OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 30 SUMMER 1980 NO. 3

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio Officers—terms expire 1984 Associate Editor. Martha P. Otto, President—Frank Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1503 Hempwood Drive, Columbus, Ohio Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Vice President—Mike Kish, Zanesvilje, Ohio 43701 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio Executive Secretary—Don Gehlbach, All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, Ohio ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ Treasurer—Scott Haskins, quests for back issues, changes of address, and other 484 Stinchcomb Drive, Columbus, Ohio matter should be sent to the business office. Recording Secretary—Chris Olenick, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 8140 Anne St., S.W., Navarre, Ohio OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Trustees SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Term expires Editorial Office Dana Baker, 17240 Township Road 206, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Mt. Victory, Ohio 1982 Steve Balazs, 1010 N. Mulbeery St., Business Office Mt. Vernon, Ohio 1982 Summers Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Doug Hooks, 120 Yoha Drive, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Mansfield, Ohio 1982 Membership and Dues Wayne Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Heights, Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Newcomerstown, Ohio 1982 payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem- Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, bership$8.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Grove City, Ohio 1984 $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Alva McGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave., ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Chillicothe, Ohio 1984 of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Donald Casto, 138 Ann Court, has no paid officers or employees. Lancaster, Ohio 1984 Jan Sorgenfrei, The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription is included in the membership dues. Pandora, Ohio 1984 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Mark W. Long. Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 7.00 Steven Kelley. Seaman. Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 William Tiell. 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood. Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 Robert Jackman, Box 30, Wellsville, Ohio 43968 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior James L. Murphy, 102 Wilbur Ave., to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available Columbus, Ohio 43215 from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 availability. STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Robert N. Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker, Chairman Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Wayne Mortine William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. Don Bapst Charles Stout, Sr. Alva McGraw Jan Sorgenfrei Gordon Hart Bert Drennan David Brose John Winsch AUDITING COMMITTEE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Robert Hill, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Charles Stout, Jr. COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach Owen Cowan Robert Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks Kendall Saunders Lar Hothem Tom Stropki Jeff Carskadden Jack Lanam Wayne Mortine Steve Parker Martha Otto EXHIBITS COMMITTEE George Morelock Gordon Hart Steve Balazs, Co-Chairman Ed Hughes RAFFLE COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman Charles Voshall Billy Hillen William Haney, Chairman John Baldwin Graig Clola Frank Otto Jerry Hagerty Earl Noble Dorothy Good FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Mike Kish, Chairman Alva McGraw, Chairman Doug Hooks Lar Hothem Dwight Shipley Don Bapst Dorothy Good David Kuhn Ernest Good Marylyn Harness Gilbert Dilley Jack Hooks Martha Otto Earl Townsend Joy Jones 2 EDITOR S PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS Just recently I received an anonymous letter The FAI-270 Project and the Keller Figurine 4 from one of our members in northern Ohio. It de­ A Bird Point Site 8 tailed the activities of a person who allegedly fakes The Basinger Dovetail 8 artifacts and regularly sells them at flea markets and to collectors. To quote the letter "He is cheating Archaeological Conservancy Acquires Hopewell collectors and flea market dealers alike. He is Mounds 9 making gorgets, birdstones, pendants, trophy axes, A Mesoamerican Artifact in Ohio 12 bannerstones, from black, brown, and red and green A Lake Erie Bifurcated Point From Miller's Ridge .... 14 slate. He is also faking large and small sandstone Spencer Ohio Blade Cache and an Unusual Drill 15 effigy pipes". According to the writer, one of these Artifacts From the Glenn Spray Collection 17 fake pipes is pictured in a current archaeological Underwater Archaeological Find From Lake Erie .... 18 publication (not the Ohio Archaeologist). East Central Indiana-West Central Ohio Flint As with any unsigned letter, this one must be put Artifacts 19 in limbo on the basis that anyone who has been From Our Old Files 20 cheated should not be afraid to give his own name An Outstanding Adena Artifact From Putnam as well as the name of the person who allegedly cheated him. Anyone giving such information need County, Ohio 21 have no fear that his name will be divulged since it Alste Stemmed Pipes From The Vietzen Collection . .22 would be held in the strictest confidence anyway. Artistic Achievement In A Rare Pipe Form 23 The letter does, however, bring to focus a Surface Hunting in Indiana 24 continuing and growing problem—that of fake Some Outstanding Slate Artifacts From The artifacts. Frauds in the field of collecting and Walls Collection 25 archaeology have been perpetrated since the The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part V: Burials and middle of the nineteenth century—the Piltdown Interpretation 26 hoax being a case in point. In a number of early Part of the Copeland Collection 29 instances there seemed to be only an attempt to Intrusive Mound Type Pipes From The fool the "experts". The old archaeological journals Col. Raymond Vietzen Collection 30 are replete with pictures of fake items. Later, such Maize of the Brokaw Site 31 people as the Guffey family manufactured bird- An Engraved Slate Artifact 34 stones and bannerstones by the hundreds as a profitable business. Ohio Banner Axe 35 The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio-Part IV 36 Today, with the technology of the lapidarist and the ever increasing research of archaeologists into Flint Artifacts From Southern Indiana 38 the flint knapping field, the faker has a ready body An Unusual Dental Wear Pattern In A Late of reference material he can use to perfect his Archaic Individual 39 frauds and make illegal money. Fraudulent Artifacts and Criminal Liability 42 One faker in particular, who I am sorry to say at Book Review 43 one time lived in Ohio and was a member of our My own personal advice to the unwary or novice Society, presently carries on a thriving business of collector is this—know who you are buying from or producing and selling fraudulent flint artifacts. For if you don't know him, ask the advice of someone several years he has been flooding the market with who is more knowledgable. While bargains oc­ his phony material. When confronted at one of our casionally surface at flea markets, and legitimate meetings by your Editor before he moved from our dealers often sell there, beware of those who seem state he fell back on the lame pretext that he was to have large numbers of birdstones, trophy axes, making "reproductions", a dishonest but convenient gorgets and pendants of exotic material, or banner­ refuge for such cheaters. This particular defrauder stones. Usually material of such quality does not now veils his dishonest activities with an aura of have to be carried to a flea market by a legitimate supposed honesty by publishing pseuo-scientific dealer to be disposed of. In addition.-if the seller is publications on flint chipping. In reality he has legitimate, he should have no qualms whatever probably done more to undermine legitimate about allowing return privileges on any piece he collecting and to break the hearts of unsuspecting sells. While the Archaeological Society of Ohio young collectors than any single person. Incredibly, cannot legally interfere with such fraudulent a recent archaeological publication actually ad­ practises, we can offer the services of our Fraudu­ vertised one of this charlatan's books which is lent Artifact Committee to give an opinion on analagous to giving a loaded gun to someone who questionable pieces. We can also remove from our is trying to shoot you. Ironically, advertising Society anyone who has been proved to sell such anything from such a faker for whatever reason material. defeats the very purpose to which this archaeologi­ Robert N. Converse cal journal is dedicated. Editor

