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ARCHAEOL VOLUME 29 SPRING 1979

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m' The Archaeological Society of Officers—terms expire 1980 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio President—Steve Fuller, Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, 4767 Hudson Dr., Stow, Ohio Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Vice President—Frank Otto, 1503 Hempwood Dr., Columbus, Ohio All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, ologist should be sent to the Editor Memberships, re­ Pandora, Ohio quests for back issues, changes of address, and other Treasurer—Mike Kish, matter should be sent to the business office. 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY Recording Secretary—Robert Sturm, 3256 E. Cleveland Ave., Grove City, Ohio OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N. Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio Editorial Office Trustees 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Term expires Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Business Office Grove City, Ohio 1980 Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, William C. Haney, 96 Buckhorn St., Worthington, Ohio 43085 Ironton, Ohio 1980 Alva McGraw, Rt. #11, Membership and Dues Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Dr., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Fairborn, Ohio 1980 bership $8.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Dana Baker, W. Taylor St., $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Mt. Victory, Ohio 1982 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Steve Balazs, 401 Mulberry St., of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Mt. Vernon, Ohio 1982 has no paid officers or employees. Douglas Hooks, Rt. #5, The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Mansfield, Ohio 1982 subscription is included in the membership dues. Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Heights, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1982 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 7.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, availability. STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Robert N. Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker, Chairman Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Wayne Mortine William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. Don Bapst Charles Stour, Sr. Alva McGraw Jan Sorgenfrei Gordon Hart Bert Drennan David Brose John Winsch AUDITING COMMITTEE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Robert Hill, Chairman COMMITTEE Marybeth Albin, Chairwoman Don Gehlbach Charles Stout, Jr. Robert Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks Owen Cowan Lar Hothem Ensil Chadwick Kendall Saunders Jeff Carskadden Tom Stropki Wayne Mortine Jack Lanam Martha Otto EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Steve Parker Gordon Hart Steve Balazs, Co-Chairman George Morelock RAFFLE COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman Ed Hughes William Haney, Chairman Billy Hillen Charles Voshall Graig Coila John Baldwin Jerry Hagerty Frank Otto Dorothy Good Earl Noble FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Mike Kish, Chairman Alva McGraw, Chairman Doug Hooks Lar Hothem Dwight Shipley Don Bapst Dorothy Good David Kuhn Max Shipley Marylyn Harness Gilbert Dilley Ernest Good Martha Otto Earl Townsend Jack Hooks Joy Jones EDITOR'S PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS The front and back covers of the 1979 Two Incised Slate Pieces 4 Spring issue of the Ohio Archaeologist Regional Collaborator News: Serpent Mount in all its spring glory. Perhaps the most famous prehistoric in An Unusual 9 , it is located near Sinking Remarkable Find 9 Spring in northern Adams County, Ohio. Its 1400 feet convoluted body overlooks scenic The Gem Of Prehistoric Pipes 10 Brush Creek valley from an elevated Burial 16, Mixter Site, Erie County, Ohio .112 promontory. Surface Finds From has been the subject of numerous newspaper articles, archaeological Western Pennsylvania 13 papers, and books, some of which are serious Cult Of The Dead Thirty Centuries Ago . . .14 but most being fanciful. The full gamut of "," A Convenient Misnomer . . .18 speculation may be found in writings about this unique earthwork —one writer even A Unique Bone Beamer proposed that Serpent Mound was the site of From Southeastern Ohio 19 the original Garden of Eden. Acceptance Of New Ideas However, some mystery still surrounds In Archaeology 20 Serpent Mound. The only scientific investiga­ tion of the works was done by F. W. Putnam for Artifacts In The Raines Collection 22 the Peabody Museum at Harvard in the latter A Basal Notched Type 23 part of the nineteenth century. Because the A Preliminary Report On contents of some of the burial mounds situated nearby appeared to be Adena, it was surmised The Lillback Site 24 that the Adena people constructed the effigy. Sandusky Site Whistles 27 If Serpent Mound is Adena in origin it repre­ sents a radical departure from the usual or A Serrated Bone Ornament normal or earthwork design From Ross County Ohio 27 since nearly all Adena mounds in Ohio are A 1979 Surface Find 28 conical in shape with no accompanying walls Hafted Scrapers- or earthworks. On the other hand, Ohio Hope­ Recycled Spearpoints? 30 well were noted for their geometric earthworks and extensive earthen Postmolds On The — walls and occasional effigies. Like Serpent An Interpretation 32 Mound, Hopewell walls and earthworks con­ tain no burials. A Masterpiece In Slate Pipe . .37 Further information on this unusual effigy " It Isn't An Arrowhead!" 38 may be found in Ohio Historical Society pub­ Radiocarbon Information From lications, particularly one written by E. O. Randall at the turn of the century. Eastern Ohio 40 A Large Discoidal 42 Analysis Of Two Archaic Burials 43 The Hunt Site: Location And Artifacts . . . .47 Experience With The Phosphate Test To Locate Ancient Habitation Sites. . . .52

3 Two Incised Slate Pieces by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

Few things left by the prehistoric Indian that either the design was incomplete or so are as fascinating and intriguing as engraved lightly incised as to be beyond solution. As a artifacts of slate. Nothing comes closer to last resort, I used a magnifying glass and allowing us an insight into the aboriginal mind copied the outline, line for line, on a piece of than these strange pieces. In most cases they paper, which also at first seemed fruitless. are mute and undecipherable evidences of However, after one last look at both the mans thinking and perhaps first engraving and the copy, the picture of a bird steps toward a written language. At least they became clear (Fig. 4)—it being so obvious are abstractions of thoughts or ideas convey­ that it is curious that the many people who ing a meaning which is beyond our recognition had examined this piece did not recognize it. or solution. Very few of these engravings Mythological animals were a favorite subject portray identifiable elements, but even when of Southern Cult engravers and this animal they do they are still puzzling and enigmatic. may be classed as such. It does, however, Among the rarest of engravings on slate appear to resemble the parakeet, a bird are those depicting , and nearly as sculptured by Hopewell pipe craftsmen. rare are those showing animals. The subjects The second piece was found in Ross of this paper are two engraved artifacts both County by Clark Johnson of Bourneville, of which portray humans and animals. Both Ohio. It portrays in bold and deeply cut lines seem to be the ends of pendants or, more what appears to be a stylized wolf (Fig. 5). likely, gorgets, each apparently engraved after This carving is skillfully done with curved lines being damaged. Both are engraved on two and design elements reminiscent of many sides and each depicts a similar figure. One is Hopewell engravings. It is quite similar to the from Ross County and the other from Scioto engraving of an oscelot on bone from County—areas separated only by Pike County. the original Hopewell site (Moorehead 1922: Even more curious is the fact that each was Fig. 64)(Fig. 6). What is even more fascinating found by a long-time collector. is a lightly cut engraving of a Southern Cult The first piece (Fig. 1) is from the Schisler head (Fig. 7-8) in the corner of the piece. It is site, a location north of Ports­ possible that this engraving was once larger mouth in Scioto County. It was found by the since it seems the design is somewhat ob­ late Walter Diamond, a resident of Lucasville, literated or worn. It is impossible to tell which who had an extensive collection from the site, engraving was made first—a fact which could which was later sold to Dr. Stanley Copeland have important bearing on its origin. The of Worthington. On one face is the engraving reverse is also engraved but with an unrecog­ of a male figure which is almost identical to nizable motif of diagonal and criss-cross lines engravings of similar figures on shell and (Fig. 9). copper from Southern Cult locations. The The similarity of these two pieces is striking. Southern Cult is manifested primarily at sites Both bear Southern Cult designs, they are of in Etowah, Georgia, Moundville, , and almost identical size, and both seem to be Spiro, Oklahoma. This lightly incised figure is salvaged ends of similar slate artifacts. There in a dancing or jumping attitude much like the is little or no significant evidence in our state dancing warriors or green corn dancers which of or idea exchange between Ohio pervade Southern Cult engravings (Fig. 2). and Southern Cult centers. Late phases of An object in the dancer's right hand is probably Ohio Fort Ancient are generally thought to be a monolithic while the left hand holds a synchronous with the emergence of the baton or club. His costume consists of para­ Southern Cult, a fact which might explain the phernalia consistent with Southern Cult presence of a Southern Cult engraving on an regalia—the leg and arm decorations and the Ohio Fort Ancient site. waist and bustle-like accouterments. The The origin of the Diamond gorget is a general treatment of the face and body is a puzzle. It could be explained by one of the highly stylized Southern Cult motif. following hypotheses: A, it is a Southern Cult The opposite side of the gorget is also engraving brought north by a Cult trader or engraved —but with a heretofore unknown emissary; B, it is an engraving made in the design (Fig. 3). After examining this engraving south by a Fort Ancient trader or visitor who for several weeks, I came to the conclusion had carried it north; C, it is an engraving made

4 in Ohio by either a Fort Ancienter who had case the parallels between it and Hopewell been south or a Southern Culter who had designs remain to be explained. come north, each of whom was trying to All of these hypotheses are pure specula­ portray what he had seen in the south. tion advanced for the reader's consideration, The origin of the Johnson gorget is equally and are no more valid than the reader's own uncertain and may present a more difficult ideas. These objects do clearly demonstrate, problem, especially if the principal engraving however, that contact of some kind or an is Hopewell. In this case it can be explained exchange of ideas with Southern Cult centers by: A, it is a Hopewell engraving found by was taking place in southern Ohio. In any later Fort Ancients upon which a Southern event, pieces like these, until explained by Cult motif was incised under one of the future archaeological work, remain among the situations postulated for the Diamond speci­ most baffling (and potentially most revealing) men; B, the engraving is not Hopewell but of all prehistoric artifacts. Fort Ancient; C, both the animal and the head are Southern Cult. It must be asked that if the Johnson engraving of the wolf is Hopewell Hamilton, Henry W. and was carved at the same time as the Cult 1952 The Spiro mound. The Missouri Archae­ head, then the time sequences postulated for ologist 14. Hopewell and the Southern Cult (separated Moorehead, Warren K. by several hundred years) are incorrect. On 1922 The Hopewell mound group of Ohio. the other hand it could be argued that the Anthropological Series 6(5). Field Mu­ animal engraving is Fort Ancient, in which seum of Natural History, Chicago.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Enlarged photograph of the Diamond Fig. 2 (Converse) Line drawing of the dancer on the Diamond gorget. gorget. Fig. 3 (Converse) Reverse side of Diamond gorget showing bird engravin

Fig. 4 (Converse) Line drawing of bird on reverse of Diamond gorget. Fig. 5 (Converse) Enlarged photograph of the Johnson gorget.

Fig. 6 (Converse) Oscelot carved on human bone, excavated by Moorehead at the Hopewell site in 1892 (after Moorehead 1922: Fig. 64). Drawing of the wolf on the Bourneville gorget. Note typical Hopewell use of curved lines and abstract design elements on each engraving. Fig. 7 (Converse) Close-up of the Johnson gorget showing lightly incised Southern Cult head.

Fig. 9 (Converse) Reverse side of the Johnson gorget.

Fig. 8 (Converse) Southern Cult heads engraved on artifacts from the Spiro Mound (after Hamilton 1952). REMARKABLE FIND By John R. Heath Box #82 Sullivan, Ohio 44880

This large bifurcated point (Fig. 1) was found by the author in Penfield Twp., Lorain Co., Ohio in May 1975. The field in which this point was found has been tilled for over one hundred years. It is amazing that this point shows no marks from tillage equipment. With the use of larger equipment, the soil must have been recently plowed a little bit deeper. This point (Fig. 1) measures 3% inches long, 2 inches wide, and 34 inch thick. It is made of a beautiful glossy brown material. The tip was never finished to a sharp point. The edges are serrated, but show no wear. Possibly it was intended for use as a .

Figure I

Regional Collaborator News: An Unusual Blade

by R. L. Harter 1961 Buttermilk Hill Rd. Delaware, Ohio

The blade in Figure 1 was found by Edward Liete in the early 1950s. Mr. Liete, who is an assistant game biologist for the Ohio Division of Wildlife, found it while taking a random soil sample in a 40 acre field in northern Delaware County. When Mr. Liete stuck the small spade into the ground, the blade was hit and broken. At the time the blade was found a large quartz crystal, nearly V2 inch high was located near the base. The Indian who made this fine piece had to have taken great pride in his workman­ ship. The material is a very high grade pink chalcedony, probably of Flint Ridge origin. The blade measures 4% inches long and 2 inches long.

Fig. 1 (Harter) Flint blade from Delaware Coun

9 The Gem of Prehistoric Pipes by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr. Columbus, Ohio 43221

A highly perfected form of were primarily deposited in more isolated is the classical plain platform or monitor pipe. areas in northern and eastern Ohio. They are These exquisite pipes are indigenous to well- dated some 300 to 400 years after the termina­ known cultural families called Hopewell, In­ tion of Hopewellian influence in Ohio. trusive Mound, Point Peninsula, Marksville A logical explanation for the refined work­ and numerous related phases. They reached manship in the platform pipe form is its their most advanced stylization level during apparent specialized application and hence what has been termed the Middle Woodland material value. Well documented site reports period, roughly dated from 100 BC to AD indicate most are found in funerary or burial 600. association. Most sites produced very few Recently an article appeared in the Mid- examples. From this evidence we can sum­ continental Journal of Archaeology (Seeman marize that the plain platform pipe may have 1977) which used date sequencing of plain been the single most important possession of platform pipes to test the theory that most the Hopewell shaman. As such it probably Hopewell sites in Ohio were contemporane­ was used only at significant ceremonial ob­ ous. For the first time, in this writer's experi­ servances such as death rites, the residual ence, a pipe form was used to establish "stock'' being passed on to succeeding possible phase chronology. Seeman groups generations of shamans. Ohio Hopewell platform pipes according to Some years ago a friend commented form variances and names them Tremper A, "prehistoric pipes were probably as prized as Tremper B, Hopewell 17, Bedford, and V- today's automobiles with birdstones and Hope­ Based. Illustrated from the author's collection well platform pipes being the Cadillacs of their (Fig. 1) are all but the Tremper B form. They day." This writer would echo this opinion and are dated by Seeman as follows: Tremper A, add that the exotic qualities and esthetically 50 BC to AD 50; Hopewell 17, AD 50 to AD pleasing symmetry of these pipes represent 200; Bedford, AD 50 to AD 150; V-Based 100 the most advanced stage of primitive artistic BC to AD 50. expression in pre-columbian Ohio. Also illustrated are Intrusive Mound plat­ form pipes which feature a ridged or bulbous Seeman, Mark F. stem, a flattened base and a declining use of 1977 Stylistic variation in Middle Woodland proportion as a design technique. While the pipe styles: the chronological implica­ Hopewell form was dominant in the Scioto tions. Midcontinental Journal of Archae­ and Ohio River basins, the Intrusive examples ology 2(1): 47-66.

10 11 Fig. 1 (Tiell) Four Erie points that were found in Burial #16 —Mixter site.

Burial 16, Mixter Site, Erie County, Ohio

by William W. Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

The Mixter site, a multi-component Paleo to Late Woodland site, is located on the Huron River in Erie County, Ohio. The photographed male burial (Fig. 1) was excavated by the late Arthur George Smith in 1954. In this burial were four Madison triangular points which were located above the left pelvic bone (Fig. 2). The following paragraph is taken from Arthur George Smith's notes. "Burial #16, Mixter Site, Erie County, Ohio. These four points were in a pouch at his waist. The block of flint from which they were made was in the grave fill. This Erie Indian was 5 feet, 3 inches tall. Woodchucks had burrowed away on his forearm and feet. There was a nest of mice inside the skull." The "block of flint" found in the grave fill would indicate that the points were manu­ factured close to the time of the Indian's death. Perhaps these points were chipped as a grave offering. The color of the flint is a warm tan with orange flecks. Streaks of dark blue gray run sporadically throughout the flint. The burial photograph, points, and notes Fig. 2 (Tiell) Burial #16 — showing the location of points are in the possession of Elmer Grimm of Elyria, right side above pelvis. Ohio.

