OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 46 NO. 4 FALL 1996

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1998 President Carmel "Bud" Tackett. 906 Charleston Pike, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614)-772-5431. 1998 Vice-President Jeb Bowen, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, BACK ISSUES OH 43211, (419)-585-2571. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1998 Executive Secretary Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street. Ash­ Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $37.50 add $4.50 P-H land, OH 44805, (419)-289-8313. Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Recording Secretary Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Greenville, OH 45331. (513)-548-0325. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Treasurer Tom Perrine, 492 Miller Avenue, Kent, OH 1970'S $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 44240-2651, (330)-673-1672. 1960.s $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ OH 43064, (614)-873-5471. erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to 1998 Immediate Past President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank business office for prices and availability. Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)-653-6642. ASO CHAPTERS Aboriginal Explorers Club BUSINESS MANAGER President: Dick Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thomeville Road, Rushville, OH Alum Creek Chapter 43150, (614) 536-7855 or 1-800-736-7815. President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Clarence K. Thomas, 291 Harrison Ave., Buffalo, NY Blue Jacket Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43801, President: Jim Bartlett, 6044 East Rt. 36, Cable, OH (614)-297-2641. Chippewa Valley Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (216)-732-7122. 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Avenue, Columbus, OH 43224, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (614)-262-9615. President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1998 Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Road, Patriot, OH 45658, Dividing Ridges Chapter (513)-281-8827. President: John Mococ, Box 170, RD#1, Valley Drive, 2000 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, Dilles Bottom, OH OH 44136, (216)-238-1799. Flint Ridge Chapter 2000 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Road, Norton, OH 44203 President: Samuel Bush, 2500 Condit Dr., Pataskala, OH (216)-753-7081. Fort Salem Chapter 2000 Walt Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, ML Vernon, OH 43050, President: Russell Strunk, 1608 Clough Pike, Batavia, OH (614J-393-2314. Fulton Creek Chapter 2000 Russell Strunk, 1608 Clough Pike, Batavia, OH 45103, President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH (513)-732-1400. Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 St. Rt. 302, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Richard McConnell, RD#8, Box 41, New Castle, PA Kyger Creek Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Ruth A. Warden, 350 Watson Grove Rd., Cheshire, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Lake County Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Miamiville Chapter Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 President: Raymond Lovins, P.O. Box 86, Miamiville, OH David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Mound City Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Painted Post Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Brian Zack, 511 Pershing, Salem, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Plum Run Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Christopher Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Rd,. Lisbon, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Sandusky Bay Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sandusky Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Terri Hesson, 12440 St. Rte. 103, E, Carey, OH Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Don Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Six River Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter President: Ben Burcham, 3811 S. County Line Rd., Johnstown, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E lorn NUMBE HornbrookR, 4665 Carmont Ave., SW, Navarre, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE

The Young Site: A Chert Processing Site In Coshocton County, Ohio by Wayne A. Mortine and Doug Randies 4 On October 3, 1996 I had the unpleasant opportunity to witness Three Large Axes by Carl Smith 12 the closing of the "Mica Grave" at the Hopewell Culture Natural Historical Park in Chillicothe, Ohio. When I arrived, the viewing What Flint Type With A Rare Occurrence in Auglaize County Did window was gone, the concrete reinforced front and side walls Britt Tentatively Name In A 1973 Site Report And What Really were destroyed and tossed into the mound area. Workers were Was It? by Claude Britt, Jr. 13 in the process of filling in and reshaping the mound.

The Lukens Cache in 1996 by Elaine Holzapfel 14 Everyone in the field of archaeology has lost a treasured part of the past, which will never be replaced. This act of destruction is A Second Turtle Carapace Sculpture by Robert N. Converse 18 the effect of the N.A.G.P.R.A. Law.

Some Surface Finds by Scott Leach 19 Any time the government of a nation gives special treatment to an ethnic group, then everyone suffers. Only when the govern­ Preforms by Robert N. Converse 20 ment realizes that to have peace and tranquility, all people must be accorded the same rights in religion and employment oppor­ A Large Adena Blade by Ken Simper 22 tunities, as well as the right to live in pursuit of their aspirations for themselves and their families. An Iroquois Effigy Pipe by Steve Fuller 23

Artifacts From A Small Archaic Site, Clark County, Ohio The N.A.G.P.R.A. Law will and does have the same affect as the by Robert W. Morris 24 burning of books by the governments that desire to control the daily thoughts and actions of all people within their boundaries. I The Beveled Adze: An Early Stone Tool only hope that our elected representatives can cope with and overcome the bureaucracy so deeply entrenched in our political by Charles F. Henderson 26 system that they can go beyond the intended purpose of any enacted law by simply saying this is "our interpretation." Glass Scrapers and Knives by Elaine Holzapfel 27 If archaeological resources are destroyed, how can anyone say Two Artifacts From Coshocton County by Keith Baranski 28 we are learning from our past. The act of stopping or hindering such archaeological activities are in themselves no different then A Translucent Chalcedony Hopewell by Keith Baranski 28 giving the order "burn the books." Artifacts From Medina County by Keith Baranski 29

Slate From The Nutgrass Collection byAINutgrass 30 Carmel "Bud" Tackett President In Remembrance of Jack Hooks 1923 - 1996 by Robert N. Converse 31 Toward A Revised Taxonomy And Culture History Scheme For Eastern Ohio Late Prehistoric by James Morton and Brian DaRe 32

Editorial - The Richard Corrow Prosecution by Robert N. Converse 40

The Flint Ridge Shelter House Project by Bob Williams 41

Editorial - The Columbia River Skeleton

by Robert N. Converse 42

Obituary - Gilbert W. Dilley 43

Field-Found Contest 43

Front Cover: This Hopewell pipe is one of the finest examples from a cache of effigy pipes found in the Tremper Mound, Scioto County, Ohio. Depicting the quail or hobwhite, it is made from highly polished red-maroon pipestone. The lines of the feathers and other features of this once common Ohio bird are faithfully portrayed. During its aboriginal use, the pipe was broken and repaired by strapping a copper band around the lower part of the bowl. So far as is known this is the only such sculpture of the quail known in Ohio.

3 THE YOUNG SITE: A CHERT PROCESSING SITE IN COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Wayne A. Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio and Doug Randies Warsaw, Ohio

Coshocton County Vanport chert have This article is the second in a series of items): The best evidence for the earliest constricted bases, the other 114 exam­ reports (see Mortine-Randles: 1995) that occupation of the Young site is based on ples have wider, straighter bases. It the authors are putting together based on four artifacts (Fig. 1). The middle point, top should be noted that constricted bases the collection and personal notes of the row, Figure 1 is made from black Upper from both major lithic sources were twice late Leonard Brown, Newcomerstown, Mercer chert, has heavy grinding, and a as likely to have grinding present on the Ohio. The Young site (33-CS-47) was sur­ concave base. One channel flake has been upper portion of the blade edge. We have face hunted extensively by Brown from removed on the obverse side and two placed only those points that we believe 1962 until 1982. In that time period he smaller channel flakes were removed on are in the third, fourth, or finished stages had collected and labeled 3,392 lithic and the reverse side. The first point, bottom of manufacture in our count. These stages seven historic artifacts. There are 521 row, in Figure 1 has a concave base and of manufacture are based on Prufer's broken tip fragments, 681 basal frag­ light lateral grinding. It was manufactured work at the McConnell site (Prufer 1963). ments and 78 center sections. Approxi­ from Upper Mercer chert. The middle We must acknowledge however, that mately 29% of the broken tip fragments point, bottom row has moderate lateral lanceolate forms have been also shown to were made from Upper Mercer chert and grinding and a fair degree of parallel extend into Archaic time periods, such as the remaining 71 % were made from Van- flaking. It was made from Upper Mercer the so-called Steubenville lanceolate of port chert. chert. The third point, bottom row, is a miniature fluted point (personal communi­ the Upper Ohio Valley. There are six The Young site is located in the north­ cation Brad Lepper). This point is made points with basal spurs, (Fig. 3) that con­ west corner of Oxford Township, from a tan Coshocton County, Vanport form to the Stemmed Lanceolate String- Coshocton County, Ohio, six miles west chert. Basal grinding is present and lateral town type that occurs in minor numbers of Newcomerstown and two miles east of grinding extends one third the length of the on Piano sites (Converse 1994: 24). West Lafayette. It is situated on a high point, measured from the ears. Fluting Paleo-lndian Planes: The Young site has gravel terrace along the valley wall, north occurs on the obverse side only. Measure­ produced 12 artifacts that duplicate this of the Tuscarawas River and its elevation ments are length 32mm, width 16mm, and tool type (Fig. 4). Planes have been is 800 feet above sea level. The surface of thickness, 4mm. In describing seven reported from two Late Paleo-lndian work­ the field that makes up the site is not miniature stone tools from an Early Paleo- shops in western Coshocton County. They large, approximately five acres. A promi­ lndian site near Parkhill, Ontario, Canada, are the McConnell site (Prufer 1963) and nent feature of the location was a large Ellis (1994: 253) states: the Honey Run site (Pi-sunyer, Blank, and knoll that was situated at the southwest Williams 1967). Prufer (1963: 15) states corner of the field. A small unnamed "This assemblage includes not that these tools are, "Oval or round, very creek flows south by the site to join the only the miniature points on channel steep sided (conical) objects suggesting Tuscarawas River. The creek and the flakes reported from several other planes with completely flat basal faces". narrow valley it forms is the western Paleo-lndian sites but also a minia­ Paleo-lndian Blades: There are five large boundary of the site. At the present time a ture end scraper made on a scraper blades from the Young site that are similar large meander bend of the Tuscarawas retouch flake. A lack of use evidence to forms found on the two Late Paleo- River is within 600 feet of the terrace. The and a consistent spatial clustering of lndian workshops in western Coshocton elevation above sea level of the Tus­ these artifacts suggest that these County (Fig. 5). The first blade in Fig. 5 also carawas River in the vicinity is roughly tiny artifacts are neither utilitarian resembles Alton knives from the Paleo- 760 feet. The site is partially sheltered on tools or children's toys. As a result, it lndian Alton site in extreme southern three sides by surrounding hills with only is argued these items served a func­ Indiana. Tomak (1994: 120) states that the southern face exposed. The promi­ tion in the ideological sphere as, for "Alton knives are large, elongated, uniface, nent knoll was dissected and partially example, in shamanistic rituals". flake tools. They are marginally retouched destroyed in 1965 during the construction The miniature Paleo-lndian point from the on the dorsal surface along all or most of of the new U.S. Route 36. At a later date Young site is slightly larger than the com­ both lateral edges with the retouched the remaining portion of the knoll was lev­ plete miniature point from the Parkhill site. edges converging to a pointed tip". eled by power equipment. Farming oper­ ations at the site have been discontinued PLANO OCCUPATION and new houses and buildings erected, EARLY ARCHAIC OCCUPATION thus for archaeological purposes the site Piano Lanceolate (Circa 8000 B.C.: 217 is no longer available for study. items): There are 67 lanceolate points A total of 17 early Archaic points were made from Upper Mercer chert, all have found on the site. They include the fol­ In the following account of the compo­ constricted bases (Fig. 2). Five are com­ lowing types: nents found at the Young site, unless oth­ plete and 62 are basal fragments. Approx­ Thebes, Archaic Bevel (8000 to 6000 erwise noted we have used as primary imately 70% of these points have slight B.C.): There is one Archaic Bevel (Fig. 6). references Justice's (1987) and Con­ grinding or additional fine chipping on the The point has been reduced in size by verse's (1994) work on the age and identi­ upper one third of the blade edges. resharpening. The basal section has fication of spear and arrow points. Lanceolate forms made from Coshocton heavy grinding. It has been manufactured County, Vanport chert number 144 (Fig. from dark Upper Mercer chert. PALEO-INDIAN OCCUPATION 3). Seven are complete and 137 are basal Big Sandy Side Notched (8000 to 6000 fragments. Thirty of the lanceolates from Paleo-lndian (11000 to 9000 B.C.; four B.C.): There are 11 Big Sandy points (Fig.