FRONT COVER The Keller figurine. The second of two outstanding figurines found during excavations of the FAI-270 Project near East St. Louis, Illinois. Its discovery is detailed in the article on pages 4, 5, 6, in this issue of The Ohio Archaeologist by project director Dr. fames W. Porter.

3 The FAI-270 Project and the Keller Figurine James W. Porter Project Director University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Photographs by Jeff Abrams, FAI-270 Project

Fig. 1 (Porter) Rear view of Keller figurine.

The Winter issue of this journal contained gation Project in Illinois can refer back to an article by N.E. Hakiel (1980) which was Hakiel's article since it contains the basic designed to briefly present the FAI-270 details about the project area and the potential Project objectives, record some of the results for the research involved. obtained thus far, and accompany a cover Since the initial 1978 season, the FAI-270 photograph of the impressive bauxite figurine Project has removed approximately 500,000 known as the Birger Figurine, recovered by square meters (123.6 acres) of plowzone from Project investigations. The following short more than 50 archaeological sites in the contribution is intended as an update, em­ highway alignment and adjacent uplands phasizing the details surrounding the recovery where borrow pits are located. These sites of the second bauxite figurine from the BBB represent a time span from 3,000 BC to AD Motor site (11-Ms-595). This second figurine 1500. Most previous work on the American has been labelled the Keller Figurine (Fig. 1) Bottom in Monroe, St. Clair, and Madison (See front cover). Those persons not yet Counties, Illinois has concentrated on the Late familiar with the FAI-270 Archaeological Miti­ Woodland-Mississippian sites and on the well

