DOCSLIB.ORG

TELEOSTS… Part 1 Division Teleostei ( Perfect Bone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TELEOSTS… Part 1 Division Teleostei ( Perfect Bone TELEOSTS… part 1 Division Teleostei (perfect bone) • 26,840 species (96% of all fishes) • 40 orders • 448 families No limits for Teleosts! Limited habitat, Limited ecology NO LIMITS Division Teleostei (perfect bone) Division Teleostei (perfect bone) • >95% living species = 400+ families • arose 200 mya Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (bony tongues) • common genera of today existed 40-70 MYA Subdivision Elopomorpha (tarpons and true eels) Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha (herrings, • evolved from several lines minnows, catfish) • 4 subdivisions Subdivision Euteleostei (the main event) 1 Major trends in Teleosts: Evolution of paired fin location in teleosts • reduction in bony elements primitive -fewer vertebrae -fewer bones in skull advanced -fin ray reduction in C, P1, P2 • dorsal fin function and position changes • pectorals and pelvics change body position intermediate • caudal fin modifications • swimbladder modifications • improvements in feeding apparatus Dorsal fin shape basic & function Caudal fin reinforced by hypurals, uroneurals, and epurals diversified spinous specialized primitive Actinopterygian Evolution of protrusible jaw: Neopterygian (Amiidae) Teleost (Cichlidae) 2 Protrusible mouths Pharyngeal TeethPharyngeal Teeth Characters of Teleosts End results of Teleost trends: • operculum has 4 bones • homocercal tail, partly supported by uroneurals • fast and highly maneuverable • cycloid / ctenoid scales • reduced armor but quick and spiny • vertebrae are ossified, but lightweight • efficient prey capture mechanisms • swimbladder is a buoyancy organ • efficient and diverse prey processing • maxilla and premaxilla are moveable, premaxilla is principal bone of upper jaw • fins are highly maneuverable with rays and spines • body shape is highly variable Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (2 orders) Order: Osteoglossiformes Order Osteoglossiformes (bonytongues) Family: Osteoglossidae (bonytongues) Pantodon (4 families, 218 spp.) • most teeth are on tongue or roof of mouth • premaxilla small & fixed to skull (no supramaxilla) • huge scales in some arowana arapaima • fresh water, usually tropical • some are electric, production and receptive Examples: arowana, arapaima, mormyrid elephant fish 3 Arowana Arapaima gigas mouthbrooding • one of largest freshwater fishes: 15 feet • obligate air breather Order: Osteoglossiformes Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Notopteridae (African knifefishes) Family: Mormyridae (elephant fishes) - electric production and reception Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Gymnarchidae (aba) 4 Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha Subdivision Elopomorpha Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes) (1 families, 2 spp.) • Order Elopiformes (tarpon) • small • Order Albuliformes (bonefish) • freshwater • Order Anguilliformes (true eels: e.g., moray, snake-eels, conger • eastern US ) • Order Saccopharyngiformes (deep-sea gulper eels) Characters: • leptocephalus larvae: very thin, leaflike • snake-like bodies (often) Leptocephalus larvae Order: Elopiformes Elops: ladyfish or tenpounder (2 families, 8 spp.) Family: Elopidae (tarpon) Order: Albuliformes (3 families, 30 spp.) Family: Albulidae (bonefish) 5 Order Albuliformes - halosaurs Order: Anguilliformes (eels) (14 families, 791 spp.) -- in all major habitats characters: • no pelvic fins • no scales (usually) • opercular series reduced • premaxilla fused to vomer & ethmoid • gill opening narrow • no gill rakers American eel progression from Order: Anguilliformes leptocephalus larva to Family: Muraenidae (moray eels) adult eel body plan goldspot moray Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae 6 Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae snipe eels (Nemichthyidae) garden eels Order: Saccopharyngiformes (gulper eel) Subdivision: Ostarioclupeomorpha (4 families, 26 spp.) Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: Clupeiformes Superorder: Ostariophysi Order: Gonorynchiformes Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes Order: Siluriformes Order: Gymnotiformes Characters: -- connection of swimbladder to inner ear Order: Clupeiformes Order: Clupeiformes (5 families, 364 spp.) Family: Clupeidae (herrings) American shad herring • open water, silvery, compressed bodies • planktivorous: flexible mouth and fine gill rakers • swimbladder touches the inner ear: otophysic connection for increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds • major commercial importance Examples: herring, shad, anchovy 7 sardines Order: Clupeiformes Family: Engraulidae (anchovies) wolf herring (Chirocentridae): Superorder Ostariophysi: carnivorous & up to 1 m long Order Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Order Cypriniformes (carps) Order Characiformes (tetras & others) Order Siluriformes (catfishes) Order Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) • 64% of all fresh water fishes! • widespread, but absent from Australia and Antarctica • great diversity of form: large predators to small herbivores Superorder Ostariophysi Weberian apparatus – improves hearing skull Characteristics • Weberian Apparatus - first 4 vertebrae fused -- connects inner ear to gas bladder (low frequency hearing) • fright substance - "Shreckstoff • trend toward reduction of jaw teeth - even absence • well developed lower pharyngeal bones • pelvic fins abdominal, adipose fins in some, pungent spines often present 8 Order: Order: Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Cypriniformes (carps) (4 families, 37 spp.) (6 families, 3270 spp.!) • small mouth • toothless common carp Chanos chanos goldfish Order: Cypriniformes Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae (minnows, carp, barbs) Family: Catostomidae (suckers) worlds smallest fish: Paedocypris progenetica • fleshy lips bluenose shiner sicklefin redhorse giant barb bluehead chub Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes (tetras & others) (18 families, 1675 spp.) loaches (Cobitidae) 9 Order: Characiformes Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) tetras black pacu Order: Characiformes Order: Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Siluriformes (catfishes) (34 families, 2870 spp.) characters: • barbels (wiskers) • adipose fin • scaleless or armored piranha Order: Siluriformes electric Family: Ictaluridae channel catfish venomous blue catfish armored http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biL- QcviQGk 10 Order: Siluriformes Family: Pimelodidae Mekong giant catfish captured in the Mekong river in 2005: 9 ft long, 645 lb. wels catfish goonch Candiru – your worst nightmare http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QQWgUht-ObI Order: Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) (5 families, 62 spp.) Family: Gymnotidae -- produce and receive electrical impulses 500 volts! 11 Subdivision Euteleostei (>300 families & >17,000 spp!) Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Protacanthopterygii 9 Superorders: Order Argentiformes (argentines) Protacanthopterygii (pikes, salmonids, smelts, argentines) Order Osmeriformes (smelts) Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfishes, bristlemouths) Order Salmoniformes (salmon & trouts) Ateleopodomorpha (jellynose fishes) Order Esociformes (pike) Cyclosquamata (pearleyes, lizardfishes) Scopelomorpha (lanternfishes) Characters: Lampridiomorpha (oarfish, opah) • no fin spines Polymixiomorpha (beardfishes) • most have adipose fin • hypural plates consolidated to the urostyle (strong swimmers) Paracanthopterygii (cusk-eels, cods, frogfishes) • slender predatory fish with many specializations Acanthopterygii (mullet, silversides, whalefishes, • cycloid scales squirrelfishes, John dories, sticklebacks, • physostomous connection (passageway) between swimbladder and swamp eels, scorpionfishes, flatfishes, pharynx pufferfishes, and all perchlike fishes) • pectoral and pelvic fins usually in ancestral position Order: Order: Argentiformes (argentines or herring smelts) Osmeriformes (smelts) (6 families, 202 spp.) (3 families, 88 spp.) barreleye • all deep sea • crumenal organ (branchial) common smelt Family: Microstomatidae (pencilsmelts) -- includes former Bathylagidae (deepsea smelts) Order: rainbow trout Salmoniformes (salmonids: salmons, trouts, charrs, chinook salmon graylings, charrs) (1 Family, 66 spp.) Family: Salmonidae Atlantic salmon 12 Order: Salmoniformes Arctic grayling (to 70 kg) Salmo Oncorhynchus Thymallus Hucho, Salvelinus Order: Esociformes (pikes & pickerels) (2 families, 10 spp.) From here on the Neoteleosts Family: Esocidae based on 4 skull and jaw characteristics • trend toward P2 more anterior and P1 more lateral Superorders: Stenopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha northern pike specialized deep-sea Acanthomorpha (true spines) and pelagic forms redfin pickerel Lampridiomorpha Polymixiomorpha Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii Superorder Stenopterygii Order Stomiiformes (5 families, 391 spp.) (bristlemouths, marine hatchetfish, lightfish, viperfish) • deepsea, worldwide • photophores – light emitting organs Cyclothone • big gape • one genus, Cyclothone, considered to be most abundant fish in world Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) • skeleton largely cartilaginous, deep water, on the bottom • bulbous-headed fish 13 hatchetfish viperfish Order: Superorder Cyclosquamata (cycloid scaled) Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) Order Aulopiformes (7 families, 236 spp.) • mostly deep-sea • major exception: lizardfishes (common on coral reefs) longnose lancetfish Order: Aulopiformes Family: Synodontidae (lizardfish) Order Aulopiformes tripod fish 14 Order Aulopiformes, telescopefish Superorder: Scopelomorpha Order: Myctophiformes (lanternfishes) (2 families, 246 spp.) • large fraction of the deep-scattering layer Family: Myctophidae (lanternfishes) Next lecture: Acanthomorpha, the spiny teleosts 15 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Anchovy Engraulis Encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) From
    European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria: age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality Nadira Benchikh, Assia Diaf, Souad Ladaimia, Fatma Z. Bouhali, Amina Dahel, Abdallah B. Djebar Laboratory of Ecobiology of Marine and Littoral Environments, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria. Corresponding author: N. Benchikh, [email protected] Abstract. Age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality were determined in the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus populated the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria. The age structure of the total population is composed of 59.1% females, 33.5% males and 7.4% undetermined. The size frequency distribution method shows the existence of 4 cohorts with lengths ranging from 8.87 to 16.56 cm with a predominance of age group 3 which represents 69.73% followed by groups 4, 2 and 1 with respectively 19.73, 9.66 and 0.88%. The VONBIT software package allowed us to estimate the growth parameters: asymptotic length L∞ = 17.89 cm, growth rate K = 0.6 year-1 and t0 = -0.008. The theoretical maximum age or tmax is 4.92 years. The height-weight relationship shows that growth for the total population is a major allometry. Spawning takes place in May, with a gonado-somatic index (GSI) of 4.28% and an annual mean condition factor (K) of 0.72. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) are 2.31, 0.56 and 1.75 year-1 respectively, with exploitation rate E = F/Z is 0.76 is higher than the optimal exploitation level of 0.5.
    [Show full text]
  • BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes
    click for previous page BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes GENERAL REMARKS by K.E. Carpenter, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA ony fishes constitute the bulk, by far, of both the diversity and total landings of marine organisms encoun- Btered in fisheries of the Western Central Atlantic.They are found in all macrofaunal marine and estuarine habitats and exhibit a lavish array of adaptations to these environments. This extreme diversity of form and taxa presents an exceptional challenge for identification. There are 30 orders and 269 families of bony fishes presented in this guide, representing all families known from the area. Each order and family presents a unique suite of taxonomic problems and relevant characters. The purpose of this preliminary section on technical terms and guide to orders and families is to serve as an introduction and initial identification guide to this taxonomic diversity. It should also serve as a general reference for those features most commonly used in identification of bony fishes throughout the remaining volumes. However, I cannot begin to introduce the many facets of fish biology relevant to understanding the diversity of fishes in a few pages. For this, the reader is directed to one of the several general texts on fish biology such as the ones by Bond (1996), Moyle and Cech (1996), and Helfman et al.(1997) listed below. A general introduction to the fisheries of bony fishes in this region is given in the introduction to these volumes. Taxonomic details relevant to a specific family are explained under each of the appropriate family sections. The classification of bony fishes continues to transform as our knowledge of their evolutionary relationships improves.