4 6). Six of these have been converted into There are 23 points with slightly basic outline as this point type and were scraper forms from the hafted portion of expanding stems and basicly straight probably reworked from broken points broken points. These reworked scraper bases (Fig. 7). Grinding occurs on the haft (Fig. 11). There are 17 of the diagonal forms have been sharpened from both and base of the better made examples. notched points with a pentagonal outline sides giving them a blade like rather than Thirteen of these points were made from (Fig. 11). This makes a total of 81 points of a scraping edge. Two of these artifacts Upper Mercer chert and ten from Vanport this type in the collection. In our area of show evidence of heavy battering on this chert. east central Ohio this point style is one of edge and they may have been utilized for Matanza Side Notched also called "Fish- the most common finds. From our experi­ purposes other than scraping. Eighty per­ spears" (3700 to 3000 B.C.): There are 49 ences we believe that this diagonal cent of these side notched points were of these shallow side notched, straight notched point style lasted from late made from Upper Mercer chert. based points (Fig. 8). The majority of Archaic times until Early Woodland. On Kirk Serrated (6900 to 6000 B.C.): There these points are heavily ground in the some sites in our area colorful Flint Ridge are two basal fragments of Kirk Serrated notches and on the base. Twenty of these material was the predominant lithic source points (Fig. 6). The Kirk points show evi­ points are made from Upper Mercer used in the manufacture of these points. At dence of being deeply serrated along the chert, five from Flint Ridge material, and the Young site the use of Flint Ridge flint blade edges. Kirk Serrated points are the remainder from varieties of local Van- was not common. Upper Mercer and local undoubtably closely related to Kirk port chert. varieties of Vanport chert were the mate­ rials of choice. It appears that if a plentiful Stemmed and other varieties of the Kirk Lamoka (3500 to 2500 B.C.): There are supply of chert was near at hand the Corner Notched point types. twelve Lamoka points (Fig. 8). The base people who made and used these points St. Albans Side Notched (6900 to 6500 or haft element of these points are as took advantage of its availability. B.C.): There are two points in the collec­ thick as the blade and there has been tion that resemble St. Albans Side little or no attempt to modify the base by Notched points (Fig. 6). These points are a flaking. These points were first defined by TRANSITIONAL OCCUPATION part of the Bifurcate Tradition of the Early Ritchie (1965: 78) in New York State but Archaic time period. Both points have Ashtabula, Late Archaic to Early Woodland are also a common eastern Ohio type. (1700 to 700 B.C.; 83 items): There are 83 been reduced in length by resharpening. Brewerton Corner Notched (2980 to Kanawha Stemmed (6200 to 5800 B.C.): points with expanding stems, wide 1700 B.C.): There are 41 of these points notches, and triangular shaped blades There is one Early Archaic Kanawha (Fig. 9). They are a part of the Brewerton (Fig. 12). Light grinding is present on the Stemmed point (Fig. 6). It has been phase of the Laurentian tradition. This stems and bases of the better examples. reduced in length by resharpening. phase was wide spread in the north­ These points are related to the Transi­ Kanawha Stemmed points are part of the eastern United States as well as the tional stage Susquehanna Broad points Bifurcate Tradition of the Early Archaic Upper Ohio Valley. Upper Mercer chert that occur in the northeastern United time period. was used in the manufacture of about half States. Ritchie (1965: 150) in discussing of the points. the distinctive Susquehanna Broad point MIDDLE ARCHAIC OCCUPATION Brewerton Side Notched (2980 to 1700 style states that it: A total of 25 Middle Archaic points B.C.): There are 53 of these points (Fig. "is part of a complex which con­ were found on the site. They include the 9). In addition there is one related Brew­ tains the following traits: drills, following types: erton Eared-Notched point. These points scrapers, and graving points all Raddatz Side Notched (6000 to 3000 are diagnostic of the Late Archaic time having the same basal shape as the B.C.): There are 21 Middle Archaic Rad­ period in the northeastern United States. point type, and probably in many datz Side Notched points (Fig. 6). Four­ Seventeen of these points were made cases created from damaged pro­ teen of these points were manufactured from Upper Mercer chert, four from Flint jectile points by rechipping. The from Coshocton County Vanport chert, Ridge material and the remainder were scrapers are notable in their lack of six from Upper Mercer and one from Flint made from local chert sources. beveling, and the battered, rounded Ridge flint. It would appear that the Rad­ Genesse (2980 to 1700 B.C.): There are edges of some specimens suggest datz point makers were satisfied to use 23 points with straight stems and broad (to me) use as strike-a-lights." the nearest available lithic source in the triangular blades that belong to the Lau­ In the Young collection there are two manufacture of their points. rentian tradition of northeastern United Ashtabula tool types (Fig. 12). The one is a Stanly Stemmed (6000 to 5000 B.C.): States (Fig. 10). Some light grinding drill base and the other a blunted scraper There are four Middle Archaic Stanly occurs on the better examples. Eight of or strike-a-light. In both cases it can be Stemmed points (Fig. 6). All these points the points were made from Upper Mercer seen that the bases conform to the typical have square stems with shallow basal chert and the remainder were made from Ashtabula base style. This would indicate notches or bifurcation. local Vanport chert sources. that the people in the Transitional stage in Merom Expanding Stemmed (1600 to Ohio were closely related to similar cul­ tures in Pennsylvania and New York. LATE ARCHAIC OCCUPATION 1000 B.C.): There are eight of these small side notched to expanding stemmed Ashtabula points are more numerous in A total of 272 Late Archaic points were points (Fig. 15). This type of point is diag­ eastern and northeastern Ohio than else­ where in Ohio. In our area of east central found on the site. They include the fol­ nostic of the Late Archaic Riverton cul­ Ohio they occur as scattered surface finds lowing types: ture. Because of their small size they are along the terraces of the Tuscarawas Karnak Stemmed (3700 to 3000 B.C.): commonly referred to as Bird Points in River. The large number of these points There are five crude elongated stemmed Ohio (Converse, 1994: 100). points (Fig. 7). These crudely made points occurring at the limited geographic area of Diagonal Notched (2980 to 1000 B.C.): the Young site is uncommon. The finding are usually found with three quarter There are 44 points that closely resemble grooved axes and other stone tools (Con­ of two Ashtabula tool types with this mate­ the Late Archaic, Brewerton Corner rial is in our opinion extremely rare. verse, 1994: 96). The second point top row Notched points. However, they are shorter in Fig. 7 is made from wood grained Nellie in length, have more rounded basal cor­ chert from western Coshocton County. The ners, more pronounced shoulders, and WOODLAND OCCUPATION other three points in the top row are made they are diagonally corner notched. There Early Woodland Adena Stemmed (500 from a poor quality of local Vanport chert. are twenty scrapers that have the same Table Rock Stemmed (circa 3000 B.C.): B.C. to 100 A.D.): There are 25 Adena

5 stemmed points (Fig. 10). There is some One of the celts is made in a rectan­ Drills: There are 21 various types of drills variation in the curvature of the bases gular form (Fig. 17), and may be related to (Fig. 22). Most of the different forms of and other minor details in the configura­ another culture. drills that occur in Ohio are probably rep­ tion of these points. However, breaking Conical Pestles: There are two short, resented in the collection. this small number of points into early, stubby, hard stone, conical pestles in the Side Scrapers: There are 17 uniface chert side scrapers (Fig. 23). Twelve were middle, and late stages of Adena time collection (Fig. 18). retouched along one lateral edge and five period is difficult. Eleven of these points Expanded Bar Atlatl Weights: There are were worked on both sides. are made from Upper Mercer chert, ten nine expanded bar atlatl weights, four are Retouched Blades and Flakes: There are from local Vanport chert, and four from made from banded slate, three from fine 58 random blades and flakes formed by Flint Ridge material. There are eight grained sandstone, one from hematite, the reduction of bifacial preforms that were examples of late Adena cache blades and one from an unidentified fine grained made from local Vanport chert (Fig. 13). intentionally converted into tools (Fig. 23). stone (Fig. 19-20). Most of the raw mate­ There are ten small plain surfaced, grit These pieces were probably selected by rial for these artifacts was available in tempered pottery sherds in the collection chance from the debitage (expedient gravel bars of the nearby Tuscarawas (Fig. 14). The thickness of the sherds tools). Brown had collected 586 examples River. These artifacts are considered to ranged from 9mm to 13mm, with an of these thinning blades and flakes pos­ be one of the oldest forms of atlatl average of 10.4mm. This is thicker than sibly thinking that they were related to a weights and make their appearance in the most of the late Adena "Adena Plain" Middle Woodland component. However, Early Archaic time period. ceramics from the area and the sherds there was little evidence of the classic Hammerstones: There are 42 hammer- from the Young site are probably Early Middle Woodland, Hopewell bladelets and stones, 27 were made from rounded cob­ Adena as are some of the points (per­ no evidence of Hopewell cores. bles of chert and 15 from granite pebbles. sonal communication, Jeff Carskadden). Scrapers: There are 45 end scrapers These artifacts are common finds on Middle Woodland (100 B.C. to 400 A.D.): made on uniface blades or flakes (Fig. chert processing sites. There are three Middle Woodland, 22). Twenty-two were made from Upper Cupstones: There are ten cupstones. Six Hopewell points (Fig. 15). Two of these Mercer Chert and 23 from local varieties of these artifacts have a depression on points are made from Flint Ridge material. of Vanport material. The other one is made from local Vanport one side, three have two depressions, chert. Middle Woodland points are not one on the obverse side and one on the SLATE ARTIFACTS numerous finds in our area, but they do reverse side. One triangular shaped seem to be more common on the lower stone has depressions on all three faces. Tubular Bannerstones: There is one terraces of the Tuscarawas River. These artifacts are made from coarse Archaic banded slate, tubular bannerstone Late Woodland-Mississippian (nine sandstone blocks. in the early stages of its manufacture (Fig. items): There is one small side notched Sinewstone: There is one Late Archaic 18). The selection of the stone for this atlatl point that resembles the middle Late sinewstone (Fig. 17). H. C. Kraft (1986: weight was so near the desired dimen­ Woodland Intrusive Mound Raccoon 68) gives the following description of how sions that the outer surface shows no evi­ notched type (A.D. 650 to A.D. 950). these stones were used: dence of battering or shaping. It is obvious that one of the first steps in the fabrication There are eight triangular projectiles in the "In order to smooth the some­ of this artifact was the longitudinal drilling. collection (Fig. 15). These points span the times rough edges of the sinew or In fact only the smoothing and polishing Late Woodland/Mississippian time period leather thong, the threads or laces processes remain to complete this and range from the earlier Madison-Lev- were passed back and forth across example of the tubular bannerstone. There anna types to one example of the Fort a sinewstone made from siltstone is one other fragment of a banded slate Ancient era (Fig. 15). There are six small, or similar fine abrasive, into which tubular bannerstone. Before it had been cordmarked, grit tempered Late Wood­ one or more V-shaped grooves had broken, this piece had been part of a com­ land pottery sherds (Fig. 14). The average been worn". plete artifact (Fig. 21). thickness is seven millimeters. Nef Sinkers: There are 84 net sinkers. These artifacts are made from thin, Winged Bannerstone: There is one rounded pebbles, and have two notches example of an Early Archaic banded slate, GROUND STONE ITEMS removed, one on each side. It is thought notched, winged bannerstone (Fig. 21). Three Quarter Grooved Axes: There are that Archaic people engaging in summer Only a portion of one wing and the longi­ three complete examples of three quarter time fishing activities used these crude tudinal center drilling area of this banner grooved axes (Fig. 16). In addition, there stones as sinkers on fishing net and remain. Of interest is a repair drilling at the thickened center. On the obverse side are six fragments containing grooves that lines. Another possible use is that nets along with net sinkers were used to it can be seen that this repair drilling was were large enough to confirm that they entrap rabbits and other small game. successful. Since it would have required were pieces of other three quarter grooved Ritchie (1965: 48) reported that 8000 net another similar drilling on the opposite axes. All nine specimens were made from sinkers had been recovered at the side to complete the repair work it is igneous stones. There were six broken bits Archaic Lamoka site in New York state. impossible to assume the outcome of this or blade fragments that could not be iden­ Abrading Stones: There is one small, thin, mending/binding process. What it does tified as to type of axe or celt. Fifteen irregular shaped abrading stone (Fig. 21). It indicate is the fragile nature of these arti­ center and smaller portions of hardstone is made from a fine grained sandstone. facts and the fact that the owner prized it axes or celts were also a part of the Converse (1966: 108) states that these highly enough to repair it. In discussing ground stone inventory. Three quarter stones were used in Early Archaic manifes­ the distribution of these artifacts Con­ grooved axes make their appearance in tations as well as in later time periods. The verse (1971: 5) states that "In Ohio, the Late Archaic time period. grooves in this small stone are, for the size notched winged bannerstones are Celts: There are eight Early Woodland of the artifact, numerous and deep (3mm). included in the Raisch-Smith site assem­ Adena-like celts made from hard, fine There are four grooves on the obverse side blage (Moffett 1949: Fig. 3). They also grained stones (Fig. 17). Converse (1966: and three on the reverse side. Of interest is appear in the Brewerton and Frontenac 124) states that the fact that one groove was worked into foci of New York (Ritchie 1965: PI. 29, 34), "Usually Adena celts have their the wider edge of the stone. The longest thus denoting the widespread use of this widest part at or near the bit and groove (30mm) was on the obverse side. type in the eastern United States". taper slightly to the poll".

