchus Thymallus Hucho, Salvelinus
Order: Esociformes (pikes & pickerels) (2 families, 10 spp.) From here on the Neoteleosts Family: Esocidae based on 4 skull and jaw characteristics • trend toward P2 more anterior and P1 more lateral
Superorders: Stenopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha northern pike specialized deep-sea Acanthomorpha (true spines) and pelagic forms redfin pickerel Lampridiomorpha Polymixiomorpha
Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii
Superorder Stenopterygii
Order Stomiiformes (5 families, 391 spp.) (bristlemouths, marine hatchetfish, lightfish, viperfish)
• deepsea, worldwide • photophores – light emitting organs Cyclothone • big gape • one genus, Cyclothone, considered to be most abundant fish in world
Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.)
• skeleton largely cartilaginous, deep water, on the bottom • bulbous-headed fish
13 hatchetfish
viperfish
Order: Superorder Cyclosquamata (cycloid scaled) Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) Order Aulopiformes (7 families, 236 spp.)
• mostly deep-sea • major exception: lizardfishes (common on coral reefs)
longnose lancetfish
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Synodontidae (lizardfish) Order Aulopiformes tripod fish
14 Order Aulopiformes, telescopefish Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Order: Myctophiformes (lanternfishes) (2 families, 246 spp.)
• large fraction of the deep-scattering layer
Family: Myctophidae (lanternfishes)
Next lecture: Acanthomorpha, the spiny teleosts
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