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The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lithic Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee Audrey L

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The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lithic Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee Audrey L University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 3-1986 The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lithic Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee Audrey L. Grubb University of Tennessee, Knoxville Recommended Citation Grubb, Audrey L., "The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lithic Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1986. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4120 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Audrey L. Grubb entitled "The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lithic Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Walter E. Klippel, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: R.L. Jantz, Charles H. Faulkner Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Audre¥ L. G;rubb entitled "The Role of Thermal Alteration in Lith1c Reduction Strategies at the Leftwich Site in Middle Tennessee." I have examined the final copy of this· thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthrop ology. thesis acceptance: Accepted for the Council: The Graduate School STATEMENT OF PERMISSON TO.USE In presenti?g this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement.s for a Master's degree at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. Permission for extensive quotation from or reproduction of this thesis may be granted by my major professor, or in his absence, by the Head of Interlibrary Services when, in the opinion of either, the proposed use of the material is for scholarly purposes. Any copying or use of the material in this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature � th � Date jf}]aJch THE ROLE OF THERMAL ALTERATION IN LITHIC REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT THE LEFTWICH SITE IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Kno xvil·le Audrey L. Grubb March 19 86 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research at the Leftwich site was conducted as part of the Columbia Archaeological Projec t. Dr. Walter E. Klippel served as Principle Investigator and Project Director of the Columbia Archaeological Project. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Klippel who served as the chairman of my thesis committee and to canmittee members, Drs. Richard L. Jantz and Charles H. Faulkner for their encouragement, critical input and patience. Dr. Jantz provided statistical expertise. Dr. Faulkner sparked my interest in Southeastern -Archaeology and directed my early years in Archaeology. Numerous individuals have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. Neil Robison and Bill Turner served as co-field directors during the summer of 1978, supervising excavation and surface survey collection, respectively. Backhoe trenching was accomplished by Cecil Fo wler in 1980 and Charlie Hines in 1981. Numerous people have been in volved in the field and laboratory processing of Leftwich site material. Crew members who assisted in collecting Leftwich material include Joe Barton, Joe Bartolini, Margie Block, Danny Boring, Anna Dixon, Chuck Faulkner, Nina Fitzgerald, Ingrid Ginsler, Howard Haygood, Will Hines, Pat Hofman, Steve Johnston, Jan Jones, Harley Lanham, Alicia Lafever, ii Lee Loftus, Bill Love, Bruce Manzano, Kay Moneyhun, Darcy Morey, Patrice Newman, Connie O'Hare, Mike Posey, Anne Prados, Charlie Prose, Veryl Riddle, Chris Senior, Cheryl Smith, Mark Smith,· Lee Tippitt and Deborah Turner. G.�. Brakenridge furnished stratigraphic profile maps of Leftwich Trench G. Lee Ferguson performed thermal alteration experiments on chert samples from the proposed Columbia Reservoir. Dan Amick assisted in the analysis of Leftwich Area A artifacts. Discussion with archaeologists Chuck Bentz, Bob Entorf, Lee Ferguson, Charlie Hall, Jack Hofman and Gerry Kline have contributed substantially to the successful completion of this thesis. Terry Faulkner and Don Rosenbaum cheerfully prepared final draft figures. Editing assistance was recieved from Robert Entorf, Charles Faulkner, Sheila Grubb, Richard Jantz and Walter Klippel. Special thanks is extended to Bob Entorf and my parents Ralph and Sheila Grubb, who have provided invaluable support over a number of years and have always been there when it mattered most. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville has supported this work through the Department of Anthropology, Photographic Services and the Computing Center. Figure reduction was accomplished by Knoxville Blueprint. iii ABSTRACT Research in 1978, 1980 and 1981 at the Leftwich site (40MU262), located on the Duck River in Maury County, Tennessee revealed stratigraphically separated buried Archaic cultural strata. Radiocarbon dates of 6160 and 4190 to 4130 years before present were associated with Benton and Ledbetter projectile points, respectively. A functional analysis of artifacts from a controlled surface collection and two buried Archaic components at Leftwich is undertaken. Buried Benton and Ledbetter components were stratigraphically separated based on vertical density peaks of lithic artifacts and debitage, as well as pebbles larger than 6 mm in size. The relationship of thermal alteration to lithic resource location, lithic implement manufacturing processes and settlement is investigated. Intentional thermal alteration of lithic artifacts is indicated by: (1) an overall low incidence of overheating and (2) an association between thermal alteration and small biface thinning flakes and late stage bifaces in the surface, Benton and Ledbetter assemblages. Intentional thermal alteration is also significantly correlated with cores and large biface thinning flakes. Thermal alteration analysis can yield information regarding when and where lithic reduction took place. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTIO.N 1 II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 5 A. Physiography ... 5 B. Geologic History 7 C. Quaternary 12 D. Flora 14 E. Climate 17 F. Soils .. 17 III. THE LEFTWICH SITE 19 A. The Site Location .. .. 19 B. History of Investigation 21 IV. THERMAL ALTERATION STUDIES 40 A. Historic Perspective . • . 40 B. Heat Treatment Experiments ...•• 43 C. Physical Properties of Thermally Altered Chert .... ..... 50 D. Thermal Alteration Recognized Archaeologically .... 54 V. LITHICS FROM LEFTWICH EXCAVAT ION 59 A. Introduction . • . • 59 B. Chipped Stone Tools . • 71 C. Ground Stone Tools . • • 91 D. Flake Debitage . • . 91 E. Stone Debris • . • • . 97 VI. LITHICS FROM LEFTWICH SURFACE COLLECT ION 102 A. Chipped Stone Too ls . • . 102 B. Ground Stone Tools . • . • 118 C. Lithic Debitage . 125 VII. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 128 A. Design of a Model .. 128 B. Analysis of Leftwich Surfade Collection ....... 132 V CHAPTER PAGE VII. c. Intrasite Component Analysis •. ••• 156 D. Intersite Component Analysis . •. 189 E. Intersite Component Comparisons: Funcat Statistic . 197 F. Surrunary 220 REFERENCES CITED 228 APPENDICES . 25 1 APPENDIX A. LEFTWICH EXCAVATION LITHIC DATA 252 APPENDIX B. LEFTWICH SURFACE LITHIC DATA 262 APPENDIX C. CATEGORICAL REGRESSION DATA . 267 VITA . 282 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 Geologic,. Climatic and Vegetation Record for the Nashville Basin ...... 16 3.1 Feature lA Lithic Inventory 29 3.2 Leftwich Area A Cultural Material Inventory by Level ....... 38 4.1 Lithic Samples and Thermal Alteration Method used from Literature ..... 44 4.2 Soil Temperatures Associated with Accidental and Prescribed Fire . 48 5.1 Lithic Categories from Leftwich Area A by Component . 72 5.2 Late Archaic Ledbetter Radiocarbon Dates from the Southeast . 76 5.3 Middle Archaic Benton and White Springs/ Sykes Radiocarbon Dates . 80 7.1 Crosstabulation of Leftwich Area D Lithic and Thermal Alteration Categories ..... 134 7.2 Thermal Alteration Variability for Leftwich Area D Lithic Categories with Fire Cracked Rock and Pot Lids Excluded ......... 136 7.3 Total Assemblage Cortex and Thermal Alteration Variability for Leftwich Area D. 137 7.4 Flaked Stone Debris Cortex and Thermal Alteration Variability from Leftwich Area D. 138 7.5 Flake Debitage Cortex and Thermal Alteration Variability for Leftwich Area D ...... 139 7.6 Chipped Stone Tool Cortex and Thermal Alteration Variability for Leftwich Area D. 140 vii TABLE PAGE 7. 7 Total Assemblage Ridley and Fort Payne Chert Thermal Alteration Variability for Leftwich Area D . • . • • • . • . • . 142 7.8 Ridley and Fort Payne Chert Flake Variability by Thermal Alteration 143 7.9 Flaked Stone Debris Chert and Thermal Alteration Variability
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