4 known Cahokia site. Much of the FAI-270 botanical remains for identification. A 14C Project data is totally new, with a wealth of sample of carbonized wood from the pit fill material now available on community plans containing the base of the Keller figurine for various time periods. Data that is basic to yielded a date of AD 1205 ± 75 (ISGS-637). reconstructing the environmental picture over The pit also contained one large rim sherd of a the past 5,000 years has also been obtained. type known in the American Bottom as Ramey The Project is now beginning to focus more Incised (Figure 2). The design consisted of and more attention on the study and analysis inverse nested triangles and hachured lines of this data for purposes of report writing and on the shoulder. This pottery type is consistent making information and comparisons to ad­ with the date obtained and with data obtained jacent areas available to other researchers from other recorded sites in the American and the general public. Bottom for this time period. For example, Project Ethnobotanist Sissel The botanical materials associated with the Johannessen has now completed a prelimi­ base of the Keller figurine are interesting nary analysis of representative samples from because they include such items as wood from various time periods and has noted a few six (6) tree species and the remains of a large trends for the time from Late Archaic through number of edible plants. This assemblage of Mississippian. One of the trends involves a botanical remains attracted the attention of shift in the most frequently appearing wood the Project Ethnobotanist because it was so types over time from dominants of the bottom­ unusual to have this much diversity in one pit. land zones (elm and ash) to dominants of the Of the wood species present, cedar is of upland forest (hickory and oak). Another trend special significance in view of our knowledge is an apparent decrease through time in the of Southeastern symbolism where cedar is number of wood and nut taxa present. The seen as ritually pure (sacred wood) and is amount of floral material thus far recovered by burned only in ritual situations. The edible water flotation procedures developed by FAI- plants included two varieties of corn, hazel 270 Project staff and under the direction of nuts, walnuts, hickory nuts, wild beans, and Michael Morelock, is staggering. Ethno- sunflower seeds as well as chenopods, poly­ botanists will probably be busy for years gonums, Phalaris, and other weed seeds. assessing the nature of these remains and The Spring work of 1980 began at the BBB informing us about the exploitation of the local Motor site by continuing to excavate the environment by prehistoric peoples living in prehistoric features that were defined in the the American Bottom. Of importance to some sub-plowzone a short distance from the pit of us is the fact that this data has been properly containing the base of the Keller figurine. recovered from good contexts and can now Approximately 3 meters away from that pit be studied in the laboratories, and will not be was a small shallow basin structure that had destroyed by the bulldozers active in the been constructed with single posts. At this ongoing highway building. time the botanical remains from the structure In his report, Hakiel referred to the Keller have been identified and the preliminary figurine which was found at one of the project analysis again suggests a large number of sites. The base portion of the Keller figurine wood taxa being present. Located along one was found in a prehistoric pit, about 12 meters wall of the structure was a prehistoric pit that from the location of the Birger figurine which had been redug at least 3 or 4 times, as if used was shown on the cover of the Ohio Archae­ repeatedly for some specific purpose. The ologist. At that time the Keller figurine torso of the Keller figurine came from the last consisted of a base portion and an arm fill of this pit, with the earlier fills containing fragment that did not attach to the base. When shell tempered ceramics that fall into the the excavations were terminated in the late previous age assignment of AD 1200. Included Fall of 1979 due to weather conditions, the are a Ramey Incised vessel (Figure 3), a lobed Project had recovered a nearly complete vessel probably representing a pumpkin, and Birger figurine and the base/arm fragment of a small beaker locally referred to as a Tippets the Keller figurine. Debates continued as to Beanpot. Even the ceramics suggest a strong what they represented and whether or not association with the products of an agricultural these may have been pipes. Since the Birger society, with some researchers noting that the figurine occurred in its own small pit with no Ramey Incised designs may represent rain other associations, it was important for archae­ and rainbows. ological interpretations to find the Keller The torso of the Keller figurine was fitted to figurine in a nearby pit in direct association the base found in 1979, and the arm fragment with pottery and with a variety of carbonized found with the base also fit the break on the left side of the torso. Similar to the Birger all prehistoric features within the highway figurine, the Keller figurine represents a alignment was a must for research purposes. kneeling figure engaged in some activity with This strategy was the only one we felt would an object in front. In the case of the Keller be acceptable for recovering what remains of figurine we also now have the left arm our archaeological data base in the heavily fragment showing a straightened arm to meet metropolitan American Bottom area. Critics of the clear representation of the left hand this approach in the archaeological profession resting on the "pillow" like object, first thought have preferred to project a "scientific" image to represent the top of a basket. Others have via discussions and excavation strategies suggested that the "pillow" top of the basket is involving sampling. Some individuals working a cloud and the rectangular basket-like looking in the American Bottom remove one-half of object is actually a way of portraying rain. the prehistoric pit fill, profile the pit, and leave Speculation of this sort is now more meaning­ the other half to be devoured by the bulldozer. ful since we have the good fortune to have In defense of our FAI-270 excavation recorded in perfect context most of the rest of strategy we can note the following facts in the the Keller figurine. The debate over these case of the bauxite figurines. When the Site being pipes also seems to be resolved since Director, Thomas E. Emerson, requested the torso shows a long straight hairdo, created permission to expand the excavation to the by many fine incised lines, with no trace of any east edge of the BBB Motor site within the feature that might suggest a pipe (Figure 4). right of way, his rationale was based on the Of more interest on the Keller figurine is "look of the slight rise" to the east rather than the right shoulder, where the right arm any suggestive surface debris. Repeated projects outward in a slightly raised position walking of that area revealed only a light as compared to the left arm, which slopes at scatter of chert flakes and no real evidence for the correct angle to meet the depicted hand. the materials below the plowzone. When he On this other side of the "pillow", instead of removed the plowzone from that area with a the right hand being depicted, we find a large paddlewheel earth scraper, the Birger figurine broken area as if the right hand had held an was found, along with traces of pits and object intended to perform some activity on or structures nearby. Many archaeologists cur­ with the "pillow". This situation might be rently practicing today under the "cultural compared to the Birger figurine where the resource management" banner (contract) right arm holds a hoe and she is "scratching" would never have located this important find the back of the serpent. Also similar is the left utilizing their excavation strategies. hand resting on the serpent, and in the case of The removal of one-half of the contents of the Keller figurine, resting on the "pillow". a prehistoric pit can easily be seen as a sample Archaeologists will now be able to spend that also conserves time, hence funds. When long hours speculating about the prehistoric Field Technician Charles Witty was following meaning of these figurines and attempting to the FAI-270 procedure for excavating a pit, he make comparisons to other such finds re­ had first removed one-half of the pit to study corded in archaeological contexts as well as and record the various fills in the pit, as well as in ethnographic documentation. The FAI-270 mapping the profile. It was while removing the Project has also recovered other bauxite second half of the pit that the torso for the pieces, including an ear-spool, from other sites Keller figurine was found. He was able to in the American Bottom. The dating of these carefully record the fill zone in which it other fragments also appears to be ca. AD occurred. Archaeologists excavating only 1200 based on the associated ceramics. If one-half of a prehistoric pit would have never agricultural symbolism is the basic feature of recovered the torso, but left it to be lost this complex of associated data, one might through the activities of highway building. begin to reflect on current debates regarding There are many other examples from the FAI- climatic change in the Midwest around AD 270 Project that will eventually be published 1200 that may have drastically affected our in an effort to improve on our excavation prehistoric cultures. Those searching for the strategies in archaeological contract situations. causes of the demise of Cahokia might now have yet another small bit of data to add to the growing belief that a trigger such as climatic References Cited change can cause drastic cultural changes in Hakiel, N. E. the Midcontinent USA. 1980 The FAI-270 Archaeological Mitigation The FAI-270 Project at its inception main­ Project in Illinois. Ohio Archaeologist, tained that large scale and total excavation of Volume 30(1 ):4-7. iP0H^

