OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 30 WINTER 1980 NO. 1

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers — terms expire 1980 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, President—Steve Fuller, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 2591 Seville Rd.. Wadsworth, Ohio 44281 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Vice President—Frank Otto, Zanesville, Ohio 43701 1503 Hempwood Dr., Columbus, Ohio Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Pandora, Ohio ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ Treasurer—Mike Kish, quests for back issues, changes of address, and other 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio matter should be sent to the business office. Recording Secretary—Scott Haskins, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY Columbus, Ohio OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio Editorial Office Trustees Term expires 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City, Ohio 1980 Business Office William C. Haney, Route 1, Box 256, Summers Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Kittshill, Ohio 45645 1980 Worthington, Ohio 43085 Alva McGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave., Membership and Dues Chillicothe. Ohio 45601 1980 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Dr., 1980 payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Fairborn, Ohio bership $8.50, Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Dana Baker, 17240 TWP Rd. 206 82 $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 19 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Steve Balazs, 1010 N. Mulberry St., of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1982 has no paid officers or employees. Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., 1 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Mansfield, Ohio 44907 982 subscription is included in the membership dues. Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Heights, Newscomerstown, Ohio 1982 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse 3 00 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse 7.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman. Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 William Tiell. 13435 Lake Ave , Lakewood, Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Robert Jackman, Box 30, Wellsville, Ohio 43968 to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available James L. Murphy, 102 Wilbur Ave., from time to time Write to business office for prices and Columbus, Ohio 43215 availability. Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES PRESERVATION COMMITTEE NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker, Chairman Robert N. Converse, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. Wayne Mortine Alva McGraw Don Bapst Charles Stout, Sr. Gordon Hart Bert Drennan Jan Sorgenfrei David Brose John Winsch AUDITING COMMITTEE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE COMMITTEE Robert Hill, Chairman Charles Stout, Jr. Robert Converse, Chairman Don Gehlbach Owen Cowan Lar Hothem Jack Hooks Kendall Saunders Jeff Carskadden Tom Stropki Wayne Mortine Jack Lanam Martha Otto Steve Parker EXHIBITS COMMITTEE George Morelock Gordon Hart Steve Balazs, Co-Chairman Ed Hughes RAFFLE COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman Charles Voshall William Haney, Chairman Billy Hillen Graig Clola John Baldwin Jerry Hagerty Frank Otto Dorothy Good Earl Noble FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE Mike Kish, Chairman LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Lar Hothem Alva McGraw, Chairman Doug Hooks Dorothy Good Dwight Shipley Don Bapst Marylyn Harness David Kuhn Ernest Good Martha Otto Gilbert Dilley Jack Hooks Joy Jones Earl Townsend 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENTS PAGE The FAI-270 Archaeological Mitigation It is with pleasure that I can report our Project In Illinois 4 January and March meetings were excep­ An Engraved Trapezoidal Pendant From tionally well attended. Excellent and diversified The 33Ha66 Site 8 displays, coupled with interesting programs, Cultural Assessment of The 33-HA-66 provided an atmosphere which ensured that Incised Pendant 10 there was something for everyone, regardless Photographic Techniques for Engraved of specific individual interests. It was im­ Slate Pieces 11 mensely satisfying and encouraging to see so many of our newer members attending The Porteus Mound: Burial or these meetings. New members are the life- Ceremonial? 12 blood of any organization or society and we The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part IV-Bone and should all do our part by encouraging them to Shell Artifacts 14 be active and to participate. My heartfelt thanks A "Killed" Woodland Vessel From a Ross go to those members who made these meet­ County Burial Mound 22 ings so successful. For those members who Surface Finds From the Reeve Site, were not able to attend, it is my hope that you Eastlake Ohio 24 will make plans to attend the Annual May A Rare Spiro Focus Effigy Pipe 26 Meeting to be held on May 25th at the Howard A Human Effigy Pipe 27 Johnson's Motor Lodge, S.R. 161 and 171, Columbus, Ohio. This also promises to be a The Crane Creek Spear 28 great meeting. A Rare Effigy Boatstone 29 The election for a new slate of officers and The Grimm Spear 30 trustees will be held in May. Ballots will be A Recent Discovery—The Anderson mailed to all members. If you are interested Earthwork 31 in serving your Society, please make myself Projectile Points From the Brokaw Site or one of the other current officers aware of (33BL-6) 36 your desire. We also are seeking interested Five Multiple Component Sites in Knox and able people to serve on the various County-(33KN40-44) 43 committees. If you have some ideas which A Human Effigy Pipe from Ohio 47 you think will help to make our Society better, Burin Faceting of Flint Forms in Ohio let us know! I repeat the fact that constructive Hopewell 48 comments and suggestions are always A Fine Ohio Hopewell Pipe 49 welcomed. Some Field Finds from Franklin County . .49 With Spring rapidly approaching, many of A Columbiana County, Ohio, Tar Burner us will be out in the field once again looking Rock 50 over favorite sites and finding new ones. Why not bring your prize finds to the May meeting Surface Finds from Harrison County, and enter them in The Best Field Find awards Indiana 52 program? Through the sharing of your finds The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio... .53 and experiences with other members, the gift Necrology 55 of knowledge will also be shared. Happy hunting!

Steve Fuller

Front Cover This remarkable sculpture, known as the "Birger Figurine", was found by University of Illinois (Urbana) archaeologists during the 1979 field season of the FAI-270 Archaeological Mitigation Project. The figure is made of Bauxite, weighs 2,699.2 grams, and is approximately 8" high. The FAI-270 Archaeological Mitigation Project in Illinois by Nicholas E. Hakiel, FAI-270 Project 109 S. Main St., Columbia, Illinois Photographs by Jeff Abrams, FAI-270 Project

The FAI-270 Archaeological Mitigation FAI-270 Project to look beyond the prime Project1 is involved in the mitigation of over purpose of site mitigation and attempt to use 50 sites which lie within the alignment of an excavation as a means of answering specific extension to Highway 1-270. The right of way questions pertaining to the different time extends over the Mississippi floodplain for periods involved. These questions were some 34 kilometers on the Illinois side of the determined by the dominant aspects of the river, completing the Interstate by-pass of St. cultures encountered. One concern has been Louis. (See lllus. 1.) The project involves four to establish the character and extent of state universities under the direction of the environmental exploitation for each of the Project Coordinator, Professor Charles J. culture periods encountered. For later sites, Bareis of the University of Illinois, Urbana. the nature of community planning has been The University of Illinois is the prime con­ an equally important consideration. tractor for the Illinois Department of Transpor­ The FAI-270 Project is dealing with a time tation, and personnel from the University, span of some five thousand years; the amount under the Project Director Dr. James Porter, of archaeological evidence increases at the are responsible for most of the mitigation later end of the time scale, reflecting the work. Initial survey work on the proposed population density and the level of culture right of way began in the fall of 1975, and site achieved by the Mississippian period. Despite mitigation commenced in 1978. Field work is this, the project has probably made as signifi­ scheduled to be completed in 1980. cant a contribution to the understanding of Although mitigation is restricted to the earlier periods as it has to the Mississippian areas determined by the highway alignment, phase with its more abundant cultural debris. the wealth of archaeological resources in the The number of sites excavated to date has American Bottom enables archaeologists for already radically altered the archaeological the first time to construct a more comprehen­ perception of prehistory in the American sive picture of prehistoric settlement in and Bottom region. around the Cahokia Mound complex. Apart The Archaic period is particularly repre­ from the data retrieved, which contributes to sented at two sites; one of which produced our understanding of the socio-economic three caches of blades, possibly associated base of the Cahokia Mississippian culture, with burial contexts. The largest Archaic site the FAI-270 Project has provided information had no such caches, but appears to show on the importance of the American Bottom to repetitive occupation over a long period, aboriginal cultures before the emergence of possibly centuries. No Archaic dwellings have Cahokia as a major center. as yet been recorded. Project archaeologists work on sites within The Early and Middle Woodland periods the highway alignment and in areas along the have been explored in detail for the first time Eastern bluff which are used as borrow pits in this area, and have assumed a greater by highway constructors. The proximity of dimension than previously thought. On two the borrow pits to the area of highway sites major Early Woodland components were mitigation is particularly fortunate since the found; one, as might be expected in a prehistoric peoples appear to have maximised northeastern context, with Marion Thick the resources available in their environment pottery but no associated structures. The by differential utilization of the river valley second site remains on apparent anomaly, its and adjacent upland areas. Although the artifacts being similar to those of Early Wood­ mitigation areas are determined by a non- land sites in the Southeast. The Middle Wood­ archaeological factor (the highway), the land is most notably represented by a typical density of prehistoric settlement in the area circular house structure with associated and the contiguous nature of the alignment features (lllus. 2), and by a substantial Havanna ensure that the sample of settlements made component at a neighboring site. available to this project are representative of The Late Woodland through Mississippian prehistoric usage. phases are possibly the most interesting en­ In view of the unique value of the informa­ countered to date. Sites on the project show tion uncovered, it has been a policy of the a clear development from the Late Bluff

4 period through the Mississippian. Their in­ more functional studies of the period. For creasingly complex socio-economic bases example, the short hafted hoe resolves a long reflect the emergence of Cahokia as a major standing debate over the method of attaching center with a considerable impact throughout hoe blades to their handles, and of how the the hinterland. The broad scope of the project hoes themselves were utilized. Apart from has allowed excavation of seasonal camp­ this statue, partial remains of a second sites, farmsteads, hamlets and villages with figurine "Keller Figurine" have been found obvious community planning (see lllus. 3), and a fine series of effigy vessels in a and has provided a detailed record of the mortuary context. (See lllus. 4.) Only some­ agricultural community which supported the what less dramatic are the series of storage neighboring towns and city. vessels found in situ on several of the sites. Although the project's principle concern While such findings stimulate public in­ lies in the reconstruction of the lifeways of terest in archaeology, the real value of the these aboriginal societies, it has also un­ FAI-270 Project lies in its contribution to the covered its share of spectacular finds, not the reconstruction of the lives and homes of the least of which is the "Birger Figurine" (see people who provided the basis for the front cover). This figurine is thought to emergence of a city like Cahokia, and in the symbolize the agrarian dependency of the further delineation of the social organization Mississippian peoples. It depicts a kneeling and economic basis which supported such a female cutting or scratching the body of a large urban community. The project has also panther-headed snake with a hafted hoe. made a significant difference in increasing From the snake's forked tail two vines of our understanding of the impact of the pre- gourds rise over the base and shoulders of Cahokian cultures in the area, which until the figure. (Fig. 2). Apart from the ethnographic now appears to have been underestimated. information derived, the statue also aids in

Footnote: 'Funding for archaeological mitigation of sites endangered by FAI-270 is by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author, who is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Illinois Department of Transportation and/or the Federal Government.

Fig. 1 Map of right of way for 1-2 70 extension.

5 Fig. 2 Rear view of figurine on front cover.

Fig. 3 Plan view of Middle Woodland House, circular discs mark post-molds.

6 Fig. 4 Aerial view of Multi-component site highlighting Late Bluff community plan around central plaza.

Fig. 5 Beaver effigy bowl found in Mississippian mortuary context. An Engraved Trapezoidal Pendant From the 33Ha66 Site PARTI by Richard J. Espelage 1740 Queen City Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 45214

Site 33Ha66 is located on the lowest very closely mimic trees, possibly gray birch, eastern terrace of the Great Miami River. which grow in marsh environments. Centering Extensive Archaic sites were found along the behind the head and neck of the bird is a northern and southern boundaries, but have square, possibly representing the sun. been destroyed by gravel operations. The The bird motif is similar to several species eastern boundary is comprised of a high of game, the more probable being the wild range of hills which form the second terrace. turkey. The elliptical body dimensions cor­ This site has never been excavated due to relate well, especially in the neck area. annual cultivation. Another possibility is some type of migratory The author has surface collected this site waterfowl, (trumpeter swan, Canada goose, for five and one-half years. The cultural duck). The triangular wings close to the body material is predominantly Archaic with the suggest that the bird is falling. exception of Woodland material found on the This engraving is more complex than first eastern portion of the site. thought in that it contains an earlier engraving The pendant is made of banded Ohio slate beneath the human figure and bird motif. This (hard shale) with a calcium carbonate concen­ faint engraving is being examined micro­ tration near the hole. The pendant is drilled scopically to reveal its entire meaning. Off­ from both sides and both surfaces are hand, the prehistoric artist has created depth engraved. of field by the use of slanted lines beneath The lower section of the pendant was the figure and by the placement of the "trees" recovered in July and the upper section in higher on the horizontal plane. These methods December. Both pieces were located in the indicate this is a scene which records an western portion of the site. event or tells a story, rather than merely The vertical engraving depicts a human symbols and lines. It is also of interest to note figure beneath a bird motif contained within a that the artist uses predominantly angular scene. The figure is positioned looking towards lines. the motif. Primitive clothing is represented The more complex reverse side of the by a series of horizontal lines in the lower leg pendant is engraved horizontally. Smooth area. A vertical line located directly below flowing lines depict a large quadruped, may represent some type of footwear. A small possibly a bison, with a curvilinear Crosshatch rectangle below the torso may represent a design. After both engravings undergo ex­ loin cloth or tied clothing. The upper body is treme microscopic analysis, a time period may not clothed, however. Both hands may be be assigned. Trapezoidal pendants of this holding projectiles. type generally range from early to late To the left of the human figure (hunter?), Woodland. Further interpretations resulting there are three distinct elongated forms con­ from study of the pendant's engravings will taining spaced horizontal lines. These forms be presented in future articles. Fig. 2 (Espelage) Reverse of engraved pendant.