12 Surface Finds From Western Pennsylvania by Fred Schneider, Jr. RD #2, Cochranton, Pa. 16314

The growing interest in artifacts has in­ material in the surrounding area. The hafted creased the number of surface hunters in this shaft is 1V2 inches long, made of black section of the upper Ohio Valley. The artifacts flint with fine secondary chipping. When I in the picture (Fig. 1) were found in Crawford found it I thought it was a broken arrowhead, County, Fairfield Township, Pennsylvania, until I had it cleaned. The two notched points along French Creek which empties into the were found in the same field as the tube pipe. Allegheny River. The pipe and points were All the artifacts were discovered when most found in fields that are heavily hunted by collectors had given up for the year. The pipe collectors. was found in a corn field with corn over 6 feet The tube pipe is a good example of a high. The notched points were found in the salvaged artifact. At one time the pipe was same field after the corn was cut. The Paleo- longer. The rim has been reworked and made Indian point was found after a fence row was useable again. It is 2 inches long and 1 inch in bulldozed. Only the more serious collectors diameter, made of Ohio pipestone. I have hunt the year round, as long as the ground found several pipe fragments of the same can be seen.

Fig. 1 (Schneider) Artifacts from a Pennsylvania site

13 A PRELIMINARY NOTE Cult of the Dead Thirty Centuries Ago: The Birthplace of Adena-Hopewell Phenomena

by David M. Stothers Laboratory of Ethnoarchaeology University of Toledo

Preface: These regional cultures have been given The following article is intended to inform a number of distinct names such as: Old interested people of research work which is Copper, Red Ochre, Glacial Kame, presently being undertaken with regard to Cemetery (Moorehead, Red Paint) Complex, the late Archaic and Early Woodland mortuary , , Adena, cults which participated in a far reaching trade Meadowood, etc. Of course not all of these and exchange interaction sphere during the manifestations were contemporaneous, but first two millenia before the birth of Christ. A some were more recent developments out of detailed and comprehensive monograph about an earlier cultural base. As such, perceramic this topic will be published in the near future. cultural expressions of the late Archaic time This monograph will draw together and present period (such as Old Copper, Red Ochre, detailed summaries of all the various aspects Glacial Kame, Maine Cemetery Complex, of analysis and interpretation which numerous Maritime Archaic, and Poverty Point) are early researchers are presently undertaking. cultural expressions which develop through time into later fired-clay ceramic producing Introduction cultures such as the Adena and Meadowood During the late Archaic time period (ca. cultures. These early ceramic producing cul­ 2500-600 B.C.) bands of pre-ceramic hunters tures are referred to as Early Woodland and and gatherers who inhabited the northeastern date to the time period 1000-600 B.C. to about woodlands of North America, became popu­ 100 B.C. lous enough that all previously unoccupied river and stream valleys had become in­ The Williams Site: habited. For millenia prior to this time period, A Northwestern Ohio Example small local bands of these prehistoric hunters, Excavation and recovery of numerous and gatherers and fishermen had undergone popu­ diverse materials from a late Archaic time lation expansion. As local catchment basins period cemetery pertain to what has been became overpopulated and demographic called The Red Ochra of the Dead.' Informa­ expansion strained the limits of local carrying tion about the duration of use of the cemetery, capacities, "daughter" bands "budded" off the identification of ritual objects in the graves, parent band to establish themselves in unoc­ and the genetic skeletal make-up of these cupied river or stream valleys. Each of these ancient peoples may significantly bear upon local population groups "settled into" their our understanding of the religious, economic home territories, and by the late Archaic time and social dimensions of these ancient Ohioans period discrete regional identities (or cir­ and their interrelationship with other peoples cumscribed cultural manifestations) had of the eastern North American Woodlands. emerged. In archaeological terms these regional cultures have been established and Presented at: Faculty-Graduate Student Semi­ differentiated from one another on the basis nar, Department of Geology, of material remains, burial, settlement and Bowling Green State University, subsistence systems. In many cases these Ohio. March 30, 1979. regional culture expressions established inter­ communication in terms of trade and ex­ Presently, skeletal analyses are being change networks. These exchange networks undertaken by Dr. Paul Sciulli at Ohio State served to introduce rare and exotic objects University. which were fashioned from non-local source During the summer of 1977, a large seg­ materials, into the territories of distant cultural ment of an extensive cemetery was excavated groups. These exotic items were removed by a University of Toledo summer field class from the exchange network and included as in archaeology. Another small segment of this funerary offerings in band cemeteries which cemetery had previously been excavated by were utilized for long periods of time. the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Society

14 (Inc.) under the auspices and direction of the and exotic items obtained through a complex staff archaeologist at the University of Toledo. trade network which covered large portions This far, excavation has disclosed eighteen of North America. Thousands of conche shell separate and discrete mass burial pits. Each beads from the Atlantic Gulf Coast and ritual of these burial pits contain human remains stone 'cloud blowing' pipes fashioned of Ohio ranging from several to hundreds of individuals. Pipestone from southern Ohio are examples. This site is referred to as the Williams site, This site, the Williams Red Ochre Crema­ and has the state registration number tion Cemetery, is one of the richest and least 33-WO-7A. disturbed (also not looted) mortuary sites for The individuals buried in these pits repre­ the late Archaic to Early Woodland transition sent all age grades within the human skeletal period in North America! On the basis of the life-span (i.e.,feotal, immature infant, immature analyzed data, we have generated hypotheses adult, and adult). These human remains are: concerning the economic and religious system cremated; bundle (secondary, defleshed and of these ancient peoples. It becomes apparent recompiled individual groupings); primary (in that the further away an item is from its original the flesh) extended and flexed (foetal posi­ source, the more rare and exotic (and ac­ tion); and isolated, articulated torso and limb cordingly valuable) it becomes. Thus, like gold segments. All of these varieties are sometimes or diamonds and the attendant modern day sprinkled with red ochre (a powdered haeme- market, ritual items fashioned from exotic and tite substance used for 'paint'), and sometimes valuable goods, obtained through long dis­ not! Burial pits were sometimes almost barren tance trade during the first 2 millenia before with the exception of a few grams of calcined Christ, were kept at a premium' value by taking bone from a human ; in other cases, them out of the system and disposing of them. the pits were layered, up to 4 extensive layers These items were rendered permanently of human bone reflecting all the variable irretrievable by placing them in graves and combinations enumerated above and contain­ by sometimes 'ritually' destroying them (double ing possibly hundreds of individuals! indemnity insurance?). In addition to these variable factors re­ This site has been under investigation since flecting a) burial style, b) the cultural use or 1970 and was originally discovered by Toledo disregard for the use of red ochre and c) the Area Aboriginal Research Society (Inc.) mem­ size, extensiveness, and possible layering of bers. This site has already eight C14 dates the pit, is the ritual inclusion of certain elabo­ which cluster between 1000 and 500 B.C. rate and spectacular artifacts which may Presently amino acid racemization dating is correlate in some patterned manner. being conducted by Dr. Hare (Geophysical Sometimes these artifactual objects have Laboratory, Washington, D.C.) on more samples been purposely broken or 'destroyed' before from the cemetery grave pits. Three bird- being put in the grave . . . sometimes not! stones, 9 tubular stone pipes, over 22 projec­ Sometimes certain grave pits and burial types tile points, a , a gorget, a bear- have many spectacular . . . skull mask, strings and necklaces of conche sometimes not! Sometimes animals or limb shell beads numbering 2500 beads, eagle segments of animals are included in the grave legs, dog burials, socketed antler points, bone clusters .. . sometimes not! awls, etc. have been recovered from undis­ We know from the type of cemetery and turbed contexts. In addition, 18 separate mass the artifacts (based on other research in the burial pits have been excavated, containing northeast of North America) that this burial 250-500 individuals. Analysis is presently in location represents the late Archaic time process and excavation investigation will period (ca. 2500 B.C.-600 B.C.), and the continue. Dr. William Benninghoff, University beginning of the succeeding Early Woodland of Michigan, collected pollen samples and period. It is furthermore known from previous the site has been cooperatively investigated research that such cemeteries represented by the Toledo Zoo, the Toledo Area Aboriginal some sort of religious cult which expressed Research Society (Inc.), and the Department itself (like many others!) in conspicuous and of Anthropology, University of Toledo. Com­ elaborate mortuary consumption. These cults parative studies are being undertaken with are known to have existed from Wisconsin to regard to late Archaic-Early Woodland 'Cult the eastern seaboard; from Labrador and New­ of the Dead' information from N.W. New York foundland to the Atlantic Gulf Coast! State and S. E. Michigan, through the co­ Many of the elaborate grave goods (several operation of Dr. Joseph Granger (University of which are functionally enigmatic . . . but of at Louisville), the Museum of probably ceremonial) are fashioned from rare Anthropology (University of Michigan), and

15 members of the Ontario Archaeological Soci­ widespread demand for exotic goods to be ety and Ontario Ministry of Culture and utilized as burial or grave inclusions, and Recreation. Frank D. Huntley (Industrial established a widespread 'interaction sphere' Minerals Geologist, Libbey-Owens Ford Co.) .. . first in the preceramic Archaic time period, has undertaken field work at the Williams site, and later continuing into the Early Woodland, as well as subsequent laboratory analyses. and finally the Middle Woodland (100 B.C. to These studies have yielded much valuable 500 A.C.) Hopewellian Interaction Sphere. information which is allowing us to reconstruct Thus, "cultural trajectory" in terms of this the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic religiousity and the way it was expressed with conditions which existed before, during and regard to burial ceremonialism pervaded large after the cemetery was actively used. Jonathen areas of the North American continent from Bowen (Ohio State University) has analyzed Lake Superior to the Gulf Coast, and from the the faunal material which was included in Valley to the eastern seaboard. grave pits as ritual/ceremonial inclusions. Stated otherwise, this ancient cultism, con­ We think that several regional bands of nected with ideology surrounding death and these ancient peoples came together along the dead members of society, was geographi­ the banks of the Maumee in the late spring or cally far reaching and expansive, as well as a summer of each year to bury their dead from very long-lived and ancient part of a number the previous year. This would account for the of cultural traditions. great number of individuals in some of the Because of the temporal priority for varia­ burial pits. It is believed that Shamans (medi­ tions of this phenomenon on the North Ameri­ cine men or witch doctors) wore skin costumes can Labrador coast, Dr. James Tuck of of animals such as wolves and bears while Memorial University in Newfoundland has acting out a pantomine of the struggle between suggested that its inception or ultimate source the forces of good' and evil' spirits. Based on may have been in the northeastern coastal ethnographic analogy we think the tubular region of North America. If this is so, then it stone pipes may have been used to blow would appear that this religious, cultism and 'clouds' of smoke into the air to frighten evil its attendant exchange system appears to have spirits away. Some of the animal inclusions spread inland, up the St. Lawrence River, may represent ritual sacrificies which were across the Great Lakes, throughout the Ohio undertaken during the cult ceremonies. Valley and contiguous areas to the south. Adena-Hopewell: This very early and widespread interaction Legacy of the Late Archaic sphere appears to have carried on through Interaction Sphere time, until its final expression in the Middle Certain common elements within all of the Woodland Hopewellian cultures, or what has above named cultural expressions argue very been called the Hopewellian Interaction strongly for a "basic core of religiosity" which Sphere. As such, the Adena-Hopewell phe­ pervades and unifies all of these geographi­ nomena is believed to have had its foundation, cally diverse expressions. This religious and ultimate derivation in the earlier late 'veneer' or "core of religiosity" instituted a Archaic "Cults of the Dead." 17 "Arrowhead," A Convenient Misnomer by Scott Haskins 484 Stinchcomb Dr. Apt. 23 Columbus, Ohio 43202

The word "arrowhead" has long been a Charles Miles, author of Indian and Eskimo convenient misnomer employed by artifact Artifacts of North America suggests that early collectors, professional archaeologists, and inhabitants of tundra and taiga regions must the general public. The one word can con­ have created composite bows since there veniently represent the various lithic material were rarely single pieces of material available tools and weapons fashioned by this country's large enough for the desired purpose. Such prehistoric peoples during many thousands problems were obviously not encountered in of years of cultural and technological evolu­ the lush woodlands of post-glacial Ohio. tion. (It is much easier to ask the proprietor of a roadside antique shop if he has any "arrow­ As contact with Euro-American scouts, heads" than to ask if he has any Intrusive trappers, and homesteaders increased, the Mound or influted fluted points.) Although arrowhead began to reflect the technology of flint projectile points that were purposely the newcomers. A host of items from the designed to tip slender, bow-driven shafts ironworks of France and England were traded, are generally regarded as a recent arrival in lost, or abandoned to the appreciative Indians. terms of Ohio's archaeological past, the true Spearheads 6 to 8 inches long were fashioned arrowhead has probably reached its 1,000th from skillet handles. Iron barrel hoops, al­ birthday in east-of-the Mississippi America. ready an ideal width and thickness, were The of the Ft. Ancient and Erie peoples salvaged from the white man's refuse pits and may have been intended primarily for fish hammered and sharpened into highly service­ and fowl. By the late contact period however able arrowpoints. The Hudson Bay Company the invading army of trappers, homesteaders, produced hand-forged and spearpoints and cowboys was contending with the historic as long as 12 inches specifically for trade to tribes' arsenal of feathered arrows tipped with the historic tribes. There is an account in European trade iron, chipped glass from James Barker Journal, a chronicle of life telegraph pole insulators, Rocky Mountain around Marietta, Ohio, early in the 19th obsidian, and even the humble nail (square, century, of a cow returning from pasture with in those days). a "tin" arrowhead embedded in its side. Unfortunately such contact-period artifacts are The small and delicately chipped triangular very rare as surface finds in the mid-Eastern points of the Midwest Mississippian period and Eastern . The annual rainfall, were well adapted for propelled flight and the average humidity, and the acidity of certain piercing impact. Although the enigmatic "bird- soils are not conducive to their preservation. points" seem to have belonged to all cultures the general size and weight of most earlier The generalized notion of the arrowhead, artifacts indicate either hand-held usage or like that of the totem pole and the feather to solid, weighty shafts. The unstemmed headdress, has become symbolic of the Ameri­ and unnotched triangulars may have been can Indian. Many non-collectors are amazed "one-shots," held in place by the constricting to learn that their few "" are pressure of the split arrow shaft or by glue­ actually several thousand years older than like dried tree resin. Frequent surface finds the era of circled wagons, smoke signals, and show that triangles were produced in great warpaint. One more irony: with the advent of quantities. The bow itself seems to have been iron, glass, and contraband rifles, even General a New Stone Age item in Europe, perhaps Custer and the Seventh Cavalry may have reaching the American west coast by 2,500 seen very little in the way of flint or chert on B.C. It is generally accepted that it made its that eventful day in southeastern Montana in appearance in Ohio as late as A.D. 800-1000. A.D. 1876.

