TELEOSTS… part 1 Division Teleostei (perfect bone) • 26,840 species (96% of all fishes) • 40 orders • 448 families No limits for Teleosts! Limited habitat, Limited ecology NO LIMITS Division Teleostei (perfect bone) Division Teleostei (perfect bone) • >95% living species = 400+ families • arose 200 mya Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (bony tongues) • common genera of today existed 40-70 MYA Subdivision Elopomorpha (tarpons and true eels) Subdivision Ostarioclupeomorpha (herrings, • evolved from several lines minnows, catfish) • 4 subdivisions Subdivision Euteleostei (the main event) 1 Major trends in Teleosts: Evolution of paired fin location in teleosts • reduction in bony elements primitive -fewer vertebrae -fewer bones in skull advanced -fin ray reduction in C, P1, P2 • dorsal fin function and position changes • pectorals and pelvics change body position intermediate • caudal fin modifications • swimbladder modifications • improvements in feeding apparatus Dorsal fin shape basic & function Caudal fin reinforced by hypurals, uroneurals, and epurals diversified spinous specialized primitive Actinopterygian Evolution of protrusible jaw: Neopterygian (Amiidae) Teleost (Cichlidae) 2 Protrusible mouths Pharyngeal TeethPharyngeal Teeth Characters of Teleosts End results of Teleost trends: • operculum has 4 bones • homocercal tail, partly supported by uroneurals • fast and highly maneuverable • cycloid / ctenoid scales • reduced armor but quick and spiny • vertebrae are ossified, but lightweight • efficient prey capture mechanisms • swimbladder is a buoyancy organ • efficient and diverse prey processing • maxilla and premaxilla are moveable, premaxilla is principal bone of upper jaw • fins are highly maneuverable with rays and spines • body shape is highly variable Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha (2 orders) Order: Osteoglossiformes Order Osteoglossiformes (bonytongues) Family: Osteoglossidae (bonytongues) Pantodon (4 families, 218 spp.) • most teeth are on tongue or roof of mouth • premaxilla small & fixed to skull (no supramaxilla) • huge scales in some arowana arapaima • fresh water, usually tropical • some are electric, production and receptive Examples: arowana, arapaima, mormyrid elephant fish 3 Arowana Arapaima gigas mouthbrooding • one of largest freshwater fishes: 15 feet • obligate air breather Order: Osteoglossiformes Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Notopteridae (African knifefishes) Family: Mormyridae (elephant fishes) - electric production and reception Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Gymnarchidae (aba) 4 Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha Subdivision Elopomorpha Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes) (1 families, 2 spp.) • Order Elopiformes (tarpon) • small • Order Albuliformes (bonefish) • freshwater • Order Anguilliformes (true eels: e.g., moray, snake-eels, conger • eastern US ) • Order Saccopharyngiformes (deep-sea gulper eels) Characters: • leptocephalus larvae: very thin, leaflike • snake-like bodies (often) Leptocephalus larvae Order: Elopiformes Elops: ladyfish or tenpounder (2 families, 8 spp.) Family: Elopidae (tarpon) Order: Albuliformes (3 families, 30 spp.) Family: Albulidae (bonefish) 5 Order Albuliformes - halosaurs Order: Anguilliformes (eels) (14 families, 791 spp.) -- in all major habitats characters: • no pelvic fins • no scales (usually) • opercular series reduced • premaxilla fused to vomer & ethmoid • gill opening narrow • no gill rakers American eel progression from Order: Anguilliformes leptocephalus larva to Family: Muraenidae (moray eels) adult eel body plan goldspot moray Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae 6 Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae snipe eels (Nemichthyidae) garden eels Order: Saccopharyngiformes (gulper eel) Subdivision: Ostarioclupeomorpha (4 families, 26 spp.) Superorder: Clupeomorpha Order: Clupeiformes Superorder: Ostariophysi Order: Gonorynchiformes Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes Order: Siluriformes Order: Gymnotiformes Characters: -- connection of swimbladder to inner ear Order: Clupeiformes Order: Clupeiformes (5 families, 364 spp.) Family: Clupeidae (herrings) American shad herring • open water, silvery, compressed bodies • planktivorous: flexible mouth and fine gill rakers • swimbladder touches the inner ear: otophysic connection for increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds • major commercial importance Examples: herring, shad, anchovy 7 sardines Order: Clupeiformes Family: Engraulidae (anchovies) wolf herring (Chirocentridae): Superorder Ostariophysi: carnivorous & up to 1 m long Order Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Order Cypriniformes (carps) Order Characiformes (tetras & others) Order Siluriformes (catfishes) Order Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) • 64% of all fresh water fishes! • widespread, but absent from