33HA-66

Fig. 3 (Espelage) Drawings of engravings on obverse and

Fig. 4 (Espelage) Conjectural drawing possibly explaining elements in engravings. Cultural Assessment of the 33-HA-66 Incised Pendant by Ken Tankersley 1531 Barvac Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio

Abstract most of their ornaments. This can be seen The 33-HA-66 incised pendant can be reflected in their works with sheet mica. dated from early to late woodland. A similar Curved patterns form human hands, bear design, using curved lines, can be seen in claws, bird talons, birds, fish, and serpents Adena and Hopewell works. Correlation with (Martin, Quimby, and Collier 1947). Incised Mississippian motifs seems probable due to bird motifs, with triangular wings, similar to angular and cross hatched lines and bands or the 33-HA-66 pendant, have been found on lines occuring in the lower leg area of the Hopewell ceramics. However, curved rather human figure. than angular lines, are used (Griffen 1952). Introduction Mississippian The 33-HA-66 incised pendant, discov­ Engraved Mississippian ceramics are wide ered by Richard Espelage, is trapezoidal in spread in distribution and diversity. The Walls form. Trapezoidal pendants are the most Engraved bottles are commonly seen decor­ numerous of any of the pendant forms. It is ated by triangular patterns, often filled by however restricted to the Adena, Hopewell, cross hatched lines (Phillips, Ford, and Griffen and Ft. Ancient (Converse 1978). 1951). Jumbled cross hatched lines are quite The engravings are predominately an­ common among engraved slate pieces. gular. A trapezoidal pendant, composed of Fringed pendants, restricted to the Ft. An­ red slate, was found in Wyoming County, cient, are often seen with cross hatched Pennsylvania. On the pendant was an incised engravings (Miles 1963). The Johnson gorget quadruped, possibly a dog. The engraving of Ross County is covered by cross hatched was angular in form (Tiell 1979). lines on its reverse side (Converse 1979). Engraved slate pieces have been found The 33-HA-66 pendant has, on the verticle among Archaic, Glacial Kame, Adena, Hope­ engraving a complex series of cross hatched well, and Ft. Ancient. It was common practice lines. In addition to the Walls Engraved, the for the Ft. Ancients to depict designs of incised ceramics of Moundville are decorated animals or humans on slate. Engraved slate by cross hatched lines (Alabama Museum of pieces have been found in 17 of Ohio's Natural History 1942). counties (Converse 1978). For Mississippian Artisans, shell was often Cultural assessment of the 33-HA-66 utilized for gorgets. Excavated from the Spiro pendant can only be made after careful and Etawah mounds were many such gorgets. microscopic examination of the lighter less A shell gorget with woodpeckers, was de­ prevalent engravings. However, artistic cor­ picted using triangular wings, thin necks, and relation of the dominant engravings might rounded heads (Willoughby 1932). This bird allow insight into a cultural association. motif is similar in its design to the bird motif Beside slate pieces, the prehistoric artisan seen on the 33-HA-66 pendant. also worked with other media. Examination of Full bodied human figures engraved dur­ this media may aid in cultural correlation. ing the Mississippian usually have horizontal lines or bands occuring in the lower leg area. Adena This can be seen on the shell design of snake A characteristic Adena artifact is the en­ dancers from the Spiro and Etowah mounds, graved rectangular stone slab known as the (Hamilton 1952) and on an embossed sheet- 'Adena Tablet'. Curved lines forming raptorial copper design of a dancer wearing eagle bird designs predominate (Webb and Baby paraphernalia (Willoughby 1932). The incised 1957). The Adena however also utilized Diamond gorget, collected from a Ft. Ancient angular geometric designs as seen in the site (Schisler), shows a Southern Cult figure Montgomery incised vessels (Webb and Snow with bands across the lower leg area (Con­ 1945). verse 1979). The human figure of the 33-HA- Hopewell 66 pendant has a series of horizontal lines The Hopewell preferred curved patterns in across the lower leg area.

10 Conclusions Griffen, James B. The pendant was found on a site which is 1952 The Spiro Mound. Missouri Archaeolo­ predominately archaic with woodland debris gist Volume 14. Columbia. occuring on the eastern section. It is however Hamilton, Henry W. 1952 The Spiro Mound. Missouri Archaeolo­ very close to three major Ft. Ancient sites of gist Volume 14, Columbia. the Cincinnati and vicinity. Martin, Paul, George Quimby, and Donald Collier Miami Fort (33-HA-62) 1947 Indians Before Columbus: Twenty Thou­ Stone King (33-HA-60) sand Years of North American History State Line (33-HA-58) Revealed by Archaeology The Univer­ sity of Chicago Press, Chicago. The trapezoidal pendants are restricted to Miles, Charles M. Adena, Hopewell, and Ft. Ancient. Adena and 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North Hopewell engravings exhibit similar charac­ America, p. 1 35 Figure S.1. Crown Pub­ teristics however predominate with curved lishers Inc. Chicago. lines. The Mississippian artisans utilized an­ Phillips, Philip, James A. Ford, and James B. Griffen gular drawings, cross hatched lines, and 1951 Archaeology Survey in the Lower Mis­ bands or horizontal lines in the lower leg area sissippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Papers of human figures. of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 25. This is not to say that the pendant is Ft. Cambridge. Ancient, only that several of the incised Tiell, William W patterns do bare a striking resemblance to 1979 The Dog Pendant (Incised Pendant No. typical Mississippian design. These infer­ 1065) The Ohio Archaeologist, Volume ences are to be taken as such. These are 29, No. 1. Columbus. opinions of the author and not fact. Webb, William S., and Charles E. Snow 1945 The Adena People. University of Ken­ REFERENCES tucky Reports in Anthropology and Ar­ Alabama Museum of Natural History chaeology, Vol 6. Lexington 1942 Mound State Monument, Moundville. Webb, William S., and Raymond S. Baby Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural 1957 The Adena People, No. 2, Published for History, Museum Paper, No 20, the Ohio Historical Society by the Ohio Moundville. University Press. Columbus. Converse, Robert N Willoughby, Charles C 1978 Ohio State Types, A Special Publication 1 932 Notes on the History and Symbolism of of Archaeological Society of Ohio. the Muskhogeans and the People of Columbus. Etowah in Etowah Papers, Warren K Converse, Robert N Moorehead et.al., pp 7-66 Published for 1979 Two Incised Slate Pieces, The Ohio the Philips Academy by the Yale Univer­ Archaeologist, Volume 29. No. 2 sity Press New Haven. Columbus. Photographic Techniques for Engraved Slate Pieces by Ken Tankersley 1531 Barvac Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio Black and White (High Contrast) portion of the pipet should be cut 2.54cm Ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) NH4C1 from the bulb to prevent clogging. A rubber (molecular weight 53.50) is an inorganic hose fastened to the front can be used to cubic, colorless, crystaline substance. At facilitate an air current. The ammonium 335°C ammonium chloride passes directly chloride can be heated to 335°C where, in its from solid to a vaporous state (sublimation). vaporous state, will collect in the pipet. An air When the chemical, in its vaporous state, current passing through the pipet will transfer comes in contact with any textured surface, the vapor onto the artifact, where condensa­ cooling occurs quickly resulting in crystals tion occurs. This results in a fine white that are rendered to a microcrystaline size. A crystaline surface coating the artifact, which coating of recrystalized ammonium chloride allows high contrast photography to reveal can bring out patterns on engraved slate detail otherwise hidden. pieces that would otherwise be undectable. These photographic techniques can aid Sublimation of ammonium chloride onto the archaeologist to decipher deliberate artifacts can be accomplished by filling the patterns formed by the engravings and thus bulbous portion of a 25 ml. volumetric trans- paint a more complete picture of what the fering pipet with 1.0g of NH4C1. The end prehistoric artist was trying to convey.

11 The Porteus Mound: Burial or Ceremonial? by Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon, Ohio The Writer has tested the surface soil of 33-Cs-5) as being located 0.4 miles south of some 15 mounds in central Ohio to determine SR 83 on the east side of C-271 and was 23 its phosphate content as an indicator of pre­ feet high by 120 feet in diameter. The mound historic occupation (Grubb 1978, 1979). was named after its owners, Mr. and Mrs. Invariably all samples taken 12-15 inches John Porteus. deep on various parts of the mound yielded In reading Moorheads description of his positive results. However, samples taken from excavation he expressed chagrin and disap­ the bottom of potholes usually produced a pointment that after employing "16 men day strong positive test. When the writer recently and night for 4 days and sinking a trench 35 learned that one side of a large mound in ft. wide and 70 ft. long (at no time was a larger Coshocton county had been sliced off verti­ force put on a mound in the Ohio Valley)," the cally to permit widening of an adjacent road only things that were found were "a most he recognized this as a unique opportunity to beautiful chipped six-inch spearhead and a test the phosphate content of the mound soil few pieces of charcoal". Since Moorheads at various depths. Fig. 1 shows the eastern report indicates that he could not have exca­ side of the mound from which Moorhead vated more than one-quarter of the mound's (Moorhead 1897) had removed tons of earth. contents it would be difficult to be certain The western side of the mound was sliced that one or more burials might not be located vertically to widen county road C—271 as in the unexcavated areas. The writer pre­ shown in Fig. 2. Figure 3 shows where soil sented the problem to Dr. James B. Griffin samples were taken approximately every four who replied (Griffin 1979) "It's a good bet but feet above the base of the mound at the road not certain that it is an Adena mound. I would level. The samples were taken 12-15 inches doubt that it contained nothing and W. K. deep by driving the corer in horizontally at Moorheads techniques were not adequate to each location identified by the white-topped definitely say there were no burials in it. stakes. All samples gave a positive test with Mounds with burials are certainly ceremonial' the exception of one taken 15 feet above the and to call a mound ceremonial' is to say road which produced a strong positive test. nothing". Since Moorhead did not state that it While it was tempting to suspect that this was purely a ceremonial mound, the accuracy sample was close to a burial, this idea had to of the monument's statement about the be discounted because close inspection of mound's function is questionable. Although its location revealed an animal burrow a few the accuracy of the marker's statement may inches away. Previous experience in testing be questioned, this is insignificant compared soil close to animal burrows has always with the highly laudable circumstance of its yielded readily explainable strong positive erection as described in a letter from Mr. tests. Further study of the phosphate content Martin C. Auer, a teacher in the Coshocton of mound soils will be required before a school system, as follows, "When we decided reasonable explanation of its source and to place a marker, it was in reaction to a significance can be postulated. newspaper editorial expressing concern that most people in the community no longer knew Approximately 2 years ago a beautiful the location of the mound and that such a granite monument was placed a few yards lack of familiarity could cause the entire from the northwest side of the mound (Fig. 4). mound to be excavated away at some future Since the inscription states unequivocally that date, because not enough people would know it was a ceremonial rather than a burial mound or care for its existence. We used what in­ the writer was curious to learn the evidence formation was available, raised the money for for this statement. It was found that the source the marker and had it placed. The mound is of the information was from the Ohio Archae­ now at least identified, some 60 seventh ological and Historical Society Quarterly grade students had a part in a worthwhile and (Moorhead 1897). It was likewise learned that lasting community improvement project, and the mound had been recorded in the Ohio I enjoyed helping them". Coshocton residents Preservation Office in 1977 by Jeffrey D. are to be congratulated for their efforts to Brown, East-Central Ohio Regional Archae­ preserve the evidence of Ohio's prehistoric ological Preservation Officer. His report inhabitants and it is hoped that their example (Brown 1977) described the mound (site No.

12 will be followed by other communities. Re­ Grubb, Thomas C. gardless of the accuracy of the marker it 1978 Archaeology Update II: Anthrosols De­ should at least serve to discourage future tection for Locating Ancient Habitation potholers! Sites. The Ohio Archaeologist, 28 (4): The writer is greatly indebted to Martin C. 28-29. Auer, Jeffrey D. Brown and Paul Fant for the 1979 Experience with the Phosphate Test to information that they contributed to this Locate Ancient Habitation Sites. The report. Ohio Archaeologist. 29 (2): 52-55.

REFERENCES Moorehead, Warren K. Brown, Jeffrey D. 1897 Report of the Field Work Carried on in 1977 Ohio Archaeological Inventory. Porteus Muskingum, Scioto and Ohio Valleys Mound 33-CS-5, Dec. 21, 1977 Survey. during the Season of 1896. Ohio Ar­ Griffin, James B. chaeological & Historical Society Quar­ 1979 Personal communication. terly V: 192-195.

,s I

HJ Fig. 1 (Grubb) The Porteus Mound from the eastern side.

Fig. 2 (Grubb) View of the western side of the Porteus Mound which was sliced off vertically in widening the adjacent road.

THE PORTEUS (TlOUnO

THIS EARTHEO mouno WAS sum BETUIEEB 800 B.C. RI1D 500 A 0 BV PREHISTORIC PEOPLE WHO LIV1ED in THIS Mflusy. THE mouno tuns USED FOR CERtmoniHL PURPOSES. unuKE mosT OTHER rnounos 111 OHIO LUHICH UlERt USED FOR BURIALS. THE ITlOUnD WAS FIRST EXCRETED in 1896 BV W K. ITfflOREHEAD. HT UIHICH TIIT1E THE ITlOUnD WAS 120 FEET in DinmETER AnD 23 FEET HIGH. ITMWKER PLACED By COSHOCTOn CLASS Of 1982

II / I, "_ I,***: Fig. 3 (Grubb) White-tipped stakes indicate where soil Fig. 4 (Grubb) The granite marker placed by the 1982 class samples were collected on the west side of the Porteus of Coshocton students in front of the northwest side of the Mound for the phosphate test. Porteus Mound.