18 A Unique Bone Beamer from Southeastern Ohio by Mark Long Wellston, Ohio

In the 1972 winter issue of the Ohio Ar­ a sharp edge. The beamer can be grasped at chaeologist (22 [1 ]) I did a brief article entitled both ends and pulled across pelts and hides A Unique Adena From Southeastern to remove hair and fatty tissue. Bone beamers Ohio. The large and finely worked spear had are more characteristic of the Fort Ancient been found with an extended burial in a Late Indians and, although other primitive people Adena mound located in the extreme north­ no doubt used them also, little evidence exists west quarter of section 29, Vinton Township, to connect the two. What makes the beamer Vinton County, Ohio. Mentioned in this article from Vinton County attractive is the fact that it was that two pentagonal tablets that may have can positively be linked with a Late Adena had some ceremonial use, one black flint leaf burial. This beamer is unique because rather shaped , a bone hairpin or wand with what than being designed to be pulled across a appears to be a human face with antler head­ hide horizontally it displays a beveled end dress carved on one end, and a very unusual which no doubt was used much like a or bone beamer were also associated with the an . It was held like a screwdriver and burial. I recently decided to write a description pushed. What its exact function was will never of the previously-mentioned bone beamer be known for sure, but I do not believe it was because I feel it represents an interesting used as a standard beamer would be. The Adena trait which should be recorded (Fig. 1-3). well preserved artifact is 7% inches long, and A beamer is a tool fashioned from the measures 1J6 inches across the face of the metapodal bone of a deer which is generally joint end, and % inch across the width of the from 7 to 10 inches in length. The bone is cut beveled end. lengthwise down to the marrow cavity leaving

INCHES

Fig. 1 (Long) A unique beamer from southeastern Ohio 7% inches long. Note the unusual beveled end.

Fig. 2 (Long) Close-up view of beveled working edge which Fig. 3 (Long) Closeup view of reverse side of beveled edge. makes this beamer unique. Note the marrow canal.

19 Acceptance of New Ideas in Archaeology Reprinted From-Anthropological Journal of Canada Vol. 16, No. 3,1978 L. W. Patterson 418 Wycliffe, Houston, Texas 77079

Anyone familiar with archaeological litera­ by Haynes as a final judgment on the matter. ture is aware that some major controversies Another good instance of simple lack of exist and that the general body of theory acceptance is the controversial Texas Street changes slowly. While there is something to site (Carter 1957). As Cressman (1977:67) be said for conservatism in accepting new points out, there has been general lack of ideas until firmly proven, I feel that current acceptance of this site, but there is no con­ attitudes on accepting new ideas and data in clusive proof that Carter is incorrect in his archaeology probably impede progress in views of this possible very early man material. research to a certain extent. Some of this Unlike many other scientific fields, con­ results from hampering the orderly cumulative troversial papers are generally not accepted collection of information. for publication in prominent archaeological One controversial issue that has been journals, so that there is little exposure to debated for a number of years is the antiquity new ideas on the leading edge of archaeologi­ of man in the New World. While it is usually cal research. Many other scientific fields accepted that early man came from Asia, the publish as much new theory and data as exact times and numbers of migrations are possible for peer review, in hope that some still open to question (Wormington 1971). advances will result. To me, archaeology Unfortunately, research in this area has tended seems to be a field of extremes. New ideas to be dominated by the ideas of a few "big and data generally obtain complete accep­ men," as they say in cultural organization tance or rejection. The more moderate ap­ studies. The classic example of this is the proach of giving provisional classification period when Holmes and Hrdlicka dominated pending further information seems to be rarely ideas on early man in the New World and the used, although some archaeologists do have question of early man in America became rather sensible private views on this matter. virtually taboo. While the faces change, theory The real problem with outright rejection of on specific categories in archaeology is still new data is that the rejected information is dominated by a few people at any given time. rarely reconsidered as other new data become Another controversy that has been going available. Since most archaeological data are on for some time is the question of possible of a fragmentary nature, this means that all trans-oceanic contacts with the New World in data of possible significance to a problem are pre-Columbian times. Although evidence on not always considered. Progress in research this subject is far from final, many archaeolo­ is normally the result of cumulative efforts, gists seem to desire a preconceived answer not single dramatic breakthroughs. of pristine culture development in the New The following are some possible reasons World after an original Asiatic migration. This for extreme conservatism in archaeology: appears to me to be especially true of Meso- 1. Reviewers and editors for some journals american studies do not permit publication of very con­ In considering the acceptance of new ideas troversial ideas. and data, a clear distinction should be made 2. People do not publish many new ideas between lack of acceptance and real proof because of fear of damage to their profes­ that new ideas are not correct. Haynes' (1973) sional status. critique of the Calico site is a good instance 3. Many archaeologists have vested interests of lack of acceptance on a subjective basis, in maintaining the status quo to protect without presenting substantive proof that new ideas in their previous publications. This data are not correct. Here, a list of ways that can at times be equated with intellectual stone could fracture from natural causes is inflexibility and even dishonesty. given, and then an inference is made that the 4. The majority of archaeologists are really Calico lithics are a result of natural fractures, college instructors in anthropology who without presenting any detailed specific quali­ do some part time research. Many do not tative or quanitative studies of the attributes have sufficient background to judge new of the lithic materials in question. In fairness ideas, and therefore feel more comfortable to Haynes, he clearly points out the subjective with an unchanging body of theory and nature of his conclusions. However, many data or with opinions of well known people. archaeologists ignore this and use this article Independent thought is a rare commodity.

20 5. In many subcategories of archaeology, publication counterparts. Papers present­ such as , there has been ing new ideas can generally be published a general failure to quantify and correlate on a more local level if well written. The information, so that many areas are still disadvantage here is that important new open to very subjective judgments. ideas do not receive the wide audience 6. Many universities do not teach all of the that is deserved. technical aspects of archaeology, but 12. One problem with acceptance of new instead concentrate on the general theory information in North America is that the of anthropology. For instance, I meet many total literature is too much for individuals people with doctorates in archaeology who to follow. I have many examples from my do not have much knowledge on lithic personal correspondence where a person analysis, even though most of man's pre­ has found long time published articles of history is only available as information on major importance only after their own work stone tools and . This means that on the same subject has already been available qualified peer judgment for some published. Book reviews running several studies is limited. years behind publication do not help this 7. Current vogues tend to suppress balanced matter either. In fact, problems with keep­ studies. The current strong emphasis on ing up-to-date with current research may local adaptations is almost guaranteed to slow progress as much as conservative minimize other considerations such as popular opinion. diffusion and migration. I do not wish to give the impression that 8. There seems to be a reluctance to give critical debate is not desirable. The presence credit to pioneering research, if it has of strong critical exchanges is generally a received any significant amount of public healthy indication in any field of research. criticism, even though not proven incor­ The criticism of archaeology given here is the rect. Also, people tend to only reference publication of new ideas and critical debate work that they like, rather than give bal­ do not exist in an open free atmosphere. What anced overall summaries. For instance, is generally accepted as "sound and devastat­ MacNeish (1976) failed to mention the ing" criticism in archaeology more often turns well known works of Carter (1957) and out in long range perspective to be just more Lee (1957) in his summary of early man subjective opinion. research in the New World. There are of In conclusion, it may be seen from the course notable exceptions where authors above discussion that there are a number of have tried to give complete coverage to different factors that operate to impede the research, such as on early man by Hester distribution and acceptance of new ideas in (1976:chapter 13), Jennings (1974:chapter archaeology. In spite of all this, archaeological 3) and Chapman 1975:chapter 2). research is making definite progress, es­ 9. As in any field, there are some "cream- pecially with the roll-over to new incoming skinners" in archaeology. These people generations of researchers and the flexible seek acceptance for their ideas, but down­ attitudes of a few of the older well established grade the new ideas of others. people. There are many bitter memories, 10. One reason for the lack of acceptance of however, by people who have proposed new new ideas is that many people choose ideas. It should be emphasized that there can very narrow or localized fields of research. be little real progress i-n research without They are simply not interested in the work controversial new ideas, because the nature of others in broader or different fields, so of true research is to push the limits of human that an audience to receive new ideas knowledge as far as possible. tends to be limited. Many new ideas are Received 28 February 78 not accepted not so much because of strong criticism, but because the new ideas are ignored. By the way, publically ignor­ REFERENCES ing new ideas is one of the classic methods Carter Jennings. J D 1957 Man at San Diego, Johns 1974 ot North America. McGraw- of rejection, even when the ideas are Hopkins Press Hill Chapman, C H Lee T E receiving full attention. 1975 The Archaeology of Missouri, I. University 1957 The Antiquity ol the Sheguiandah Site ol Missouri Press The Canadian Field-Naturalist 71(3) 117- 11. Editors of local, state and provincial ar­ Cressman L S 135 Ottawa 1977 Prehistory of the Far West. University of MacNeish, H S chaeological publications in the U.S. and Utah Press 1978 Early Man in the New World, American Scientist 84 316-327 Canada normally feel less constrained by Haynes. V Wormington, H M 1973 The Calico Site ArMacts or Geofacts' 1971 Comments on Early Man in North Amer­ Science 181 305-310 dominant national professional popular ica 1960-1970. Arctic Anthropology Hester: J J 812] 83-9 V 1976 An Introduction to Archaeology. Holt, opinions than their regional and national Rmehart and Winston

21 Artifacts in the Raines Collection Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679 Figures 1 through 6 exhibit some of the Indian relics of Mr. and Mrs. Earl Raines of Seaman, Ohio. Most of these artifacts were found in Adams County, Ohio. 9*

¥ Figure 1. Archaic Side Notched and Fishspear Points.

Figure 4. Archaic three-quarter grooved .

Figure 2. A variety of Bell Pestles.

Figure 5. Kirk Corner Notched Point. Concave Base Corner Notch Point. Diagonal Corner Notched Point. Archaic Side Notched Point.

Figure 6. Unusual Archaic Full Grooved . Figure 3 Top row: Turkeytail. Lanceolate point This specimen is made of black and white speckled granite Middle row: early, middle and late Adena and is flattened on each end. It was found on Scioto Brush points. Bottom row: drills Creek, Franklin Township. Adams County. Ohio.

22 A Basal Notched Type By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

Basal notched points of any kind are rare among collectors that this was done by some in Ohio. In the south, basal notched points contemporary flint knapper and hence a are considered to be early Archaic, but whether disdain for collecting them). But this treatment Ohio types are of the same age is not clear. of the tip is characteristic and in fact if it does There has been so few of them found here not have this design it probably is not good. that thier scarcity precludes any cultural as­ Flint Ridge flint is not often encountered sociation. The unusual variety shown in the in the type, most being made of high quality photograph is one of the scarcest of all Ohio flint from other sources. Coshocton flints, both types and few collectors have them in their in black and glossy gray were used as well as collections. In classic examples, the notches Carter flint from Kentucky. are directed almost straight down from the base. The base, which is nearly straight, is The cultural affiliation, as stated above, is usually ground. The barbs produced by this doubtful. There is some thought that they are downward notching are never sharp and are Hopewell because of their similarity to some rounded on the ends. I might point out that Hopewell obsidian work, but in my opinion, they are usually broken adding to the rarity of this similarity is fortuitous. The general chip­ the type in whole condition. The point looks ping techniques and use of non-exotic flint as though it has been resharpened (a cir­ leads the author to the belief that they belong in the Archaic. cumstance which has often led to a belief

Fig. 1 (Converse) Basal notched points from Ohio. Photograph was among correspondence in the Editor's files from Dr. Stanley Copeland and the points were in his collection.

23 A Preliminary Report on the Lillback Site: A Late Woodland Culture in Northeastern Ohio by Werner Lange Department of Sociology/Anthropology Kent State University January 1979

hilltop site in County and at the The Lillback site is located within the 3 Painesville (Lake County) city limits approxi­ Indian of Jackson County. Also mately one-half mile west of the Grand River. notable for its reminiscence of the slate Immediately adjoining the 6-acre site to the engraving from the Reeve site in the series of east, south and west is a series of relatively intersecting incisions on a flat granite rock recently constructed houses indicating the found on the surface of the Lillback site. The probable fate awaiting this former Native remainder of the uncovered materials were American habitation area. Though never sub­ almost uniformly utilitarian in function. jected to an excavation of any proportions The 23 Squares (2mX2mX-ca.-/2m) opened prior to our efforts,1 the Lillback site has been to date have yielded a variety of utilitarian known for years to local residents to contain and ceremonial artifacts manufactured for the a few interesting artifacts; several surface most part from river and glacial pebble chert. remains have consequently found their way A partial exception to the predominant use of into private collections over the years. Never­ chert involves the points, which often were theless, the test excavations of the site during made from flint (Upper Mercer and Flint the autumn of 1978 by KSU (Ashtabula Cam­ Ridge). Most points are ones characteristic of pus) students under the supervision of the Late Woodland cultures throughout northern author revealed sufficient evidence, particu­ Ohio, but also found at a depth of 40cm in larly of lithic artifacts, to enable a very general Square J-9 was a single Archaic point (of reconstruction of the site's material culture.2 ) and similarly unique for It is, of course, hardly surprising to find this site is the single triangular Erie point the material culture of the Lillback site to be (Madison type) discovered on the surface. strikingly similar to that uncovered at other Since no other Archaic material was associ­ nearby sites, particularly the well-known Fair- ated with this singular point, it appears ex­ port Harbor site on the opposite bank of the tremely doubtful that the Lillback site ever Grand River. Indeed preliminary analysis contained a bona fide Archaic culture; the shows that the culture represented by the Archaic point was probably simply transported Fairport Harbor site (and therefore also the to the site from another area. The expanded Reeve site in nearby Eastlake) may be iden­ base and half the stem of one drill of chert tical at least in part to that of the Lillback site. was uncovered in Square D-11 and a flint drill There is, however, a considerable variation in with an unexpanded base found in Square the quantity and also type of finds charac­ J-8. Unlike the Fairport Harbor finds, the most teristic of these closely related and almost common scraper type of the Lillback site is neighboring sites. Excavations to date at the not a convex bifacial end scraper, but rather a Lillback site produced only slightly over 400 flake scraper showing slight retouching. The artifacts of which the overwhelming majority celts and , on the other hand, must be classified as minimally-retouched are strikingly similar to those of the Fairport waste flakes. This result is, of course, not Harbor site. In addition to these basic stone uncommon for sites within northeastern Ohio tools, one hafted axe head of chert also as evidenced by the Andrews School site occurred at the Lillback site. Slate scrapers along the Chagrin River in Eastern Lake were also used by the inhabitants. Indicative County and other related sites. Unlike either of the transient nature of the site's occupation the Andrews or Fairport Harbor sites, however, is the paucity of ceramic materials. The few the Lillback site produced remarkably little found were uniformly cord-marked and prop­ ceramic material and nearly no faunal remains; erly classified as Fairport "plain" rimsherds. nor were any bone, shell or copper tools found; Apparently unique to the Lillback site is the apparently also lacking at the Lillback site are occurrence of an unusually shaped sandstone any human skeletal remains. One rather inter­ object found in complete form in Square G-8 esting discovery, on the other hand, was a at a depth of 38cm. In addition to being evidently similar to those found at a rectangular with three of its edges rounded