0 12 3 4 5cm

2 inch Fig. 2 (Porter) Rim sherd of Ramey Incised pottery found in pit with basal portion of Keller figurine.

0 1 2 3 4 5 cm

11-MS-595 0 1 2 inch

Fig. 3 (Porter) Ramey Incised vessel found near torso portion Fig. 4 (Porter) Head and torso of Keller figurine. Note fine of Keller figurine. hairlines and no suggestion of pipe bowl.

7 A Bird Point Site by Jim Miller, 4526 Woodland Ave. Portsmouth, Ohio The Bird Point site is in Pike County, Ohio, and have found 208 good bird points and 86 in the Scioto River bottoms. It is only about J4 larger ones. Counting both whole and broken acre in extent, as are most of the sites of this examples, I would estimate that 80% of the kind in southern Ohio, and is surrounded by point total are bird points. These tiny projec­ sites of other periods. tiles are finely worked and are made almost I have spent a good deal of time on the site exclusively of Flint Ridge material, the site has also produced 8 drills, 2 small axes, as well as fragments of tubular pipes of Fuert Hill pipestone. Thus far no pottery has been found although the soil is ashy and black and seems to be a village midden. it i ffUitJi

Fig. I (Miller) Examples of various projectile points from the Bird Point site. Top three rows are only some of the over 200 bird points from the site. Fig. 2 (Miller) General area of Bird Point site in Pike County.

The Basinger Dovetail by Paul Nusbaum Pandora, Ohio In May, 1977, Brent Basinger of RR 4, Findlay, Ohio, found the dovetail shown in Fig. 1 while plowing. The find was actually almost a subsurface find since only a portion of one notch protruded from the side of a dead furrow. Brent had been collecting artifacts for several years and was convinced before he got off the tractor for a closer look that th is was probably going to be another broken point. Before he picked it up he noticed the fine workmanship around the notch area and he actually closed his eyes as he removed it from the soil. With eyes closed he felt the base and edges of the blade. The jubilation he felt when he found that this fine dovetail was unbroken needs no further explanation for the readers of this article.