13 The Hunt Site (33 BL 16) Part IV-Bone and Shell Artifacts by Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon, Ohio and Arthur J. Allen Canton, Ohio

The authors' previous reports on the Hunt interface" between the Ft. Ancient and the site described the location and flint artifacts Monongahela Indians. in Part I, ceramics in Part II and lithics and Nine categories (28%) including seventy- pipes in Part III (Grubb and Allen 1979), all of five items were made from deer and/or elk which suggested that the site had been antlers while the remainder were derived occupied at various times by the Baum Phase from animal and bird bones. A detailed and the Feurt Phase Ft. Ancient Indians, as description of the bone and antler artifacts well as members of the Monongahela Com­ from the Hunt site, using Griffin's classifica­ plex. Further evidence for this belief is de­ tion (1966) to facilitate comparison with other scribed in this section on bone and shell sites, is described below. artifacts. While the study of bone artifacts often receives much less attention by archae­ ANTLER ARTIFACTS: No complete deer or ologists than flint and ceramic artifacts to elk antlers were recovered but numerous tips determine the cultural identity of prehistoric and sections were found, most showing Amerinds, this may be unjustifiable according modification usage. A large antler hub was to Prufer and Shane (1970) who stated that found with extensive batter scars indicating "the Ft. Ancient Tradition as a whole is charac­ its use as a hammer or anvil. A cache of terized by a rich and diversified bone and thirteen antler tips was recovered showing antler industry". This is certainly true for the scoring cuts made for breaking from the rack. Hunt site where 598 bone and antler artifacts A number of items were found which showed were collected, compared with the number the progressive stages in the manufacture of reported from other Ft. Ancient and Monon­ antler projectile points. The basic material gahela sites, e.g. Baum—275, Philo II—499, was a section of antler on which a series of Drew—275 and Richards—564 as reported lateral cuts had been made extending the by Carskadden and Morton (1977). The Hunt entire length of the section (Fig. 1-A). When site bone and antler artifacts were collected the depth of the cuts reached the bone by members of the Sugarcreek Valley chapter marrow, the solid portion was cut into strips of the Archaeological Society of Ohio from (Fig. 1 -B). These strips were then shaped into surface and midden deposits and from more rough, round pegs (Fig. 1-C), cut into short than ninety refuse pits. lengths about one inch long (Fig. 1-D) and points whittled on them (Fig. 1-E and Fig. 7- All of the artifacts collected were assem­ E). The points were finished by smoothing bled in one place for identification and and drilling cavities in the bases (Fig. 1-F). comparison with those reported from other Mayer-Oakes places this type of antler point Ft. Ancient and Monongahela sites. Griffin in the Archaic complex of the upper Ohio (1966) lists 36 different bone categories Valley which would seem to be chronologic­ related to the Feurt Phase and twenty-four of ally inconsistent unless the procedure was these were identified at the Hunt site. Notably started in Archaic times and continued vir­ lacking were bone beamers and gorges. tually unchanged until the late woodland Mayer-Oakes (1955) lists twenty-five bone period? Antler tines were found which had categories from the Monongahela Complex been smoothed, pointed and drilled for use and eighteen of these were found at Hunt; as arrow points (Fig. 2-A). Antler drifts (Fig. 2- among the missing types were cut bear B) and flakers (Fig. 3) were relatively rare canines and imitation bone items. finds. However, the Hunt sample contained drilled fox ilia and antler chisels not found at Two bone chisels made from antlers of the Monongahela or Feurt sites. Since the Hunt spiked buck which had been ground to a sample contained 67% of the types found at sharp edge on the tip were found (Fig. 3). the Feurt site and 72% of those found at the One had been fire-blackened producing a Monongahela sites (see Table I), this appears high sheen where it had been polished on to be consistent with the evidence cited in the sharpened end. Other bone items ex­ the previous sections of this report, namely hibited similar blackened surfaces suggesting that the Hunt site represents a "cultural that this was a deliberate operation to in-

14 crease hardness or enhance the appearance. ping into desired lengths. All surfaces were Four antler scrapers were found, two of which highly polished including the sliced edges (Fig. 5-A, B) were in a topped pit along with and the scored ends. No use could be deter­ two antler sections (Fig. 5-C, D). The tool mined for these artifacts unless they were shown in (Fig. 5-A) had been fashioned from decorative rather than utilitarian. Scored ribs a strip removed from the convex side of an were reported from the Richards site and identical antler section as shown in (Fig. 5-C); polished mammalian ribs from the Blain while the tool shown in (Fig. 5-B) was made Village (Prufer and Shane 1970). from a strip taken from the concave side of a similar antler section. The scraper shown in SOLID BONE PERFORATORS: These arti­ (Fig. 5-A) was one of the very few bones cles (Fig. 8) were made from mammalian long showing deterioration, breaking into three bones, some being squared on the ends while pieces on retrieval from the pit. The black­ others appeared to have been broken from ened areas around the broken-off ends of the larger pieces. Though not as common as the antler sections suggest that hot coals were splinter bone type, they showed the same applied to burn through the outer surface, high polish and their solid body indicated that thus the section could be broken from the they must have been heavy duty tools. rack more easily. The tool shown in (Fig. 5-B) BONE PINS AND NEEDLES: All eleven is similar to one recovered from the Richards specimens in this category were made from site (Carskadden and Morton 1977). polished mammalian long bones (Fig. 9) and were flat except for the round needle (second WHOLE BONE AWLS: These are rather from the left). The eye of this needle is common artifacts appearing mostly in Ft. elongated from use and has a "V" notch cut Ancient and Monongahela sites and doubtless into the end nearest the eye. Extensive were highly prized possessions because they abrasion bruises suggest its use as a weaving are recovered from many burials. The Hunt tool. Round needles were not found at the site awls were fashioned from deer and elk Feurt site and Griffin (1966) identifies them scapulae, deer metacarpals, deer and racoon only with the Madisonville Phase. A fragment ulnae, turkey metatarsals, raccoon bacula and of a round needle was found at the Richards one specimen was made from the metatarsus site. An unusual find in this category at the of the blue heron (Fig. 4). One beaded speci­ Hunt site was a flat pin with arrow points men was found. carved at each end (Fig. 9—center). A highly SPLINTER BONE AWLS: These tools are polished pin with five tally marks on each common artifacts identified with the late pre­ side (left end) was found in a refuse pit while historic cultures. The Hunt specimens (Fig. 6) the spatulated pin (fourth from the left) was a were about evenly divided between bird and midden find. mammalian bones, the latter mostly from BONE PENDANTS: Drilled and/or grooved deer. Only a few very short awls were bones (Fig. 10) included turtle coracoids, fox recovered. ilia, turkey digits and elk canine teeth. Per­ SPLINTER BONE GOUGES: Gouges or forated fox ilia have been reported from the scrapers made from splintered long bones Richards site and by Mills (1917) in his Feurt from deer and elk were recovered (Fig. 7-A). mound report. Turtle coracoid pendants were These tools are smoothed and rounded on found both at the Philo II and Richards sites. one end producing a very dull edge. The four DRILLED TEETH: Fifteen specimens of drilled specimens found did not show heavy abra­ teeth (Fig. 11), including those from deer, sions from extended use, although a new elk, bear, wolf and fox were collected. One edge might have been ground on the working matched pair of teeth was drilled and grooved. end. Mayer-Oakes (1955) places these arti­ facts in the Early Woodland period. They were DRILLED DEER AND ELK DIGITS: Perforated included in the Feurt report (Mills 1917) and deer and elk phalanges (Fig. 12) were present two specimens were uncovered at the Philo 11 in the Baum, Feurt and Madisonville Phases site (Carskadden and Morton 1977). of the Ft. Ancient culture as well as at the Monongahela Complex sites. The Hunt speci­ CUT AND POLISHED BONE: This category mens were all roughly cut at the proximal includes eighteen items mostly made from ends with the exception of one elk digit which deer ribs (Fig. 7-B) and a very few bird bones had been smoothed and polished all over. (Fig. 7-C). The manufacturing procedure is Half of the drilled digits exhibited burn marks the same with both types. The items were cut around the perforated hole suggesting that a from whole bones and then scored for snap­ hot object had been used to burn through the

15 hard outer bone during the drilling operation. center producing a "master bead" through Hole sizes varied at the distal ends, most which the two string ends could be drawn and showing abrasions around the holes. Drilled tied. The tubular beads in the string were deer phalanges were found at the Philo II and made of Columella segments ranging from 6 Richards sites, but those from the elk were to 14 mm. in length. The diameters of the only found at the Richards site. tubular and disc beads ranged from 3 to 5 BONE BEADS: With no distinction being mm. Strands of shell beads were recovered made for length or diameter, nearly 54% of from a mound burial at Blain Village (Prufer the total bone artifact assemblage consisted and Shane 1970), and a burial-related neck­ of tubular bone beads which were scattered lace was reported from the Richards site profusely on the surface and found in all (Carskadden and Morton 1977). A single drilled fresh water pearl was found in a Hunt features throughout the site. While the ma­ refuse pit but became shattered during jority of the beads were made from turkey removal. bones, beads from the bones of smaller birds were also found. No decorated beads were MISCELLANEOUS: A single broken fishook found and fewer than half were polished. (Fig. 7-D), a fragment of a hollow bird bone While the polished beads were seldom whistle and a segment of a bone comb consti­ polished at the ends, many showed scoring tuted artifacts not included in the preceeding cuts. Fig. 13 shows how a set of polished categories. bones with two drilled pendants could be The assemblage of bone artifacts de­ arranged to form an attractive necklace. scribed in this report, like the flint and ceramic artifacts previously described, does not com­ TURTLE SHELL ARTIFACTS: Turtle bones pletely match the assemblage reported by and shells are commonly found on late others for purely Ft. Ancient or Monongahela prehistoric sites. The durable carapace of the sites, therefore it is the authors' belief that box turtle was apparently a popular item with many of the Hunt site artifacts represent a the Hunt inhabitants since numerous com­ transitional time period when there was an plete shells and fragments were collected. interchange of ideas, skills and customs The complete carapace became an instant between two cultural groups, possibly oc­ food and water container with no modifica­ cupying the site simultaneously for short tions required, although the interior ridge periods of time and resulting in the manufac­ projections were often removed and the rim ture of a new "brand" of objects for decorative ground smooth to favor the mouth and lips of and/or utilitarian purposes. The entire as­ the drinker. Fig. 14 shows shells that had semblages of bone and shell refuse have been carved to form spoons —possibly for been sent to James L. Murphy who is studying children's use. them and will publish his findings at some BIRD BEAKS: Fig. 15 shows the larger of two future date (Murphy 1979). pairs of bird beaks that were found, the pair shown was probably from a crow; the other REFERENCES pair was not identified. Since both pairs were Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton, editors 1977 The Richards site and Philo Phase ol the isolated finds unassociated with any other Ft. Ancient tradition. The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. features, their function is not known but might Griffin. James have been of ceremonial significance. Similar 1966 The Ft. Ancient Aspect University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Ann bird beaks were recovered from the Blain Arbor Anthropological Papers No. 28, 1943 (reprinted in 19661 Village (Prufer and Shane 1970). Grubb, Thomas C. and Arthur J. Allen SHELL ARTIFACTS: Artifacts made from 1979a The Hunt site (33BL 16): part I, location and flint artifacts Ohio Archaeologist 29 marine shells were scarce at the Hunt site. (2): 47-51 Only twelve Marginella beads were collected, 1979b The Hunt site (33BL 16): part II. ceramics. Ohio Archaeologist 29 (3): 33-38. six of which were lying on and around the 1979c The Hunt site (33BL 16): part III. lithics and pipes Ohio Archaeologist 29 (4): skull of an adult burial; very likely having 20-24 been woven into the hair. Very few beads or Murphy, James L. pendants were found (Fig. 16) with fewer than 1979 Personal communication. Mayer-Oakes, William J a half-dozen cut and polished shell fragments 1955 Prehistory of the upper Ohio Valley Annals of Carnegie Museum 34. Pitts­ in toto. A string of shell beads (Fig. 17) was burgh found draped around the right wrist of one of Mills. William C. 1917 Feurt Mounds and Village sites. Certain the two infant burials. There were 103 beads in Mounds and Villages in Ohio Vol. 3 Part I. the set consisting of sixty-nine disc beads Pruter. Olaf and Shane and thirty-four tubular beads. One of the 1970 Orrin Blain Village and the Ft Ancient tradition in Ohio. Kent State University tubular beads had a hole drilled through its Press. Kent, O.

16 Table 1:Type and quantity of bone artifacts from the Hunt site. Type Quantity Bird bone beads 322 Bone fishook 1 Drilled deer digits 23 Drilled elk digits 9 Cut antler tips (unmodified) 21 Turkey bone awls 9 Whole bone awls 19 Cut bone pegs 8 Polished bone segments 18 Beaver incisor chisel 8 Racoon baculum (worked) 7 Cut deer mandible 1 Cut antler (pointed end) 17 Drilled turkey digit 4 Drilled and/or grooved animal teeth .... 15 Drilled antler tip 17 Drilled fox ilia 7 Bird beaks 4 Solid bone perforators 7 Turtle shell spoons 11 Splinter bone awls 29 Antler drifts 5 Antler f lakers 6 Bone flute 1 Bone comb 1 Splinter bone scrapers 4 Bone pins and needles 11 Antler hammer 1 Bone pendants 3 Antler chisel 2 Antler scraper 4 Slabbed antler 3 Total 598

Fig. 2

17 Fig. 4 Fig. 6

F,g. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

19 Fig. 10 Fig. II

\V

• «

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

20 r^fr,:.'':'''"'(

H • •1 * 1 k^L f ' 4 - .A %_%. m

mm\

Kr M J F»3, 15 Fit?. /4

Fig. 16

Fig. 17 Figs. 117 (Grubb and Allen) Hunt Site Bone Artifacts.