6 Miscellaneous Slate Fragments: There whether the Young site was involved in the Table 1 are four fragments of slate artifacts in the dynamics of this traffic. However, a east- Length Maximum Maximum collection (Fig. 21). None are large west water route using the Tuscarawas Width Thickness enough to say what types they represent. and Walhonding rivers to the Upper Mercer N = 20 N = 20 N = 20 chert outcrops in western Coshocton Mean: 5.3 Mean: 2.7 Mean: 0.87 MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS County does exist. This route would have Range: 4.2-6.8 Range: 2.0-3.0 Range: 0.8 -1.1 Mica: Two pieces of mica were recovered taken early Paleo-lndian people to within a References Cited: from the site. Both were found at the crest few yards of the Young site. That the of the gravel knoll. The pieces were found Paleo-lndians had knowledge of and were Converse, Robert N. using the local Vanport chert resources can on two separate occasions, 1969 and 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological be shown by the excavations at the Welling 1971. Since they were found in the same Society of Ohio, Columbus. site (Prufer and Wright, 1970). The Welling 1971 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeological general area, they may have been one site (33 CO-2) was a fluted point workshop Society of Ohio, Columbus. piece that was scattered by the plow etc. in the midst of the Upper Mercer quarries 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Mica is found on late Adena, Hopewell, and in western Coshocton County. At this site Society of Ohio, Columbus. early Late Woodland sites in eastern Ohio. five out of the 54 fluted points that were Ellis, Christopher J. Hematite Cone: There is one conical found were manufactured from a creamy, 1994 Miniature Early Paleo-lndian Stone Artifacts shaped Hematite cone (Fig. 18). The base light tan, cherty flint. Prufer and Wright from the Parkhill, Ontario Site. North Amer­ has been flattened and the surface area (1970: 264) traced the origins of this mate­ ican Archaeologist, Vol. 15 (3) 253-267. heavily battered to give it the shape of a rial and state that "it is possible to show Justice, Noel D. hemisphere. Both Adena and Hopewell that it occurs some 35 miles east of the 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the mounds have been sources of these arti­ Welling site in the Tuscarawas valley, and Midcontinental and Eastern United States. facts (Converse, 1971: 42). that it is found in the Vanport member of Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Cannel Coal: There is one fragment of the Pennsylvania system". There is little Kraft, H. C. cannel coal that was found at the site evidence that domestic activities were 1986 The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and (Fig. 21). The piece is flat with worked being conducted at the Young site. No Ethnography. Collections of the New Jersey rounded edges. Two small indentations remains of food preparation such as fresh Historical Society. Vol. 21 Newark, N. J. have been worked into the edges at the water mussel shells, animal bones, etc., Lantz, S.W. top and the bottom. Worked cannel coal items that would occur at a base camp 1984 Distribution of Paleo-lndian Projectile artifacts are found more often on later were in the collection. The number of pot­ Points and Tools from Western Pennsyl­ vania: Implications for Regional Differ­ Fort Ancient sites. tery sherds found (10 Adena - 6 Late ences. Archaeology of eastern North Woodland) does suggest some domestic America 12: 210-230 DISCUSSION activity although minor. Lepper, Bradley T. Based on the material in the collection, it The only documented feature found 1986 Early Paleo-lndian Land Use Patterns in is our observation that the Young site was below the plow zone was a large fire pit at the Central Muskingum River basin, Coshocton County, Ohio. Ph. D. Disser­ a large chert processing station. The site the crest of the knoll. It was uncovered tation, Ohio State University. was probably used to some extent by most during the 1965 road construction. Brown of the prehistoric people that lived or wan­ in his notes described the feature as being Mortine, Wayne A. and Doug Randies dered through east central Ohio. They were fifty inches in diameter and eight inches 1995 The Powelson Site: An Adena Mound in the Lower Tuscarawas River Valley. Ohio procuring local Vanport chert from the deep. The feature contained much intact Archaeologist Vol. 45, No. 4:14-16 nearby hills and outcrops, then taking the charcoal, but no diagnostic artifacts. The raw material to the site for additional work only artifacts that we know for certain that Pi-Sunyer, Oriol, John E. Blank and Robert Williams that would terminate in finished or nearly were found at the top of the knoll were the 1967 The Honey Run Site (33 CO-3) a Late complete artifacts. Deposits of Vanport fragments of mica. Other observations Paleo-lndian Locality in Coshocton chert have been documented just north of that we would like to make about the site County, Ohio. In Studies in Ohio Archae­ the Tuscarawas River by Stout and are: (A) The Late Archaic time period was ology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Dou­ Schoenlaub (1945: 91) in White Eyes and the largest component. It was represented glas H. McKenzie, pp 230-251. Kent Adams Townships, Coshocton County. by 272 points. This point count was State University Press, Kent. Both of these townships are located one 41.5% of the total collection. The largest Prufer, 0. H. half mile north of the Young site, one and part (77.5%) of the Late Archaic points 1963 The McConnell Site. Scientific Publica­ two tenths mile west of the site boulders of were related to the widespread Laurention tions, Cleveland Museum of Natural His­ weathered Vanport chert outcrop in pas­ Tradition of northeastern United States. tory, New Series, Vol. 2. No. 1. Cleveland ture fields. Upper Mercer chert may occur (B) Having noted the large amount of Prufer, Olaf H. and N. L. Wright in the vicinity but Stout and Schoenlaub Transitional Ashtabula material we have 1970 The Welling Site (33 CO-2): A Fluted (1945: 56) remark that "limestone instead included some metric data on 20 of the Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. of flint is the usual representative of the best examples in table 1. Ohio Archaeologist 20: 259-268. Upper Mercer member in the eastern In conclusion we want to recognize the Ritchie, William A. townships along the Muskingum and Tus­ 1965 The Archaeology of New York State. Nat­ 20 years of intensive surface hunting con­ carawas rivers in Coshocton County". We ural History Press, Garden City, New York. are of the opinion that most if not all of the ducted at the Young site by Leonard Brown. His collection from the site has Stout, Wilbur, and R. A. Schoenlaub high quality Upper Mercer chert at the 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Fourth added significantly to the archaeological Young site was imported from sources Series-Bulletin 46. Ohio Department of located in western Coshocton County. It is record of the Tuscarawas River valley in Natural Resources, Division of Geological well established that Paleo-lndians were eastern Coshocton County. In this article Survey, Columbus. we have attempted to give a broad out­ transporting Ohio Upper Mercer chert in Tomak, C. H. the form of blanks and preforms into line of his finds. 1994 The Paleoindian Alton Site, Perry County, western Pennsylvania where it was the We would like to thank the following Indiana. The First Discovery of America: "most preferred lithic source" for their tools people for their help and cooperation; Jeff Archaeological Evidence of the Early and projectile points (Lantz: 1984, cited Carskadden, Brad Lepper, Martha Otto, Inhabitants of the Ohio Area. Editor William from Lepper, 1986: 256). It is uncertain Bonnie Mortine, Al Tonetti and members S. Dancy. The Ohio Archaeological of Leonard Brown's family. Council, Inc., Columbus.

7 Fig. 1 (Mortine & Ran­ dies) The best evi­ dence for an early component at the site can be shown by the second point top row and the three points in the bottom row. The third point in the bottom row is a minia­ ture Paleo-lndian point. It was made from a tan Vanport chert. All the other points in the photo are manufactured from Upper Mercer chert. Figure 2 (Mortine & Randies) Constricted base lanceolates made from Upper Mercer chert.

•4 Figure 4 (Mortine & Randies) Paleo- lndian Planes. The greatest thickness or height of the largest examples is Figure 3 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, lanceolates made from 3.4 cms. Vanport chert. Bottom row, Stringtown Lanceolates.

Figure 6 (Mortine & Randies) First point, top row, Thebes Archaic bevel. Second point, top row, Big Sandy Side Notched. Third point, top row, Kirk Serrated. Fourth point top row, Kanawha Figure 5 (Mortine & Randies) Paleo-lndian uniface blades. The first Stemmed. Bottom row, first and second points, St. Albans Side blade resembles Alton knives from the Paleo-lndian Alton site in Notched, third point, Raddatz Side Notched, fourth and fifth extreme southern Indiana. points Stanley Stemmed.

8 Figure 7 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Karnak Stemmed. Bottom row, Table Rock Stemmed. Figure 8 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Matanza Side Notched. Bottom row, Lamoka.

Figure 9 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Brewerton, Side Notched. Bottom row, Brewerton Corner Notched. Figure 10 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Genesse. Bottom row, Adena Stemmed.

Figure 11 (Mortine & Randies) Top row and middle row, Diagonal Notched scrapers. Bottom row, Diagonal Notched points with Figure 12 (Mortine & Randies) Ashtabula points. Second point, pentagonal outlines. bottom row is a scraper or a strike-a-light. Third point, bottom row is the basal fragment of a drill. Figure 13 (Mortine & Randies) Adena Cache blades made from Van- Figure 14 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Adena pottery sherds. Bottom port chert. row, Cordmarked, grit tempered, Late Woodland pottery sherds.

Figure 15 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, first two points, Middle Wood­ land, Hopewell. Third, fourth, fifth points, Merom Expanding Figure 16 (Mortine & Randies) Three quarter grooved axes. Stemmed. Bottom row, Late Woodland/Mississippian triangles.

Figure 17 (Mortine & Randies) Celts, top row first and Figure 18 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, Conical Pestles. Bottom row, second artifacts. Bottom row celts, fourth, fifth and sixth. first artifact is a Hematite cone, second artifact is an unfinished Tubular The third artifact in the top row is a sinewstone. Bannerstone.

10 Figure 19 (Mortine & Randies) Expanded Bar atlatl Weights. The third weight is made from hematite.

Figure 20 (Mortine & Randies) Expanded Bar atlatl weights. We were able to match some parts of the stone artifacts i.e. the first artifact in the photo.

Figure 22 (Mortine & Randies)) Top row, drills. Bottom row, end scrapers. Figure 21 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, first artifact, broken banded slate fragment. Second artifact, a broken worked piece of Cannel Coal. Third artifact, a broken por­ tion of a Tubular Bannerstone. Fourth artifact, a piece of worked sandstone. Bottom row, first artifact a broken banded slate fragment. Second artifact, a broken banded slate Winged Bannerstone. Third artifact, a sandstone abrading stone.

Fig. 23 (Mortine & Randies) Top row, side cutters. Bottom row, retouched blades and flakes.

11 THREE LARGE AXES by Carl Smith 7348 Germano Rd. Amsterdam, Ohio 43903

Shown in Figures 1 through 3 are three large axes from my collection. Fig. 1 a seven inch three-quarter grooved axe made of lightly speckled diorite. It was found in Delaware County, Ohio. The double grooved axe, Fig. 2, was found near Cole Camp, Benton County, Missouri in 1935. It is of highly pol­ ished gray diorite. The double grooves are rarely seen on axes. Length 4V? inches. Fig. 3 is a dark green diorite three-quarter grooved axe. It was found near Minerva in Carroll County in the 1950s by Mr. Gotchall, an undertaker. It is five inches long.

Fig. 2 (Smith) Double grooved axe found in Benton County, Mis­ souri.

Fig. 3 (Smith) Dark green three-quarter grooved axe found Figure 1 (Smith) Three-quarter grooved axe from Delaware near Minerva, Carroll\ County. County.

1? WHAT FLINT TYPE WITH A RARE OCCURRENCE IN AUGLAIZE COUNTY DID BRITT TENTATIVELY NAME IN A 1973 SITE REPORT AND WHAT REALLY WAS IT? by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872

Back in 1973 I published a report on the except size. Converse (1994:34-35) illus­ Ohio comparative or proper literature Kaehler Farm Sites in Auglaize County in trates the larger examples in his recent available. The name "Wapakoneta Eared- which I applied a tentative name to a point book. He (Converse, 1994:30) also illus­ notched Point" was tentative and a mis­ type which seemed very scarce in that trates Serrated Corner-notched points nomer. That name should not have been county. I named it the "Wapakoneta which more closely resemble the speci­ used. Fortunately, the term did not get Eared-notched Point" (Britt, 1973), but I mens which I erroneously named in 1973. ingrained in the literature. In that old 1973 did not describe it due to so few speci­ Converse mentions that in the Serrated report I stated that I thought the points in mens available for me to study (only five Corner-notched points "a variety of styles question were Early Archaic. Apparently specimens). Also, I did not know at that and variations are found in this type, many that was correct. time whether it was a new undescribed of which are obviously regional versions of References: flint type or a variety of something already the same kind of point". named. Britt, Claude Jr. De Regnaucourt (1991, Plate 8) illus­ 1973 An Inventory of Flint Types from the Now, more than 20 years later, it is clear trates two specimens of Kirk Corner- Kaehler Farm Sites, Auglaize County, to me what two points from the Kaehler notched points which appear identical to Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 23 (3), p. 8-13. Farm Sites and three other sporadic finds the specimens that I previously identified Converse, Robert N. in Auglaize County really were. Three of as "Wapakoneta Eared-notched Points". those 5 specimens from Auglaize County 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society De Regnaucourt mentions a type from Illi­ of Ohio. which I previously owned are illustrated nois named Stilwell by Perino (1970). In a here (Fig. 1). Two of these (Figs 1a-b) were more recent publication, Perino (1985:385) De Regnaucourt, Tony previously shown in my 1973 article. The illustrates a specimen of the Stilwell type 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point other (Fig. 1c), found in a garden in St. which appears identical in morphological Types of Indiana and Ohio. Occasional Johns, Ohio has never been illustrated. features to the ones which I previously Monographs of the Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 1. In studying books on flint typology, ie. owned from Auglaize County. I agree with Ansonia. Converse (1994), DeRegnaucourt (1991), De Regnaucourt's (1991:49) statement Perino (1985) and Justice (1987), it is now that the Stilwell type of Perino is probably Justice, Noel D. obvious that the "type" I referred to as a variety of the Kirk Corner-notched. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the "Wapakoneta Eared-notched Points" was Midcontinental and Eastern United From the above discussion, it is obvious States. Indiana University Press. actually the Kirk Corner-notched type. In that I "jumped the gun" a little back in Bloomington. discussing the Kirk Corner-notched type, 1973 by assigning a new name to flint arti­ Perino, Gregory Converse (1994:34) notes that two vari­ facts when I only had five specimens to 1985 Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of eties were found at the St. Albans site in study. Also, when that old report was West Virginia, sharing the same attributes the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points written I lived in Arizona and did not have and Barbs Press. Idabel, Oklahoma.

Figure 1 (Britt) Projectile points erroneously given the tentative name "Wapakoneta Eared-notched Points" in a 1973 article by this author. Apparently these points are varieties of the Kirk Corner-notched type. Two specimens (a and b) are from the Kaehler farm sites in Auglaize County. The other specimen (c) is from St. Johns, Ohio. Point on the left measures approximately 3'A inches.