Fig. 1 (Nusbaum) A fine dovetail found by Brent Basinger in Hancock County. Itis made from glossy Flint Ridge flint and is three inches long.

8 Archaeological Conservancy Acquires Hopewell Mounds by Mark Michel, President The Archaeological Conservancy Santa Fe, New Mexico

When the first European settlers entered Monument, and a line bisecting the Hopewell the Scioto Valley of southern Ohio nearly two mounds also bisects Mound City, 5 miles away. centuries ago, they were startled by the large We may yet discover that Mound City was a number of massive earthworks and mounds. kind of staging area for the major ceremonial Unable to relate them to Native Americans, events practiced at Hopewell. they began a long series of "rational" explana­ But now the Hopewell Mound Group is tions linking them with Celts, Welsh and close to being permanently preserved for Phoenicans. The truth of course is that they future generations to study and enjoy. The are all that remained of great civilizations that Archaeological Conservancy, a non-profit flourished in Ohio around the time of Christ. In organization founded in the fall of 1979 by time these civilizations became known as concerned preservationists and archaeo­ Hopewell and Adena after landowners in Ross logists, is purchasing the property to per­ County on which the most spectacular of these manently preserve it. If all the necessary funds ancient sites rest. can be raised, the Hopewell site will soon be Foremost of these sites in southern Ohio is in public ownership, forever preserved. the Hopewell Mound Group (Fig. 1). Farmed The Archaeological Conservancy is a new, for 200 years, investigated by archaeologists, national preservation organization based in pot hunted, split by a road, a railroad and a Santa Fe, New Mexico, that seeks to perma­ high-voltage transmission line, the Hopewell nently preserve the most important prehistoric site nonetheless remains essentially intact. Yet sites in the United States. The Conservancy the biggest threat to this irreplaceable part of seeks to acquire the land on which these sites American history is only a short time away- rest, the only sure way of preserving sites on urban development from a growing Ross privately-owned land. Only through ownership County. can the ravages of urban development, land The Hopewell mound group consists of an leveling, and organized looting be held back, earthen embankment more than 3 miles long and these priceless remains of former civili­ enclosing about 130 acres. Within the em­ zations preserved. bankment at least 29 burial mounds are The Conservancy has been working closely located, including Mound 25, the largest burial with the Ohio Historical Society to preserve mound in the United States. The Hopewell the most important remaining sites in Ohio. A site mounds contain the greatest concentra­ priority list was developed and over the next tion of fine Hopewellian art objects ever several years, the Conservancy hopes to discovered (Figs. 2-4). Objects made of mica acquire most of these sites. Hopewell, of from the Carolinas, copper from Lake Su­ course, was first on the list. Working with the perior, pearls from Illinois, shells from the Gulf, dean of Ross County archaeology, Alva grizzly bear teeth from the Great Plains, and McGraw, the Conservancy was able to reach obsidian from Yellowstone National Park are an agreement to purchase 107 acres of the abundant. It is also believed that there are two Hopewell Mound Group. The former owners, habitation sites at Hopewell which could Mrs. Marjorie Johnson and Richard Johnson, someday help unravel many of the mysteries Jr., were anxious to see the site preserved of this great civilization. N'omi Greber of the and were willing to make a substantial con­ Cleveland Museum of Natural History has tribution against the total purchase price. recently conducted ground radar tests at The George Gund Foundation of Cleveland Hopewell, and Mark Seeman of Kent State and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office have University has made ground surveys of the put up money for the Conservancy to purchase complex and the surrounding area. Both the Hopewell site. Over the next two years, confirm the richness of the site. the Conservancy will be seeking to raise about Like many Hopewellian sites, the Hopewell $100,000 to pay off the balance. It is hoped complex is constructed in a geometric pattern. that most of this amount can be obtained in There is a large rectangle and a small square. Ohio. The small square is identical to the square Meanwhile the Conservancy continues to earthwork at Mound City Group National work its way through its list of priority projects

9 in Ohio. Some of them may be purchased, include Powers Fort, a Mississippian temple others donated by concerned owners wanting complex in Missouri, and Savage Cave, a to permanently preserve sites they have long Palaeo-lndian site in Kentucky that Dr. Louis privately protected. Unfortunately, there is S. B. Leakey believed to be one of the earliest little left of the great mound-builder sites in human sites in the United States. Many more Ohio, thus, those that remain are of critical are in various stages of negotiation. importance. When the Smithsonian Institution To assist in its work, the Conservancy, like surveyed the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys in its model organization, the Nature Conser­ the 1840s there were an estimated 20,000 vancy, hopes to organize volunteer chapters mound sites. Today, only about 200 remain. in these states. Within the next year it hopes to For those not already protected in some have a strong chapter in Ohio as well as an manner, the threat of destruction remains eastern field office staffed by a specialist in high. Urban sprawl continues and modern acquisition. The Conservancy would be de­ agricultural practices such as land leveling lighted to have contributions for the preserva­ take their toll each year. tion of the Hopewell site and other Ohio The Conservancy does not intend to hold projects. Contributions are fully tax-deductible. on to the sites it acquires but rather to turn Ohioans wishing to help organize and partici­ them over to a local university, museum, or pate should contact The Archaeological Con­ governmental agency for permanent curation. servancy, 415 Orchard Drive, Santa Fe, New Other projects in the eastern United States Mexico 87501; (505) 982-3278.