21 A "Killed" Woodland Vessel from a Ross County Burial Mound James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio An unusual example of a deliberately a "killed" mortuary vessel is accepted, then it "killed" Late Woodland mortuary vessel occurs is significant that the bowl represents a rather in the Raymond Williams Mound (33-RO-149), plain utilitarian ware, in contrast to the Franklin Township, Ross County, Ohio. The elaborate, specialized mortuary vessels of mound was brought to my attention by Harold Middle Woodland Hopewell. Rippeth, Coalton, Ohio, and we visited the Unfortunately, precise provenience of the site in the summer of 1978. vessel and the other artifacts from the mound Howard Yates and Mark Hartman, neigh­ is not determinable. When one looks at the bors of the Williamses, had partially excavated associated flint artifacts, the classic corner- the center of the mound in April, 1977, finding notched Snyders blade (Fig. 4) immediately the materials described below. Martha Otto suggests Middle Woodland (lllinoian Hope­ and Bert Drennan of The Ohio Historical well) affinities. In fact, the bifacial blade is Society examined the mound and artifacts made of light-colored fossiliferous Missi­ recovered shortly after the discovery, and ssippian chert probably from the Illinois area. the following account is based upon informa­ (There is some difference of opinion on this: tion contained in an Ohio Archaeological the OAS form identifies the lithic material as Inventory site form prepared by Drennan as "Coshocton Flint," but it most certainly is not well as personal observations. Upper Mercer flint nor even Pennsylvanian in The Williams mound is about 5 feet high age.) The Snyders blade is 89.0 mm long, and 50-60 feet in diameter, lying on the with a maxium width of 57.6 mm, and a thick­ ridgetop west of the Scioto River and south ness of 7.1 mm. Two other flint artifacts found of Snake Hollow, 5 miles southeast of Chilli- in the mound are a trapezoidal, straight-based cothe. The area excavated in the center of blade of gray lllinoian flint (Fig. 5), with length the mound measures approximately 14 by 12 of 133 mm, width of 55 mm, and a thickness by 3 feet, with some deeper potholes. There of 8.1 mm, and a triangular blade (Fig. 6) 74.6 is also a trench along the east side of the mm long and 28.6 mm long and 28.6 mm mound, 1.5 feet deep and 5 feet long. wide. The triangular blade is also of gray The most interesting item recovered by fossiliferous chert probably from the Missi­ the Yates and Hartman boys is the relatively ssippi or Illinois valley. The only other artifact complete grit-tempered vessel shown in retrieved from the mound is a crudely pecked figures 1-3. The cordmarked pot is approxi­ celt (Fig. 7) 16.3 cm long and 7.1 cm wide, mately 7 inches high and varies in thickness made from a glacial erratic igneous cobble. from 4.5 to 6.5 mm. A distinct collared effect Although Snyders blades would be dated is produced by channelling around the rim, around 250 B.C. to A.D. 100 in the lllinoian immediately above the bowl neck, although Valley (Montet-White, 1968:179), they might the bowl cannot be said to possess a true date somewhat later in Ohio. Even if the collar. The thickened rim is about 1 cm wide. Snyders blade from the Williams mound be a Maximum thickness here is 9.2 cm. Cordmark- trade item, there is also the possibility that it ing is rather coarse —1.0 to 1.8 mm wide — was not directly associated with the pottery and the pot cannot be fitted very well under vessel but an earlier "relief accidentally the rubric of "McGraw Cordmarked" (Prufer, deposited in the mound fill. The other flint et al. 1965). A post-Hopewellian assignment artifacts are less diagnostic but presumably would seem logical for this vessel, and "Peters are contemporaneous with the Snyders blade, Cordmarked" is a more appropriate ceramic since they all appear to be made from lllinoian type designation. Although incomplete, the cherts. bowl is well enough preserved to leave little It is interesting to note the proximity of doubt that the hole in the base, some 3 cm in this hilltop burial mound to the Late Woodland diameter, was intentionally made to "kill" the component at the "Voss-McKenzie Site" vessel, in a manner similar to other deliber­ (Prufer, 1966: 282-283). It may well be that ately broken mortuary offerings commonly the mound represents a burial manifestation found in Hopewellian mounds of the Scioto- directly related to the Voss-McKenzie site Paint Creek area. If the assumption that this is across the Scioto River. In any case the

22 Williams mound represents does indicate a thropology, Anthropological Papers, No. striking carry-over of rather sophisticated 35. Ann Arbor. mortuary offerings from Middle to Late Wood­ Prufer, Olaf H.,etal. land times. 1965 The McGraw Site, A Study in Hope- wellian Dynamics. Scientific Publications REFERENCES of The Cleveland Museum of Natural Montet-White, Anta History, Vol. 4, no. 1. 1968 The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley Prufer, Olaf H., and Douglas H. McKenzie, ed. in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. 1967 Studies in Ohio Archaeology. Cleveland; University of Michigan, Museum of An­ The Press of Western Reserve University.

Explanation of Plate Fig. 1, 2. Exterior and interior views of "killed" Woodland vessel. Fig. 3. Rim sherd of "killed" vessel. Fig. 4. Middle Woodland Snyders blade of Mississippian chert. Fig. 5. Pentagonal blade of Mississippian chert. Fig. 6. Triangular blade of Mississippian chert. Fig. 7. Crude celt of glacial erratic igneous rock.

23 Surface Finds from the Reeve Site, Eastlake, Ohio By Timothy G. Bradley Painesville, Ohio During construction stages of what was Erie artifacts some of which are pictured in left of the Reeve site, the writer found a large the accompanying artifacts. Relics occurred number of artifacts. The search has continued at the site in abundance and a large number over the past few years and a piece is still were collected from the site by myself and occasionally found. Today a parking lot and my friends before its destruction. All the seeded lawn cover most of the site. illustrated artifacts were found by me and In the collection are a great number of were photographed by Earl Steinbrink. Fig. 10 (Bradley) Cut and worked Fig. 12 (Bradley) Bone fish hook. beaver incisors. Fig. 11 (Bradley) Chipped stone hoes.

Fig. 13 (Bradley) Broken mano. Fig. 14 (Bradley) Broken antler hairpin.

25 A Rare Spiro Focus Effigy Pipe by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Drive Columbus, Ohio

This pipe is one of the most impressive of the diagnostic material associated with this examples of primitive carving associated with late prehistoric-proto historic (1400-1650 AD) our pre-Columbian Americans. It depicts two focus. identical human faces carved in relief on A distinctive feature of this pipe form is either side of the bowl of this T-shaped the "killed" portion of the elongated stem sandstone pipe. This pipe style, while rela­ (which has been restored in this example). tively common in plain form, is almost totally This is a typical trait and suggests ceremonial unknown in an effigy application. breakage to release the spiritual influence The open mouth with exposed tongue, embodied in the pipe, possibly in conjunction long narrow nose, and oval eye motif are all with a funerary observance. Perhaps the use characteristic artistic expressions of the Gib­ of this artifact was related to the community son Aspect of the Middle Spiro Focus located wish for security and prosperity. Representing in Northwestern Louisiana, Southwestern a highly elaborated application of a character­ Arkansas, Northeastern Texas and parts of istic Spiro Focus pipe form, it seems con­ Eastern Oklahoma. The well known Spiro spicuous among its more common "cousins". (Craig) Mound in Oklahoma provided much

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Spiro Focus human effigy pipe crafted from sandstone.

26 A Human Effigy Pipe

By Steve Fuller, Wadsworth, Ohio.

This magnificent human effigy pipe was found many years ago along the Portage trail near Akron, Summit County, Ohio. One of the finest specimens of its kind ever found in the state, it is made from Ohio pipestone and is highly polished. Pipes of this type are found in the lower Great Lakes area and are es­ pecially typical of New York. It measures six and one half inches long. The pipe is in the collection of Col. Raymond C. Vietzen of Elyria, Ohio.

27 The Crane Creek Spear by Jan Sorgenfrei RR 1, Pandora, Ohio

This outstanding dovetail spear is pur­ ported to have been found at the mouth of Crane Creek at its confluence with Lake Erie 5 in Ottawa County, Ohio. It is 8 /,6 inches long and is shown in full size. The flint is Flint Ridge material and heavily patinated. Accord­ ing to knowledgeable collectors, there are less than forty dovetails over seven inches long that are unbroken. (Editor's note: So far as can be determined this may be the longest dovetail of this type ever found in Ohio.)

28 29 The Grimm Spear by Elmer Grimm, Elyria, Ohio

In January, 1966, the author had the good fortune to purchase this very fine Hopewell point. It is fash­ ioned from red and cloudy white Flint Ridge flint with quartz inclu­ 7 sions. It measures 7 /s inches long and 3% inches wide. The point was found by Andrew Mackert on his farm at Sheffield Village, Lorain County, in 1916. Shortly after its discovery, the point was acquired by Frank Bungart. It remained in the Bungart family in the possession of Aloysius Bungart after his brother's death. According to Bungart, two points were found. The second point was given to a farmer from Lorain. A Recent Discovery-The Anderson Earthwork by Jerrel C. Anderson 22 Ashwood Drive Vienna, W.Va. 26105 Large earthworks dot the landscape of any other earthwork I know of in Ohio. Ross County, Ohio, and seemingly all have It consists of an approximate square with been described at length by such Ohio four openings—one in each wall. The open­ archaeological luminaries as Caleb Atwater ings in the north and south walls are directly (1820), Squier and Davis (1847), and W. C. opposite one another and both open into Mills (1914). However, all were unaware of closed circles of different size. These circles the major earthwork shown in the accompany­ appear to be connected to the square with a ing map and photograph. It lies not on some continuous wall and are so shown in the map. isolated hilltop or hidden valley in the hinter­ The east wall has an opening at its center, lands of Ross County, but instead lies in the while the west wall opens at its southern end midst of the scatter of works immediately near what appear to be two mounds within surrounding the city of Chillicothe. the wall. Location These apparent mounds show boldly on The Anderson Work is located 3.0 miles the aerial and appear to guard a gateway west and slightly north of Chillicothe and 0.4 opening between them. Ground level and miles north of the North Fork of Paint Creek. recent aerial observation reveal them to be The closest community—for which it is named indeed slight elevations in the wall, but their — is the village of Anderson, which lies 0.4 boldness is due mainly to the brighter colored miles to the west. Coordinates for the work soil used in this section of the wall. Also, they are: 83° 3' 12" W, 39° 21' 39" N, elevation at do not describe a gateway, as the wall 700 feet. continues between them. It is situated on the extremely flat second Exploration of the Work terrace in the section bounded by Biers Run The map was constructed with information on the west and a dry run on the east. This drawn from the government aerial, ground location was very likely considered strategic level study, and recent aerial observation by its makers for several reasons. The view is using both color and color infrared photog­ exceptional, with the North Fork valley to the raphy. Still there are areas of uncertainty south clearly visible and with good views also about the arrangement of some parts of this of the main Paint Creek valley to the south­ work. west and the Scioto valley to the northeast. The early explorers had the advantage of Other major works lie close by in all these seeing the works in their primal state or after directions (See Figure 2). Another advantage only a few years of plowing. No such luxury of this location is that it rests in a saddle confronts us in this case. Nearly all the work situated among four sets of hills. This saddle has been cultivated for at least the last 150 would have provided, as it does today, a con­ years. As a result, the walls in most areas are venient passage route connecting the Scioto, not visible from ground level. Fortunately, Paint Creek, and North Fork valleys. the west wall and part of the north wall are still traceable and serve to give some idea of Location Relative to Other Earthworks their size and how they might have appeared Other major works surround this one: before the land was cleared and farmed. Mound City lies 2.9 miles to the east, the Adena Mound 2.8 miles east, the Junction Mr. Rufus Riehle, owner of the area north Works 4.2 miles south, and the Frankfort of the tracks, believes the northwest corner Works 6.9 miles to the northwest. The famous of the work has never been plowed. It once Hopewell Earthwork lies on this same terrace held an orchard and has since been in only 1.5 miles to the west, and shares the pasture. Here the wall is broad and low with a same fate of bisection by the B & O Railroad. width of 40 feet and a height of only 1-2 feet. With such a low profile, it is easy to under­ Description of the Earthwork stand why this earthwork was overlooked by The accompanying map and section of the past surveyors. However, the wideness of the Department of Agriculture aerial photograph walls indicates they had more height than 1-2 (BCS-3-50) illustrate the geometry of this feet in ancient times. Comparisons of the work. Its arrangement is different from that of evidence here and the known weathering and

31 appearance of other works (e.g., the Harness these works were sacred grounds used for Works) suggests the walls were originally 3-4 social and/or religious purposes, with the dif­ feet high. Weathering alone could have ferent sections of the works being associated reduced them, but we cannot exclude the in some way with different groups within the possibility that their erratic traces are the Hopewell society. result of intentional dismembering by the ancient builders themselves. Comparison with Other Earthworks The geometry of this work is unique; The circle on the north was not visible in however, it does bear some similarities to any of my visits to the work. In all cases, this other Ross County works such as Seip, Baum, area was plowed and conditions should have Harness, Frankfort, and Chillicothe East in been favorable for its visibility. However, I having three main components: a square and suspect the dark loamy soil in this field two circles (for maps, see Greber, 1979, or diminishes the color differences so visible in Marshall, 1978). The Anderson Work, unlike the remainder of the work. This circle was the others, has an axis of symmetry. This trait visible —but barely—on a purposely over­ it shares with another class of works repre­ exposed Kodachrome* photo: the observed sented by Highbanks, Circleville, and the outline closely matched that in the govern­ Newark circle and octagon combination. ment aerial. No ditch, barrow pits, or burial mounds Each of the Seip class of works contains a perfect square, 1,080 feet on a side, with are associated with this work. Also, no oc­ openings at each corner and at the wall cupation sites from any age were found within midpoints. The midpoint openings are each or near its walls. In fact, two seasons of guarded by a mound inside the square. The thorough surface hunting under ideal con­ square on the Anderson Work is not perfect, ditions yielded only four widely scattered measuring between 770 and 940 feet on a chert chips and one crude hoe blade chipped side, and contains only four openings with no out of igneous stone. Interestingly, it was interior mounds. Also, the circles on the other found directly on top of the west wall at the works are larger and more nearly perfect than point marked "c" on the map. I think it reason­ those on the Anderson work. Do these able to conclude it was used in construction differences indicate a formative stage at of the wall. Anderson? A late stage? There is no way to This lack of habitation signs at Anderson tell, given the present lack of knowledge. puts it in common with many of the other large southern Ohio earthworks. I have The Discovery surface hunted other earthworks — Hopeton, The discovery took place in October, Cedar Banks, Hopewell, Seip, and Harness- 1975, in Chillicothe during a meeting of the and found a similar dearth of artifacts. Prufer Mound City Chapter of our Society. Alva (1964, 1965) compares this phenomenon with McGraw had obtained possession of a com­ the Vacant Ceremonial Center-Dispersed plete set of Department of Agriculture aerial Agricultural Hamlet pattern of Meso-America, photographs of Ross County which he brought where the large ceremonial centers remained to the September meeting. They were taken vacant except for those times when the far- in October, 1938, on what was obviously a scattered populace gathered for their special beautifully clear indian summer day. Crops observances. had been harvested and field conditions were The area to the southwest along Biers Run such as to reveal in rich detail most of the contains several areas with dark soil colora­ famous earthworks. The value of these aerials tion, but no artifacts or other signs of habita­ was obvious, for they were taken before many tion were found. A middle woodland site lies of the works were further reduced by the further south on the Dr. Garrett farm near more disruptive postwar farming practices. where Biers Run joins the North Fork. Two Alvy kindly loaned me the aerials for photo­ projectile points were found here and are copying, illustrated in Figure 3 along with the hoe blade I returned the aerials at the October already mentioned. The Garretts possess a meeting, and, as before, they were the center collection which they kindly let me examine. of our attention. While peering at the aerial Hopewell points are well represented. containing the Hopewell Works, I forced my Obviously this work did not serve as a gaze further east along the terrace in search burial or occupation site. What was its pur­ of other features, since the terrain there pose? Only extensive research on this and looked ideal for earthworks. This diversion other geometric works will bring the answer. was rewarded, as I spotted the unique earth­ The work of N'omi Greber (1979) indicates work herein described.