13 THE LUKENS CACHE IN 1996 by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

One of the most spectacular prehis­ blades on the ridges of chipping scars. toric flint caches ever found in Ohio was As with almost all caches, the blades do recovered in Portage County in 1982. not seem to have been made at or even Duane and Otis Lukens discovered the near the cache site as no chippage was 356 Adena blades as they plowed a ever reported. drained bog. Converse (1984) points out The configuration of the blades varies that Adena caches are not exceedingly from pear-shaped with wide bases, to rare, that many have gone unrecorded, narrow and elongated, to straight bases and that farming operations frequently with rounded corners. The majority, how­ ever, have the rounded bases diagnostic destroy contextual evidence. References: The Lukens discovery provides a of Adena cache blades. Archaeologists unique insight into the cache from the attributed this variation to limitations Converse, Robert N. viewpoint of professional archaeologists, placed on the artisans by the size and 1984 The Lukens Cache. Ohio Archaeologist as the Lukens family loaned the cache to shape of the flakes as they separated 34 (3): 20, 27. from the cores. The Lukens cache prob­ Kent State University where it was exam­ Prufer, Olaf, Mark Seeman, and ined and analyzed. The results of that ably dates to around 50 B.C. (Prufer, Seeman, and Mensforth 1984). Robert Mensforth study, published in an out-of-state 1984 The Lukens Cache: A Ceremonial journal with limited circulation, were seen Kent State archaeologists state that Offering from Ohio. by few Ohio readers. Following is a syn­ "obviously all of these deposits are cere­ Pennsylvania Archaeologist opsis of that report. monial offerings." Although it seems likely 54 (3-4): 19-31 The Adena Lukens cache was plowed to our twentieth-century minds that the act out sixty-six feet from a small stream, a of creating blades and then burying them Sorgenfrei, Jan and John Steimle tributary in the drainage of the Cuyahoga would be ceremonial, such a supposition 1984 Lukens Cache Purchase. Unpublished. River. Known as a tamarack swamp should perhaps be suggested only as a because logs of this cold-climate tree are possibility, maybe even a probability, but often dredged up, the site had been a not as a fact. Much prehistoric behavior, small lake until historic times. judging from ethnographic reports, is incomprehensible to modern man. There­ For 2000 years the cache had lain fore, we must be careful of using such buried in black muck beneath ten feet of words as ceremonial and sacred to explain water until recent times when the land behavior we do not understand. was drained. The cache lay 17V2 inches below the surface of the now-dry ground, In 1984 John Steimle and Jan Sorgenfrei the numerous small blades clustered obtained the cache, and the blades were around large ones. dispersed in sets of ten to twenty. A Archaeologists discovered pieces of twelve-page document was prepared to water-logged wood, probably oak, with the accompany each set. This document cache. This wood may be the remains of a explains that "each blade is numbered container which held the blades. corresponding with the graphic size Made of Flint Ridge chalcedony from chart" included with the write-up. Steimle Licking County, the blades vary from pale and Sorgenfrei describe the cache as blue to medium brownish-blue. Some, "one of the finest due to blade size, uniform in color, must have been chipped quality of flint, workmanship and docu­ from the same block of flint. Several are mentation to be discovered in Ohio." mottled and others are quite translucent. (Sorgenfrei and Steimle 1984). About half the blades were covered Although it seems unfortunate that the with reddish-brown ocher on one or both cache was not kept intact, perhaps it has faces. A striking platform can be seen at worked out for the best. If the cache were the tip of many of these bifaces, indi­ now in a museum it would be threatened cating that the blades were fashioned with a fate unknown until the interpreta­ from large unifacial flakes struck from tions of the NAGPRA laws are clarified. cores. The edges display delicate chip­ I hope the future finds the cache once ping, none show signs of use, and polish again intact, but the time is not now. can be seen on the faces of many of the Meanwhile, the blades are in good hands.

14 Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Pictured are five of the seventeen large Lukens cache blades, which had lain surrounded by the numerous smaller blades. The faces of all the above exhibit red ocher. Blade at bottom right measures 6% inches long.

15 Fiqure 2 (Holzapfel) These drawings illustrate the range of variation in the shape of the Lukens blades. Some are pear-shaped with wide bases, some are narrow and elongated, and others have straight bases with rounded cor­ ners. Most have rounded bases characteristic of Adena cache blades.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Lukens cache blades in private collections in Ohio.

16 Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Forty-eight Lukens cache blades. The longest measures 7'/,s inches and the smallest measures V/,e inches.

17 A SECOND TURTLE CARAPACE SCULPTURE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

underside of the broken carving which One of the most unique objects ings on rare surface found slate artifacts exhibits what appear to be the scars of encountered when I researched material was known (Converse). So far as I knew several holes drilled in attempts to sal­ for The Glacial Kame Indians (Converse at the time, the Middleburg conch shell vage it. Whether this piece was worn as a 1982) was a section of Gulf Coast conch carving stood alone as the single shell carved in the effigy of a turtle cara­ example of a turtle shell representation pendant or gorget is unknown - the Mid­ pace (page 113). It was found in a glacial for this late Archaic culture. dleburg carapace has several holes, deposit early in the 1900s by workmen Recently, however, the fragment of a apparently for suspension, drilled along who were digging sand and gravel for second carapace carving, this one made its periphery. Despite the fragmentary construction of Middleburg School in of banded slate has come to light. (Figure condition of this unusual artifact, it adds Logan County, Ohio. No similar effigies 1). Although only a small portion of the another example of a sculptured turtle or carving were known to be associated original carving survives, it is clearly part carapace to the Glacial Kame artifact with Glacial Kame although turtle engrav­ of a carapace sculpture. Fig. 2 shows the inventory.

Figure 2 (Converse) Underside of turtle shell carving showing attempts Figure 1 (Converse) Upper portion of a carved turtle shell sculpture at aboriginal repair. made of banded slate.

18 SOME SURFACE FINDS by Scott Leach Oak Hill, Ohio

The Flint Ridge pieces in Fig. 1 - two Hopewells, a bifurcate and a Hopewell bladelet - were found on the surface in southern Jackson County. The mottled Adena and Diagonal Notch were found in the same area. The site is unique in that the Adena and Hopewell material is found at one end of a rise and Archaic material at the other end. Most of the Archaic pieces are bifurcates. The site has also produced several knives, two of which are shown in Fig. 2, and may indicate a hunting site. We also found several pieces on a Fort Ancient site along the Ohio River near Ironton in Lawrence County including the awls and flint drill shown in Fig. 3. Artifacts from other cultures were found as well. In Mason County, West Virginia, we Figure 1 (Leach) Jackson County artifacts. found artifacts on another Fort Ancient site. Along with triangular points, pot sherds, scrapers and other tools we found the pieces in Fig 4., a drilled canine tooth, a bone pendant and a worked bone fragment.

Figure 3 (Leach) Bone awls and a flint drill from Lawrence County.

Figure 2 (Leach) Knives from the Jackson County site.

Figure 4 (Leach) Artifacts from Mason County, West Virginia.

19 PREFORMS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

always sufficient to shatter the piece being Preforms for artifacts not made of flint Of course, the final stage is grinding pecked I have found.) Like most preforms provide a fascinating insight into the and drilling. Grinding was probably done or blanks, it is much larger than the fin­ manufacture of many prehistoric objects with sandstone or sand and water and ished specimen would have been. Quite such as bannerstones, pendants, gor­ polishing would have required the same probably, the next step by the prehistoric gets, axes and pipes. Preforms, blanks, process. Drilling was obviously difficult craftsman would have been to saw out the unfinished specimens - whatever one as demonstrated by the many undrilled notches allowing access to the thickened chooses to call them - show the initial examples, although it may be that some central portion which accommodated the steps by which some of the most beauti­ types, such as the prismoidal banners or hole. One advantage of the notched type fully crafted artifacts of the past were expanded center Adena gorgets, for banner compared to the unnotched types created. This process, called the peck- example, required only token drilling in is that the hole is shorter and would have grind-polish technique, is often described the form of small dimples or partially required less drilling. Final grinding, after in archaeological reports as a sort of started holes for completion, their use successful drilling, would have further matter-of-fact technology, easily under­ being more emblematic than functional. reduced the size of the piece - instead of stood and easily accomplished. Although If this were not the case then it would be its ten inch width, it would probably still it may sound simple in explanation, it is nearly impossible to explain the many have been an impressive seven or eight complicated in practice. completely finished banners and gor­ gets of quartzite, granite and even slate inches in width. An examination of many unfinished with partial drilling which appear to be One aspect of the peck-grind-polish specimens reveals that a combination of only symbolic. process which is rarely if ever touched on methods was used to reduce a rough by archaeologists is where are the stones piece of sedimentary or igneous stone to a When I first began to collect I often which made the stones? Grinding, manageable preform. In addition to heard the old timers at meetings say they pecking, pounding and drilling all require pecking, evidence of sawing, chipping, didn't like the hole in a certain banner­ tools of stone but these are either never grinding and even battering can be seen. stone. After they put it down I would sur­ found on prehistoric sites or are there but Of all the stages of this technology, reptitiously pick it up to see if I could go unrecognized. Certainly, the occasional pecking is the most often seen and is the determine what was wrong with it, and I hand held hammerstone or even grooved most difficult process to replicate. One was baffled. I am still looking today and I hammerstone is found, but were these the needs only to attempt to shape a cobble of have come to the conclusion that among tools used to make axes for example? It granite, or diorite by pecking to realize how prehistoric craftsmen there were good seems that it would have required literally time consuming and unproductive it can drillers and bad ones. Examination of hundreds of them on almost any Archaic be. Even slate, which is very soft in com­ hundreds of broken (and genuine) ban­ site and yet they are not seen in such parison to igneous stone, is difficult to ners will reveal that some were drilled numbers at all. And where are the grinders shape and requires a great deal of pecking exceptionally well while others appear to and what did they look like. So far as I to impart even a minimal change in its have been done by an amateur. Thus, I know, slabs or chunks of sandstone, for appearance. Those wishing to try this don't believe that poor drilling in a given example, which appear to have been pecking technique will soon find that the piece means that it is modern. needed to give these pieces their final hammerstone used to do the pecking with Shown in the accompanying photo­ shape are never seen. will reduce almost as quickly as the object graph is an unfinished notched winged being pecked. Having experimented with banner in the collection of Dan Schlichter There is obviously much we don't know pecking, I have never been able to pro­ of Washington OH. It is made of banded about the manufacture of stone artifacts. duce the deep peck marks seen on prehis­ slate - as are a vast majority of banner­ Perhaps when we are hunting surface sites toric pieces of slate or stone and I have stones - and clearly shows the heavy and we should be more attuned to finding the tried hammers of granite, quartzite, diorite pronounced peck marks used to shape it. stones that made the stones. and even flint. Perhaps the ancients had a (Using force enough to produce such technique not apparent to us. marks, by modern experiment, is almost

20 21 A LARGE ADENA BLADE by Ken Simper Hamilton, Indiana.

This large Adena blade was found near Lima, Allen County, Ohio prior to 1890. It is 8% inches long and 3V? inches wide and was originally collected by Harry Maple.

22 AN IROQUOIS EFFIGY PIPE by Steve Fuller Wooster, Ohio

This human effigy pipe is from the New waukee, Wisconsin. engraved lines may indicate tattooing or York area. It is Iroquois and dates from Made of serpentine or perhaps chlo­ body painting. It is 3% inches high and the Early Historic period - about 1600 AD rite, it depicts a male human figure in a the image faces the smoker - the stem to 1650 AD. The pipe was originally col­ sitting position with hands clasped hole opening at the feet and the pipe lected by the late J. Kirk Whaley of Mil- around the knees. Incised punctates and bowl in the effigy's back.

Figure 1 (Fuller) Iroquois pipe from the Early Historic period - 1600 AD to 1650 AD.