, i, «....,»»,.. Fig. I (Michel) Squier and Davis (1848) map of Hopewell, then known as the North Fork Works.

10 v*"1" • 1

^• ni K, JIM ^L

>• . 11 v '.••.' •' '' *»•" I" '^i l«*' • < * n • H, i * i s »•

•»»'•• ,!•' • 3 i

" . ;Mfr j Si "'H fc *%***"* "J

Fi

Fig. 4 (Michel) Double-headed duck/goose effigy pipe, Mound 1 7, Hopewell Group.

11 A Mesoamerican Artifact in Ohio by Charles C. Kolb Department of Anthropology The Behrend College of The Pennsylvania State University Erie, Pennsylvania 16563

The artifact recently reported by Blickens- metropolis had ceramic workshops in various derfer (1980:20) and thought to be "a double- locations, some of which are overlain by the bowl pipe made of hard grey igneous material" modern Mexican pottery-making communities with an assumed provenience from the Ameri­ of San Martin and San Sebastian. can Southwest is an object known to archae­ Candeleros were made of locally available ologists who work in the Basin of Mexico. It is clays, as discerned by petrographic and thin neither a pipe or is it manufactured from section analyses, most probably at the latter igneous material. The specimen is one of community. Such personal, portable incense numerous types and varieties of ceramic burners were mass-produced probably for sale portable incense burners called candeleros in the nearby major market (Gran Mercado) of ("candlesticks" or "candle holders"), a term the urban center, and are found on Classic which is a misnomer since wax or tallow Period Teotihuacan sites throughout the Basin candles were not associated with its use of Mexico. My ceramic technological analyses during the Prehispanic era. and replication studies indicate that for the These incense burners were apparently simpler forms a craftsman (or woman) could used in both social ceremonies and religious produce approximately forty candeleros per rituals in which a resin from trees of the genus hour if the clay and aplastic was premixed, Burcera called copal fcopalli in Aztec Nahuatl) wedged, cured, and ready for use. The aplastic was inserted into the two chambers and or temper included local river sand and ignited with a spark, thereby producing a sometimes vegetable fibers, especially cattail voluminous gray smoke. Burcera trees are "fuzz" (from the cylindrical flower spike of found in tropical lowland areas of Mexico, members of the genus Typha). The combus­ especially the northern Yucatan Peninsula and tion chambers were gouged either with the the monte bajo (foothills) of the Pacific fingers or an implement, and the draft holes Lowlands of southwestern Mexico. Such added with a perforator. The resulting clay artifacts were most likely used by private flashing was often not removed from the individuals in ceremonies, since large ornate chamber interior. Decorations, especially censers (incensarios) were employed by burnishing, polishing, and incising, were often priesthoods in religious rituals in temples. added while the ceramic was in a "leather Occasionally copal residue adhered to the hard" condition. Firing temperatures of 800- bottoms of the chambers, although combustion 900°C. are suggested on the basis of replica­ would normally consume the resin resulting in tion and sherd retiring experiments, so that a blackened chamber interior. The four smaller the final product was well-fired and durable. perforations, two on each side of a chamber, These artifacts have been reported in the were designed as draft holes to facilitate archaeological literature for the Basin of combustion and the flow of smoke from the Mexico since the late 1880s, and the "candle­ mouth of the chambers. stick" misnomer was applied in these early These portable incense burners were days of Mexican archaeology (Penafiel 1900: manufactured by artisans at the Classic Period 52). Studies of these incense burners are urban center of Teotihuacan (B.C. 100-750 numerous (Seler 1915:496, Ceballos Novelo A.D.), the capital and commercial center of a 1922:205-212, Linne 1934:113-114, Sejourne pan-Mesoamerican pre-industrial state and 1966:32-44, Kolb 1965). The many types and empire. This archaeological site during the varieties include single, double and triple Classic Xolalpan Phase (ca. 450-650 A.D.) chambered types, and a wide variety of occupied at least 20.5 km2 (2,050 ha.)—nine decorative techniques (incision, punctation, square miles—and had over 2,500 major applique, zone burnishing, etc.), and effigy structures and over 500 workshop areas (Kolb forms. Blickensderfer's specimen appears to 1979:219-245, 367-368). The site, known to be a relatively common type with matte tourists as "The Pyramids," is located approxi­ surfaces and burnished lip, and is well-repre­ mately thirty miles northeast of modern sented in collections at the Museo Nacional Mexico City in the Teotihuacan Valley, a de Antropologia, Mexico; the American Mu­ portion of the Basin of Mexico. This Prehispanic seum of Natural History, New York City; and