32 To my knowledge, this earthwork was REFERENCES Atwater, Caleb unknown until that October evening. Alvy was 1820 Description of Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western unaware of it, the early explorers cited before States, Reprinted by AMS Press. Inc., all overlooked it, and nowhere else in my NY, 1973 Squier, Ephraim G. and Davis. Edwin H reading is it presented. It is doubtful this 1847 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to earthwork would ever have been discovered Knowledge, Vol I, Smithsonian Institu­ without the fortunate convergence at that tion, Washington, DC Mills, William C meeting of those aerials, our special interest, 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio, Ohio Ar­ chaeological and Historical Society, and a flight of directed curiosity. Columbus. Ohio. Prufer, Olaf H. Acknowledgments 1964 The Hopewell Cult. Scientific American. Vol. 211. No 6. Page 90. My thanks go to Alvy McGraw for loan of 1965 The McGraw Site, Scientific Publications the aerials, to Mr. Rufus Riehle for his of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, New Series, Vol. 4, No. 1. information and permission to explore on his Marshall, James A. 1978 American Indian Geometry, Ohio Ar­ land, to Dr. and Mrs. Garrett for showing me chaeologist, Vol 28, No 1. Pages 29-33 their collection and allowing me to surface Greber, N omi 1979 Variations in Social Structure of Ohio hunt on their farm, and to Dr. Paul Eastman, Hopewell Peoples, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. Vol 4, No 1, Pages able pilot. 35-78.

Fig. I. A portion of the Department of Agriculture aerial BCS-3-50 showing the Anderson Earthwork outline and surrounding terrain.

33 0 ANCIENT WORKS

® COMMUNfTCS

r^> Fig. 2. Map of the Chillicothe area showing the location of the Anderson and other earthworks in relation to the surrounding topography and present day communities.

Fig. 3. Artifacts found on the earthwork site and in the surrounding area.

34 Stctttn

...» HOSS C0CNTV, OHIO ,Tkre« aflu M«t of chillicoflu..

J. C. 4ad*r£cn /rrt

/ir fi.ete

SCALE 900/1

Fig. 4 (Anderson) Drawing of the Anderson earthwork.

35 Projectile Points From the Brokaw Site (33BL-6): Some Evidence for Archaic and Late Woodland Occupations by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C. Introduction difficult to establish the cultural/chronological Beginning in 1974 a preliminary report on position of a point found in an area possibly the Brokaw site (33BL-6) was initiated in the influenced by several such regions. Finally, if Ohio Archaeologist. Since that time, other the points are too general in form or too crude articles have followed in which specific topics in appearance to type, it may be impossible have been discussed (1976, 1978, 1979). to determine their cultural origins. Another Similarly, the focus of this paper will be the problem of a different nature which may arise projectile points recovered from the site. to vex the classifier is the morphology of Thus, the purpose of this report is to analyze some artifacts is such that it is seemingly the projectile points from the Brokaw site, impossible to ascertain whether the speci­ establish their typology, and attempt to mens are projectile points, knives, drills, or reconstruct the cultural/chronological history some other artifact type. In this report, only of the site. Prior to considering them, how­ those projectile points whose class is essen­ ever, several methodological comments are tially certain will be considered. in order. Some Evidence for Archaic Occupations Methodological Comments A total of seventy-six projectile points and The projectile points reported on in this numerous point fragments have been re­ paper are, with few exceptions, from the covered from the site surface, plow zone, and surface and the plow zone of the Brokaw site. in situ beneath the plow zone. In all, thirteen Thus, any attempt to analyze them must, of projectile point types are identifiable. Six of necessity, depend on projectile point typol­ these types suggest that the area was in­ ogies already described in the archaeological habited by Early, Middle (or Laurentian) and literature. In the main, relying upon estab­ late Archaic peoples. In chronological order lished typologies does not present a major they are Kanawha Stemmed, Archaic Con­ problem because many classes of projectile cave Base Corner-Notched, Newton Falls points manifest distinct attributes and form. Side-Notched, Vosburg, Brewerton Eared- They are, therefore, easily recognized. Still, Notched, and Turkeytail. numerous problems may present themselves Kanawha Stemmed (Fig. 1, A) in the absence of stratified deposits. Several A single specimen was recovered from examples will illustrate. the plow zone. Unfortunately, a shoulder is First, some projectile points, on the basis missing from one side. The raw material is a of their morphology, may be placed in more tannish-gray chert. The metric data are as than one classification. And these classifica­ follows (all measurements are in millimeters). tions could conceivably be of different time The maximum length is 39.3 mm, the maxi­ periods and/or cultural affiliations. For ex­ mum width is +28.0 mm, and the maximum ample, Archaic Stemmed points (Shane, thickness is 7.1 mm. 1967:131-132, 140) removed from their cul­ Except for extensive grinding over most tural contexts could easily be classified as of the surfaces, the Brokaw specimen is in either Archaic or Early Woodland. Second, a nearly all respects similar to the Kanawha point type such as the Turkeytail occurs in Stemmed points described by Broyles (1971: both Late Archaic (Scully, 1951:11) and Early 59) for the St. Albans site in West Virginia. In Woodland (Wray, 1952:153) settings. If re­ addition, in many respects, it is similar to the moved from its archaeological context, it Stanly Stemmed points from the Doerschuk would be impossible to establish its proper site in North Carolina (Coe, 1964:35). cultural/chronological origins. Third, a pro­ This point is here assigned to the Early jectile point form may appear in different Archaic period of southeastern Ohio, Kanawha geographical regions at different periods and Stemmed points have been reported from last for greater or lesser amounts of time, northern Alabama and southern West Virginia e.g., Kessel Side-Notched (Broyles, 1971:60- to Ohio, Michigan, and New York (Converse, 61), Big Sandy Side-Notched (Kneberg, 1970:33; Broyles, 1971:59; Ritchie, 1971:2). 1956:25), and Newton Falls Side-Notched Its chronological position is approximately (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:23-25). Thus, it is 6200 B.C.

36 Archaic Concave Base Corner-Notched Length Width Thickness (Fig. 2, AA) N= 4 N= 4 N= 4 This specimen was recovered from the Range: 30.7-36 1 Range: 23.7-28.0 Range: 5.0-8.5 Mean: 34.0 Mean: 25.9 Mean: 6.7 site surface. Unfortunately, all that remains is a basal fragment. A metric thickness of 5.8 Several varieties of this point type appear mm was the only measurement that could be in the eastern United States and consequently determined. The manufacturing material is a it has numerous regional names. Among them light grey chert. are Otter Creek (Ritchie, 1971:40-41), Big As noted, the specimen is a fragment. Sandy Side-Notched (Kneberg, 1956:25), Nevertheless, it possesses several attributes Osceola (Bell, 1958:68), Newton Falls Side- which are characteristic of the Archaic in Ohio Notched (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:23-25), and and neighboring states. They are: (1) concave Pymatuning Side-Notched, Converse has base, (2) basal width is as great as, or greater described this point (1970:17) as follows. than, the shoulder, (3) basal grinding, (4) basal "Archaic side-notched points are nearly al­ thinning, and (5) assuming symmetry, the ways well made. They are heavy in cross- base appears to be comprised of two lobes. section and exhibit extensive basal grinding. Other projectile point types with which it The base may be straight or slightly concave shares similarities are Newton Falls Side- but never convex. Most specimens are short Notched (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:23-25), and wide, and one variety . . . has a base Kirk Corner Notched (Converse, 1970:36), which protrudes beyond the blade edges. It is and Concave Base Corner Notch (Converse, not unusual that they show an attempt at basal 1970:27). In general, it is the latter type with thinning." Of the four Brokaw Newton Falls which the Brokaw specimen shares more Side-Notched points, three appear to conform similarities. It differs from the preceding point in major respects to the above definition. types in that the notches are much deeper, More specifically, they are the variety in small barbs (assuming symmetry) are present, which the base protrudes beyond the blade the angle of the lobes (approximately 20°) is edges. In addition, two of the Brokaw speci­ different, and the blade appears to be rela­ mens are serrated. With regard to basal tively thin, thinning, it may be noted that one particularly large flake has been removed from a single Although no point type akin to this appears facet of each specimen, although the reverse in the archaeological literature, it is suggested side also exhibits signs of thinning. It is this that it belongs either to the latter part of the latter surface which displays more evidence Early Archaic or the early part of the Middle of grinding. In comparison to specimens from Archaic. The chronological position would the McKibben (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:23- therefore be approximately 7000-6000 B.C. 25) and Mixter (Shane, 1967:135) sites in (Dr. William Gardner, Catholic University; northern Ohio the Brokaw points are a little personal communication). If, on the other smaller, though they are of the same variety. hand, the point is related to the Concave Base The specimen from the field west of and Corner Notch point described by Converse, it immediately adjacent to the Brokaw site is may be contemporaneous with the shell similar to the "spinner" type (Fig. 2, BB). The mound Lauderdale phase of the Archaic in point varies from those in the archaeological the Southeast (Willey, 1966:250) and would literature in that it is serrated. date essentially after 3000 BC. In northern Ohio Prufer and Sofsky 1965: Newton Falls Side-Notched 23-25) place this type in the Laurentian (Fig. 1,B-D;Fig. 2, BB) tradition with a temporal range from 3000 to Four projectile points of this class were 1500 B.C. Dates for points similar to these, found. One is from the surface, a second is however, range from the inception of the from the plow zone, a third was found in such Archaic in Eastern North America, circa 8000 close proximity to the plow zone that it cannot B.C. (Broyles, 1971:60-61) to its completion be assumed it was in situ, and the fourth was around 1000 B.C. (Kneberg, 1956:25). It is recovered during intensive/extensive surface suggested that the Brokaw specimens date collecting activity conducted on the field west approximately 3500-1500 B.C. On the other of and immediately adjacent to the Brokaw hand, Dr. William Gardner (Catholic Univer­ site. The latter is manufactured from Flint sity; personal communication) would date the Ridge flint, the former from tan and gray and beveled "spinner" specimen circa 7000 B.C., mottled cream and gray cherts. The maximum as it reflects Palmer-Kirk attributes, and the metric data are as follows. others around 6500 B.C.

37 Vosburg (Fig. 1, G) considered a diagnostic trait of the Red Ocher One projectile point with the morphology culture. Turkeytails have been found in New and metrics of the Vosburg point was recov­ York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri ered. However, the specimen was recovered (Converse, 1970:45; Ritchie, 1971:23; Jenn­ from either the bottom of the plow zone which ings, 1974:144). directly overlay a Late Woodland refuse pit or from the top of the pit itself. The very nature Summary of the Archaic of the context makes identification provi­ The evidence for the Archaic, although sional. The raw material is Flint Ridge flint. meager, indicates that the Brokaw site was The maximum length is 39.4 mm, the maxi­ periodically inhabited by Archaic peoples mum width is 28.6 mm, and the maximum from approximately 7000 or 6000 B.C. until thickness is 5.3 mm. 1200 B.C. It also indicates that the occupa­ In many respects, the Brokaw specimen is tions were small hunting camps, for several similar to the Vosburg point as described by projectile points are represented only by Ritchie (1971:55) for New York. If in fact it is, basal fragments. The occupations may be it belongs to the Laurentian tradition of south­ divided into three major periods. The first is a eastern Ohio and would date approximately local version of the Early Archaic. It is 2500 B.C. (Ritchie, 1969:84). represented by a Kanawha Stemmed point Brewerton Eared-Notched (Fig. 1, E) and a concave base deeply corner notched basal fragment. Both suggest affiliations with One example of this projectile point type the Southeast around 7000 to 6000 B.C. was recovered from the surface of the site. One "ear" is missing. The raw material is The second period is represented by a Upper Mercer flint. The maximum length is local variation of the Laurentian tradition 44.4 mm, the maximum width is +19.0 mm, (Ritchie, 1969:79), which may also be related and the maximum thickness is 5.7 mm. In to the McKibben phase of northern Ohio many respects the Brokaw specimen con­ (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:37-38; Shane, 1967: forms to the description presented by Ritchie 145). Three projectile point types are present: (1971:17). In comparison to specimens from Newton Falls Side-Notched, Vosburg, and northern Ohio the Brokaw point is somewhat Brewerton Eared-Notched. These points longer and the length/width ratio is greater suggest a date between 3000 and 1500 B.C. (Prufer and Sofsky, 1965:27; Shane, 1967: The third period tentatively present at the 137). Brokaw site is a local manifestation of the Late Archaic. If indeed the Turkeytail speci­ This projectile point type may be assigned men is of Late Archaic origins, it may be con­ to the Laurentian tradition of the Archaic of temporaneous with Turkeytails from eastern southeastern Ohio. Based on C-14 dates from Missouri (Scully, 1951:11). On the other hand, the O'Neil site in central New York, Brewerton if its affiliations are Early Woodland, it may be Eared-Notched points may date around 2000 coeval with the Roskamp Focus of central B.C. (Ritchie and Funk, 1973:91, 93). Illinois (Wray, 1952:153) or the Point Penin­ Turkeytail (Fig. 1, F) sula complex of New York. The latter has A single example of this type was found in been dated at 998 B.C. (Ritchie, 1971:23). the plow zone. Unfortunately, the tip is missing apparently as a result of an impact The Late Woodland Occupation fracture. The manufacturing material is a two- A single basal fragment of a Middle Wood­ tone gray chert with small amounts of tan and land Corner-Notched point (Fig. 1, H) made blue appearing. It is suggested that the of Flint Ridge flint may constitute the only material may be Indiana Hornstone, since evidence for Middle Woodland peoples on authors discussing Turkeytails have repeat­ the site. On the other hand, it is quite possible edly observed the raw material to be of this that the specimen may belong to the Late type (Scully, 1951:11; Converse, 1970:45; Woodland archaeological assemblage, since Ritchie, 1971:23). The maximum length is this point type has also been observed in +70.1 mm, the maximum width is 17.3 mm, Late Woodland cultural contexts (Prufer and and the maximum thickness is 9.0 mm. In Shane, 1970:88-89). The maximum body comparison to Turkeytails described in the which is 27.6 mm and the thickness is 6.3 literature this specimen is shorter in overall mm. It is suggested that the thickness may length and greater in thickness. have been greater, for pot lidding is in This point type occurs in both Late Archaic evidence. The point is from unstratified (Scully, 1951:11) and Early Woodland (Wray, deposits. 1952:153; Ritchie, 1944:153) cultural con­ Five projectile point types which may be texts. In the upper Great Lakes region, it is cited for the presence of Late Woodland