23 ARTIFACTS FROM A SMALL ARCHAIC SITE, CLARK COUNTY, OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

three-quarters of the distance around this This preliminary report presents an believe may represent an undrilled (unfin­ piece (Fig. 6). This hammerstone is cylin­ analysis of the artifacts that have thus far ished) triangular pendant (Figs. 3,4). It is drical in cross-section and has a nicely been collected by the author from a small perfectly symmetrical and measures 3 tapered rounded bit, somewhat reminis­ Archaic site in Mad River valley, Clark inches tall and 2.375 inches wide across cent of a ball-peen hammer. The poll is County, Ohio. This site is located on and the base. It has very smooth surfaces and generally flat, but has a definite central along a old, low river terrace adjacent to edges and is of equal thickness (K inch) depression (dimple). This hammerstone Mad River. Five diagnostic points have throughout. The three corners are not appears similar to the three-quarter been recovered from this site and are angular, but rather have been evenly grooved specimen found near Wapa­ shown in Figure 1. Two of the points are rounded by abrasion. There are no tally koneta, Ohio recently described and fig­ small, well formed, Archaic Side Notch marks or incised lines on this piece, nor ured by Britt (1995:17). points ranging from 1 to 1.125 inches in are there any indications of drill marks length. The larger is made from Delaware suggesting attempts at drilling a hole. In summary, the majority of the arti­ chert; the smaller of probable Flint Ridge Another undrilled, possible pendant is the facts thus far recovered indicate this site flint. The smaller point may have origi­ nearly rectangular, flat piece of yellow- to be Archaic in age. The two definite nally been larger, but resharpening has brown, fine-grained sandstone (Fig. 3, bifurcate points and two side notch reduced it in size. Two of the other points right). It measures 1.75 by 1.25 inches in points are good indicators of Archaic cul­ 3 (Fig. 1) are bifurcates. One is the broken size with a uniform, /16 inch thickness. Its tural presence. Converse (1973:26) base of a large, MacCorkle-type bifurcate flat surfaces are fairly smooth, but not as reports three-quarter grooved hammer- which measures 1.25 inches across the smooth as the triangular piece. Three of stones to be a common Archaic stone base. This base shows the two large its four edges are quite smooth and it too tool in Ohio, thus the presence of one at lobed ears typical of this style (DeReg- shows no evidence of drill marks. Part of this site further confirms its age to be naucourt, 1991) and is made from a high a probable, small, broken pendant com­ Archaic. The occurrence of the triangular, quality, light grey flint. The other bifur­ posed of grey, fine-grained siltstone was rectangular, and tapered artifacts (Fig. 3) cate, made of dull rusty yellow flint, has a also found near this site (Fig. 3, center). It at this site, in association with the afore­ broken tip and damaged basal ear. It also has a trapezoidal shape and may be the mentioned Archaic points and hammer­ has slightly serrated blade edges and lower portion of a small trapezoidal pen­ stone, suggests that Archaic people seems to be rather carelessly chipped, dant similar to the type figured by Con­ made use of fine-grained sandstone to thus it may represent a St. Albans-type verse (1978:83 upper left). If, in fact, this fashion symmetrical stone objects such bifurcate as discussed by Converse is part of a small pendant, it had a flat as these. What they represent (or were (1994:332). The fifth point (Fig. 1) is a base with slightly rounded corners and used for) is another question. Whether small (1.25 inch) stemmed point chipped tapered sides, and the upper portion, their use was as ornamental stone from typical mottled, grey and blue-black which contained the drilled hole, is obvi­ objects, such as pendants as suggested, Coshocton (Upper Mercer) flint. This ously missing. In summary, these three or as effigy or charm stones, or another point has a small, shallow indentation at artifacts (Fig. 3), two of which I presume use is not known. the center of its base suggesting it may to be unfinished (undrilled) pendants may also be a bifurcate point with an unfin­ very well represent other totally different ished base. The very weak shoulders and artifact types. It is common knowledge that most pendants and gorgets are slight concave, basal indentation also References make this point somewhat similar to made from varieties of slate and to a some of the Transitional points discussed much lesser extent hardstone (crystalline Britt, Claude Jr. by Converse (1994:26-27). Several other igneous and metamorphic rock types), 1995 Grooved Hammerstone recently found at point fragments have been found on this whereas these pieces are very fine­ a depth of three feet near Wapakoneta, site, but they are too incomplete to grained sandstone (almost siltstone). The Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 45, No.1, permit identification. triangular artifact is particularly intriguing p. 17. and, thus far I have been unable to locate Two other chipped, lithic artifacts a similar example in any of the archaeo­ Converse, Robert N. found on this site are uniface scrapers or logical references searched. I would be 1994 Ohio Flint Types, A Special Publication of knives (Fig. 2). One is a fairly complete very interested if similar pieces have been the Archaeological Society of Ohio. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, A Special Publication scraper of tan-brown Delaware chert found or reported from other Ohio sites. which measures 2 by 1.25 inches in size of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools (Revised), A Special (Fig 2, left). The other is a broken frag­ The only ground stone tool I have thus Publication of the Archaeological Society far recovered is a three-quarter grooved ment of a larger scraper made from dull, of Ohio. creamy white chert. hammerstone showing excellent work­ Three of the most interesting artifacts manship (Figs. 5, 6). It is made from finely DeRegnaucourt, Tony from this site are two probable unfinished textured, dark and light speckled diorite 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point pendants and one broken pendant (Fig. and measures 2.75 inches in length, 2.25 Types of Indiana and Ohio, Occasional 3). The largest and most unique of these inches in height, and 2 inches in width. It Monograph of the Upper Miami Valley is a perfect triangular flat artifact made of has a well developed, one inch wide pol­ Archaeological Research Museum Number 1. very fine-grained, tan sandstone which I ished groove which extends more than

24 Figure 1 (Morris) Top row, left and center - Two Side Notch points; Figure 2 (Morris) Uniface scrapers. Left • Delaware chert; right - creamy Bottom - Two broken Bifurcate points. white chert.

Figure 3 (Morris) Left and right - Two possible unfinished (undrilled) Figure 4 (Morris) Closeup of the triangular artifact; a sandstone pendants; center - broken small trapezoidal pendant. possible unfinished pendant, showing overall sym­ metry and well rounded corners.

Figure 5 (Morris) Side view of three-quarter grooved hammerstone showing overall shape. Note the Figure 6 (Morris) Bottom view of the same hammer­ tapered rounded bit and flat poll. Scale is 2 inches. stone showing the wide polished groove and overall shape. Made of diorite.

25 THE BEVELED ADZE: AN EARLY STONE TOOL by Charles F. Henderson 1244 N Union Salem, Ohio 44460

The beveled adze is an early archaic Phase, and they seem to be more References stone tool that is found mainly in eastern numerous than the Ohio type. While they Converse, Robert N. Ohio (Converse 1973:15). are similar to the Ohio type in appear­ 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus As can be seen by the examples in ance, the sides are not as steep as the figure 1, they exhibit a high degree of sides on the Ohio adze, thus giving them workmanship and are similar in their a flatter, more tabular look. overall size and shape. Because Ohio beveled adzes are such The three facets on the top of the adze an early stone tool, they are very scarce, are well defined with rather steep sides and are absent from many Ohio collections. and a flat upper surface. The beveled adzes from New York State are from the early archaic Lamoka

Figure 1 (Henderson) Three Ohio type beveled adzes. Left to Right: Provenience unknown (Mark Cline collection); Summit County, Ohio (Author's col­ lection): Provenience unknown (Author's collection).

26 GLASS SCRAPERS AND KNIVES by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

In the fall of 1995, in a cultivated field in spears and another study which Bob Converse relates that when he Greenville, Ohio, I found an unusual frag­ describes the use of similar sherds in the refinishes antique furniture he uses a ment of glass which closely resembles Phillipines for cutting hair and shaving. square sherd of glass 4 to 5 inches on a prehistoric side-scrapers or knives made Historic Euro-American sites have also side to remove the old finish. This tool is of flint. I inspected every sherd of glass I provided evidence of secondary glass uti­ held at a 70 degree angle, pressure picked up for a year after that and discov­ lization. In 1976, Jeffrey T. Clark recovered applied, and the sherd pulled toward the ered that almost all field-found fragments a number of glass sherds at the Reese user. The glass, he says, wears out quickly of glass exhibit random chips, the result site, a nineteenth-century Euro-American and must be cut and snapped frequently of edge crushing caused by more than a homestead in Illinois. He hypothesized that to maintain a sharp edge. Such a tech­ century of weathering, farming, and the edge damage could be accounted for in nique must have been used for several trampling of livestock. The sherd I had three ways: (1) the sherds had been hundred years in this country for furniture found, however, exhibits a purposefully- retouched; (2) the sherds had been uti­ manufacture and re-working (and much flaked edge applied to what appears to lized; and (3) the sherds had been modified longer than that in Europe). Such artifacts be the rounded body-portion of a fairly by original breaking, followed by alteration are probably common on many sites. thick bottle. brought about by cultivation and animals. I found the pressure-flaked glass sherd Clark (1981) states that the use of glass He performed several pragmatic experi­ shown in Figure 1 about a mile from his­ sherds by indigenous people in America ments with glass and found that many of toric Fort Greene Ville and less than % "was widespread, but has not been rec­ the sherds from the site had been utilized mile from a unique pewter "arrowhead" ognized or reported" and that "knapped (Clark 1981). previously reported (Holzapfel 1995). glass artifacts reported from various In 1982 William Wepler of Ball State These two unusual artifacts in such prox­ places in the United States are primarily University, Muncie, Indiana, excavated a imity may indicate an area of settlement scrapers and projectile points." In the nineteenth-century cabin in Wabash by visiting tribes in the late eighteenth Midwest, the use of broken glass by abo­ County, Indiana, which had been occu­ century or early nineteenth century. I will riginal people may have preceded actual pied by both American Indians and Euro- continue to examine this site for further contact with Europeans because such Americans. He discovered retouched and examples of early historic occupation. useful items as glass, iron, and pewter utilized pieces of glass at this site and were probably obtained in trade from observed that at nineteenth-century sites References Cited: hundreds of miles away. Aboriginally- few obvious differences would occur Clark, Jeffrey T. flaked glass sherds could, therefore, date between aboriginal American and Euro- 1981 Glass Scrapers from Historic North from the earliest historic times, even inter­ American habitation. All the sherds he America. Lithic Technology 10 (2&3): 33-34. facing with the prehistoric in this area. examined were made of thick glass and Clark (1981) reports that American all were portions of bases except one. Holzapfel, Elaine Indians used broken glass for smoothing Concerning one scraper which was made 1995 A Pewter Point. the handles of throwing sticks and that from the shoulder of a bottle, he com­ Ohio Archaeologist 45 (1): 20. Seminoles utilized sherds of sharpened mented that this was "definitely not flaked glass for minor surgery and blood-letting. by nature." The scraper exhibited a uni­ Wepler, William R. He also cites a study which reports that form row of flakes on one edge and a 1982 Final Report on the 1980-81 Mis- sissinewa Reservoir Survey. Australian aborigines use unretouched series of step fractures on the other Archaeological Resources Management sherds of glass to trim shafts and sharpen (Wepler 1982). Service, Ball State University, Muncie.

•4 Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) Glass scraper or knife Worked sherd of glass found about one mile found along Big Darby from historic Fort Creek near Plain City, Greene Ville in Green­ Ohio, by Bob Converse. ville, Ohio. Actual size It measures approxi­ is 2'A inches. mately 2 inches long.

27 TWO ARTIFACTS FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY by Keith Baranski Akron, Ohio

Pictured are two artifacts collected from Coshocton County by the late Mr. Crawford over 90 years ago. Mr. Crawford had walked the farms surrounding his home, picking up from the fields "Indian stones" and the like. Like many small family collections, the interest in the artifacts has long since faded, and the children or grandchil­ dren readily dispose of such items either in garage sales, or by simply placing them on the curb for the trash men to take. The two artifacts pictured had been on a very large arrowhead- shaped board with several dozen other artifacts fastened by copper wire. Unfortunately, there were five long empty spaces that once held artifacts which the great grandson had sold.

Figure 1 (Baranski) Obverse and reverse view of early woodland pen­ Figure 2 (Baranski) Obverse and reverse view of archaic bevel 3 inches in dant, 4%" in length. Notice fine banding of the material. length.

A TRANSLUCENT CHALCEDONY HOPEWELL by Keith Baranski Akron, Ohio

Pictured below in Fig. 1 & 2 (Baranski) is a Hopewell 9 point 2 /i6" in length, made of Flint Ridge translucent chalcedony. The thinness and translucency of this piece is of particular interest, for it is made of an extremely high quality semi-inclusion/contaminant free chalcedony that readily passes light through it. The provenience is Wayne Co., Ohio.

28 ARTIFACTS FROM MEDINA COUNTY by Keith Baranski Akron, Ohio

Pictured are several artifacts from the product of in depth artifact survey taken of Medina County. Medina County, like nearly every other County in Ohio, is exploding with construction of new homes and commercial buildings that are rapidly covering the entire county. Many people point out though that the popula­ tion in parts of Ohio is actually declining, but what is obvious is that expansion and development is rapidly occurring in what seems to be three-fold rate each year. The survey once complete will be pub­ lished in its entirety, but for the time being I wish to disseminate part of the informa­ tion from said survey. Figure 1 (Baranski) Ovular Figure 2 (Baranski) pendant, 4%" in length, Trapezoidal pendant, 3'A" in length, made of made from brown banded Figure 3 (Baranski) brown and black com­ S compressed shale. Reaming tool, 3 / " in pressed shale. This K length, made of Flint piece exhibits an inter­ Ridge flint, colors are esting counter clock­ red, yellow, gray and wise twist. white.

Figure 4 (Baranski) Figure 5 (Baranski) Archaic Archaic side notch, 4" in side notch, 3'Ae" in length, Figure 6 (Baranski) Hopewell, length, made of Zaleski made of Upper Mercer 2'A" long made of Indiana Figure 7 (Baranski) Pentag­ flint patinated to a "Nellie Blue" flint. Note Hornstone. It exhibits a high onal, 2V in length, made of "chocolate" color. Notice extreme similarity with degree of thinness. Upper Mercer flint. the manner of basal thin­ figure 4, particularly the ning and notching. basal thinning and notching.

•^ Figure 8 (Baranski) Archaic Dove­ tail, 3'/,e" in length, made Figure 10 of Upper Mercer Coshocton flint. Spec­ Figure 9 (Baranski) Adena, (Baranski) imen exhibits resharpening of the right side 3Vi" long made of Flint Trade spear, 3'A " in length, Figure 11 (Baranski) Bifurcate VA of the tip. e Ridge flint. from a historic Indian site. inches long made of Nellie chert.

29 SLATE FROM THE NUTGRASS COLLECTION by Al Nutgrass Loveland, Ohio

Shown are gorgets and pendants of various cultures from Ohio. The lizard effigy is a personal find.