24 and the fourth shaped to produce a finger­ be exercised in identifying their cultures. By no means like projection, the artifact was longitudinally can the property owner's or researcher's personal name be justifiably used to identify a culture and people having halved resulting in two identical pieces which had absolutely no intrinsic relationship whatsoever to may have been used in some ritual. Other one another. I find it necessary to raise this point now to consciously smoothed, rounded or otherwise help ensure a proper, scientific identification for the Late shaped pieces of sand-, silt- and/or soapstone Woodland peoples responsible for the Lillback site artifacts and others like them throughout northeastern Ohio. lend credence to a ceremonial function for 3 lt is uncertain whether the "simple-pitted cobbles of these materials. More definite conclusions, sandstone and granite" found at the Fairport Harbor site of course, must necessarily await more syn- (Murphy 1971:33) is to be equated with these thesizable data. The Lillback cupstone is of granite. It is almost certain that the Lillback site, like other sites along relic beach ridges in northern Ohio, reflects the presence of tran­ sient hunters during the Late Woodlant period (A.D. 900-A.D. 1300). As was common for the Native Americans inhabiting regions along Lake Erie's southern shores, summer villages established near the shoreline were seasonally abandoned for slightly more favorable settle­ ments on the coastal plain. It would not be unreasonably to expect a settlement south of the Grand River, such as the Lillback site, to be the winter home of at least some of those having established a more prolific summer village relatively near the shores of Lake Erie, such as is represented by the Fairport Harbor site. Whatever the precise relationship of these two neighboring sites, it is clear from the evidence uncovered to date that multicultural influences, if not horizons, were present at the Lillback site. Though nearly all artifacts were manufactured strictly within the mold of a Late Woodland culture, some material from the Erie and Archaic period were also present indicating a possible intermittent inhabitation of the site for perhaps more than two millenia. Further excavation and analysis will enable a Figure 1 Location of the Lillback Site. more definitive statement on these crucial issues. BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes Baby, Raymond and Martha Potter 'I would like to express my appreciation to Eugene and 1965 "The Cole Complex: A preliminary analy­ Elaine Lillback, presently among the co-owners of the sis of the Late Woodland ceramics in property, for their active cooperation and to the KSU Ohio and their relationship to the Ohio students (Cheryl Eager, Lori Peckol, John Keenan, LuAnn Hopewell Phase" Papers in Archaeology Masella, and William Stroup), whose diligence made this of the Ohio Historical Society: 1-6. rather taxing excavation possible. 2 Baker, Stanley A word needs to be said at the onset about the confusing 1978 "An alternative Application of the pre­ nomenclature used to identify Native American cultures historic Celt in Ohio" Ohio Archaeologist in northeastern Ohio. To identify, for example, the culture 28(1):5-6. of the Fairport Harbor site as a "component of the Brose, David S. Whittlesey Focus of the Iroquois Aspect of the Upper 1973 "A preliminary report on recent excava­ Mississippian Phase" (Morgan and Ellis 1938:60) is to tions at the South Park site. Cuyahoga promote nomenclatorial chaos evident in several studies County, Ohio" The Pennsylvania Archae­ on Ohio's prehistory. Much of the confusion derives from ologist 43(1 ):25-43. the apparent proclivity of researchers to either give nearly 1976 "The Hillside Road site (33-Cu-30): Fort each and every site an independent cultural tag (e.g. the Ancient influence in a Middle Whittlesey "Cole complex" a la Baby and Potter) or to combine Component" Ohio Archaeologist 26(4): already coined terms in a potpourri fashion creating 25-27. cumbersome phrases where clear delineations should Brose, David S and Alfred Lee be. The whole issue is, of course, complicated by the 1975 "A summary report on the archaeological frustrating dearth of adequate and reliable data. However, survey and testing of the Perry Nuclear even at this developing stage in the scientific research of Power plant area, Lake County" Ohio particularly northern Ohio's first peoples, more rigor should Archaeologist 25(2):7-10. Figure 2 Excavation Squares (PI) of Lillback site.

Brown, Jeff Moffet, Ross 1976 "A late prehistoric hilltop site, Muskingum 1949 "The Raisch-Smith site, an early Indian County, Ohio" Ohio Archaeologist 26(1): occupation in Preble County, Ohio" Ohio 24-28. State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly: 428-42. Converse, Robert 1964 "Ohio Stone Types' Ohio Archaeologist Morgan, Richard and H. Holmes Ellis 13(4):78-120. 1943 The Fairport Harbor Village site" Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 52(1 ):1-62. Fitting, James E 1964 "Ceramic relationships of four Late Wood­ Murphy, James L. land sites in northern Ohio" Wisconsin 1971 a "Whittlesey Ceramic Types" Ohio Archae­ Archaeologist 45(4):160-75. ologist 21(1):298-308. 1971b The Lyman site (33La2), Lake County, Gartley, Richard, et.al. Ohio" Pennsylvania Archaeologist 1975 "Painted in Fort Ancient" Ohio 41(3):12-25. Archaeologist 25(3):15-17. 1971c The Fairport Harbor site (33La5), Lake Greenman, Emerson F. County, Ohio" Pennsylvania Archaeolo- 1935 "Seven prehistoric sites in northern Ohio" gist 41(3):26-43. Ohio State Archaeological Quarterly. 1978 "A slate engraving from the Reeve site, 1937 "Two prehistoric villages near Cleveland, Lake County, Ohio" Ohio Archaeologist Ohio" The Ohio State Archaeology and 28(2):18-19. History Quarterly Vol 46 (4):305-66. Pratt, G. Michael and David Brose Griffin, James 1975 Test Excavations at 33La2: the Andrews 1952 The Late Prehistoric Cultures of the Ohio School site, Lake County, Ohio" Ohio Valley" Ohio State Archaeology and Archaeologist 25(1 ):20-23. History Quarterly 61:186-95. 1976 Test Excavations at the Seibert site: a Long, Mark late prehistoric village in the Cuyahoga 1975 "The Legend of Hungry Hollow" Ohio Valley" Ohio Archaeologist 26(1 ):7-9. Archaeologist 25(4):12-13. Prufer, Olaf and Orrin C. Shane Mlazovsky. Marilyn 1971 Blaine Village and the Fort Ancient 1975 The Akron City Site, Portage County, Tradition in Ohio Kent State University Ohio" Ohio Archaeologist 25(4):18-20. Press. Kent.

26 Sandusky Site Whistles by Jonathan Bowen Dept. of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

The Sandusky site (33SE5) is a Late Wood­ each tube. The blowing end of one whistle land village located on the west side of the was smoothed, and it was tested with negative Sandusky River in northern Seneca County. results. Neither whistle emitted a sound. The The ceramics suggest that this component is maker cast them into a large refuse pit. related to the Riviere au Vase Phase (Fitting I would like to thank Don Wise for allowing 1965: 140), and that the site was occupied the excavation to be conducted on his property. sometime between A.D. 600 and A.D. 1100 The Ohio Academy of Science provided finan­ by people who spoke an ancient Iroquoian cial support. tongue (Strothers and Miller 1977: 20, 31). Once an inhabitant of the site decided to Fitting, James E. make a pair of whistles (Fig. 1). He procured 1965 Late Woodland cultures of southeastern Michigan. Anthropological Papers, the ulna of a bird with a wingspread of 5 feet Museum of Anthropology, University of or more. He then used a flint tool to make a Michigan 24. Ann Arbor. groove around each end of the bone and snapped them off, leaving a tube. The flint Stothers, David M. and G. Miller 1977 The Gard Island no. 3 and Indian Island tool was then used to scrape the sides smooth no. 3 sites: two nearly Late Woodland so that all surface irregularities were eliminated. sites in southeastern Michigan. Toledo He then used the tool to cut a groove around Area Aboriginal Research Bulletin 6(2): the middle of the tube and snapped it into 2 1-79. pieces. A trianguloid hole was then cut into H h Ctt\ Fig. 1 (Bowen) Non-functional whistles from 33SE5.

A Serrated Bone Ornament from Ross County Ohio by William J. McQueen 5822 Bogart San Antonio, Texas 78240 Shown in the accompanying photograph is a small serrated bone ornament which was found with a flexed human burial. The superficial burial was disturbed during the digging of a house basement behind Betsch's Greenhouse on Vine Street, Chillicothe, Ohio in 1961. The skeleton was shattered into bits by a backhoe, but the outline of the burial pit could still be discerned. Adjacent to the burial was another pit of the same approximate dimensions which contained ashes and heat-cracked river stones. My brother, Cyrus B. McQueen, and myself gathered up every­ thing we could find, including the rocks and ashes, and took them home where they laid for another six years in our basement without being inspected. In 1967, while sifting through the broken bits, I came across this ornament which appeared to have been ••'<..• broken ceremonially, prior to burial. There were no other artifacts found in the debris.

The ornament measures 3 cm by 3.4 cm at its A Serrated Bone Ornament from Ross County greatest dimensions and is extremely fragile. Ohio.

27 Fig. 1 (Brown) Gneiss bannerstone found while field hunting in Franklin County.

A 1979 Surface Find By Karg Brown, 1194 McCarley Drive East, Columbus, Ohio

This gneiss bannerstone was found while completely drilled as is this piece. A number surface hunting in March in Franklin County, of unfinished examples of this type have been Ohio. The field in which it was found has found in Ohio but even they are not con­ yielded other Archaic and Woodland material sidered plentiful. in the past including two nice drills and a miniature celt found this year. This fine banner Editor's Note—Karg Brown may be remem­ is 2Vt inches long and 1 % inches wide and still bered as the teenage finder of one of the retains a smooth polish on some surfaces. finest stemmed lanceolate points ever found Gneiss are particularly in Ohio. It was pictured on the cover of the scarce in Ohio, especially those which are Ohio Archaeologist in 1962.

28 Some of the variety of color and texture which may be found in Ohio flint. Upper left is an Archaic bevel of orange and yellow Flint Ridge material. Upper right is a blade of opaque maroon and striped Flint Ridge flint. Bottom left is an unfractured fractured base point of mottled purple and yellow Flint Ridge stone. The pentagonal point lower right is of opaque Flint Ridge maroon while the transitional point bottom center is of Delaware shert with streaks of bluish white quartz. The large blade upper center is of unusual thinness. The glossy gray Flint Ridge flint with inclusions of green is very rare. Collection of Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio.

29 Hafted Scrapers-Recycled Spearpoints? By Robert E. Hill 7203 Hempstead Rd. Westerville, Oh. 43081

An analysis of 178 hafted scrapers, known A Plano-convex blade effect was recorded as blunts to many collectors, suggest that the for 8% of the specimens while 10% were of majority of these prehistoric tools were initially the so-called "bunt" style being bevelled from fashioned as such from previously unworked both sides. Eight of the 17 "bunt" type had an flint. un-notched stem with a straight base. Seven This study showed that only fifteen percent of these appeared to be Adena. Seven other of the sample displayed an identifiable point "bunts" had a Hopewell style stem/base. type stem and base. Of the total, seven were A modification which showed on 18% of Adena, nine were Hopewell or late Hopewell, the specimens studied was the presence of a and six were of the so-called "f ishspear" type. spur. This spur was made either on the barb Other recognizable stem and bases were of the blade or on one or both tangs of the Ashtabula (1), St. Albans or McCorkle (3), and base. See Figure 2. One specimen, bottom Archaic Pentagonal (1). center of Figure 2, has a double spur effect In contrast to that small percentage, a near the shoulder of one side of the blade. generalized stem and base, resembling that The piece in bottom left of Figure 2, appears of the Archaic Pentagonal, accounted for fifty- to have originally had both barbs chipped one percent of the total (90 out of 178). Refer into spurs. A closer view of this piece and the to Figure 1 for examples. upper-right specimen of Figure 2 is shown in At least two explanations seem plausible. Figure 3. The reverse of the former one is Either an efficient hafting stem and base was displayed in the Figure 4 closeup. This photo adopted by a majority of successive groups, shows the fine, pressure chipping that formed or one culture made a majority of the hafted the spur. The spur probably was used for scrapers. incising softer materials such as slate, wood, The low frequency of culturally identifiable bone, or animal hides. stem/bases seems to indicate that an easily Whatever their manufacture, either primary formed, durable base was used by successive or reworked, hafted scrapers were undoubtedly cultures from the Archaic tradition time on a vital item in the prehistoric people's tool kit. through Woodland. Archaeological evidence indicates an in­ The criteria used in this study and the resulting creased population density during Middle data is shown in the following table: Woodland times thereby necessitating more tools. If, as has been generally accepted, hafted BA SE STEM Convex Bifurcated scrapers were almost always reworked from Straight Concave broken spear points then one would expect Un-notched 14 3 4 0 to find a majority of the pieces with Middle Straight Side 27 3 3 1 Woodland type bases. Notched Such is not the case. Corner 59 30 32 2 The supposition that the typical hafted Notched scraper was made by one culture in one time period is not borne out by their association with other artifacts. They appear to be well distributed over most sites, even those which yield predominately Woodland material. Acknowledgements The type of flint used in the manufacture The terminology used in this article is of the hafted scrapers studied was also sig­ consistent with that in Flint Types of Ohio by nificant. Flint Ridge flint accounted for 43% Robert N. Converse. of the total with the remainder nearly evenly Photographs courtesy of Laurel Hill Fruth. divided among low grade cherts, Upper I am indebted to Paul Ross, Jim Gooding, Mercer and Coshocton flints and Delaware and Jeff Fruth for providing additional speci­ Chert. mens for this study.

30 Figure 1. * * *f

Figure 2.

Figure 3. Figure 4.

31 POSTMOLDS ON THE BROKAW SITE- AN INTERPRETATION by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C.

Introduction molds 9 and 10 are contemporaneous, they In the Fall issue of the Ohio Archaeologist may have functioned as an inside support to (1974) a preliminary report on the Brokaw the roof. Evidence which would seemingly site was initiated. In that article appeared a suggest that 9 and 10 are contemporaneous description and location of the site, features is the observation that this unit, like 73 and noted, ceramic and types, and 74, appeared as a single postmold for 12 a discussion of the chronological and cultural centimeters and then divided to form two. affiliations of the site. In a subsequent publica­ Postmolds 61 and 66 may also have been of tion (Spring 1976) the stone artifacts re­ this type; however, it cannot be verified covered were discussed and in another report because a trench 15 centimeters wide ex­ (Summer 1978) heat treated materials from tended from 61, through the top of 66, to the Brokaw site were presented. In this paper mold 71. It is interesting to note that overlying an attempt is made to interpret the postmolds number 61 was a not quite fully ossified excavated on the site. seventh cervical vertebrae of an elk (Cervus canadensis). With the exception of molds 9 Postmolds on the Brokaw Site and 10, there is little variation in size. The A total of 104 postmolds have thus far diameters range from 12 to 23 centimeters. been recorded on the Brokaw site. And, These postmolds were discovered in excava­ although various areas on the site have been tion squares 7-10-Q and 8-9-R. Postmolds 81 excavated, all of the molds have been dis­ and 82 were recorded in the 30 to 40 centi­ covered in three locations (Figure 1). In fact, meter level and the remainder in the 20 to 30 in one area (Figure 2), ninety-eight postmolds centimeter level. were reported, while only four were noted in a second area (Figure 9) and, two in a third Another set of paired postmolds appeared (Figure 1). It is the first location that is of to lie between 61 and 40, however, the size particular interest however, not only because and location of a rodent hole adjacent to it of the number of postmolds, but also because made unquestionable identification impos­ of the very nature of the postmolds them­ sible. The bottoms of the postmolds in this selves. That is to say, during the excavating series, like nearly all of the postmolds in this operations, it was observed that when markers area, are rounded. The majority of the excep­ were placed in the molds, several distinct tions tapered to a rounded point. Postmolds postmold unit "types" could seemingly be of a larger diameter which tapered to a pointed discerned. They are presented below. An base were reported at Blain Village (Prufer interpretation of the various postmold unit and Shane, 1970:31) and Baum (Mills, 1906: types is suggestive of a house or shelter 17). Although paired postmolds were not structural form. Such a contention is supported recorded at Blain or Baum, they do appear on by the features and other cultural remains the Sackett site, a Late Woodland site in west- excavated in this area. Of the ninety-eight central New York (Ritchie and Funk, 1973: postmolds, sixty-nine are accounted for here. 215). Rounded postmolds were also reported at the Sackett site. Paired Vertical Postmolds (Figure 3). Five sets of paired, or ten, postmolds comprise Two Angular Matching Postmolds (Figure this classification. In this category, two vertical 4). Six postmolds comprise this category. In molds are associated together. When markers this classification, two postmolds angle down­ are placed in them, it may be observed that wardly into the ground in opposite directions. the projecting ends remain parallel and are When markers are placed into the molds, the noticeably vertical. It is suggested that each projecting ends intersect at a point between pair served as a unit and that the various units them, thus suggesting that they functioned functioned together as a group. The inter­ together as a single unit. As units, the post- pretation proposed for postmolds 40 & 41, 61 molds show little variability in size. The & 66, 73 & 74, and 81 & 82 is that they served diameters range from 3 to 11 centimeters as the outside vertical supports for the wall and the depths from 10 to 35 centimeters. and roof of a house or shelter structure and, if The larger unit (13 & 56) probably served as a