38 peoples occupying the site are Chesser A comparison of the data recorded for the Notched, Convex-based Triangles, Straight- specimens at Blain Village and Chesser Cave based Triangles, Concave-based Traingles, suggests that the Brokaw specimens are quite and "Birdpoints". All of the foregoing types, similar, although the latter are a little smaller. except Birdpoints were recorded by Prufer at Straight-based Triangles were also reported the Chesser Cave site (1967:18-21) and at at the Hanna site (Butler, 1939:57). Data, Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:78-84). however, are unavailable. Chesser Notched (Fig. 1, l-J) Concave-Based Triangles (Fig. 2, l-L) Two examples of this projectile point type Four Concave-based Triangles were re­ were found. Unfortunately, the distal end of covered from the site surface and plow zone. one is missing. The latter specimen was Of the triangular projectile point types recov­ recovered from the surface of the site, while ered this form was in the minority. Three the other was found at the base of the plow points are manufactured from gray river zone. One is manufactured from Lower Mer­ pebble cherts and one is from an unidentifiable cer flint and the other from a low quality local source. The metric data are as follows: flint. The maximum metric data are as follows. Length Width Thickness Length Width Thickness N= 2 N = 4 N= 4 N= 1 N= 2 N= 2 Range: 19.7-23.0 Range: 17.4-20.9 Range: 3.6-4.8 Range: 45.0 Range: 19.6-20.1 Range: 8 4-8.7 Mean: 21.3 Mean: 19.2 Mean: 4.2 Mean: — Mean: 19.8 Mean: 8.5 Again, these specimens are in major In nearly all respects, the Brokaw speci­ respects similar to this point type found at mens are similar to the description provided Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:80) and by Prufer (1967:21). Chesser Notched points Chesser Cave (Prufer, 1967:19). Still, the are a fairly common type in Ohio especially in Brokaw projectile points are slightly smaller. the central and southern sections of the state Butler noted Concave-based Triangles on the (Converse, 1970:57). Hanna site (1939:57); data are unavailable. Convex-Based Triangles Birdpoints (Fig. 2, M-S) (Fig. 1, K-BB; Fib. 2, A-B) Seven "Birdpoints" (Converse, 1970:64) Twenty-one Convex-based Triangles were were recorded. All seven specimens were found. Six are from the surface, twelve are recovered from the surface of the site and from the plow zone, three were found in situ, the plow zone. Four are made of river pebble and one was recovered during intensive/ex­ chert, one of Flint Ridge flint, one of Upper tensive surface collecting activity conducted Mercer flint, and one of an unidentifiable ma­ on the field west of and immediately adjacent terial. The metric data are as follows: to the Brokaw site. Thirteen are made of tan Length Width Thickness and gray river pebble chert, seven of cherts N= 6 N= 7 N= 7 Range: 25.8-33.2 Range: 15.1-24.1 Range: 5.2-8.6 of local origins, and one of Flint Ridge flint. Mean: 29.7 Mean: 19.7 Mean: 6.2 The metric data are: The projectile points comprising this series Length Width Thickness are to a specimen poorly executed. Similar N= 3 N= 17 N= 22 Range; 25.0-26 3 Range: 13.1-22.1 Range: 3.1-5.3 points are not reported at Blain Village or Mean: 25.8 Mean: 16.9 Mean: 4.1 Chesser Cave. In nearly all respects the specimens re­ Antler and Bone Projectile Points covered from the Brokaw site are similar to (Fig. 2, T-Z) those found at Blain Village (Prufer and In addition, eight antler and bone pro­ Shane, 1970:79) and Chesser Cave (Prufer, jectile points were recovered. Although antler 1967:19), although the Brokaw points are and bone projectile points have been found somewhat smaller. in other cultural contexts and time periods, it Straight-Based Triangles (Fig. 2, C-H) is suggested that these may be affiliated with Six Straight-based Triangles were re­ the Late Woodland occupation of the site, as corded. All of the projectile points were four of the specimens were discovered in situ recovered from the surface and the plow in association with shell-tempered pottery. zone. Two are made of river pebble chert, The metric data are as follows: three from Flint Ridge flint, and one of Length Base Width unknown origins. The metric data are as N= 6 N= 6 Range: 25.5-41.8 Range: 8.4-11.1 follows: Mean: 30.3 Mean: 97 Length Width Thickness N= 1 N= 6 N= 6 Antler and bone projectile points have Range: 14.9 Range: 14.6-20.3 Range: 3.4-4 5 been recorded at Fort Ancient sites such as Mean: — Mean: 16.6 Mean: 4.0 Baum (Mills, 1906:50-53) and Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970:138-140) and at Mills, William C. Monongahela sites such as Montague and 1906 Explorations of the Baum Prehistoric Clouse (Butler, 1939:44, 63). Village Site. Reprint from the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Summary of the Late Woodland 15(1). Columbus. The evidence indicates that the Brokaw Prufer, Olaf H. site was occupied primarily by Late Woodland 1967 Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland Phase peoples who relied heavily upon hunting for in Southeastern Ohio, in: Prufer, O. H. their subsistence although maize has been and D. H. McKenzie, Studies in Ohio discovered on the site. Projectile point types Archaeology. The Press of Western which may be cited as evidence for their Reserve University. Cleveland. presence are: Chesser Notched, Convex- Prufer, Olaf H. and Charles Sofsky based Triangles, Straight-based Triangles, 1965 The McKibben Site (33TR-57), Trumbull Concave-based Triangles, "Birdpoints" and County, Ohio: A Contribution to the Late antler tine and bone projectile points. Radio­ Paleo-lndian and Archaic Phases of carbon assay test dates suggest that the site Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist, 11 (1 ):21- 38. was occupied between A.D. 1300 and AD. 1600 (DIC 392, A.D. 1210±55; N3482, A.D. Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin Shane 1410+-75; N3481, A.D. 1430 + 75; N3483, 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradi­ A.D. 1475±55; DIC 391, A.D. 1590±110). The tion in Ohio. Kent State University Press. various features excavated indicate that the Kent. site was occupied and abandoned at a mini­ Ritchie, William A mum of three times. This, then, would seem 1944 The pre-lroquoian Occupations of New to support the range of C-14 dates received. York, Rochester Museum, Arts and Sciences, Memoir No. 1. Rochester. REFERENCES 1969 The Archaeology of New York State. Bell, Robert E. Revised Edition, The Natural History 1958 Guide to the Identification of Certain Press. Garden City. American Indian Projectile Points. Okla­ 1971 A Typology and Nomenclature for New homa Anthropological Society, Special York Projectile Points. New York State Bulletin, 1. Museum and Science Service. Bulletin Broyles, Bettye J. No. 384. Albany. 1971 The St. Albans Site, Kanawha County, Ritchie, William A. and Robert Funk West Virginia, Report of Archaeological 1973 Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Investigations, No. 3. West Virginia Prehistory, New York Museum, Memoir Geological and Economic Survey, No. 22. Albany. Morgantown. Scully, Edward G. Butler, Mary 1951 Some Central Mississippi Valley Projec­ 1939 Three Archaeological Sites in Somerset tile Point Types. Museum of Anthro­ County, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania pology, University of Michigan, Ann Historical Commission, Bulletin No. 753. Arbor (mimeo). Harrisburg. Shane, Orrin C. Coe, Joffre L. 1967 The Mixter Site: A Multicomponent 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Locality in Erie County, Ohio. In: Prufer, Piedmont, Transactions of the American O. H. and D. H. McKenzie, Studies in Philosophical Society. New Series, Vol. Ohio Archaeology. The Press of Western 54, Part 5. Philadelphia. Reserve University. Cleveland. Converse, Robert N. Willey, Gordon R. 1970 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeologist, 1966 An Introduction to American Archae­ 12(4):17-64. ology. Volume 1, North and Middle Jennings, Jesse D. America. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 1974 Prehistory of North America. McGraw- Wray, Donald E. Hill Book Company, New York. 1952 Archaeology of the Illinois Valley: 1950. Kneberg, Madeline in: James B. Griffin, Archaeology of 1956 Some Important Projectile Point Types Eastern United States. The University Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennes­ of Chicago Press. Chicago. see Archaeologist, 15 (2):25. «*l t . •

* A A BB

I 3 4 8 ? 8 9 10 -i 1 « r 1 * * r CMS Fig. /. E«r/y. Middle, and Late Archaic and Late Woodland Projectile points from the Brokaw site. Early Archaic: A: Kanawha Stemmed. Middle Archaic: B-D: Newton Falls Side-Notched. G: Vosburg. E: Brewerton Eared-Notched. Late Archaic: F: Turkeytail. Late Woodland: H: Middle Woodland Corner-Notched. I-J: Chesser Notched. K-BB: Convex-based Triangles.

41 B

H K \ L V

M N

U w

A A t B B

O s 3 4 3 7 8 S 10 l_ _1_ _1_ _1_ _l_ _l_ _J_ I CMS Fig. 2. Early and Middle Archaic, and Late Woodland projectile points from the Brokaw site. Early Archaic: AA: Archaic Concave Base Corner-Notched. Middle Archaic: BB: Newton Falls Side-Notched. Late Woodland: A-B: Convex-Based Triangles. I-L: Concave-based Triangles. M-S: "Birdpoints". Antler and bone projectile points.

42 Five Multiple Component Sites In Knox County (33KN40-44) A Preliminary Description by Michael A. Fath 271 Knollwood Dr. Wadsworth, Ohio 44281 Introduction terized by an abundance of Upper Mercer A number of adjacent, cultivated fields in flake material and fire cracked rock. Few the Mohican River Valley have been exten­ typable projectile points have been found. sively surface hunted by the M. A. Fath family 33KN44 is isolated from the other sites by in recent years. These fields have yielded a approximately half a mile, but it is also on a large number of prehistoric lithic materials. terrace above the Mohican River. It is fairly In 1975 systematic collecting and prelimi­ extensive (several acres) but of low density, nary stratigraphy were performed, and a test being comprised mostly of utilized flakes. pit was dug by Dr. Al Lee and his students Most of the projectile points from this site from Baldwin-Wallace College. Dr. Kenneth have been Archaic origin. Deaver, Ohio State University, examined the Lithic Artifacts artifacts and surveyed the area in 1979; the This compilation of recovered artifacts result being the registration of five archae­ encompasses all five sites since the fields ological sites. were surface hunted for a number of years This report briefly describes these sites, prior to assigning site numbers. the lithic materials recovered, and their cultural affiliation. A. Projectile Points (5.26%) 1. Paleo (27) Site Descriptions Paleo points or point fragments are all All five sites are located on low terraces in typical Piano lanceolates, the majority cultivated fields in the Mohican River Valley made from poorer quality local tan chert in Knox County. The most extensive site, (Figure 1). 33KN40, encompassing several acres, is 2. Archaic (88) strewn with fire cracked rock, and has yielded Archaic projectile points predominate at a large number and wide range of lithic tools. these sites and their range includes the These are predominantly Archaic and Early entire Archaic sequence. They include: Woodland origin, but several Paleo lanceo- 1 lates have also been recovered. Only one Type Number small pottery or pipe sherd has been found. Sidenotch 9 Flint types are predominantly Upper Mer­ Counternotch 17 cer, with lesser amounts of Van Port and other Dovetails 7 unidentified types being present. Occasional Bifurcates 17 examples of Ohio Flint Ridge flint are seen as Ashtabula 7 Hopewell bladelets. Also, there is evidence Fishspear 4 of heat treatment on a number of the flint Vosberg (?) 2 tools from this site. Pentagonal 2 Dr. Al Lee and his students excavated an Blunts 4 intact feature below the plow zone (a hearth Transitional 3 containing a flint end scraper probably of Bevels 2 Paleo origin) while digging a 6' x 6' test pit Lamoka 1 near the edge of the terrace in 33KN40. Heavy Duty Serrated 1 Due to their close proximity, some overlap Indeterminant Types 12 of sites might exist. In any event, the smaller Figure 2 shows several examples of the 33KN41 site is typed by a larger concentra­ Archaic projectile points, while Figure 3 is tion of Paleo and Late Woodland artifacts with an unusual, asymmetrical Archaic knife. less abundance of Archaic materials. Again, 3. Woodland (45) Upper Mercer flint predominates. One un­ Woodland types are subclassified into the usual artifact found at this site is an approxi­ following types: mately 2 cm diameter metallic spherical ball, Adena 16 possibly a musket ball. Hopewell 6 Sites 33KN42 and 33KN43 are charac­ Other Woodland 23