—MMMM

30 JACK HOOKS 1923-1996

Jack Hooks passed away December 6, Jack lost his wonderful wife Rowena at in the better world where he is he has 1996. To his children, Karen, Doug, around the same time I lost my daughter made many new friends. Roger and Jack Jr., go our deepest sym­ Connie. We both had spent the last Few people knew more about artifacts pathy. He will be remembered by his twenty years living alone. than Jack Hooks. He had an unerring numerous friends in the Archaeological Over the years, Jack and I became instinct for fine relics and during his life Society and in the collecting community. even closer friends. We visited each he had some of the best. He was a con­ Our Society was fortunate in having other countless times, we attended stant source of encouragement to me. I Jack Hooks. He served as a Trustee, as meetings together, we visited other col­ cannot count the times he helped me as Secretary-Treasurer (when that was one lectors and looked at other collections. he did many others. Had it not been for job), as Vice President and President. If I had a trip north, I would stop and the urging and support of Jack, I would He and Rowena hosted Board of pick up Jack and we would spend a never have written the Meuser Collection Director meetings and many informal pleasant ride together. If he came to my - it was done when we were both going gatherings of Society members and offi­ area he stopped to get me. We spent through a difficult time of our lives. Ohio cers. During my own Presidency, Jack hours on these trips talking about arti­ Slate types could not have been done was a constant source of support at a facts, collections, the Society, the old without his help - many of the pieces in time when the Society was going timers, the government (which we both the book belonged to him. through its worst period. unflinchingly distrusted), and simply In our lives we meet many, many When I joined the Society some forty enjoyed eating together and sharing people. Some of them become close years ago, one of the first friends I made each other's company. friends, but now and then one special was Jack Hooks. We struck it off. He had Jack made friends easily (a trait I person turns out to be a major, one-of-a- also just joined and we seemed to share always envied) and he had many, many kind, enjoyable and treasured part of a lot of common ground. Our lives had friends wherever he traveled. His out­ your life and Jack Hooks was just such a other parallels. We both obviously had a going and congenial outlook made him person to me. The Society and our lives great interest in artifacts, we had both easy to know. Jack was a total extrovert will go on, but the world will be a little been in the service - Jack in the Air - clothes or money didn't impress him at diminished without Jack Hooks. Force and I in the Air Force - and much all - he never stood on ceremony or for­ of our philosophy was the same. We later mality and he could have carried on a discovered that our paths had also conversation with the President of the passed unknowingly on the fast pitch United States as easily as he could with a softball field. beginning collector. I know even now that Robert N. Converse

31 TOWARD A REVISED TAXONOMY AND CULTURE HISTORY SCHEME FOR EASTERN OHIO LATE PREHISTORIC by James Morton and Brian DaRe 617 E. 3rd Ave. 58561 Sharon Blvd. Columbus, OH 43201 Rayland, OH 43943

of this zone. It would seem that "purer" ABSTRACT: westward extension of these southwest ceramic assemblages from more western Hitherto, eastern Ohio Late Prehistoric Pennsylvania and Panhandle West Vir­ sites falling closer to the "core area" of remains have been subsumed under a ginia cultural entities. Moreover, we pro­ this newly defined complex need to be single rubric "Eastern Ohio Mononga- pose that another manifestation, which is identified to clarify the distinguishing fea­ hela" (Whitman 1975a, Brown and contained within Ohio and confined to tures of this tradition. So far, we have Skinner 1984). More recently this same the headwaters of the Muskingum identified the Honey Run site complex entity has been redubbed the "Belmont drainage and the western edge of the (Allen 1986) and the Happy Valley site Phase" (Johnson et al. 1989) to accom­ Flushing Escarpment can be legitimately (Mortine and Randies 1990) both in modate the notion that this eastern Ohio distinguished as a Late Prehistoric com­ Coshocton County as containing "Bel­ manifestation is not Monongahela in plex separate from Monongahela com­ mont" (in the new sense) components. terms, at least, of the ceramics which in plexes to the east and from Fort Ancient Moreover, we would propose that the regard to their predominant S-twist cord- complexes such as Philo and Roseberry- component at the Protohistoric Riker site marking and other characteristics differ Blennerhassett Village to the south. We in Tuscarawas County as represented by from southwest Pennsylvania early and propose that the term "Belmont Phase" the Riker series ceramics as defined by middle Mon types and show more traits be expropriated from Johnson to apply to Whitman (1975b) represents a late (ca. in common with the Philo Phase of east this new non-Mon, non-Philo manifesta­ AD 1500) manifestation of this tradition; central and southeastern Ohio. tion even though its application in this context departs somewhat from the orig­ this "Belmont" manifestation at Riker is We propose that the picture for Late inal sense which Johnson intended. partly contemporaneous with the Proto­ Prehistoric in this area is somewhat more Johnson intended all Late Prehistoric historic Wellsburg Phase which is the complex than these single culture models manifestations in far eastern Ohio to be predominant component at the Riker site. would allow. Moreover, in terms of the subsumed under this term; we, however, Let us list the various late period "Monongahela-ness" of eastern Ohio would apply this term only to sites with a ceramic complexes in eastern Ohio and Late Prehistoric, we would offer that both predominance of non-Monongahela, describe their distinguishing ceramics: schools of thought are to some extent non-Philo pottery falling on or west of the correct in so much as a.) there Is a dividing ridge between the Ohio and BELMONT PHASE Monongahela manifestation in far eastern Muskingum drainages (see figure 1). Ohio as represented by Drew Phase Representative Sites: Hunt, Happy Monongahela Incised and Monongahela The difficulty in separating these Valley, Honey Run, Miller Mound (intru­ Cordmarked-like ceramics and that b.) ceramic complexes heretofore has been sive burial), rockshelter occupations in there Is a distinct non-Monongahela due to several factors: the uneven northern Coshocton County (Nigel Brush, entity in eastern Ohio as represented by reporting on sites and the spotty cov­ personal communication). The Riker Site ceramics which are distinguishable from erage of this area within regional although primarily a Wellsburg Phase site Monongahela types and resemble in a overviews combined with the mixed has abundant Belmont-like ceramics in few features Philo Phase ceramics. This nature of the ceramic assemblages in the the form of the Riker Series as described previously unidentified cultural entity sites so far reported. Recently this pic­ and defined by Whitman (1975b). The which is neither Monongahela nor Philo ture is beginning to change with the addi­ Tower and the Mattie Stewart sites should be given a separate designation. tion of site information collected by although having well developed Belmont We propose that the term "Belmont avocational archaeologists in eastern Phase components also have abundant Phase" be expropriated to serve this end, Ohio (DaRe 1995) and concerted efforts Middle Mon-style pottery and seem to although its use in this new context dif­ in the central Muskingum valley aimed at represent a mixing of populations. fers somewhat from the sense originally developing a detailed ceramic seriation Spatial Distribution: Upper Muskingum intended by Johnson. and culture chronology (Carskadden and Valley to the eastern headwaters of the Morton, n.d.). drainage at the dividing ridge of the DISCUSSION. It is becoming apparent that certain of Muskingum and Ohio drainages. The It has become apparent to us from the the eastern Ohio sites so far reported - westward extent of this entity is not recent examination of unpublished especially Hunt and to a lesser extent known since the western headwaters of ceramics from the Rayland, Bedway, Tower - contain ceramic assemblages the Muskingum are very poorly surveyed; Mattie Stewart, Reeds Mill, Yellow Creek, composed of ceramics from at least the Honey Run site in Coshocton County Honey Run, and Baumberger sites that three distinct cultural traditions. This het- is the farthest western site which pro­ the number of distinguishable late period rogeny of ceramics at these sites is duces Belmont-style ceramics so far ceramic complexes in eastern Ohio is owing to the fact that these sites are identified, although this entity probably somewhat too numerous and heteroge­ located within a frontier zone or zone of continues west into the western headwa­ nous to be subsumed under a single cultural overlap and interaction on the ters of the Muskingum. taxon be it Monongahela or not. To be dividing ridge between two drainages - Chronology: ca. AD 1300 to ca. AD 1500 specific, in this brief paper we propose the Ohio and Muskingum (see figure 1). Distinguishing Ceramics: The predomi­ that definite Drew Phase and Middle This zone of cultural overlap would nant type at these sites seems to be a Mon-like sites do occur in far eastern include much of Harrison County and the cordmarked stone or shell tempered Ohio - especially along the Ohio River western half of Belmont County and vessel with appendages (see figure 4). proper, but also on tributary streams a would incorporate the Hunt, Tower, and Mammiform, "blocky", or horizontal lugs few miles west of their confluence with Mattie Stewart sites, but not the Opatrny, predominant; straphandles are occasion­ the Ohio - and that these should by all Brokaw, and Bedway sites which fall east rights be considered to be the furthest ally encountered; semi-lunar lugs which

32 are seen on Monongahela Cordmarked stone) tempering seems to occur with late that the Monongahela territory vessels seem to be rare on Belmont ves­ greater frequency on earlier sites expanded somewhat westward from sels (Grubb and Allen 1979, Allen 1986, (Johnson 1981) which seems to be typ­ Early to Middle Mon times. p.89-90). Earlier sites feature vessels with ical of very early Late Prehistoric mani­ The following observations and specu­ two opposed appendages; at later sites festations throughout the east central lations need to be taken into considera­ such as Riker appendages multiply to four. US. A carination or shoulder is often seen tion in any subsequent treatment of the Stone tempering predominants on the ear­ at the body-neck juncture. Small Late Prehistoric period in eastern Ohio lier sites (Happy Valley) and shell tem­ appendages under castellations are often and environs (see figure 1): pering on the later sites (Riker Series seen: small loop handles, semi-lunar 1.) The Early Monongahela Drew Phase component at the Riker Site). Castellations lugs, and occasional teat lugs. Lips are extends westward into far eastern Ohio over the appendage appear in the earlier often thickened. although not much beyond the main sites, but disappear at the later sites such Origins: This phase may prove to evolve in channel of the Ohio River. as Riker. S-twist cordmarking may pre­ place out of a late Watson progenitor. 2.) The Drew Phase may have had its in dominant, although this remains to be Reeds Mill in Jefferson County may prove situ genesis along the Ohio River out of a demonstrated. Decoration in the form of to be an early Drew Phase site consid­ Late Watson substrate paralleling the fine line incising or punctation occurs ering that all of the Drew-like decorated occasionally at the earlier sites and seems development of Fuert/Roseberry out of a sherds are stone tempered, unlike Ray­ to represent a loose imitation of Fort late Late Woodland Buck GardenAA/oods land where all are shell tempered. Stylisti­ Ancient types via the Philo Phase (see fig­ substrate on the Ohio River further down­ cally, Drew ceramics seem to be closely ures 6 and 7). Although the typology of stream sometime around AD 1100. Lime­ allied to Fuert/Roseberry Tradition these Belmont Phase ceramics remains to stone tempered - ostensibly early - ceramics further downstream, i.e. mostly be fully worked out, it would seem that Drew-like ware has been found at Reeds smooth and decorated with incising and many examples would loosely fall within Mill. The Baumberger site with its mixed punctations, and, thus, could be consid­ Whitman's Riker series; some may also be shell and limestone tempered Watson ered to be a manifestation of a larger early subsumed under some of the types Ware may represent the "missing link" Late Prehistoric stylistic horizon found defined by Hemmings within the Neale's between late Late Woodland and early throughout the upper central Ohio Valley. Landing series (Hemmings n.d.). Late Prehistoric, but this remains to be demonstrated as this site is known only Origins: At this point, our best guess is MIDDLE MON-LIKE that this entity develops out of a Cole-like from surface finds. Representative Sites (in Ohio): Bedway late Late Woodland substrate (ca. AD 3.) A Middle Monongahela-like manifes­ (33Je111), Brokaw (33BI6), Yellow Creek 1100 to 1300) with the distinctive Cole tation as represented by sites with Spatial Distribution: Immediately along Cordmarked type as defined by Barkes Monongahela Cordmarked predomi­ the Ohio River and several miles inland (n.d.). The Cole type is almost always grit nating is found in far eastern Ohio. The on the tributary streams flowing from the tempered, S-twist cordmarked, collared, purest manifestation of this yet found and castellated. At later Cole sites such west into the Ohio in Belmont, Jefferson, seems to be at the Bedway site; here we as Tysinger and Munroe Basin in Musk­ Harrison, and Columbiana counties. see Mon Cordmarked with and without ingum County, this type is found along Chronology: ca. AD 1300 to 1500 lip notching and with appendages rare. side grit tempered Belmont-style Distinguishing Ceramics: Typical The Brokaw site seems to be primarily of ceramics without collars, but with lugs as Monongahela Cordmarked, that is, shell this entity considering that appendages described above (Carskadden and tempered cordmarked with little decora­ are also uncommon here (Pickenpaugh Morton n.d.). The S-twist tradition may tion save oblique lip notching which is 1989). A Middle Mon component is also be retained from Cole to Belmont most often done with the edge of a cord- present at Mattie Stewart, Tower (Brown although this remains to be conclusively wrapped paddle (see figure 5). Roughly 1981), and presumably at Hunt although demonstrated. half of the lips at Bedway are under­ few Monongahela Cordmarked speci­ rated either smooth or cordmarked and mens are illustrated in the report (Grubb DREW-LIKE the other half notched in the above and Allen 1979). manner. Appendages are absent at Representative Site (in Ohio): Rayland 4.) This tradition continued into the Pro- Bedway save for the semi-lunar lug illus­ (33Je109) tohistoric Foley Phase in southwest trated (figure 5, j) and are uncommon at Spatial Distribution: This manifestation Pennsylvania, but in eastern Ohio and the Brokaw (Pickenpaugh 1989); the most immediate environs the Wellsburg Phase seems to be confined to the western common appendage type seems to be the shore of the Ohio River and the area a supplanted it ca. AD 1500. Hence, one semi-lunar lug. Castellations have not been could say that there was a contraction of few miles up the tributary streams in Jef­ noted at Bedway on shell tempered ware. ferson, Columbiana, and possibly Bel­ the territory of Monongahela to the Origins: William Johnson (personal com­ mont County. "heartland" of southwest Pennsylvania. munication 1996) sees a continuity of 5.) The Belmont-style ceramics seem to be Chronology: ca. AD 1100 to ca. AD 1300 Middle Mon out of Drew at such sites indigenous to eastern (excluding far Distinguishing Ceramics: The sherds east of the Ohio River at Saddle and eastern) Ohio and east central Ohio - at from Rayland are typical in every way of Campbell Farm where both ceramic least, considering the ceramics (cord­ those from the classic Drew sites in types occur. Others may wish to dispute marked, stone and shell tempered, southwest Pennsylvania (William Buker this and argue that Drew and Middle Mon appendages esp. lugs) - and should be personal communication 1994). One of have a separate origin and do not repre­ referred to with some taxon other than the characteristics of Drew ceramics sent a single continuum (George n.d.). "Eastern Ohio Monongahela". The term demonstrated at Rayland is distinctive Within Ohio it is interesting to note that "Belmont Phase" which has been pro­ and elaborate opposed oblique incising Middle Mon-like Monongahela Cord­ posed by Johnson seems adequate, often bordered by punctations occurring marked ceramics occur at sites several although we use this new term in a slightly within high neck zones (see figure 3). miles further west than Drew-like narrower sense than Johnson's original Incising can most often be quite deep ceramics which occur at sites not more use which was intended to include all and wide, although finer incising has than a few miles west of the Ohio River. If eastern Ohio Late Prehistoric manifesta­ been noted. This ware can be either we assume that Middle Mon developed tions. This manifestation has been so far smooth or cordmarked. Stone or shell out of Drew, then we might also specu­ identified as far west as western tempering are found; stone (mostly lime­