12 the Department of Anthropology, The Pennsyl­ was neither a pipe or made of igneous material vania State University, University Park, Pennsyl­ as speculated. Candelero fragments and vania. The specific type illustrated in Blickens- complete specimens are frequently found on derfer's report was made during the Early and the surface and in the excavation of Classic Late Xolalpan Phases (450-550 and 550-650 Teotihuacan sites, and this type is among the A.D.) but probably not later since an inset two or three most common in the Basin of septum between the combustion chambers is Mexico. more characteristic of the subsequent Metepec Phase. The calcareous nature of the local soils Blickensderfer, Robert W. often renders a gray cast to the "tan" paste, 1980 An interesting artifact. Ohio Archaeolo­ which is specifically "light reddish brown" gist 30(2):20. (5YR 6/3), "pale brown" (10YR 6/3), "pinkish Ceballos Novelo, Roque J. gray" (5YR 6/2, 7.5 YR 6/2), or "light brownish 1922 Candeleros. In La poblacidn del Valle de gray" (10YR 6/2) on the Munsell color scale Teotihuacan l(l), Manuel Gamio, ed., pp. (Munsell 1954). Both color and hardness 205-212. Direccibn de Talleres Graficos, therefore give the ceramic an appearance of Mexico, D.F. Kolb, Charles C. having been made from "igneous material." I know of no portable incense burners made of 1965 A tentative ceramics classification for the Teotihuaca'n Valley (Patlachique through igneous or other lithic raw material. Aztec Vphases). Department of Sociology The specimen is reputed to have been and Anthropology, The Pennsylvania "brought back from the American Southwest State University, University Park. many years ago." The Teotihuacan empire, 1979 Classic Teotihuaca'n settlement patterns expansive as it was, did not include the areas in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. The of northernmost present-day Mexico and the Pennsylvania State University, Univer­ American Southwest, hence, the mechanisms sity Park. Ph.D. dissertation. whereby such an artifact was transported to Linne, Sigvald the Southwest are conjectural. It is possible 1934 Archaeological researches at Teotihua­ that sellers of artifacts in the Southwest may can, Mexico. Ethnographical Museum of have obtained this incense burner at a Sweden, Publication 1. Stockholm Teotihuacan Valley or Basin of Mexico site Munsell and brought it to sell to tourists in the American 1954 Munsell soil color charts. Munsell Co., Southwest. There is presently no incontro­ Baltimore. vertible evidence to suggest Teotihuacan Perlafiel, Antonio contact with the Southwest, although some 1900 Teotihuaca'n: estudio historico y arque- Post Classic Aztec contacts are known (ca. oldgico. Oficina Tipografica de la Sec- 1400-1520 A.D.). Readers should be aware retariade Fomento, Mexico, D.F. that the clandestine removal of artifacts from Sejourne, Laurette Mexican sites is contrary to federal law and is 1966 Arqueologia de Teotihuaca'n: La ceramica. Fondo de Cultura Econ6mica, Mexico, met with severe penalties. D.F. In summary, Blickensderfer's artifact, a Seler, Eduard personal, portable incense burner made of 1915 Die Teotihuacan-Kultur des hochlands highly-fired ceramic was manufactured at von Mexico. Gesammelte Abhandlungen Teotihuacan, Mexico ca. 450-650 A.D., and Bd. 5. Berlin.

13 A Lake Erie Bifurcated Point From Miller's Ridge by Jonathan Bowen Department of Archaeology The Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