32 support to the roof overhead, whereas the were wall and roof supports to a shelter or purpose of the smaller units (11 & 12 and 20 house structure, whereas the same charac­ & 21) cannot be but conjectured, although teristics of the smaller units (18 & 19, 24 & 25, they may have served in a supporting capacity. 32 & 33, 59 & 60, and 65 & 47) may suggest These postmolds were found in excavation that they functioned in a supporting capacity squares 8-R, 9-R, and 9-Q at the 20 to 30 within the structure. This interpretation, how­ centimeter level. Molds of this type and the ever, is conjectural. These postmolds were remaining categories are not mentioned at recorded at the 20 to 30 centimeter level of such nearly contemporaneous sites as Blain units 7-10-Q, 7-R. and 9-10-R (Prufer and Shane, 1970), Morrison (Prufer Vertical Elliptical-Shaped Postmolds (Fig­ andAndors, 1967), Johnston (Dragoo, 1955), ure 7). A total of eight postmolds may be or Sackett (Ritchie and Funk, 1973) grouped into this classification. When viewed Three Angular Matching Postmolds (Figure from an overhead position, all eight molds 5). Nine postmolds, or three groups of three display elliptical outlines. Thus, two diameters postmolds, makeup this class. All three molds were recorded. One measurement is the set at an angle. When markers are placed in distance across the mold and the other is the them, the projecting ends intersect, thus length. Without exception, the "double di­ suggesting that they functioned as a unit. In ameters" show little variation in size and the fact, their occurrence in such close proximity depths are also rather uniform. The diameters may indicate that all three groups functioned range from 2 by 3 to 3 by 5 centimeters and as a single unit. Their purpose is unknown; the depths from 7 to 14 centimeters. When however, it would appear that they served as markers are placed in the postmolds, they are a supporting apparatus. Further evidence noticeably vertical. As these postmolds are which would seemingly support the contention restricted to a relatively small area (squares that three molds functioned as a unit is the 8-9-Q), it may be speculated that they func­ observation that molds 3, 4, and 5 appeared tioned as a unit. However, the location of as a single postmold for 7 centimeters and molds 49 and 76 make it difficult to speculate then divided to form three. As individual units, on what the function may have been. Without with the exception of number 8, the postmolds them, it may be noted that postmolds 71, 84, display little variability in size. The diameters and 85 and molds 53, 57, and 60 form nearly range from 3 to 7 centimeters and the depth two parallel lines (Figure 7). As individual units, from 8 to 25 centimeters. These postmolds 60 may have functioned with 49, since 59 were noted in excavation squares 8-Q and 9- appears to angle into 60 and thereby act as a R at the 20 to 30 centimeter level. buttress. Also, 84 and 85 are quite close Matching Vertical and Angular Postmolds together and their dimensions are quite simi­ (Figure 6). This category is composed of lar. Thus, it would appear that they too may twenty-two, or eleven groups of two, post- have served as a unit. No speculation will be molds. In this taxon, one postmold is vertical made regarding their purpose. With one ex­ and the other is on an angle. When markers ception, these postmolds were reported in are placed in them, the angled marker inter­ the 20 to 30 centimeter level; number 71 sects with the vertical, thereby suggesting occurred in the 30 to 40 centimeter level. that they served as a unit. In contrast to the Small Postmolds (Figure 8). In all, fourteen units in the other categories, the units in this postmolds are in this grouping. The molds in class display a greater range of variability in this category are characterized by their small size. It is interesting to note that nine of the diameters. When markers are placed in them, eleven angular postmolds are larger than the it may be observed that twelve set at an angle verticals and, of these, three are considerably and two are vertical. Of the twelve postmolds, larger. The diameters of the angular molds ten angle to the various points of north and vary from 4 to 11 centimeters and the depths east. None angle to the south, southwest, or vary from 6 to 25 centimeters. The vertical west. Considering the similarity of the charac­ postmolds vary from 3 to 7 centimeters in teristics and their occurrence in such close diameter and from 4 to 16 centimeters in proximity, it may be suggested that these depth. As units, the markers in the angular postmolds, as a group, functioned as a unit. postmolds suggest that they functioned as No purpose, however, is proposed, although supports to the verticals, although it appears it is interesting to note their proximity to the that the various units served in different (Figure 2). The diameters range from capacities. For example, the location, angle, 2 to 4 centimeters and the depths from 7 to and size of the larger units (31 & 34, 35 & 37, 18. Although it is possible that the postmolds 72 & 79, and 96 & 1) may suggest that they as a group did not function together, it would

33 appear that molds 67 and 68 did, for when bone fragment appeared at the bottom of this markers are placed in these molds, they mold. Their function is unknown. intersect at a point midway between them. Conclusions Again, no purpose is proposed. These post- The Brokaw site (33B1-6), an archaeologi­ molds were recorded in the 20 to 30 centi­ cal site located in east-central Ohio (Belmont meter level of excavation units 7-10-Q. County), is predominately of Middle and Late Area 2-Single Vertical Postmolds (Figure Woodland affiliations. A preliminary analysis 9). Two postmolds comprise this category; of the Brokaw site materials suggests that it however, only six squares were excavated in was inhabited by peoples who relied heavily this area. When markers are placed in the on hunting for their subsistence. An introduc­ molds, they are noticeably vertical. Both post- tory study of the shell-tempered ceramics molds were reported in the northwestern indicates primarily Monongahela cultural af­ corner of the excavation units. Thus, additional filiations of the site during the Late Woodland correlating molds may occur in the adjacent period. For example, Monongahela Cord- units. The mold in unit 5-24 exterjded to a Marked, cord-wrapped-stick impressed rims, depth of 14 centimeters below the plow line. Monongahela Cord-Marked, incised notched It may be noted that the latter extends to a lips, and appendages to the rims have been depth of approximately 20 centimeters. At noted. Similar appendages, however, have the 25 centimeter level the diameter was 4 been recorded at such Fort Ancient sites as centimeters. The mold tapered to nearly a Baum (Griffin, 1943: Plate 1) and Feurt (Mills, point. The mold located in unit 5-23 reached 1917:363). a depth of 45 centimeters below the surface. The maze of postmolds in Area 1 (Figures At the 28 centimeter level the diameter was 9 2-8, 10) would also indicate that more than a centimeters. The bottom of the mold was single occupation of the site during Late rounded. With the exception of a bone frag­ Woodland times. A seemingly plausible inter­ ment noted in the postmold in unit 5-24, the pretation of the numerous molds and units molds were devoid of cultural evidence. With suggests a rounded or oval structure with regard to function, it is suggested that the walls perhaps a foot in thickness. Presumed posts in the molds served as wall and roof structures with a similar circular outline were supports to a house or shelter structure. In noted at such Late Woodland sites as Blain addition, what may be a third postmold of this (Prufer and Shane, 1970:31) Baum (Mills, type can be found in the northwestern corner 1906:16), Sackett (Ritchie and Funk, 1973:166) of unit 5-22. However, during the excavating Mohr (Kent, Smith, and McCann, 1971: 334), operations, it was thought to be the result of Montague (Butler, 1939:12), Clouse (Butler, rodent activity and, therefore, no statistics 1936:55), Peck Site No. 1 (Mayer-Oakes, were recorded. 1955:103), and Johnston (Dragoo, 1955:123). The house postmold pattern noted at the Paired Vertical Postmolds (Figure 9). One Johnston site appears to most nearly approxi­ set of paired vertical postmolds was recorded mate that noted at Brokaw. The outside vertical in excavation unit 5-25. This pair appeared as wall supports to the roof overhead were paired a single postmold from the 20 to 28 centimeter posts and the inside supports were single level; it then divided to form two molds. The posts. Angular supporting posts appeared to larger mold is 18 centimeters in diameter and extend from outside the structure to the inside 32 in depth and the smaller is 12 centimeters vertical wall supports. Inside the structure was in diameter and 27 in depth. The bottoms of a large angular support and/or two paired both postmolds were rounded. As only a single vertical posts (assuming contemporaneity) to set of molds of this size was discovered in the roof overhead and several smaller struc­ this unit series, no function will be proposed. tures which may have related to bedding or Area 3-Large Vertical Postmolds (Figure some other household activity. The flecks of 1). Two large vertical postmolds located in charcoal noted in more than a few of the units 49-T and 50-T comprise this category. A postmolds may suggest that one of the struc­ distance of approximately 1.5 meters sepa­ tures burned down or, the posts may have rates them. Both molds extended to a depth been felled by firing and then set into the of 34 centimeters. The postmold in unit 49-T ground. The latter interpretation is also pre­ is circular in form, whereas the one in 50-T is ferred by Mills (1906:17) and Prufer and Shane D-shaped. At the 20 centimeter level it meas­ (1970:31). The features noted, the numerous ures 25 centimeters across in one direction turkey bone beads, bone fragments, sherds, and 15 centimeters in the other. The postmold molluscs, bear canine pendant, cup-stone, and in 49-T is 20 centimeters in diameter. A single other remains recovered from within and below the plow zone in this area bear testi­ Mayer-Oakes, William J. mony to the fact that this was a living area 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. within a house or shelter. Much the same Carnegie Museum, Annals, Vol. 34. may be said for Area 2. Pittsburgh. Mills, William C. 1906 Explorations of the Baum prehistoric Butler, Mary village site. Reprint from the Ohio Ar­ 1936 Recent archaeological work in south­ chaeological and Historical Quarterly, western Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Ar­ Vol. 15, No. I.Columbus. chaeologist, Vol. 6, No. 3. Milton. 1917 The Feurt mounds and village site. The 1939 Three archaeological sites in Somerset Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quar­ County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania His­ terly, Vol. 26, No. 3. Columbus. torical Commission, Bulletin No. 753. Prufer, Olaf H. and Ellen Andors Harrisburg. 1967 The Morrison village site (33Ro-3): A Dragoo, Don W. terminal prehistoric site in Ross County, 1955 Excavations at the Johnston site, Indiana Ohio. In: Prufer, O.H. and D.H. Mckenzie, County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Ar­ Studies in Ohio archaeology. The Press chaeologist, Vol. 25, No. 2. Gettysburg. of Western Reserve University. Cleveland. Griffin, James B. 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect: Its cultural and Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin Shane chronological position in Mississippi 1970 Blain village and the Fort Ancient tradi­ Valley archaeology. University of Michi­ tion in Ohio. Kent State University Press. gan Press. Ann Arbor. Kent. Kent, Barry C, Ira Smith, and Catherine McCann Ritchie, William A. and Robert Funk 1971 Foundations of Pennsylvania prehistory. 1973 Aboriginal settlement patterns in the The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Northeast. New York State Museum and Commission, Harrisburg. Science Service. Albany.

BO [ -""~ 7C 8-Q 19-Q 3 V II 1 ' H AREA DD 71 "• - 3 > fi i - AREA U V HI 8D-I-4Q *•• 1 B*OL _? 3 t-Js 1 o,. a IO-R-"7 T J. r f 1 m mi T /m BO T 3" • m ••„ • 1 i« fc FEATURE B O *BO. ia - q -7 • 1* "07• J \ t.'. fep•1 * 4i ^*Y% ' ' •4 •- •a •« I "*1 .. .« •3. BBO BOO 1BO 100 BO A BO TOO 1BO BOO BBO 4" ,i BB-B-BB j * termf •1 : i • •• AREA / '•? f -ii* 1 «li 1 11* • a B / mi 1 i / •—^_15«O a"

1.1 f#. J - • Li 1 • 1 i«L m. " O BO 1DQ 1BO ?P 99. 10 Sola F • I • i • O BO

Seal* Mia t.r. Figure 2. Plan of postmolds in area 1. Figure 1. Plan of the brokaw site with areas 1, 2, and 3.

„ 70 • V. . - a *» rfl • » i • •t"

ra -o 1 • • *

• ,• > I I t •• : *3 1 • Nt • i. , , 1 I ;• — - - [ , | • k

• 7 R 8 R , H ,., Figure 3. Paired vertical postmolds. Figure 4. Two angular matching postmolds.

35 1- 1 J • ! 7H > 8*fl i 9*0 | • r>o 7-0 «P I •k ^•0

3 _ 3-3 • . •* 1

H7 31

1 mm II 1 • * F.. t -¥- - ... • - . u '• -- art 7R HR •IB 0 I 7- R 8-K 9-R OR —L Figure 5. Three angular matching postmolds Figure 6. Matching vertical and angular postmolds.

•

io id 7 • a Q 0 • Q -

1 • a h to 31

;• 4- T -i ,« ' s — h i B • " *. ' — -.- . '-r 1- T »"

.. 1 — (1 I a Ft a CM. J • r tic .1. a ,.l L i • » ;, ! ' 1 Ac 1: ;• - 11 (J W\

f- .... •• tr - p.i* 't -- | fj }- +^ 7 R a-r, • R IO-R a II I . + "• Figure 7. Vertical elliptical-shaped postmolds. Figure 8. Small postmolds.

T T TT n ^ -TT

s\ V-/«Tl.t« HAMMER \JM*-t \

'IMBHRTI' •a

^H—=: Lflll 1 n-'ui '»-»• J ! j. ' .. . ' .. ~^W • :- - M-r-TT-j J | fefczt^i *-r • -H—h |- E %zt- Figure 9. Vertical postmolds.

Figure 10. Area I, 7-10-Q-R. Postmolds with markers.

36 A Masterpiece in Slate Pipe Technology by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Secotancy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

Ranking high among prehistoric late Wood­ well publicized Don Boudeman collection of land pipes of superior workmanship is the Kalamazoo, Michigan. At least one of the pictured example from Oceana County, Michi­ pieces referred to a turtle effigy pipe in slate, gan. Crafted from dense blue-grey banded is pictured in West's, Pipes and Smoking slate it depicts a member of the bear family Customs of The North American Indians, the common in the western Lake Michigan region "bible" of pipe collecting. These fine slate during pre-Columbian times. Several effigy effigies represent the zenith in Amerindian pipes produced from the same material and art during the 800 to 1200 AD period in the found in the same county were part of the north central United States.

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Bear effigy pipe, crafted from banded slate, Oceana County, Michigan.