33 Coshocton County (Honey Run site), but References: Hemmings, E. Thomas Allen, A. J. 1977 Neale's Landing: An Archaeological may extend further west and north. Study of a Fort Ancient Settlement on 6.) This Belmont Phase may develop in 1986 Sugarcreek Valley Chapter 25 Year His­ tory 1961-1986. Archaeological Society Blennerhassett Island, West Virginia. situ in east central Ohio out of a Cole or of Ohio, Columbus. West Virginia Geological and Economic Cole-related substrate. It has been Barkes, Beula Survey, Morgantown. observed that several of the sites pro­ n.d. An analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics Johnson, William C. ducing Belmont-like ware also produce from the Decco (33DL28), Ufferman 1981 The Campbell Farm Site (36Fa 26) and collared, castellated, grit tempered, S- (33DL12), and W.S. Cole (33DL11) Sites: Monongahela: A Preliminary Examination twist Cole Cordmarked ware, often in the The Cole Complex Revisited, Unpub­ and Assessment. Paper Presented at the 4th Monongahela Symposium, California, same feature context. These sites include lished manuscript on file, Department of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Center. Pa. Tysinger, Honey Run, Happy Valley (Mor­ Johnson, William C„ et al. tine and Randies 1990), Mattie Stewart, Brown, Jeffrey D. 1981 The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela. 1989 Late Prehistoric Period Monongahela and Munroe Basin. Kent State Research Papers in Archae­ Culture Site and Cultural Resource Inven­ 7.) The mixture of Monongahela Cord­ ology No. 3, Kent, Ohio. tory. Report to Pennsylvania Historical marked, Belmont-style, Philo Punctate, Brown, Jeffrey D. and Shaune Skinner and Museum Commission, Bureau for n.d. Monongahela on the Wrong Side of the Historic Preservation, Harrisburg, Penn­ and other ceramics at sites like Hunt, sylvania. Tower, and Mattie Stewart in western River, Abstract for the S.P.A. Annual Meeting, 1984. Mortine, Wayne and Doug Randies Belmont and Harrison counties could be Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 1990 The Happy Valley Site Near West attributed to the marginal location of n.d. Fort Ancient in the Central Muskingum Lafayette, Coshocton County. Ohio these sites within a zone of overlap or Valley of Eastern Ohio: A View from the Archaeologist 40(4): 23-28. frontier between three cultural entities as Philo II Site. Paper submitted for publica­ Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. represented by the hachured area on the tion in the proceedings of "Cultures Before 1989 Ceramics From Brokaw Village (33BL-6) map (figure 1). This zone falls on the Contact - A Conference on the Late Pre­ A Late Prehistoric Monongahela Site in dividing ridge of the Muskingum and history of the Ohio Region." Sponsored by East-Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist Ohio River drainages and possibly repre­ the Ohio Archaeological Council, Cincin­ 39(2); 53-60. sents interaction between neighboring nati, Ohio, November 18, 1994. Vietzen, Col. Raymond C. DaRe, Brian 1974 The Riker Site. The Sugar Creek Valley groups through intermarriage, exchange, Chapter of the Archaeological Society of or other mechanisms. 1995 A Meeting with the Harrison County His­ torical Society -Rekindling the Campfires Ohio, Bolivar, Ohio. 8.) The Belmont Phase seems to have at Old-Town, Mattie Stewart, and Big Whitman, Janice R. overlapped in time the sudden influx of Elm. Ohio Archaeologist 45(1): 43. 1975a A Cursory Analysis of Monongahela-like the Wellsburg Phase into eastern Ohio George, Richard L. Traits Appearing in Four Sites in South­ and environs ca. AD 1500. For instance, n.d. What Ever Happened To The Drew eastern Ohio. SPACC Speaks 11(1): 6-26. at the Riker Site along the Tuscarawas Phase? Paper prepared for the 1996 1975b An Analysis Of The Ceramics From Riker the Belmont-like Riker ceramic series is Eastern States Archaeological Federation Site, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. A thesis found in the same feature context as the Meetings, Huntington, West Virginia, submitted to the Kent State University October 24-27. Graduate College in partial fulfillment of Wellsburg Ware (Vietzen 1974, p. 148). the requirements for the degree of Mas­ This might suggest that two groups were Grubb, Thomas C. and Arthur J. Allen 1979 The Hunt Site (33BL16): Part II- ters of Arts, Kent, Ohio. cohabiting contemporaneously at this Ceramics. Ohio Archaeologist site, the Belmont peoples being indige­ 29(3): 33-38. nous and the Wellsburg peoples having suddenly appeared from elsewhere (northeastern Ohio?).

Acknowledgement. Thanks to Charles Wallace and Tom Ford of the Harrison County Historical Society for the hospitality provided at an informal meeting in March 1996 attended by contributors to this research, including Jeff Brown, William Johnson, Jeff Carskadden, Phil Fitzgib- bons, Fred Posgai, and collectors from the local community. Special thanks to ASO members from the Dividing Ridges Archaeological Club and the Sugarcreek Chapter, especially Joe Noble and A.J. Allen, to the Aboriginal Explorers Club and Painted Post members, including Harry R. Cline and William Smith. Thanks to Wayne Mortine. Thanks to Nigel Brush. Thanks to Richard Gartley. Thanks to Richard George of the Carnegie Museum for providing his observations through numerous letters. Phil Fitzgibbons for allowing us to examine sherds from the Reeds Mill site. Special thanks to Fred Posgai for allowing us to examine his material from the Rayland site. Without the cooperation of amateur and Figure 1 (Morton and DaRe). A map of eastern Ohio and environs showing middle Late Prehistoric professional archaeologists in eastern Ohio (ca. AD 1300 to 1500) culture areas as delineated in this paper. The dashed lines represent the this research would not have been pos­ approximate extreme limits for these manifestations. Note the zones of overlap, especially the sible. hachured area in eastern Belmont and Harrison counties; sites within this area contain ceramics of two or more cultural traditions as explained in the text.

34 Figure 2 (Morton and DaRe). A map of eastern Ohio and environs showing selected Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric sites, several of which are dealt with in the text.

35 Figure 3 (Morton and DaRe). Sherds from the Rayland site in Jefferson County, Ohio, collected by Fred Posgai All sherds depicted are shell tempered ^except for those in the third row relate to the predominant Drew Phase component at the site The sherds depicted in he h,rd rowPprobably relate to a McKee's Rocks related Protohistoric component at this site. A thru E various appendage types.F thru I, castellations without appendages. J thru M, McKee's Rocks related punctated. N&O, Drew-style incised and punctated sherds. P and R and T thru X, Drew- style Monongahela Incised sherds. S, Monongahela Cordmarked with semi-lunar lug.

36 Figure 4 (Morton and DaRe). Belmont Phase-related rim sherds from various eastern Ohio sites. A, shell tempered cordmarked with strap handle and castellation; Honey Run site, Coshocton County. B, grit tempered cordmarked with small straphandle below castellation, Mattie Stewart site Harrison Go. C shell tempered, cordmarked, castellated with a small loophandle, Hunt site, Belmont Co. D, shell tempered, cordmarked with straphandle and no castellation, Honey Run site, Coshocton Co. E, Shell tempered, cordmarked with small flange lug, Mattie Stewart site. F, shell tempered horizontal luq from a Coshocton County rockshelter. G, grit tempered, cordmarked with mammiform lug below castellation, Happy Valley site, Coshocton Co H shell tempered cordmarked with tongue lug below slightly raised rim, Hunt site. I, shell tempered, cordmarked with small teat lug and no castellation, Miller Mound, Coshocton Co. J, shell tempered, cordmarked with blocky lugs, Riker site, Tuscarawas Co.

37 *.v

•< Figure 5 (Morton and DaRe) Monongahela Cordmarked sherds from Bedway site in Jefferson County, Ohio. A thru G, examples with lips notched with the edge of a cord- wrapped paddle. H and I, under­ rated lips. J, a unique detached semi­ lunar lug.

Figure 6 (Morton and DaRe) A small shell tempered pot found at the Bedway site displaying fine line chevron incising over smoothed over Figure 7 (Morton and DaRe) A shell tempered vessel from the Mattie Stewart site displaying chevron incising over cordmarking. cordmarking.