    [Show full text]
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi
    Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 (http://www.accessscience.com/) Article by: Boschung, Herbert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Gardiner, Brian Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400) Content Morphology Euteleostei Bibliography Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi The most recent group of actinopterygians (rayfin fishes), first appearing in the Upper Triassic (Fig. 1). About 26,840 species are contained within the Teleostei, accounting for more than half of all living vertebrates and over 96% of all living fishes. Teleosts comprise 517 families, of which 69 are extinct, leaving 448 extant families; of these, about 43% have no fossil record. See also: Actinopterygii (/content/actinopterygii/009100); Osteichthyes (/content/osteichthyes/478500) Fig. 1 Cladogram showing the relationships of the extant teleosts with the other extant actinopterygians. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) 1 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Morphology Much of the evidence for teleost monophyly (evolving from a common ancestral form) and relationships comes from the caudal skeleton and concomitant acquisition of a homocercal tail (upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin are symmetrical). This type of tail primitively results from an ontogenetic fusion of centra (bodies of vertebrae) and the possession of paired bracing bones located bilaterally along the dorsal region of the caudal skeleton, derived ontogenetically from the neural arches (uroneurals) of the ural (tail) centra.
    [Show full text]
  • Median Fin Patterning in Bony Fish: Caspase-3 Role in Fin Fold Reabsorption
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors College 2017 Median Fin Patterning in Bony Fish: Caspase-3 Role in Fin Fold Reabsorption Kaitlyn Ann Hammock Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/honors_theses Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Median fin patterning in bony fish: caspase-3 role in fin fold reabsorption BY Kaitlyn Ann Hammock UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for obtaining UNDERGRADUATE DEPARTMENTAL HONORS Department of Biological Sciences along with the HonorsCollege at EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Charleston, Illinois 2017 I hereby recommend this thesis to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for obtaining Undergraduate Departmental Honors Date '.fHESIS ADVI 1 Date HONORSCOORDmATOR f C I//' ' / ·12 1' J Date, , DEPARTME TCHAIR Abstract Fish larvae develop a fin fold that will later be replaced by the median fins. I hypothesize that finfold reabsorption is part of the initial patterning of the median fins,and that caspase-3, an apoptosis marker, will be expressed in the fin fold during reabsorption. I analyzed time series of larvae in the first20-days post hatch (dph) to determine timing of median findevelopment in a basal bony fish- sturgeon- and in zebrafish, a derived bony fish. I am expecting the general activation pathway to be conserved in both fishesbut, the timing and location of cell death to differ.The dorsal fin foldis the firstto be reabsorbed in the sturgeon starting at 2 dph and rays formed at 6dph. This was closely followed by the anal finat 3 dph, rays at 9 dph and only later, at 6dph, does the caudal fin start forming and rays at 14 dph.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthopterygii, Bone, Eurypterygii, Osteology, Percomprpha
    Research in Zoology 2014, 4(2): 29-42 DOI: 10.5923/j.zoology.20140402.01 Comparative Osteology of the Jaws in Representatives of the Eurypterygian Fishes Yazdan Keivany Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran Abstract The osteology of the jaws in representatives of 49 genera in 40 families of eurypterygian fishes, including: Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Lampridiformes, Polymixiiformes, Percopsiformes, Mugiliformes, Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Stephanoberyciformes, Beryciformes, Zeiformes, Gasterosteiformes, Synbranchiformes, Scorpaeniformes (including Dactylopteridae), and Perciformes (including Elassomatidae) were studied. Generally, in this group, the upper jaw consists of the premaxilla, maxilla, and supramaxilla. The lower jaw consists of the dentary, anguloarticular, retroarticular, and sesamoid articular. In higher taxa, the premaxilla bears ascending, articular, and postmaxillary processes. The maxilla usually bears a ventral and a dorsal articular process. The supramaxilla is present only in some taxa. The dentary is usually toothed and bears coronoid and posteroventral processes. The retroarticular is small and located at the posteroventral corner of the anguloarticular. Keywords