37 "It Isn't An Arrowhead!" Robert R. Segedi, Science Instructor, Cleveland Museum of Natural History

"Look what I found!" exclaimed one of the In previous seasons the students worked younger students. "It's an arrowhead." Mu­ diligently at the Jaite site (33 Su 13) in Ohio's seum archaeologist, David Bush, examined Cuyahoga River Valley attempting to salvage the artifact and returned it to the student. "Be as much information and as many artifacts as sure to put it in the correct bag—and, by the possible before the site was destroyed. The way, it isn't an 'arrowhead', he said, "it's a Late dig was conducted literally in the shade of Woodland triangular projectile point, and is the bulldozers that were rearranging the the type of diagnostic material that can help terrain. All of the students were exposed to date this site." Before the end of summer that the curatorial aspects of archaeology in the student and other members of the Cleveland Museum laboratories. Some students who Museum of Natural History Future Scientists plan to pursue this discipline in college were Program would have an in-depth exposure to extremely helpful in the processes of identi­ proper techniques and procedures in archae­ fying, cataloguing, and conserving materials ological field investigations. recovered. Certain dedicated students even For 20 years the Future Scientists Program prepared skeletons of road-killed animals to has offered interested and motivated high add to the Museum's comparative osteological school students an opportunity for field ex­ collection. perience in various branches of the natural Most of the 1977 field season was taken sciences. Participants are charged a small up with a survey of various locations in the tuition fee. Major funding, however, is pro­ Cuyahoga Valley under the supervision of vided by the philanthropy of a Cleveland area Duncan Wilkie. Mr. Wilkie was working on family interested in nurturing a love of nature' contract from the . In in youngsters by affording them educational late summer the students initiated an excava­ and training opportunities that are not available tion of the famous South Park site (33 Cu 8) in in the traditional school setting. So that the Independence, Ohio. The South Park dig group can progress beyond the introductory continued through the 1978 season and was level of understanding, several months are coordinated by Mr. Bush through the Ohio spent studying a particular subject. Historic Preservation Office (Region 2A) based For the past three summers the students at the Museum. An archaeology class from participated in archaeological projects. All Cuyahoga Community College (Western Cam­ excavation was done under the direction of pus), volunteers, and the Future Scientists trained archaeologists, and all artifacts were participated in this project. Gail Graham, accessioned into the C.M.N.H. scientific graduate student in archaeology at Kent State collection. University, was the field supervisor. As Program coordinator, I worked with the The site yielded a wealth of ceramic, shell, students each day. Whenever possible I assign bone and lithic material. Numerous cultural senior students with previous field experience features were unearthed such as , post responsibility for instruction of relative new­ molds, and areas. Study materials and comers in basics previously taught such as in-the-field interpretation and instruction made mapping floor plans and plotting features. each discovery an educational experience. Emphasis was placed on developing funda­ Aside from learning proper scientific proce­ mental skills such as mapping, learning and dures, the students gained an opportunity to using an appropriate technical vocabulary, make a real contribution to the discipline of use of reference material, care and use of archaeology. equipment, maintaining a detailed and ac­ Many present Future Scientists are, in fact, curate journal, and, one hopes, an abiding scientists of the future. Most plan to follow appreciation and respect for the search for an careers in science, and numerous F.S.P. understanding of the cultures of the first alumni are in science curricula in colleges Americans. Extended trips to Mound City and universities from Florida to Alaska. For Group National Monument, Schoenbrunn them, the opportunity to participate in profes­ Village State Memorial, and the Ohio Historical sionally organized and supervised field in­ Center were conducted to broaden the stu­ vestigations is a rare privilege. Other students dent's perspective. who choose to follow a different path will still

38 take with them memories of hard work re­ humanity that once walked where they walk- warded with a sense of wonder at discovering, the trace that leads back into antiquity. touching, and learning about the trace of

Fig. I Work begins at the South Park Siti

Fig. 2 Duncan Wilkie instructing students in mapping Fig. 3 Future Scientist student working in the field laboratory procedures. at the South Park Site.

39 Radiocarbon Information from Eastern Ohio and a Summary of the Late Prehistoric Occupation at the Opatrny Village Site by Stanley W. Baker Dept. of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio During the summer of 1978, the Ohio other lesser attributes when comparing Historical Society's Department of Archae­ Opatrny ceramics and the generally contem­ ology conducted extensive testing on six sites poraneous Philo Phase material would seem in the uplands of eastern Ohio. Carbonized to indicate some cultural discontinuity across wood remains from two sites, the Opatrny the Flushing Escarpment. village (33BL3) and Cravat I (33BL17), were Other data recovered in 1978 would also submitted to Betty Lee Brandau of the Center suggest some relationship of Opatrny to sites for Applied Isotope Studies at the University in western Pennsylvania. It was noted that of Georgia. The dates from the latter site, the triangular projectile points recovered A.D. 1790±80(UGa2333)and 1905 ±65(U might be attributed to the Speidel triangular Ga2334), though associated with a definable point subtype found on the Monongahela type Late Woodland horizon or event are not sites throughout the upper Ohio Valley (Mayer- related to it. The cultural remains were quite Oakes 1954: 14-15; George 1978: 44). These close to the present ground surface and points have a convex base and concave sides charcoal derived from clearing during historic producing an eared appearance. Two house times apparently intruded the prehistoric level. patterns on the Opatrny site were partially The values from the Late Prehistoric com­ excavated. Size and form reconstructions ponent at the Opatrny village site are sum­ indicate their similarity to previously reported marized in Table 1. It is apparent that these structures (George 1974: 5; Mayer-Oakes dates and the associated assemblages are 1955:161). It was determined that one house quite consistent with other Monongahela sites was nearly circular with a diameter from 18 to in western Pennsylvania (George 1974: 17). 20 feet (5.5 to 6 meters). The rounded corner It could be argued however, that the earliest of a rectangular structure was also excavated date A.D. 1060 ± 80, may be in error because in 1978. Although rare, rectangular structures of the preponderance of shell-tempered pot­ have been reported in western Pennsylvania. tery recovered. The ceramic collection from Work at the Opatrny village site is not the the Opatrny village site consists of approxi­ first time Monongahela traits have been identi­ mately 659 sherds, of which more than 99% fied in eastern Ohio or the northern panhandle seem to represent one pottery tradition. of West Virginia. Mayer-Oakes' (1955: 198) Tentatively it would appear that ceramics from pioneering efforts claimed that Monongahela the site when compared externally with other type pottery could be found to the mouth of sites in the upper Ohio Valley and the Mus­ the Muskingum River. Work at the Hughes kingum drainage relate more closely to farm site in Ohio County, West Virginia, defined Monongahela ware (Mayer-Oakes 1955:196- several forms of Monongahela ceramics there 200; Dragoo 1971:561-574; Buker 1970: 21- (Dunnell 1962). More recently, a cursory 68) on the basis of surface finish, lip treatment, analysis of four upland sites in southeastern vessel form, and decoration. Generally speak­ Ohio defined several Monongahela traits ing, although 8% of the Opatrny ceramics show (Whitman 1974: 6-20). Continued investiga­ incising with punctate impressions much like tions at one of these locations, the , the Philo Phase material, the decorations from lead Jeff Brown (1978, personal communica­ Opatrny can also easily be considered similar tion) to believe that there was a strong con­ to the Drew site's decorated ceramics (Buker nection between that site and others in the 1970: 44). One must also take into considera­ upper Ohio drainage. It should also be noted tion surface treatment as singularly the most that the one date (A.D. 1290 ± 60) and the important attribute tying Opatrny with the latter pottery assemblage from the Tower site are area or sites, since, unlike Philo Phase ce­ quite similar to that data recovered from ramics (Gartley 1977: 17), some 77% of the Opatrny. Typical Monongahela vessel traits ceramics recovered in 1978 are cordmarked. including rim morphology and lip decoration The diversity of the surface treatment and have been defined from continuing investiga-

40 tions at the Brokaw site (Pickenpaugh 1974: of skeletal remains tells us otherwise. The 38). In summary the 1978 excavation of the inhabitants may have farmed the surrounding Opatrny village site and other investigations saddle area for a short time, but it would conducted in the last 15 years would seem to seem quite likely that the occupants would support Mayer-Oakes' original contention of have remained on the site until fall for the Monongahela traits in eastern Ohio. harvest which apparently they did not. Hope­ Although there are artifactual similarities, fully, additional data recovery will clarify these the settlement system at Opatrny appears points but as mentioned by George (1974: unique. The Late Prehistoric occupation at 17) cultigens may have been obtained by other the Opatrny village site can be summarized methods, such as trade. as being of short duration. Analysis of ex­ ploited faunal remains (Davids 1979), the low Table 1: Radiocarbon Dates from the Opatrny Village site. densities of other artifact categories, and the Sample Material Catalog systematic placement of most structural ele­ Number Dated Prevenience Numbers Age ments at the site seem to suggest this point. U Ga-2330 Wood Feature 7B A4005/366 885 ± 60 BP Furthermore, the analysis of cervid remains Charcoal A.D. 1065 and the absence of other seasonal indicators, U Ga-2331 Wood Feature 7C A4O05/367 645 ± 55 BP such as nut fragments would tend to suggest Charcoal A.D. 1305 late spring/early summer occupation only, U Ga-2332 Wood Feature 3A A4005/357 790 ± 80 BP although one might argue that the spread of Charcoal A.D. 1160 carbon-14 dates might indicate that the site was used intermittently over a long period. Buker. William E 1970 The Drew sile I33AL62) Pennsylvania The relative homogeneity of the pottery Archaeologist 40(3-4) 21-68 sample, the interrelationship of features, and Davids. Donn 1979 Faunal analysis of Opatrny village site the relatively low amount of house rebuilding (33BL3) Appendix B Detailed Investi­ gations ot Archaeological Resources to would strongly seem to indicate just the be Affected by the Proposed Construc­ tion of US Route 250 in Belmont County. opposite situation. Additional sampling is Ohio Submitted to the Ohio Department recommended to clarify whether the Opatrny of Transportation, Planning Division by the Ohio Historical Society. Columbus village was part of some annual migratory Dragoo. Don W. 1971 Excavations at the Johnston site In pattern or simply abandoned after one short Foundations of Pennsylvanian prehis­ period of occupation. tory, edited by Barry C. Knet Ira F Smith III. and Catherine McCann Anthropologi­ cal Series ol the Pennsylvania Historical The Late Prehistoric inhabitants of the and Museum Commission 1 545-587 Opatrny village site, though exploiting at least Harrisburg Pennsylvania Dunnell Robert C local faunal resources, apparently relied quite 1962 The Hughes farm site (460H9). Ohio County. West Virginia West Virginia heavily on agricultural products for the staples Archaeological Society Publication Se­ of the diet. This conclusion is based on two ries 7 Moundsville Gartley. Richard lines of research including the identification 197? Ceramics from the Richards site and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient tradition of maize from the 1956 excavation and analy­ In the Richards site and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by sis of tooth wear patterns (Lime 1979). Al­ Jeff Carskadden and James Morton pp though it can be argued that the occupation 17-38 Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology 1-9. of upland sites is well suited for the exploita­ George Richard 1974 Monongahela settlement patterns and tion of local resources, this investigation the Ryan site Pennsylvanian Archae­ ologist. 4211-2): 1-22. questions the practicability of corn, bean, and 1978 The McJunkm site, a preliminary repprt squash agriculturalists occupying upland site Pennsylvanian Archaeologist 48(4! 33-47 situations. In his exhaustive study of the Lime. Suzanne 1979 Human skeletal remains from the Opatrny Monongahela settlement pattern, Richard village site Appendix A Detailed Investi­ gations of Archaeological Resources to George (1974) has previously questioned the be Affected by the Proposed Construc­ tion of U S Route 250 in Belmont County upland village site situation. Unlike his point Ohio Submitted to the Ohio Department of Transportation, Planning Division by of reference, the Ryan site, Opatrny appears the Ohio Historical Society Columbus to have had a seasonal orientation, although Ohio Mayer-Oakes William A both sites produced evidence of cultigens. 1954 The Speidel site (330H7), Ohio County, West Virginia West Virginia Archaeologi­ George questions upland farming and sug­ cal Society Inc Publication Series 2. Moundsville gests that river bottom fields could have been 1955 Prehistory of the upper Ohio valley An­ abandoned except for planting and harvest. nals of Carnegie Museum 34 Pittsburgh Although cultigens were recovered at Opatrny, Pickenpaugh. Thomas E 1974 The Brokaw site I33BL6) a preliminary it is hard to imagine that, during the initial report Ohio Archaeologist 24(4) 36-41 Whitman Janice R planting season, the occupants were instead 1974 A cursory analysis of Monongahela traits exploiting upland resources. It might be ar­ appearing in four sites in southeastern Ohio SPACC Speaks 11(1) 6-20. Al­ gued that women were absent but the analysis legheny Chapter of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology

41 A Large Discoidal Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

June 2, 1977 turned out to be a lucky day might be added that when Bob first found his for ASO member Bob Crawford of Route 2, championship discoidal, he did his own version Seaman. It was that day he found the large of the Indian war dance complete with shouts discoidal in Figure 1. Bob (in the company of of victory that reverberated up and down the the much chagrined author) discovered the tree covered hills that border beautiful Ohio Ft. Ancient artifact laying on the surface amid Brush Creek Valley. typical Ft. Ancient debris including bone, shell Over three decades before Bob's find, Ron and pottery. The discoidal measures four Chamblin of Clayton, Ohio found the small inches in diameter, one and three-eighths three-quarter grooved ax in Figure 2 on the inches thick with a nine-sixteenths inch hole same village site. Ron's ax is made of a fine and is made of honey colored quartzite. The grained bluish granitic stone and exhibits village site is located on Ohio Brush Creek in resharpening on the bit. Monroe Township, Adams County, Ohio. It

Fig. 2 (Kelley) Three quarter grooved axe. •1 Fig. I (Kelley) Quartz discoidal of honey colored quartzite.

42 Analysis of Two Archaic Burials by Linda Didaleusky 337 Apricot Lane Wright Patterson AFB Ohio 45433

In August 1976, two human burials were The skeletal remains were cleaned with found and excavated by Michael Morelock warm water and a soft toothbrush applied in (Morelock 1977:4-7) in northeast Montgomery varying force according to the need of each County, Ohio. The site, Dean Bowman I part being cleaned. After being allowed to (33MY138), is important to study for two dry at room temperature, each human bone reasons. First, it is one of only a few Archaic was dipped into a thin solution of Gelva, an sites reported on so far in southwestern Ohio. acetone-soluable preservative, that impreg­ Second, it is valuable because is appears to nated the bone and acids in its preservation. be a single component, that is, a site at which Bones were then placed on waxed paper and just one group of people had lived. Further­ allowed to dry and harden. more, it appears to represent a habitation as suggested by postmolds, numerous projectile Burial I points, bar atlatl weights, grooved axes, a Burial 1 was located in a shallow pit 0.66 sandstone pendant, pestles, and lithic debi- meters in width and 1 meter in length. The tage (Morelock 1977: 4-7). The site is located burial was about 1 meter below the surface on an alluvial terrace (T-1) on the bank of the and the head was oriented toward the north­ Great Miami River. The soil, a Fox loam east in a loosely flexed position. Found with variety, is a sandy, well-drained soil that would the individual were two flakes of flint, one have been suitable for prehistoric habitation. fragment of polished rock, and an animal long At present this area is a cultivated field. An bone. analysis of the soil shows that the Ph level Nothing is complete from burial I. The measures between 5.1 and 6.5, which means calvarium consists of fragments of the occipital it is an acid to lightly acid soil (Davis et al bone and left and right parietal bones with 1976). the sagittal suture connecting them. Some of The Dean Bowman site is given a Late the large parietal bone pieces are thick and Archaic designation based on the abundant very sturdy. Also represented are frontal and McWhinney Heavy Stemmed points found temporal fragments. The frontal bone frag­ there (Converse 1976: 4-8). A carbon date for ments are very delicate and porous. The the site is still unavailable as of this writing, fragments of the right temporal bone include however, a date range of 2500-1000 B.C. is the mastoid process and the external auditory expected (Vickery, personal communication). meatus. Other Archaic sites in the area which appear Postcranially, there are three large rib in literature and which seem to share com­ fragments and several smaller specimens, one parable cultural components are Raisch-Smith which has a neck and articular surface. The in Preble County, Ohio, the Maple Creek site hand consists of five phalanx parts from the in Clermont County, Ohio (Vickery 1974) and middle row and two phalanges from the distal in Kentucky (Webb 1974). row and a metacarpal fragment. There is only Three 10x10 foot test pits were excavated. a fragment from the scapula. There are radius Elevation and areal distribution were factors and ulna fragments plus the proximal half of in the choice of each particular test pit loca­ an ulna shaft. The most complete long bone tion. Human remains were found in two of the is the mid-femoral diaphysis. There are several three excavation units about 15 meters from fragments of the innominate but none is large. each other. Bone preservation of the burials The lower long bones include a half mid- is poor even though the in situ photographs humeral diaphysis, one-third left mid-femoral (Morelock 1977: 4-7) indicate relatively com­ diaphysis, and three sections of tibia diaphysis plete skeletons. The remains were removed (none fit together) representing both the right in block, and once in the lab, it was apparent and left sides. There are three other tibia that parts of the post-cranial remains which fragments as well. Lastly, there are two fibula appeared to be encased in dirt were actually mid-diaphyses, right and left. The rest of the missing and had decayed. Soil acidity un­ remains are fragmented and impossible to doubtedly had contributed to the skeletal identify, ranging from 1 centimeter to 0.5 decomposition. centimeter in length.