Australia and Antarctica • great diversity of form: large predators to small herbivores Superorder Ostariophysi Weberian apparatus – improves hearing skull Characteristics • Weberian Apparatus - first 4 vertebrae fused -- connects inner ear to gas bladder (low frequency hearing) • fright substance - "Shreckstoff • trend toward reduction of jaw teeth - even absence • well developed lower pharyngeal bones • pelvic fins abdominal, adipose fins in some, pungent spines often present 8 Order: Order: Gonorhynchiformes (milkfishes) Cypriniformes (carps) (4 families, 37 spp.) (6 families, 3270 spp.!) • small mouth • toothless common carp Chanos chanos goldfish Order: Cypriniformes Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae (minnows, carp, barbs) Family: Catostomidae (suckers) worlds smallest fish: Paedocypris progenetica • fleshy lips bluenose shiner sicklefin redhorse giant barb bluehead chub Order: Cypriniformes Order: Characiformes (tetras & others) (18 families, 1675 spp.) loaches (Cobitidae) 9 Order: Characiformes Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) tetras black pacu Order: Characiformes Order: Family: Characidae (tetras, pirahnas, & others) Siluriformes (catfishes) (34 families, 2870 spp.) characters: • barbels (wiskers) • adipose fin • scaleless or armored piranha Order: Siluriformes electric Family: Ictaluridae channel catfish venomous blue catfish armored http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biL- QcviQGk 10 Order: Siluriformes Family: Pimelodidae Mekong giant catfish captured in the Mekong river in 2005: 9 ft long, 645 lb. wels catfish goonch Candiru – your worst nightmare http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QQWgUht-ObI Order: Gymnotiformes (S. American knifefishes) (5 families, 62 spp.) Family: Gymnotidae -- produce and receive electrical impulses 500 volts! 11 Subdivision Euteleostei (>300 families & >17,000 spp!) Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Protacanthopterygii 9 Superorders: Order Argentiformes (argentines) Protacanthopterygii (pikes, salmonids, smelts, argentines) Order Osmeriformes (smelts) Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfishes, bristlemouths) Order Salmoniformes (salmon & trouts) Ateleopodomorpha (jellynose fishes) Order Esociformes (pike) Cyclosquamata (pearleyes, lizardfishes) Scopelomorpha (lanternfishes) Characters: Lampridiomorpha (oarfish, opah) • no fin spines Polymixiomorpha (beardfishes) • most have adipose fin • hypural plates consolidated to the urostyle (strong swimmers) Paracanthopterygii (cusk-eels, cods, frogfishes) • slender predatory fish with many specializations Acanthopterygii (mullet, silversides, whalefishes, • cycloid scales squirrelfishes, John dories, sticklebacks, • physostomous connection (passageway) between swimbladder and swamp eels, scorpionfishes, flatfishes, pharynx pufferfishes, and all perchlike fishes) • pectoral and pelvic fins usually in ancestral position Order: Order: Argentiformes (argentines or herring smelts) Osmeriformes (smelts) (6 families, 202 spp.) (3 families, 88 spp.) barreleye • all deep sea • crumenal organ (branchial) common smelt Family: Microstomatidae (pencilsmelts) -- includes former Bathylagidae (deepsea smelts) Order: rainbow trout Salmoniformes (salmonids: salmons, trouts, charrs, chinook salmon graylings, charrs) (1 Family, 66 spp.) Family: Salmonidae Atlantic salmon 12 Order: Salmoniformes Arctic grayling (to 70 kg) Salmo Oncorhynchus Thymallus Hucho, Salvelinus Order: Esociformes (pikes & pickerels) (2 families, 10 spp.) From here on the Neoteleosts Family: Esocidae based on 4 skull and jaw characteristics • trend toward P2 more anterior and P1 more lateral Superorders: Stenopterygii Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha northern pike specialized deep-sea Acanthomorpha (true spines) and pelagic forms redfin pickerel Lampridiomorpha Polymixiomorpha Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii Superorder Stenopterygii Order Stomiiformes (5 families, 391 spp.) (bristlemouths, marine hatchetfish, lightfish, viperfish) • deepsea, worldwide • photophores – light emitting organs Cyclothone • big gape • one genus, Cyclothone, considered to be most abundant fish in world Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) • skeleton largely cartilaginous, deep water, on the bottom • bulbous-headed fish 13 hatchetfish viperfish Order: Superorder Cyclosquamata (cycloid scaled) Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) (1 family, 12 spp.) Order Aulopiformes (7 families, 236 spp.) • mostly deep-sea • major exception: lizardfishes (common on coral reefs) longnose lancetfish Order: Aulopiformes Family: Synodontidae (lizardfish) Order Aulopiformes tripod fish 14 Order Aulopiformes, telescopefish Superorder: Scopelomorpha Order: Myctophiformes (lanternfishes) (2 families, 246 spp.) • large fraction of the deep-scattering layer Family: Myctophidae (lanternfishes) Next lecture: Acanthomorpha, the spiny teleosts 15 .