43 3 As with the Archaic points, these have Artifact Number been identified primarily by the book, 1 Full Grooved Hammer 1 "Ohio Flint Types" (Converse). Figure 4 Hopewell Square Celt Tip 1 shows several examples of Adena pro­ jectile points and one Adena leaf blade. F. Miscellaneous Tools, etc. (0.40%) 4. Mississippian (19) Artifact Number Eighteen triangular and one small Bird- Shell Scrapers 4 point, typical of the Mississippian Culture Pottery or Pipe Fragment 1 have been recovered (Figure 5). Spherical Stone Playballs 2 5. Indeterminant (45) Slate Pieces 2 These are projectile point tips or other Sandstone Roller Pestle 1 portions of projectile points which could Abrader Stone 1 not be identified as to their cultural Cupstones 2 affiliation. Concretion Container 1 B. Large Flint Tools (3.55%) Sandstone Polishing Stone 1 Blanks, celts, cores, and possibly agri­ Musket Ball 1 cultural tools such as hoes, etc. are in Possible Small Birdstone Blank 1 relative abundance. A total of 134 of these of Banded Slate artifacts have been recovered. In addition, 17 large flint knives and G. Lithic Debitage (88.58%) two large untyped spear points or point A total of 3771 miscellaneous artifacts blanks have surfaced. have been collected. These are comprised of a wide assortment of thumb scrapers, C. Small Flint Tools (0.99%) side scrapers, untyped blades, utilized A summary of the smaller flint artifacts flakes, unmodified flakes, and other debi­ is tabulated: tage reminiscent of extensive domestic Type Number activity, tool manufacture, and long-term Drills 16 human occupancy. Figure 9 shows a Uniface Blades 9 number of examples. Bladelets 13 Small Hammer or Tomahawk 1 Sites' Chronology Polished Woodworking Tools 2 All five sites have been grouped into one Hafted Shaft Scraper 1 population for this preliminary analysis. This Examples of the drills, bladelets and the is necessary since no record exists of the Hafted Shaft Scraper are seen in Figure 6. exact locations of the diagnostic points, as nearly all were found prior to site assign­ D. Pendants (0.26%) ments. Further refinement of the identifica­ Included in this category are a number tion of each site can occur only with additional investigation by trained, professional of types: archaeologists. Type Number Quadriconcave Slate Gorget 1 This chronology is based only on the 179 (Blank) projectile points described earlier, and no Ovate Slate Adena Pendants 2 attempt was made to group the other artifacts Notched Sandstone 1 into cultural affiliations. Circular Drilled Cherts 2 The diagnostic points used are: Drilled Sandstone 4 Type Number A drilled mullusk shell could be a portion Paleo 27 of a pendant, or possibly a piece of a shell Archaic 88 hoe similar to that sketched in "Ohio's Woodland 45 Prehistoric Peoples "2 (Martha Otto) as Adena being of Ft. Ancient origin. Figure 7 shows Hopewell several examples. Other Mississippian 19 E. Granite Tools (0.96%) Figure 10 summarizes the sites' chron­ These include (Figure 8) ology as a function of their cultural occupa­ Artifact3 Number tions. The multiple components nature of the Spherical Hammerstones 26 area is shown, and it is clear that the popula­ Miscellaneous Shaped Hammers 13 tion is skewed toward the Archaic culture.

44 Summary REFERENCES Five closely associated prehistoric sites in 'Converse, R.N., Ohio Flint Types", The Archae­ Knox County, Ohio are described. These are ology Society of Ohio, Fifth Printing Revised, clearly multicomponent with a skewness 1970. toward the Archaic sequence. 2Otto, Martha (Potter), "Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples", A total of 4257 artifacts have been re­ The Ohio Historical Society, 1968. covered with 88.6% of these being miscel­ 3Converse, R.N., "Ohio Stone Tools", The Archae­ laneous flakes, scrapers, and other lithic ology Society of Ohio, Third Printing Revised, materials. Only 224 projectile points (5.26% 1973. of the total) and one pottery or pipe fragment are found, but a wide range of tools, knives, pendants, hammers, etc. (6.16%) have been — Photographs by Ron Wawrin. recovered. These all point to an extensive, long-term domestic occupation of these sites, especially site 33KN40, M. A. Fath

Fig. I. Paleo Lanceolates Fig. 2. Archaic Projectile Points. Fig. 3. Asymmetrical Archaic Knife.

Fig. 4. Adena Projectile Points and Leaf Blade. Fig. 5. Mississippian Triangulars and Birdpoint.

45 Fig. 6. Drills, Hopewell Bladelets, and Fig. 7. Pendants and Drilled Mullusk a Hafted Shaft Scraper. Shell. (Editor's note: some of these pieces may represent natural forms).

Fig. 8. Granite Hammerstones. Fig. 9. Miscellaneous Artifacts.

FIGURE 10: CULTURAL AFFILIATION

Paleo Archaic Woodland Mississippian CULTURAL SEQUENCES

46 Fig. 1 (Sellers) Human effigy pipe of sandstone. Sparling Farm. Washington County, Ohio. Found in 1930 A Human Effigy Pipe from Ohio By Paul V. Sellers, Lewistown, Missouri (Editor's note: The accompanying article is printed just as and after his death was offered for sale along received from Mr. Sellers. He is one of our old time collectors with several other pipes at the Knoblock- and shares with us one of his Ohio artifacts.) Stephens meeting at Quincy, Illinois, Oct. 22, Lettered on the bottom is the legend — 1961, where I purchased it. I was informed Sparling Farm: Washington Co. Ohio, 1930. that Dr. Kramer gave $40.00 for it from the Fashioned from a block of finely grained Payne collection. Old tags on the bottom gray sandstone. It weighs two and one half suggest Payne's number SN/OD Sparling Farm pounds. 1930 Washington County, Ohio. Another is Length: five and one eighth inches. DRK(Dr. Kramer) 1559. Width: two inches. Authorities place these biconical effigy Height: four and one fourth inches to top pipes in the Fort Ancient age 1200 to 1400 of headress. AD. Top of bowl in center three inches, tapering In the Ohio Archaeologist 1960-61 there down to two inches at back end. was a series of human effigy pipes all from Diameter of bowl one inch. Depth of bowl Ohio, eight or nine in all, from different owners: two and one eighth inches. Dr. Gordon Meuser, James Theler, Phillip Diameter of stem hole—seven eights inch, Kientz, H. C. Wachtel, and others, some who depth two and three eighths inches. have passed away. Some were similar to my All conically drilled. pipe. The legs on side strongly suggest those of In some older publications are pictures of a frog. pipes, banners, and other artifacts and I A picture of this pipe is in the E. W. Payne wonder who the owners are today. Some go book, Stone Age Collection, page 148, pictured to museums, former owners pass away and with effigy, platform, and odd form pipes. they go to other collectors and lose identifica­ It is also pictured in the Ohio Archaeologist, tion. It is a thrill to see an old artifact pictured Vol. 1, Number 1, 1951, on page eight, as part in an older publication in a collection today. of the Dr. Leon Kramer collection. Bibliography: Payne, Edward W., Stone Age Col­ This pipe went with the rest of Dr. Kramers lection Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 1 collection to the late Dr. Young at Nashville No. 1, 1951.

47 Burin Faceting of Flint Forms in Ohio Hopewell by John J. Winsch, M.D. 8010 Loches Rd. N.E. Rt. #1 St. Louisville, Ohio 43071

As Converse (1978) has noted, the prehis­ ing of obtaining a surface which would not toric flintknapper carried burin fracturing or sever the lashing binding the point, it would faceting in his "bag of tricks" for a very long coincide with the much lower incidence of period of time, up to and including the Hope- basal grinding on Hopewell points, as com­ wellian Middle Woodland period. The accom­ pared to Archaic types. The Hopewell were panying photograph (Fig. 1) illustrates two simply not so concerned with this problem as artifacts of Hopewell origin which display burin the Archaic peoples. This would seem to be a faceting of the stem, a technique seen much more "pragmatic" approach to projectile points, more commonly on a few Archaic projectile i.e., if one is planning to use the point as a point types, notably Fractured Base Dovetails, missile cast, its average life is not apt to be where it is rare; Lake Erie Bifurcated Base long before breakage, so why waste time with points, where it is common; and Fractured basal preparation designed to lengthen the Base points, where it is diagnostic. The tech­ life of the lashings? Indeed, why waste time nique also occurs often enough on Clovis with meticulous pressure retouch when a point points to be well grounded in the Paleo-lndian with less exquisite chipping kills just as ef­ period as well. It is clear from these illustrations ficiently? Is this why Hopewell Middle Wood­ that Hopewellian knappers, whose common land points do not match the chipping work is often held by collectors to be inferior excellence current in the work of Archaic to that of their progenitors, could handle this knappers? Were they "sloppy," or "practical?" technique, a most technically demanding one, with aplomb when they wished. Why they Converse, Robert N. used it so seldom is a mystery; however, if, as 1978 The Fractured Base Dovetail type. Ohio Archaeologist, 28(1): 19. I have speculated elsewhere (Winsch 1975), Winsch, John J. the burin technique simply represents a 1975 The Fractured Base or Decatur point. method more rapid than extensive basal grind­ Artifacts 5(1): 23-25.

Fig I (Winsch) Two views of a Hopewell Middle Woodland point with burin facets from the.stem. Found on a Hopewell core patch in Licking County, Ohio, by Charles Bush. Material is white, cream, and purple Flint Ridge Flint.

48 A Fine Ohio Hopewell Pipe by Glenval Fincham, Detroit, Michigan This Hopewell platform pipe was found in The pipe has a long history of collections Wayne County, Ohio. It is made from olive- it has passed through. It originally was in the green Ohio pipestone with reddish-brown Norm Topley collection of Westfield, New areas. Around the bowl, particularly near the Jersey, but it is not known from whom he rim and base, are equi-distant scratches. secured it. In 1942, Harry Hornung of Easton, Identical marks are on other pipes of this Pennsylvania, purchased it from Topley, and culture and are thought to be marks of some he eventually passed it on to the David Currie unknown tool. collection from where I obtained it in 1973. The platform is 7.5 cm long and 2.9 in The pipe is now in Michigan and it is my width. From the base to the bowl it measures pleasure to share it with my fellow members. 3.5 cm with a bowl opening of 1.7 cm.

Fig. 1 (Fincham) Hopewell platform pipe from Wayne County, Ohio.

Some Field Finds From Franklin County by Bill Habig 6171 Babbitt Road New Albany, Ohio

The flint artifacts in the ac­ companying photograph were found in eastern Franklin County. All are surface finds and include Hopewell, Archaic, and Adena points.

Fig. 1 (Habig) Surface found points from Franklin County, Ohio.

49 A Columbiana County, Ohio, Tar Burner Rock James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society

Location and Description (Bright 1932) of such "circle and line" petro­ The Parsons Petroglyph Site is located on glyphs for the production of pine tar. A recent land of Everett Parsons in central section 35, "re-creation" of making pine tar in this manner Middleton Twp., Columbiana Co., Ohio. The is described in Wigginton (1977). Dudley "circle and line" petroglyph (Swauger 1979: (1979) describes a "tar kiln rock" in Gallia 53) lies on the sloping face of a large (approxi­ County, Ohio, and accepts this interpretation mately 3 by 5 m) sandstone boulder along the of their use. A search of the literature re­ north side of a small, unnamed tributary that vealed no documented use of such rocks by enters the North Fork of Little Beaver Creek the North American Indian (Dudley, pers. nearly opposite the mouth of Pine Run. The comm., 1979), although the Indians are known petroglyph site lies at an elevation of between to have used pitch for a variety of purposes. 980 and 1000 feet above sea level, approxi­ Swauger (1979) suggests an alternative mately 100 meters downstream of the Par­ function, that of leaching wood ashes for lye sons home. to make soap, and has kindly provided me The rock carving consists of three con­ (pers. comm., 1979) with a reference to this centric, nearly circular ellipses, the outermost process (Gould 1942). While such an explana­ measuring 23 by 24 inches (58 x 61 cm), tion seems quite likely in the case of the bisected by a straight groove that continues Mulert Petroglyph stone (Swauger 1979), down the sloping face of the boulder an addi­ which is portable, it seems less probable in tional 5 feet (1.5 m)to the edge of the boulder, the case of previously described examples, serving as a drain. A short horizontal line which are not movable and are located some incised perpendicular to the bisecting groove distance from the nearest house site. (Lye some 6 inches (15 cm) long and the same barrels, I believe, were generally placed very distance above the outermost circle may or close to the house or cabin, since the ashes may not be related to the petroglyph, which is had to be carried from the house to the barrel illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. An irregular and since rain water from the roof provided a area extending as much as 18 inches (.46 m) ready source of water necessary for the from the outer circle and surrounding the leaching process.) petroglyph is clearly fire-reddened, although Clearly, functional interpretation of such this feature does not show in the accompany­ "circle and line" petroglyph sites must be ing photographs. made on a case-by-case basis. The Parsons The only known previous reference to this Petroglyph does show definite traces of petroglyph site is an illustration in Vietzen intensive burning, which supports the "tar (1973:122) where it is labelled "Tar burning burner" thesis and would appear to remove rock near Lisbon, Ohio." Lisbon is actually Swauger's main objection to such an inter­ some ten miles northwest, and the petroglyph pretation. Further substantiation in the case might better be located by reference to the of the Beaver Kettle Farm (Murphy 1969) and village of Fredricktown, "W2 miles south, at Parsons "tar burner rocks" is the oral tradition the confluence of the North and Middle Forks that this was their function. I still believe that of Little Beaver Creek. R. Max Gard, Lisbon, this was the function of the Circle Rock Ohio, provided the precise location of the Petroglyph (Swauger 1968), which is located petroglyph, and I am also grateful to the a considerable distance and, be it noted, Parsons family for allowing me to examine uphill from the nearest house site. and photograph the carving. Mrs. Vivien It may be worth noting that the presence Marshall, Bradenton, Florida, and I visited the of such tarkilns is often documented by place site December 23, 1979. names. Stewart (1970:474) notes the pres­ A number of similar "circle and line" ence of as many as three "Tarkiln Brooks" in petroglyphs have been described recently in New Jersey alone. In this regard one might the literature (Swauger 1968, 1974, 1979; also call attention to "Tarburners Run" in Mortine 1969; Rist 1969; Dudley 1979), Saline Twp., Jefferson Co., Ohio, a tributary where they have generally been assigned an of Hollow Rock Run, which enters Yellow aboriginal origin. Murphy 1969) described a Creek. According to Hunter (1900), in discus­ similar petroglyph in Columbiana Co. and sing the history of Saline Township, "On called attention to the documented use Yellow Creek are remains of white pine forests