43 Burial I is a male. This determination was general, it occurs most often on the parietal based upon the calvarium and mandible. On bone, then less often on the frontal and the temporal bone, posterior to the auditory occipital bones, and rarely on the facial and meatus is the supramastoid crest (Fig. 1). In sphenoid bones. The osteoporotic pitting of this individual, it is particularly pronounced. this individual is obvious to the eye, but is not The mastoid process is large. Heavy, large severe. The pre-Columbian American Indians features are typical of a male. Finally, the were particularly vulnerable to this bone gonial angle of the mandible measures 110°, condition. Avitaminosis and specifically vita­ again suggesting a male. min C deficiency may be one of the causes of Epiphyseal closure is complete in all long osteoporosis (Brothwell 1965: 160-162). bones. A single molar remains, but it is in Burial II pieces. A wear pattern and a slight polishing Burial II was in poor condition but more can be detected from the molar fragments. large pieces remained than was the case with From the wear pattern and absence of bone burial I. Burial II was located in a shallow pit epiphyseal lines on the long bones, it was which was 0.66 meters wide by 1 meter long. determined that burial I is an adult. In order to The skeleton was tightly flexed and the head more accurately estimate age, cranial suture was oriented toward the west. closures were examined. There was a limit as The clavarium was deformed as a result of to which sutures could be used since most interment. There is also a right mandible were missing. The amount of closure on the fragment with no condyles or coronoid process sagittal suture and the lambdoidal suture show but the ascending ramus and one-half of the that the individual is 35+ years old. None of mandibular body is present. A bony plate the long bones was complete so they could which may be a part of the maxilla has been not be measured to obtain stature. pushed up into the calvarium. There are Some pathologies were discovered in the several tooth sockets but no dentition. The analysis of this individual. Several bone frag­ teeth were probably lost post-mortem. The ments show evidence of generalized osteitis. zygomatic arch is missing but the right mastoid Osteitis, an infection, is a general term used process is present. The clavarium consists of to describe all types of bone inflammation the occipital bone, right and left parietal bones, regardless of its cause. Bone fragments show­ right temporal and zygomatic bones. Most of ing osteitis on this individual are the distal the above mentioned were used to reconstruct end of a tibia, a portion of a tibia shaft and a the calvarium. few other bone pieces which are too small to Some of the post-cranial bones are in good accurately identify. If the outer (cortical) bone condition although there are no complete is affected, the affliction is known as perios­ bones with the exception of a few phalanges. titis. In this particular individual, the femur The right scapula is in fragments but the right which was affected by periostitis appears acromion and right spine are present. Most of rough but not raised. There is a pitting associ­ the right clavicle is present and in good ated with the rough area which is a part of the condition. There is approximately one-fifth of infection. Periostitis may result from a blow, the sternum but all pieces are fragmentary. although in this individual it is probably not About one-sixth of the total number of ver­ the cause. When the inner (cancellous) part tebrae are represented, many of which are of the bone is affected, it is called osteo­ condyle pieces. The vertebrae include frag­ myelitis. Osteomyelitis is bone degeneration ments of one lumbar body, four thoracic body and may develop from bacteria directly enter­ fragments, and two pieces of transverse ing the bone during a compound fracture and processes and inferior articular processes. then spreading through infection. The entire Each lacks the spinous process. A fourth of bone shaft is not always affected by osteo­ the ribs are left, but only in fragments. An myelitis. This anomaly alters the normal char­ articular process shows on two larger rib acteristic of the inner bone to a thick, spongy, pieces. honey-combed appearance (Fig. 2). The humerus is represented by a trochlea A second anomaly found on this individual fragment, four mid-diaphysis fragments from is osteoporotic pitting. There are examples of both right and left sides, and a humerus head. it on two of the occipital fragments (Fig. 3). The remainder of the upper long bones in­ Osteoporosis is the general name to describe clude both the radius and ulna. The radius is the development of abnormally porous bone. represented by the mid-half of the right radius It is common to some degree in all aging shaft, a fragment of lower articular radial persons. Specifically, osteoporotic pitting, a surface, and a fragment of the distal end of type of osteoporosis, is found on this skull. In the radial shaft. From the ulna there are the

44 mid-shaft of the right ulna, right ulna head, surrounding each burial. The list from burial I olecranon and semi-lunar notch, and the left includes a lower shaft of a mammal long bone, ulna coronoid process. The left hand consists one animal vertebra, an animal femoral shaft of two metacarpal fragments (part of each and head, and an animal rib. The rib is 20 end is missing) and three distal phalanges. millimeters long and 1 millimeter wide. The A third of the right innominate is present. femur and humerus parts are also small and There are two mid-femoral diaphyses, one would seem to represent the same very small right and one left. Three fragments of tibia mammal, or at least the same size mammal. A shafts are present, two from the left side and long bone diaphysis had been burned. one from the right side, and two tibia shaft In the matrix of burial II there was a fragments. There are only two fibula frag­ complete non-human molar with three roots ments, the right proximal tip, and the left and an animal long bone mid-diaphysis. The middle half of a diaphysis. long bone fragment measures 2.50 centi­ Portions of both right and left feet are meters and belongs to a medium sized mam­ present. From the left foot are the middle row mal. The bone had been burned. metatarsal, one proximal row phalanx, one Summary from the middle row and two phalanges from In August 1976, two human burials repre­ the distal row. From the ight foot are the first senting Ohio's Archaic period were discovered metatarsal, half of a shaft and head, second in test pits at the Dean Bowman site I near metatarsal with all but the head, the third and the Great Miami River. After excavation, fourth metatarsal with only part of the head complete analysis revealed that both burials and base missing, plus a shaft of an undeter­ are in poor condition. Burial I is a male of mined metatarsal. Additionally, there are five 35+ years afflicted with osteitis and osteo­ toe phalanges, four from the proximal row porotic pitting. Burial II is a female of 26 + and one from the middle row; second and years; the only pathology noted is a generalized third cuneiforms, and three phalanx heads periostitis. Non-human remains were dis­ only. covered in the soil surrounding each burial. The innominate has been used to sex this Acknowledgements individual. As reported, only a third of the I would like to thank Dr. James H. Mielke right side is present, but it shows two features now at the University of Kansas, Dr. Robert useful for sexing: the sciatic notch and the Riordan at Wright State University, and Mr. pre-auricular sulcus. The sciatic notch of this Michael Smolek for their encouragement and individual is wide. The sacro-iliac articulation assistance in the research and writing of this is elevated and the pre-auricular sulcus con­ article. tains a marked depression indicating a female, and also, indicating that this female experi­ enced childbirth (Fig. 4). Also, the gonial angle of the right mandible measures 120°, which Bass, William M. 1971 Human osteology: a laboratory and suggests a female. Although the mastoid field manual of the human skeleton. process of this individual is not small generally, The Missouri Archaeological Society, the other sexing criteria fit those of a female. Columbia. This female is an adult of 26+ years. Age Brothwell, Don R. was estimated from the sagittal and lambdoidal 1965 Digging up bones. Trustees of the British suture closure. The only pathology noted was Museum, London. some generalized perisotitis located on a phalanx fragment, an ulna head, a metacarpal, Converse, Robert N. 1976 A Montgomery County Archaic site. Ohio a tarsal, a humeral shaft and a radial shaft Archaeologist 26 (1): 4-8. fragment. No complete long bones were present so stature could not be estimated. Davis, Paul E., Norbert Lerch, Larry Tormes, Joseph Additionally, there are two artifacts associ­ Steiger, Neil Smeck, Howard Andrus, John Trim­ mer, George Bottrell ated with the calvarium of burial II. The right 1976 Montgomery County soil survey. U.S. mandible was resting on a thick triangular Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC. piece of slitstone. Secondly, a piece of chert roughly 5 by 3 centimeters was found im­ Morelock, Virginia 1976 Our bicentennial summer dig. Ohio Ar­ mediately below an occipital fragment. The chaeologist 27(1): 4-7. chert had apparently been worked because there are some distinctive, unnatural sharp Robbins, Stanley edges. 1974 The pathological basis of disease. W.B. Animal remains were found in the dirt Saunders, Philadelphia. Vickery, Kent D. Webb, William S. 1974 Chert utilization by a Late Archaic group 1974 Indian Knoll. University of , in southwestern Ohio. Paper presented Knoxville. at the Ohio Valley Archaeological Con­ ference. Tullahome, Tennessee.

zcm Fig. 2 (Didaleusky): Inner bone showing example of osteomyelitis.

Fig. 1 (Didaleusky): Supramastoid crest.

Fig. 4 (Didaleusky): Innominate fragment showing sciatic J I notch and pre-auricular sulcus. -?( Ill Fig. 3 (Didaleusky): Osteoporotic pitting on an occipital bone fragment.

46 TheHuntSite(33BL16): Part I, Location and Flint Artifacts byTomGrubb A.J.Allen 1017 Newark Rd. and 805 Miles Ave. N.W. Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 Canton, Ohio 44708

While multicomponent sites in Ohio are of refuse pits, , and burials. In the commonplace, the site to be described is north field several midden sheets with clusters unusual because it was not only occupied or of refuse pits and burials were found before visited by Palaeo, Archaic, and Woodland bulldozers moved through the area stripping Indians but also by at least two phases of the away bush, trees, and topsoil. Further explora­ Ft. Ancient (Feurt and Baum) Mississippian tion consisted of excavating the bottoms of peoples. In addition—and this point makes topped pits and burials as well as probing the the site even more unusual —Indians belong­ mounds of bulldozed earth. ing to the Monongahela complex of western Pennsylvania lived at the site. In fact the Location location and ceramic evidence indicates that A hilltop site with an adjacent Indian path the Monongahela people were its major oc­ are two features often diagnostic of the cupants. Because of the many cultures and Monongahela complex according to George phases of Amerinds inhabiting the site with (1974). Of the 55 Monongahela sites George the resultant mixture of artifacts, an under­ studied, about half were located on hilltops. standing of the chronological sequence and These sites were not necessarily selected for activity of its occupants is exceedingly com­ defensive purposes since many did not show plicated and requires an extensive report any evidence of having been stockaded. which has been divided into five parts, viz. Because no postholes suggesting alignment Part I, Location and Flint Artifacts; II, Ceramics; for a stockade were uncovered at the Hunt III, Lithic Artifacts; IV, Bone Artifacts and Pipes; site, the Indian cultures using stockades in and V, Burials and Interpretation. other locations apparently found it unneces­ sary to erect them at Hunt, which may be The site is located on a farm formerly a clue to deciding its probable function. owned by Mr. Thomas Hunt, henceforth While there is no way of being certain that referred to as the Hunt site (33BL16). The the adjacent path was used by Indians, it very area occupied by the Indians is located on a likely was used to reach what was to become hilltop 2)4 miles south of Fairfield, a village in Zane's Trace (Route 40) just 2V miles to the Belmont County near County Road 114, and 2 north (Fig. 2). The path runs along the moun­ consists of two previously-cultivated fields tain ridges which was characteristic of Indian separated by a triangular-shaped wooded strip, trails according to Wilcox (1970), thus helping providing a total area of 2.6 acres (Fig. 1). to avoid being ambushed by hostile war What may be a very significant feature is a parties. Zane's Trace is reputed to have been path running through the wooded strip in an laid out over an Indian trail; thus Indians east-west direction. Since a convenient water traveling up and down the Ohio River could source is almost always a sine qua non of an easily have reached the Hunt site as well as Indian camp or village, it was not surprising to other Monongahela sites (Tower) in the vicinity, locate two dried-up springs nearby. according to Whitman (1975). While the Wilcox Several members of the Sugar Creek Valley report does not indicate a trail in this area, it Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, does show one several miles north which the through the efforts of Charles Coss, formed a present U.S. 22 follows from Cadiz to Zanes- task force to excavate the site over a 2-year ville. Having a campsite astride an important period before it was stripped for mining. Since trail over which many Indians passed for the southern field had already been exten­ hunting or trading purposes was a great sively "potholed" with many sherds scattered advantage foreshadowing the white man's over the surface, the first task was to collect locating large cities on principal highways or all the surface artifacts ignored by the relic rivers. hunters. Dirt piles and midden areas between the open pits were probed and countless Flint Artifacts sherds, bones and projectile points were While the study of ceramics from an ar­ collected. Next the wooded strip, undisturbed chaeological site may be the most sensitive by farming, was excavated with the discovery indicator of its inhabitants' identity, it usually

47 requires an extensive knowledge of various Table 1: Number and Types of Projectile Points shapes, designs, tempering, decorations, etc. Found at the Hunt Site. before an accurate conclusion can be drawn. Type Number In addition, shards are seldom found on the Palaeo (fluted) '. 1 surface in Ohio since they easily disintegrate Archaic Stemmed 1 and even when freshly unearthed they may Archaic Side-notch 4 immediately crumble into an amorphus mass. Archaic Corner-notch 6 Flint artifacts, on the other hand, are virtually Early Woodland 7 indestructable and remain unaffected by their surroundings for thousands of years. In addi­ Middle Woodland 11 tion, the variety of shapes and configurations Late Woodland 5 of projectile points is relatively limited in a "Bird" points 9 given geographic area and collectors soon Adena (late) 8 learn to identify the various types which they Triangular, side-notch; 1 can relate to a given time period by consulting Notched-base dovetail 1 appropriate texts, e.g. Converse (1963). Just Lamoka 1 as the use of ceramics to identify the degree Triangular 109 and/or duration of occupation by different Ashtabula 1 cultures at a given site, the relative number Meadowood 1 of identifiably flint artifacts may also be used Bottleneck 1 as a reliable record of its former occupants. Kirk Corner-notch 1 This so-called seriation method, as described Bifurcate 4 by Brennan (1973), of analyzing flint artifacts Pentagonal 4 (as well as pottery) from a site can be useful Fishspear 4 in finding the occupation dates of the various Total 180 cultures at a multicomponent location. Projectile points: The total number of flint pieces (3,000) An Ohio fluted point was discovered in recovered was relatively small compared with situ. It is 2 inches long, fluted on both sides the usual number found at comparable size and made from bluish Coshocton flint as sites occupied by other cultures, e.g. Hope­ shown in Figure 4. One hundred and nine well, Adena etc. According to Mayer-Oaks (109) triangular points were recovered, of (1955) this paucity of flint objects is often which 8 were made of chert, 1 from cobble indicative of a Monongahela occupation. Of flint and the remainder from Coshocton or the 3,000 pieces only 384 were identifiable Flint Ridge flint. All of the complete or nearly as flakes, cores, and whole or partial projectile complete point bases were distributed as points, scrapers and drills. A puzzling dis­ follows: 80 straight, 24 convex and 5 concave. covery was the large number of unworked Whether the base design has any chronologi­ flint cobbles scattered indiscriminately over cal or cultural significance, or is simply a mark the site. Since this area is unglaciated without of personal preference by the maker is un­ nearby streams, the source and intended use known, to the writers at least. Twelve (19%) of of so many cobbles is unknown. Despite this the points had serrated edges which Converse profusion of cobbles only two artifacts made states (Converse 1963: 67) is a Ft. Ancient from cobble flint were found-a triangular trait. One point showed side notching reminis­ point and a small scraper. cent of points as seen in Figure 7, bottom row (no. 2). Most of the triangular Table 1 indicates the number of the various points were the Speidel and Scarem types types of identified projectile points. The total which are rare in the Monongahela complex, number of points is probably too small to try according to Mayer-Oakes (1955). to correlate it with the occupation time and number of residents. The flint debitage sug­ Knives: gests that most of the cores were discarded Three knives were found, one being the and only the flakes were utilized. classic Ft. Ancient type (Fig. 8) recovered Fig. 5 shows the representative types of points from a refuse pit while the other two were found at the Hunt site; all were made from fragments from middens. Coshocton or Fling Ridge flint with the ex­ ception of "C" made from local chert. Figure Scrapers: 6 shows two unusual base segments of Flint Nineteen scrapers of the "thumb" type Ridge flint, "A" being a Meadowood point made by chipping the edge of a curved Flint and "B" a notched base dovetail. Ridge or Coshocton flint flake were found.