38 Figure 8 (Morton and DaRe) Culture history table for eastern Ohio and environs organized by subregion.

39 EDITORIAL - THE RICHARD CORROW PROSECUTION by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064 on vague, unwritten and disputed tribal The Crime "serve as an example to others" was not granted. To add to what certainly must traditions to determine his guilt. The In 1995, Fannie Winnie, 85 year old have been the height of legal obfuscation, NAGPRA law disregards civil laws gov­ widow of a Navaho chanter, sold 22 masks the government gave immunity from pros­ erning the ownership of property - laws to Richard Corrow, a Scottsdale, Arizona, ecution to the Winnie family in exchange which everyone understands and which Indian art dealer. Before selling the masks, for their testimony against Mr. Corrow! have served successfully for more than Mrs. Winnie consulted with her grand­ Thus, the National Park Service, in their two centuries - and substitutes nebulous daughter, great-granddaughter and family bizarre interpretation of how the NAGPRA claims and unwritten laws which take members about the propriety of selling law should be applied, prosecuted a man precedent over fact and common sense. them and to establish the asking price of who did not sell the masks and gave Traditions and uncodified "laws" should $10,000. Mr. Corrow was approached by immunity to the people who in fact did sell have no legal standing other than their pro­ the family - he did not solicit her or ask her them. It requires a flight of legalistic fancy bative value and should never be used to to sell them - it was a family decision. Mr. to fathom such reasoning. convict a defendant who could, only under Corrow accepted the terms of the sale and the most extraordinary circumstances, be was provided with a bill of sale signed by The Testimony aware of their violation. In other words, can all members of the family. He in turn gave The government offered as evidence a citizen of the United States, governed by them a signed statement that he had pur­ testimony by tribal members who could the Constitution and codified law, be found chased them. None of the Winnie tribe not agree among themselves whether the guilty in court for breaking a law regarding came forward to protest the sale. Every­ "sacred objects" which are not described thing was done according to the law, Mrs. masks belonged to the chanter who made them or to the tribe. One government wit­ or defined in that law and are only "illegal" Winnie was not cheated or swindled, Mr. at the whim of the National Park Service or ness was a convicted felon and drug Corrow received property for the money he the disputed testimony of those with a dealer and another was a part time paid which was not misrepresented. Such stake in the outcome of the verdict. Cicero chanter. One government witness said that transactions take place all over the world said that extreme justice is injustice and every day by the literal millions. even Indian baskets were items of "cultural the NAGPRA law is a bad law if it can be However, the National Park Service patrimony" and should all be returned to applied in such a selective manner. In this learned of the sale and concluded that a the tribes that sold them. instance, the Winnies gave as proof of provision of the NAGPRA law had been Testifying for Mr. Corrow were two ownership a bill of sale and asserted that broken - the sale of objects of "cultural Navaho chanters, one of seventy years the property they were selling belonged to patrimony" - and decided to prosecute. experience and another of forty years, who them. Mr Corrow bought these masks - to These are the basic facts of this case both said that these objects belonged to use an old county expression - fair and (there are ancillary events, but the above the chanters who used them and not to square. But the government in their effort are the circumstances in a nutshell). The the tribe. They stated that chanters were to selectively target their victims, suc­ National Park Service in their publication free to do with them as they pleased ceeded in convicting an innocent after-the- Ground Vol 1 No 2, said "Central to the including selling them. fact participant. case was the issue of ownership of cultural The jury was unclear as to what they items and whether or not Mrs. Winnie had were to decide (a sentiment probably Epilogue the right to sell the masks." shared by many reading this) and sent the The Fannie Winnie family was allowed to From the preceding stated facts of this judge a note saying as much. But after keep Mr. Corrows $10,000! crime it seems rather simple and obvious instructions devastating to Mr. Corrow, The masks were given to the inexperi­ that if Mrs Winnie didn't own the masks they found him guilty. enced chanter who testified against Mr. she sold she might be prosecuted. And it The Meaning Of This Conviction Corrow! appears just as simple and obvious that if Richard Corrow - in what must have If all this sounds unfair and confusing she did own them, which she asserted in been a tongue-in-cheek court order - was and the product of government agencies her bill of sale to Mr. Corrow, no authority ordered to perform 100 hours of commu­ gone haywire, you are right. While the ordi­ in the land could prevent her from doing as nity service to benefit the Navaho Nation! nary innocent citizen believes he will have she pleased with them and sell them to And what of the people from the his day in court, the fact is that when whomever she wanted. National Park Service who instigated the zealous government agents are out to case against Mr. Corrow? Their names are make an example of him, he has little The Prosecution familiar - Bill Tanner, Judy Reed and Phil chance of proving his innocence. Against With these facts in mind, you may have Young - all of the Greg Shipley fiasco, two the government, with its unlimited come to the conclusion that Mrs. Winnie of whom have been sued for violating the resources, batteries of lawyers with no was charged with a violation of the constitutional rights of the Shipleys! Pre­ time restrictions, the egregious ability to NAGPRA law. But you would be wrong. sumably they are at this instant working offer immunity for favorable testimony, and After an investigation by no fewer than five their schemes against other unwary and access to tainted testimony from felons government agencies - the National Park innocent victims in the guise of saving our and informants, the common citizen has Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the national heritage. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the F.B.I., no more chance of obtaining justice and and the office of the U.S. Attorney - the fairness than a butterfly has of stopping a Analogy buyer, Richard Corrow, was arrested and runaway locomotive. A thief steals a car and sells it to you for charged with the crime of "attempted sale Allowing non-factual evidence, such as $10,000 and gives you a bill of sale. The of sacred Navaho masks on the illegal art was presented in this case, gives new sheriff finds out about the sale and arrests market." Because he had no money he meaning to the laws regarding the owner­ you. You are found guilty of buying a ship of personal property. It also gives new was represented in federal court by a stolen car by the testimony of the thief. meaning to an individual's right to sell that public defender. He was tried, found guilty The thief gets to keep the $10,000 for his and sentenced to five years probation. property - including that owned by testimony, the car is given to the thief's Government prosecutors were disap­ Indians. At the heart of the case is whether family, and you are required to wash their pointed that their request to have him sen­ a citizen of the United States can be held tenced to 8 to 14 months in prison to liable for violating a federal law which relies car for a year.

40 THE FLINT RIDGE SHELTER HOUSE PROJECT by Bob Williams President, Flint Ridge Chapter ASO

The Flint Ridge Chapter of the Archaeo­ bridge, picnic tables, and, most impor­ Memorial is a remotely located area and a logical Society of Ohio has begun a major tantly, a perpetual reserve fund for future shelter house is almost a necessity for vis­ fund raising effort to construct a new maintenance. Not only will tour groups, iting families and groups. shelter house at Flint Ridge State Memo­ area families and visitors benefit from this We have a major job to do in obtaining rial. The old shelter, shown in the photo­ project, but local school groups visiting the funding. Fortunately, Ohio ranks number graph, fell into disrepair and was torn park will have a place of protection in one in generosity and any help - personal down several years ago. The Flint Ridge inclement weather. Andy Hite, Flint Ridge or corporate - will be deeply appreciated Chapter accepted the challenge of raising Educational Specialist, has created a pro­ and recognized at the shelter house. funds to help construct a new shelter gram that works well with a new state cur­ For further information please contact: house. Due to the stringent building code riculum that requires grade schoolers to The Flint Ridge Shelter House Project requirements, this project estimate is study at least one ancient Ohio culture. 28 Arcade Place - Suite F slightly less than $22,000. Donated labor School groups from as far away as Newark, Ohio 43055 by our chapter members and friends will Hudson, Ohio, have participated in this Telephone 614-349-3133 substantially reduce this amount, the sav­ program and are often assisted by Flint ings to be used for construction of a foot or contact Bob Williams in Newark Ridge Chapter members. Flint Ridge State 614-345-9132

The old shelter house at Flint Ridge.

41 EDITORIAL - THE COLUMBIA RIVER SKELETON by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The October issue of Time Magazine skeleton to the Umatilla Indians with no sycophants, as partners in the crusade carried a story by Michael Lemonick about further study in order not to offend their against the dreaded collectors, found the skeleton recently found eroding from religious beliefs. that they had made a Faustian pact the the banks of the Columbia River near Ken- Aside from the fact - ignored in most results of which, in Indiana, prevented newick, Washington. Anthropologist instances - that the NAGPRA law requires the study of one of the most important James Chatters excavated the skeleton a demonstrable connection between Hopewell Mounds in North America. after two college students found the skull claimants and remains, the Corps of Engi­ Today, the NAGPRA and ARPA laws and broken jaw bone washed out of the neers prepared to give it away without any have thrown a pall over all archaeology. river bank. There were a number of oddi­ scientific study by archaeologists or The NAGPRA law was intended to rectify ties about the skeleton - the bones and anthropologists. Given the Caucasoid the holding by museums and government skull appeared to be more Caucasian than characteristics of this skeleton, such a agencies of historically identifiable or Mongoloid, and there was a Paleo-lndian provable connection seems patently proven related remains and return them to point embedded in the pelvis (a wound impossible. A barrage of letters of protest the people who could prove that relation­ which the victim apparently survived). to the Corps of Engineers and con­ ship. NAGPRA, however, has been taken Most important of all, radiocarbon dates gressmen and the filing of a lawsuit by as an unfettered mandate by the govern­ obtained from a small sample of bone archaeologists made them put the matter ment to revise history, pander to activists revealed that the burial was 9,300 years on hold and left the decision to the courts and carry out their own agenda of political old! To anthropologists and archaeologists where it is at the present time. correctness. Because of NAGPRA, no one who study Paleo-lndians, this was breath­ One of the most puzzling aspects of is seriously considering donating collec­ taking news. Here at last, if all facts were the NAGPRA-ARPA controversy to those tions to museums or universities. NAGPRA correct, was a nearly complete skeleton of of us who are not professional archaeolo­ threatens to make museums no more than one of the first people in North America, gists was the almost total lack of opposi­ assembly points where archaeological col­ confirmed by not only radiocarbon dating tion from the professional side, whose lections are gathered, not for study and but the startling presence of a Paleo point very science and profession was threat­ education of the public, but for disburse­ buried in the bones! Such a find could go a ened, when these laws were presented to ment to anyone with an imaginary claim to long way in settling one of the most elusive congress. Perhaps it stemmed from the them. Archaeologists, instead of doing puzzles in New World archaeology - it fact that the Society for American research and solving the mysteries of the might tell us the genetic stock of the first Archaeology, the professionals own past - a goal desired by most Americans humans to set foot in the western hemi­ organization, was instrumental in formu­ including Indians - are spending their time sphere. lating them, who lobbied for them, and writing letters of protest, consulting lawyers, and testifying in court. They are However, there was a problem. The steered them through congress. Many professional archaeologists saw the now awakening to the consequences of banks of the Columbia River are under the having a well-intentioned law turned into a jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engi­ ARPA law as a chance to, in one fell swoop, put the amateur archaeologists vehicle for appeasing activists and to neers and legally the skeleton belonged to achieve political goals. Government intru­ them. To most laymen this would appear and the collectors in their place. In the Art Gerber case, for example, it suc­ sion into science has always been a dis­ to be a blessing since control by a govern­ aster and both ARPA and NAGPRA have ment agency would seem to assure that ceeded in getting a man sent to prison but failed abysmally in protecting the proved to be nothing more than anti-sci­ the proper verification, study, assessment ence laws. and reporting of this important find would archaeological resources he was con­ take place. Common sense, however, victed of possessing for they were sap- One can only hope that before the does not play a part in decisions of gov­ headedly given away and thrown into a skeleton of a bona fide australopithecine is ernment agencies. The Corps of Engineers hole in the ground as a symbol of polit­ found in the New World, laws which would determined that the NAGPRA law should ical correctness. Thus, the professionals allow such a find to be reburied without apply to this find and decided to give the who viewed their new Indian allies and study will be repealed.

42 (©bttuar^ — Gilbert Dilley 1902 -1996

of Music and the patio at the John Martin Ohio Historical Foundation, and the Center in honor of their children. For Ohioana Library Association. excellence in community service, he All his life he loved playing the piano, at received Akron U's Alumni Honor Award which he had exceptional talent. His reper­ in 1989. He was a longstanding member toire of popular favorites from the 1920s of the John R. Buchtel Society, Lamp­ on was vast, and he could change keys lighters and the Hilltoppers, and Dean's without missing a beat. Until recently, he Club of the Law School. entertained regularly for social gatherings A practicing attorney for more than 60 at their residence in Florida. years, Mr. Dilley was an active and hon­ He will be remembered vividly as an orary life member of the Akron Bar Asso­ ever-cheerful, kind, and gentle husband, ciation. He also was admitted to practice father, and doting grandfather. He never before the United States Supreme Court. missed grandchildren's events from Among his personal passions were grade-school plays to college graduations Indian relics and Ohio gem flint, which he and weddings. He was always quick with had collected since he was a boy. This a joke or a wonderful story from days interest led him to 18 years as a trustee gone by. of the Ohio Historical Society, to which Preceded in death by his daughter, he was initially appointed by Gov. James Barbara Dilley Thorpe, Mr. Dilley will be A. Rhodes. There he held numerous greatly missed by his wife of 69 years, offices including president in the 1970s, Marguerite Hudson Dilley; daughter and during which time the Ohio Historical son-in-law, Joanne and Frederick Danne- Gilbert W. Dilley, JD, 94, died Oct. 28, Center was built. He was a founder of miller; son and daughter-in-law, William 1996, leaving his family and friends with Ohio Village in Columbus, and visited and Kathleen Dilley; grandchildren, Mar­ countless fond memories. every Ohio Historical Society memorial guerite Dannemiller Tremelin, Francia, Mr. Dilley was born in Akron on Feb. 2, and museum. He spearheaded establish­ Gilbert, William and Noel Dannemiller, 1902. He was graduated from the Univer­ ment of the Flint Ridge Memorial to Ohio Katherine Thorpe Martucci, and Elizabeth sity of Akron with a B.A. in 1925 and Indians. Mr. Dilley was a founder and Thorpe Tavolier; and great-grandchildren, earned his Juris Doctor degree in 1926 past president of the Archeological Victoria Hudson and James Frederick from Ohio Northern University. He was an Society of Ohio and a past president of Tremelin, Jeffrey Gilbert Dannemiller, and active student on campus at Akron U, as the Summit County Historical Society. Barbara Dilley Martucci. an "A" Key recipient, accompanist for the University Glee Club and pianist for the Mr. Dilley was involved with many other Mass of Christian Burial Monday, 10 University Orchestra, where he met his organizations, including the Stan Hywet a.m., at St. Vincent Church. Interment at future wife, a freshman violinist, Mar­ Hall Foundation, Akron Museum of Nat­ Holy Cross Cemetery. Friends may call at guerite Hudson. ural History and Children's Zoo, Dawes the Hummel Funeral Home, 500 E. Arboretum, Blossom Music Center, the Mr. Dilley was an active alumnus of Exchange St., Sunday from 4 to 7 p.m. Musical Arts Association, and the Ohio Akron U, endowing an undergraduate Memorials may be made to the Ohio His­ Board of Visitors. scholarship for students studying Ohio torical Foundation, 1982 Velma Ave., Gov. John Gilligan appointed Mr. Dilley history and archaeology. In 1992, he and Columbus 43211; the Ohio Library Associ­ to the Executive Order of the Ohio Com­ his wife also endowed the Gilbert W. and ation, 65 S. Front St., Columbus 43215; or modore, Ohio's most distinguished Marguerite H. Dilley Performing Artists St. Vincent's Building Fund, 164 W. Market honor. He was elected trustee emeritus Series for the University of Akron School St., Akron 44303. (Hummel, a Golden Rule for life of the Ohio Historical Society, Funeral Home, 253-6126)

THE FIELD-FOUND CONTEST

The Field-Found contest is based entirely on the honesty and integrity of the participants. It has come to my attention that some artifacts entered in this contest were not found by the entrant. It has also been brought to my attention that even fake pieces have been entered. Since this contest is based on the truthfulness of the entrants and the fact that they have personally found the pieces entered, any violations of this rule will be dealt with severely. For a member to enter a piece he has not found is not only dishonest, it deprives the legitimate entrant of a chance to win what is rightfully his. Bud Tackett, President

Back Cover: An outstanding example of Archaic stonework, this black diorite axe was found by Ray Leudke main years ago near New Bremen Auglaize County, Ohio. It is 7'A inches long.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.