50 destroyed by the Indians, who tapped the Hunter, W. H. 1900 Pathfinders of Jefferson County. Ohio trees for rosin which they used for salve and Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 8(Z):132-262. to facilitate the kindling of fire." No "tarburner Mortine. Wayne A. rock" has yet been located in this vicinity, but 1969 The Curtis Site Petroglyphs Ohio Ar­ chaeologist 19|2):51-S2. this clearly is the origin of the place name Murphy, James L. 1969 A Note on tar burner rocks Ohio Archae- and suggests that the aborigines may have ologist 19(41:115-117. used the same extractive process as the Stewart, George R. 1970 American place-names. New York: Ox­ pioneers. ford University Press Swauger, James L. 1968 The Circle Rock Petroglyphs Site, 36BV13. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 34 REFERENCES (3-4):52-54. Bright. Pascal A. 1974 Rock art of ffie Upper Ohio Valley. Graz: 1932 The making of pine tar in Hocking Akademisch Druck-u Verlagsanstalt. County. Ohio Archaeological and His­ 1979 The Mulert Petroglyph Site. 36WH685. torical Quarterly 41 (2):151-160. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 49( 1 -2); 52- Dudley, James 54. 1979 Tar kiln rock in Gallia County Ohio and Vietzen, Raymond C. tar usage. Ohio Archaeologist 29( 1 ):4-5. 1973 Yesterday's Ohioans. Published by the Gould, Mary Earle author. 1942 Early American wooden ware & other kitchen utensils. Springfield, Mass.. Wigginton, Eliot, ed. Pond-Ekberg Co. 1977 Foxfire 4. Garden City, New York: Anchor/Doubleday

Fig. 1 (Murphy) Side view of tar burner rock.

^ > t sv

Fig. 2 (Murphy) Front view of tar burner rock in Columbiana County, Ohio.

51 Surface Finds From Harrison County, Indiana by David Stemle, 1249 Beechwood Ave., New Albany, Indiana

The points in the photographs were all pinkish discoloration which may have been found while surface hunting in Harrison caused from heat. (Editor's note: Harrison County, Indiana. Most of them are made of County, Indiana, is the source of Indiana Indiana hornstone and show the typical blue- hornstone where it is found in nodular form.) gray found in this flint. Some of them have a

Fig. I (Stemle) Top row. left to right Hopewell, heavy stemmed Archaic, heavy duty serrated, Adena Middle row. Early Adena, Hopewell, Hopewell. Bottom row. Possibly a notched knife Adena.

52 The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio Part III: Social Behavior and Organization by William F. Romain Department of Sociology and Anthropology Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 Abstract Given the estimated number of deaths When integrated with analyses of subsis­ represented by the skeletal remains, the tence-settlement data, findings relevant to crude mortality rate and the number of years paleodemography, mortuary practices and the cemetery was in use, it is estimated that paleopathology often allow partial reconstruc­ about 150 persons occupied the site at any tion of prehistoric modes of social behavior given time during the Libben Phase. and organization. All age-classes were well represented and Earlier articles (Romain 1979a&b) briefly the total male to female ratio for the skeletal introduced the Libben Site (a single-com­ series is 1.06; ie., 51% male and 49% female ponent, early Late Woodland village-cemetery (total N=434 or 1,327 minus 893 individuals complex in northwestern Ohio) and this whose sex could not be determined with article, the third in a series, presents certain certainty). inferences relating to the social behavior and Interestingly, mortality was consistently organization of the primal Libben inhabitants. higher for males than females throughout Introduction most of the adult lifespan (see Lovejoy As reported by Lovejoy (1977:291), a total 1977:292 for further discussion of this point). of 1,327 individuals demonstrating "clear evidence of articulation in situ" were recov­ Interment Patterns ered from Libben. In addition, it is estimated Various modes of interment were repre­ that perhaps 170 individuals are represented sented at Libben, however, the frequency by all post-newborn, non-articulated skeletal distribution of observed burial types was materials. Thus the minimum number of somewhat disproportionate. Of the 1,327 individuals represented by all recovered burials observed, 67.1% (N=891) were ex­ skeletal material is about 1,500. tended; 3.1% (N=41) were bundles; 1.3% (N = 17) were flexed; 0.3% (N=4) were crema­ All articulated burials were assessed for tions; and 28.2% (N=374) were disturbed. age, sex, disease and trauma associated pathology, burial type, orientation, depth, In terms of orientation, burials were non- artifact associations and associated inter­ random. Of the total sample population ments according to methods discussed else­ observed (N = 150), 119 could be assessed where (Romain 1979c). However, summary for orientation and of that number, 47.1% tabulations for certain biocultural variables (N = 56) were oriented north-south; 23.6% (ie., orientation, depth, artifact associations (N=28) south-north; 8.4% (N = 10) northeast- and associated interments) were necessarily southwest; 6.7% (N=8) east-west; 5.0% (N=6) effected by reference to a sample population west-east; 4.2% (N=5) northwest-southeast; (N = 150) selected by a systematic, random 4.2% (N=5) southeast-northwest; and 0.8% sampling method (Ackoff 1962:223). For (N = 1) southwest-northeast. Although there descriptive and comparative purposes, this was no significant association between age- sample population was expected to be repre­ class and orientation, comparison of sex sentative of the total Libben skeletal series. versus orientation indicated more variation in the direction in which females were oriented Paleodemography than males. According to life table values calculated Of the total sample population (N = 150), by Lovejoy (1977:291-293), mean life expect­ 29.3% (N=44) were observed to have artifacts ancy at birth was 20 years. Mean age at death in direct association; whereas, 70.7% (N = 106) for adults (age 15 and over) was about 35 had no associated grave goods. Chi-square years and based upon life table values, a tests indicated no significant associations crude death rate of .05049 or 50/1,000 per between age-class or sex and the presence year is calculated (assuming a stationary and of grave goods. stable population) (see Weiss 1973:39 for a In qualitative terms however, certain pat­ discussion of procedures for determining terns were evident. For example, females death rate). were more frequently accompanied with

53 pottery than were males (ratio = 2:1) and mutilations were eif^c'ed for magico-ritual females were more frequently accompanied reasons (see Romain 1979c for a further with shell ornaments than were males discussion). (ratio=1.75:1). Only males were buried with Discussion pipes and flint projectile points, axes, antler Although it has been possible to present tips and flint-knapping tools were predomi­ only a brief summary of a few of the more nantly associated with males. interesting and obvious biocultural patterns Regarding associated interments, of the evident at Libben, the following inferences sample population observed (N = 150), 17 relating to social behavior and organization specimens could not be evaluated, however, may be derived from the data presented: of the remaining 133 specimens, 56.4% (N=75) were single interments not associated 1) Sex-ratio assessment, age-class data, arti­ with other burials and 43.6% (N=58) were fact-sex and artifact-age class statistical clearly associated with other interments. Of association tests all indicate that egalitarian the 58 specimens associated with other standards governed who was interred at burials, 60.3% (N=35) were components of Libben. The logical extension of this observa­ double interments, 34.5% (N=20) were in a tion is that social status in life was most likely mass burial area and 5.2% (N=3) were com­ not ascribed by reference to age or sex ponents of double burials within a mass burial criteria. area. Further, in instances where other than a 2) The data does seem to indicate a division single interment occurred (N = 58), adults of labor on the basis of sex. The more were most commonly associated with sub- frequent accompaniment of females with adults, ie., 58.6% of the time (N=34). Adults pottery and ground stone tools and of males occurred in association with other adults with ceremonial pipes, projectile points, 27.6% of the time (N = 16) and sub-adults knives, axes, antler tips and other tools leads occurred in association with other sub-adults to the conclusion that females probably 13.8% of the time (N =8). engaged in wild food gathering, storage and preparation and perhaps child-rearing activi­ ties; whereas, males engaged in hunting, Paleopathology trapping, warfare and flint-knapping. Osteological evidence of disease path­ ology manifested by Libben specimens is 3) The relatively frequent incidence of double currently being re-evaluated by several in­ and mass burials suggests a strong recogni­ vestigators. However, prior analyses suggest tion of kinship ties on behalf of the primal that conspicuous diseases included: degen­ Libben inhabitants. Further, the frequent erative osteoarthritis, porotic hyperostosis, occurrence of adults buried in association systemic periostitis, spondylolisthesis, osteo­ with sub-adults seems to indicate the likeli­ myelitis and gall or kidney stones. Addi­ hood of nuclear family groups. tionally, some specimens showed sympto­ 4) The presence of post-hole patterns sugges­ matic evidence suggestive of various neo­ tive of a defensive palisade around the plasms and metastatic cancer, poliomyletis, periphery of the village, the disproportionately typhoid and Paget's disease. high adult male mortality rate and the ob­ Also of interest, of the total integral served occurrences of projectile points em­ skeletal population (N = 1,327), 13 specimens bedded in various skeletal elements demon­ were observed to have flint projectile points strates that incidences of internecine strife embedded in cranial, vertebral or other were not unknown at Libben. skeletal elements. In almost all instances, the Further, the already mentioned evidence embedded projectile points most likely caused of magico-ritual activity associated with the death of the effected specimens. numerous burials suggests that the Libben Additionally, a total of 45 integral speci­ people believed that nature and the super­ mens demonstrate evidence of intentional natural could be influenced or controlled by skeletal mutilation, these mutilations are magico-ritual formulae. manifested as numerous trephinations as well Given these observations, it might be as cranial and postcranial drilled perforations reasonable to infer that social status was most and various scratches or incisions suggestive likely achieved, at least to some degree, by of defleshing, scraping efforts. There is sub­ reference to warfare-related accomplish­ stantial evidence (e.g., red ochre scattered ments and magico-ritual activity. over the remains, bundle burials requiring above-ground mortuary treatment and highly Summary polished human bone fragments) that the The evidence seems to indicate that the Libben inhabitants participated in an egali­ Romain, William F. tarian social system, qualified by a moderate 1979a The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio degree of recognition of personally achieved Part I: Environment, Excavation and status. Nuclear family groups may be indi­ Temporal Position. Ohio Archaeologist cated and there is no doubt that warfare did 29(4):40-41. occur. Spiritual beliefs seem to have been 1979b The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio well-developed. Part II: The Subsistence-Settlement System. Ohio Archaeologist 29(4):42-43. 1979c Archaeological Evaluation of Magico- Ritual Evidence Through Analysis of References Biocultural Variables: An Investigation Ackoff, Russell L. of Mutilated Skeletal Elements from 1962 Scientific Method: Optimizing Applied Libben. Unpublished M.A. thesis, De­ Research Designs. John Wiley and partment of Sociology and Anthropology, Sons, New York. Kent State University. Lovejoy, C. Owen Weiss, Kenneth 1977 Paleodemography of the Libben Site, 1973 Demographic Models for Anthropology. Ottawa County, Ohio. Science 198:291- Memoirs of the Society for American 293, Archaeology 27.

New Anthropology Series, Necrology Odyssey, To Premiere John Schatz of Darbyville, Ohio, April 6 passed away January 7, 1979. He ODYSSEY, the new 12-week PBS anthro­ was born near Hilliard, Ohio, on pology series, breaks new ground for the June 28, 1915, and lived all his life humanities on television with fascinating in central Ohio. John was one of stories about people and cultures in all parts our Society's oldest members having of the world. Developed by Michael Am- belonged since the Archaeological brosino, creator of public television's extra­ Society was formed out of the old ordinarily popular science series. NOVA, it is Indian Relic Collectors Society in the first American TV series of its kind. 1951. He had collected and hunted Indian relics since he was a young Beginning Sunday, April 6 at 8 pm ET, boy and had an extensive collec­ through June 22 (check local listings), tion. John Schatz had an intimate ODYSSEY is produced by Public Broadcast­ knowledge of Indian artifacts and ing Associates, Ambrosino's independent he was one of our Society's most Boston production company. respected members. When your PBS Premiere: Sunday, April 6 at 8 pm ET Editor joined the Society many Format: 12 60-minute documentaries years ago, John was one of the first focusing on people and cul­ people to befriend him, and his tures, past and present, in all help, advice and friendship will not parts of the world. be forgotten. He will be remem­ Program titles and airdates: bered by his many friends and ac­ #101— Seeking the First #107-Other People's quaintances and our condolences Americans, Sunday, Garbage, Sunday, go to his wife Marion and his family. April 6 May 18 #102-N.'a/', the Story of a #108-Maasa, Women, IKung Woman, Sunday, May 25 Executive Producer: Michael Ambrosino Sunday, April 13 #10g_ The Chaco Legacy, Funding: ODYSSEY is made possible by #103—Franz Boas 11858- Sunday. June 1 grants from the National 1942), Sunday, #1 io-CYee Hunters of the Endowment for the Humanities, A ril P 20 Mistassini, Sunday, the Corporation for Public #104 — Ship wreck: La June 8 Broadcasting, and Polaroid. Trinidad Valencera, #1 -,, _Key to the Land of Transcripts: Transcripts for individual Sunday, April 27 Silence, Sunday, programs will be available to #105 — The Incas, Sunday, June 15 viewers for $3.00 by writing: May 4 #112-7r)eSa/

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