48 Drill: Sugar Creek Valley Chapter of the Archae­ Four expanded base and 11 plain-base ological Society of Ohio for information on drills were recovered (Fig. 3, bottom row). the Hunt site and especially Charles Coss, With the exception of the one made from Earl Noble, Al Revnik, and Ed Richards for Flint Ridge chalcedony, the rest were derived submitting their flint specimens for study. from black Upper Mercer flint. Miscellaneous: Brennan, Louis A. Two unidentified round preforms were 1973 Beginners guide to archaeology. Stack- recovered with extensive chipping on both pool Books, Harrisburg, PA. 17105. faces. Twelve flakes approximately 2 inches Converse, Robert N. long showed chipping on one or more edges 1963 Ohio flint types. Archaeological Society and were classified as sharpened flakes. The of Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. remaining 90 worked pieces consisted of George, Richard L. broken tips or midsections of projectile points. 1974 Monongahela settlement patterns and It is obvious that from the limited amount the Ryan site. Pennsylvania Archae­ of information that may be deduced from the ologist, 42(1-2): 1-22. small number of flint artifacts recovered that Mayer-Oakes, William J. other types of archaeological evidence are 1965 Prehistory of the upper Ohio valley. required before a reasonably accurate picture Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 34, of the prehistoric people inhabiting the Hunt Pittsburgh. site can be obtained. Fortunately, as will be Whitman, Janice R. described in section II of this report, a plethora 1975 A cursory analysis of the Monongahela of shards was found over the entire site and traits appearing in four sites in south­ constitutes the most definitive evidence for eastern Ohio. SPACC Speaks 11(1): understanding who the inhabitants were and Allegheny Chapter No. 1 Society of what they were doing there. Pennsylvania Archaeology. Wilcox, Frank N. 1970 Ohio Indian trails, a pictorial survey of Acknowledgements: the Indian trails of Ohio. Kent State The authors wish to thank members of the University Press, Kent, Ohio.

(S3 -ADULT BURIAL

|EI - CHILD BURIAL

o+4- -DISTURBED BURIAL ® -PIT BURIAL O'-REFUSE PIT

Fig. 1 (Grubb and Allen) Sketch of the Hunt site showing location of burials, refuse pits and the Indian path.

49 • • ^'r o^S^W^i^f? ;sf ^ r^jgLi feii .—9, ^'^»mP "'PtnWktSM

^:% fmMMmksi CM. IN. Fig. 3 (Grubb and Allen)^12 Drills and Scrapers.

:?v 1 s~*\ v1-H8

Fig. 2 (Grubb and Allen) Approximate location of Indian path connecting the Hunt site (A) with Zane's Trace (Route 40) (B) and the Tower site (C).

Fig. 4 (Grubb and Allen) Fluted Point.

*

/*

) M N

+f*!)b.

U

• 1 IN. . - I • • Fig. 5 (Grubb and Allen) Point Types.

50 A B

Fig. 6 (Grubb and Allen) Base segments.

Fig. 8 (Grubb and Allen) A, Ashtabula, B, Ft. Ancient knife. C, Short-stemmed Adena.

UAAAAA 0T m U kttktk 1411 J.A& kk CM IN. • 1 • • I - Fig. 7 (Grubb and Allen) Triangular Points.

51 Experience with the Phosphate Test to Locate Ancient Habitation Sites. by Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon, Ohio

The writer recently reviewed the literature general, samples taken 2-14 inches deep gave describing use of the phosphate test to locate positive results over most of the mound ancient habitation sites (Grubb 1978), in­ surface while samples taken some distance dicating that he would determine its useful­ away (25-100 feet) were negative. Tests on ness in central Ohio. This report describes two small depressions in the ground 10-15 the results of testing over 200 soil samples feet from the Dixon mound were strongly from 15 different sites in 10 counties (Belmont, positive and might indicate the location of a Butler, Guernsey, Franklin, Pickaway, Knox, burial or a long-forgotten privy. Through the Morrow, Muskingum, Licking and Tuscarawas). courtesy of Martha Potter Otto, soil from the Soil from small and large mounds, campsites, Schottenstein mound was tested in situ while villages, workshops and rockshelters as well it was being excavated under her direction. as pastures and cultivated fields was tested. Most mound samples produced positive The test was essentially that described by results while those taken 25-50 feet away Eidt (1973, 1977) but evaluation of the results were negative. Samples from the bottom of was different, viz. instead of assigning a potholes in the center of the Dixon and number (0-5) based upon the size of the blue Schottenstein mounds produced strong posi­ ring radiating from the sample as Eidt em­ tive results, possibly due to phosphate from ployed, only the relative darkness of the blue burials. color indicated the phosphate concentration, Samples from a very small mound, reputed i.e. dark blue = "strong positive," blue = to be of Indian origin, in the corner of a cow "positive," light blue = "weak positive" and pasture gave slightly positive results which no color = "negative." Examples of this encouraged an exploratory trench. Slight ranking are shown in Figure 1 which includes positive results continued down to 16 inches the classification of the colors on the Maerz below the surface where the discovery of a and Paul (1950) color charts so that the colors rusty horseshoe and a piece of fence wire may be related to a recognized standard. After indicated that it was not an Indian mound but testing all of the samples from a site, each an earth-covered dump heap and the source filter paper, identified by number, is placed in of the weak positive tests was probably con­ one of the four groups. By checking the tamination from small animal excreta in the sample numbers with their location on the burrows. Cow dung was probably not the site map, it becomes obvious where the source of the phosphate since it produces a strongest results ("hot spots") are located, very strong positive result, even when thor­ thus indicating where excavation might be oughly desiccated. most productive. Examples of this ranking The writer accompanied Dr. Ken Deaver, system used at the Riker site (Vietzen 1974) regional archaeological preservation officer are shown in Figure 1. Of course, testing stationed at The Ohio State University, on a individual samples sequentially at the site survey near Circleville along the Scioto River provides an excellent method of "homing in" where he had located a site by its surface on hot spots. artifacts. When the ground where the artifacts The objective of this study was to obtain were found was tested, very strong positive the following information: a) determine if the results were recorded while samples taken test could accurately distinguish between 50 to 100 yards away were weakly positive or areas where Indians had and had not lived; b) negative. The adjacent river terrace and bank determine the limitations of the test such as samples gave positive results; however, it was "false positives" due to phosphate from sources concluded that they represented "false posi­ other than human habitations; c) determine tive" results so far as indicating a human how the test might be useful to collectors and habitation site but were derived from the amateur archaeologists in Ohio. Initially the periodic flooding of the terrace with water writer tested soils from known Indian mounds, carrying high concentrations of phosphate e.g. Dixon mound (Grubb 1977), Schottenstein from sewage disposal plants in Columbus 15 mound (Otto 1978) as well as several smaller miles upstream. Based on these results, Dr. mounds in Knox and Licking counties. In •Deaver stated that the phosphate test could

52 be a useful adjunct in surveying for Indian cording to Edit (1978) slate is a metamor­ sites, especially where there were few or no phosed shale derived from silts and clays surface artifacts. which contain apatite (calcium phophate). In The most convincing proof of the reliability addition, the slate contained numerous fos­ of the method was a "blind" test carried out silized ferns which also contribute to its on samples from the Riker site which had phosphate content. Soil from an excavated been excavated continuously for 8 years by slate shelter in Belmont County also produced members of the Sugar Creek Valley Chapter positive results, probably due to the rock's of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and phosphate content. These results illustrate abandoned in 1975. Arthur J. Allen, one of how the chemical composition of the rock the early excavators, collected 17 soil samples forming the shelter must be taken into con­ from various parts of the site including ex­ sideration when interpreting the results of a cavated and unexcavated areas and sent them test. It would thus be difficult to identify human to the writer, identified only by number. Mr. habitation sites by the phosphate test described Allen prepared a site map showing where the but could be done by using Eidt's (1977) samples had been taken. After testing the laboratory fractionation test. samples the writer sent the results to Mr. An attempt was made to locate habitation Allen who reported that the samples giving sites in the Flint Ridge area around several strongly positive results came from the most quarries but the soil cover was only a few heavily occupied areas as judged by the large inches deep and all tests were negative. number of middens, artifacts, and burials found Several samples taken from an uncultivated there. Negative samples were obtained 100 area surrounding the well known Honey Run yards behind the village on a hillside with few site were positive thus suggesting where artifacts. The writer subsequently visited the excavation might be rewarding —if permission site and collected 17 more samples from areas to dig were obtained! In Coshocton County a not previously tested. The results were es­ workshop was located 50-100 feet from a chert sentially the same as in the blind test with the outcrop. The surrounding ground was strewn hot spots being located in the same areas as with chert chunks weighing 1-10 pounds and before and the clearly negative tests came produced a high density of debitage of 5 to from the uninhabited area behind the village. 10 pieces per square yard. Since Palaeo- Occasionally a negative sample was found a Indian artifacts had been found nearby, this few feet from a positive one but this situation area must have been used for many thousands was not unexpected since phosphate does of years accounting for the positive samples not diffuse appreciably from where it was found here. In several cultivated fields and deposited on the soil in the form of bones, pastures where projectile points have been feces etc.; hence it is essential to find several picked up for many years most of the samples negative samples in a given area before were negative or slightly positive which the concluding that no habitation had occurred writer interprets as indicating that these areas there. An aerial photograph taken by Charles were hunting grounds rather than habitation Voshall during excavation is shown in Figure sites. 2. The positive signs ( + ) placed on the photo­ For those planning to try the phosphate graph locate the samples giving positive test the following suggestions may prove results while the negative ( —) signs locate helpful: the negative samples taken from the hillside 1. Periodically run positive and negative behind the village. control tests to be certain the results of the Dr. Marie Freddolino, professor of an­ soil tests are reliable. Mixing ammonium thropology at Kenyon College, provided the molybdate and ascorbic acid alone on a filter writer with an opportunity to use the test on a paper should not produce any blue color for Kokosing River terrace where numerous at least one minute. When saliva is tested it Archaic artifacts had been found. Samples should produce a very dark blue color im­ from this area were strongly positive while mediately after the two reagents are added. If those taken 50-100 yards away in all directions either of these tests is unsatisfactory, search were negative or slightly positive. The ap­ for contamination and rinse all glassware with proximate dimensions of the campsite were dilute acid and distilled water. If the saliva thus determined much more quickly than by test is negative prepare fresh solutions of the searching for artifacts. two reagents. Soil samples from the floor of a Devonian 2. After the test is completed dip the paper slate rockshelter in Guernsey County where in a 10% aqueous solution of sodium citrate artifacts had been found were positfve. Ac­ to "fix" the color to the paper. Stock solutions

53 should be kept in the refrigerator to prevent should be useful to many Ohio collectors and mold growth. amateur archaeologists to supplement their 3. A soil sampler as shown in Figure 3 usual methods for finding artifacts or to locate provides a quick and convenient method of the most likely spot for excavation. taking samples. The tube may be calibrated The writer is greatly indebted to Arthur J. by filing marks 1 inch apart so the depth at Allen for his assistance in obtaining soil which the sample was obtained can be quickly samples from the Riker site as well as several determined. A composite sample is often other locations. Thanks are also extended to useful in making a preliminary test of the Charles Voshall for the aerial photograph of area. A sample is taken from the top, middle, the Riker site. To Professor Robert C. Eidt I and bottom of the soil core and thoroughly am also grateful for reviewing the manuscript mixed before testing. and making several helpful suggestions. 4. Save all samples, properly identified, Eidt. Robert C. from a given site for a later comparison with 1973 A rapid chemical field test for archae­ samples from other locations. ological site surveying. American An­ tiquity, 38: 206-210 The writer's experience with the phosphate 1977 Detection and examination of anthrosols test provides the following answers to the by phosphate analysis. Science 197: objective for the study: a) it can accurately 1327-1333 Grubb. Thomas C. distinguish between areas where Indians lived 1977 The Dixon mound: Hopewell or Adena? or did not live; b) there are a number of The Ohio Archaeologist 27(1): 24-26. sources of false positives which must be 1978 Archaeology update II: anthrosols detec­ tion for locating ancient habitations. The considered before concluding that a positive Ohio Archaeologist. 28(4): 28-29. test indicates human habitation, viz. fertilizers, Maerz, A. J. and M. R. Paul cow dung, animal burrows, animal and fish 1950 A dictionary of colors. McGraw-Hill, New bones, phosphate-containing rocks and York. NY sewage-polluted soil. Negative tests are al­ Otto, Martha Potter 1978 Help. The Ohio Archaeologist 28(3): ways absolute (providing the negative control 34-35. test is satisfactory), but a sufficient number of Vietzen, R C samples of the area in question must be tested 1974 The Riker Site. The Sugar Creek Valley Chapter of the Archaeological Society before excluding human habitation; c) the test of Ohio.

Fig. I. (Grubb) Grouping of 13 different soil samples from the Riker site according to the depth of the blue color produced by the phosphate test. Bone meal was used for the positive "control" test. Fig. 3 (Grubb) Soil sampler The M & P ranking indicates the approximate corresponding color-in the Maerz and Paul color manufactured by Nasco, dictionary. Ft- Atkins, Wis.

54 Fig. 2 (Grubb) Aerial photograph of the Riker site taken by Charles Voshall during excavation, a. Tuscarawas river, b. railroad tracks, c. Pike Run. Positive (+) signs indicate location of positive soil samples. Negative signs (—) show where negative samples were found.

55