Acanthopterygii, Bone, Eurypterygii, Osteology, Percomprpha following method for clearing and staining bone and 1. Introduction cartilage provided in reference [18]. A camera lucida attached to a Wild M5 dissecting stereomicroscope was used Despite the introduction of modern techniques such as to prepare the drawings. The bones in the first figure of each DNA sequencing and barcoding, osteology, due to its anatomical section are arbitrarily shaded and labeled and in reliability, still plays an important role in the systematic the others are shaded in a consistent manner (dark, medium, study of fishes and comprises a major percent of today’s and clear) to facilitate comparison among the taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing CITES Non-Detriment Findings Procedures for Arapaima In
    Journal of Applied Ichthyology J. Appl. Ichthyol. (2009), 1–8 Received: February 19, 2009 Ó 2009 The Authors Accepted: June 22, 2009 Journal compilation Ó 2009 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01355.x ISSN 0175–8659 Assessing CITES non-detriment findings procedures for Arapaima in Brazil By L. Castello1,2 and D. J. Stewart3 1The Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA; 2The Mamiraua´ Institute for Sustainable Development, Tefe´, Amazonas, Brazil; 3Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA Summary problems in making non-detrimental findings result mainly Arapaima are listed as endangered fishes according to the from lack of capacity and resources to implement monitoring Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of schemes across the wide range of species in international Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), thus their international trade trade.Õ Consequently, the CITES Secretariat has been seeking is regulated by non-detriment finding (NDF) procedures. The to improve existing NDF procedures: in 2008 an international authors critically assessed BrazilÕs regulations for NDF pro- workshop on the topic included a series of case studies cedures for Arapaima using IUCNÕs checklist for making covering various regions and taxa worldwide. The present NDFs, and found that those regulations cannot ensure the study was developed for that workshop, contributing to the sustainability of Arapaima populations. Arapaima are among implementation of more effective NDF procedures for tropical the largest fishes in the world, migrate short distances among fishes. several floodplain habitats, and are very vulnerable to fishing Tropical fishes are affected by the same broad range of during spawning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Placenta Drives a Shift in Sexual Selection in Livebearing Fish
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature13451 The evolution of the placenta drives a shift in sexual selection in livebearing fish B. J. A. Pollux1,2, R. W. Meredith1,3, M. S. Springer1, T. Garland1 & D. N. Reznick1 The evolution of the placenta from a non-placental ancestor causes a species produce large, ‘costly’ (that is, fully provisioned) eggs5,6, gaining shift of maternal investment from pre- to post-fertilization, creating most reproductive benefits by carefully selecting suitable mates based a venue for parent–offspring conflicts during pregnancy1–4. Theory on phenotype or behaviour2. These females, however, run the risk of mat- predicts that the rise of these conflicts should drive a shift from a ing with genetically inferior (for example, closely related or dishonestly reliance on pre-copulatory female mate choice to polyandry in conjunc- signalling) males, because genetically incompatible males are generally tion with post-zygotic mechanisms of sexual selection2. This hypoth- not discernable at the phenotypic level10. Placental females may reduce esis has not yet been empirically tested. Here we apply comparative these risks by producing tiny, inexpensive eggs and creating large mixed- methods to test a key prediction of this hypothesis, which is that the paternity litters by mating with multiple males. They may then rely on evolution of placentation is associated with reduced pre-copulatory the expression of the paternal genomes to induce differential patterns of female mate choice. We exploit a unique quality of the livebearing fish post-zygotic maternal investment among the embryos and, in extreme family Poeciliidae: placentas have repeatedly evolved or been lost, cases, divert resources from genetically defective (incompatible) to viable creating diversity among closely related lineages in the presence or embryos1–4,6,11.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume
    ISBN 0-9689167-4-x Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Davis Strait, Southern Greenland and Flemish Cap to Cape Hatteras) Volume One Acipenseriformes through Syngnathiformes Michael P. Fahay ii Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean iii Dedication This monograph is dedicated to those highly skilled larval fish illustrators whose talents and efforts have greatly facilitated the study of fish ontogeny. The works of many of those fine illustrators grace these pages. iv Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean v Preface The contents of this monograph are a revision and update of an earlier atlas describing the eggs and larvae of western Atlantic marine fishes occurring between the Scotian Shelf and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fahay, 1983). The three-fold increase in the total num- ber of species covered in the current compilation is the result of both a larger study area and a recent increase in published ontogenetic studies of fishes by many authors and students of the morphology of early stages of marine fishes. It is a tribute to the efforts of those authors that the ontogeny of greater than 70% of species known from the western North Atlantic Ocean is now well described. Michael Fahay 241 Sabino Road West Bath, Maine 04530 U.S.A. vi Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the help provided by a number of very knowledgeable friends and colleagues dur- ing the preparation of this monograph. Jon Hare undertook a painstakingly critical review of the entire monograph, corrected omissions, inconsistencies, and errors of fact, and made suggestions which markedly improved its organization and presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan
    OKLAHOMA AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLAN Zebra Mussels White Perch Golden Alga Hydrilla TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents……..................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary......................................................................................................... 4 Introduction.......................................................................................................................6 Problem Definition..........................................................................................................10 Goals..............................................................................................................................23 Existing Authorities and Programs.................................................................................24 Objectives, Strategies, Actions & Cost Estimates..........................................................32 Objective 1: Coordinate and implement a comprehensive management plan..........32 Objective 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma............................35 Objective 3: Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS......................................................38 Objective 4: Control & eradicate established ANS that have significant impacts…..40 Objective 5: Educate resource user groups..............................................................43 Objective 6: Conduct/support research.....................................................................45
    [Show full text]
  • Bony Fish Guide
    This guide will help you to complete the Bony Fish Observation Worksheet. Bony Fish Guide Fish (n.) An ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrate (with a backbone) aquatic (lives in water) animal that moves with the help of fins (limbs with no fingers or toes) and breathes with gills. This definition might seem very broad, and that is because fish are one of the most diverse groups of animals on the planet—there are a lot of fish in the sea (not to mention rivers, lakes and ponds). In fact, scientists count at least 32,000 species of fish—more than any other type of vertebrate. Fish are split into three broad classes: Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish (hagfish, lampreys, etc.) (sharks, rays, skates, etc.) (all other fish) This guide will focus on the Bony Fish. There are at least 28,000 species of bony fish, and they are found in almost every naturally occurring body of water on the planet. Bony fish range in size: • Largest: ocean sunfish (Mola mola), 11 feet, over 5,000 pounds • Smallest: dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka pygmaea), ½ inch, a fraction of an ounce (This image is life size.) The following guide will help you learn more about the bony fish you can find throughout the New England Aquarium. Much of the guide is keyed to the Giant Ocean Tank, but can be applied to many kinds of fish. Even if you know nothing about fish, you can quickly learn a few things: The shape of a fish’s body, the position of its mouth and the shape of its tail can give you many clues as to its behavior and adaptations.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
    [Show full text]