Miller's Ridge is a sandy knoll which rises basin. This hypothesis would help explain the above the lacustrine clay soils of Riley presence of three fluted and one unfluted Township in Sandusky County, Ohio. The field point (Converse 1970: 4, 9) at the Libben site work which has been carried out at this locality (330T6) (Vietzen 1978: 225), which would since July 3, 1979, has been focused on the have been dry ground after this time. At the exploration of a Sandusky Tradition village time that the Lake Erie Bifurcated point was which was occupied about A.D. 1500 (Bowen left at Miller's Ridge by Appalachian Archaic 1980; Otto and Bowen 1980). Appalachian people about 6300 B.C., only lake plains and Archaic, Early Woodland, and Euroamerican rivers covered the area which is now the components are also present, however, The western basin of Lake Erie. Appalachian Archaic component is repre­ Acknowledgement sented by a single Lake Erie Bifurcated point The author would like to thank Dr. Luther (Converse 1970: 30) from the surface of the P. Miller for allowing the Department of 4x4 meter unit R104,172 m, which is near the Archaeology of the Ohio Historical Society to highest point of the knoll. conduct field work on his property. The Lake Erie Bifurcated point from Miller's Blank, John Edward spective. Pennsylvania Arch­ Ridge (Fig. 1) is 30 mm. in length, 4 mm. in 1970 The Archaic component of aeologist 42(4): 1-19, the Welling site, 33C03, Forsyth, Jane L. thickness, and weighs 2 grams. The material Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio 1975 The geological setting of the from which it was manufactured is Pipe Creek Archaeologist 20(4): 269-281. Sandusky River Basin In Bowen, Jonathan Sandusky River Basin sym­ flint (Stothers and Rutter 1978: 13) which 1976 The Appalachian Archaic of posium proceedings, ed. by the upper Green Creek drain­ D. B. Baker, W. B. Jackson, could easily have been obtained 15 km. age. Ohio Archaeologist 26 and B. L, Prater, pp. 13-60. (4): 8-10. Otto. Martha Potter, and Jonathan southeast of Miller's Ridge. It is interesting to 1980 Millers Ridge and the San­ Bowen note that, in this area, Appalachian Archaic dusky tradition Paper pre­ 1980 Surface oriented tactics at sented at the 45th Annual Millers Ridge: how to con­ points older than about 6400 B.C. are usually Meeting of The Society for duct an overall investigation American Archaeology. Phil­ of a Sandusky Tradition vil­ made of Flint Ridge or Upper Mercer flint, adelphia. lage without moving massive Broyles, Bettye J amounts of dirt. Paper pre­ while labor points of this tradition are mostly 1971 Second preliminary report: sented at the 89th Annual the St. Albans site. Kanawha Meeting of The Ohio Acad­ made from locally available materials. This is County, West Virginia. Report emy of Science. The Univer­ the case in the upper Green Creek area in of Archaeological Investiga­ sity of Toledo. Toledo. tions 3. West Virginia Geologi­ Stothers, David M and William Rutter eastern Seneca County (Bowen 1976) and cal and Economic Survey, 1978 Pipe Creek chert: newly dis­ Morgantown. covered aboriginal quarry several public and private collections from Converse. Robert N. source. Ohio Archaeologist 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archae­ 28(3): 13. the Seneca-Sandusky County region support ological Society of Ohio. Vietzen. Raymond C. this observation. Columbus. 1978 From the earth they came. Fitzhugh, William White Horse Publishers, The Lake Erie Bifurcated point was left on 1972 The Eastern Archaic: com­ Elyria. Miller's Ridge by Appalachian Archaic peoples mentary and northern per­ sometime around 6300 B.C. (Blank 1970:275; Broyles 1971: 69). It was once believed that this area was on the northern frontier of the Appalachian Archaic Tradition (Bowen 1976: 10; Fitzhugh 1972: Fig. 2, a), but it is now known that this group also inhabited south­ western Ontario, where many of their points were manufactured from Ohio materials, such as Upper Mercer; it is suggested that popula­ tion movements to Ontario from the south may well have passed through the Sandusky Count i o area (William Fox 1980: personal communica­ tion). Forsyth (1975: 44) has suggested that Lake Lundy was suddenly drained about 10,000 B.C. when a new channel opened up at its eastern end, and that for the next several thousand years early Lake Erie was a relatively Fig. 1 (Bowen) Lake Erie Bifurcated point from Miller's small body of water in what is now its eastern Ridge site, Sandusky, Ohio.

14 Spencer Ohio Blade Cache and an Unusual Drill by John R. Heath Box #82, Sullivan, Ohio 44880

The 25 blades pictured (Fig. 1) are part of These blades are made of Upper Mercer cache of 36 plowed out in Spencer Twp., flint. All are percussion flaked, and a few have Medina Co., Ohio. pressure retouching along the edges. The The site is an elevated ridge of sandy soil largest blade measures 3% in. long, 2% in. surrounding about two acres of low swampy wide, and % in. thick. land. Nearby flows a salt spring where early The drill (Fig. 1) was a surface find from settlers boiled down water to make salt. Penfield township, Lorain County, Ohio. It is Being planting time, the farmer only made of Upper Mercer flint, and measures 2YS allowed me time for a quick excavation below in. long, 1 % in. wide at base, and % in. thick. the plow zone. No more points were found, In my limited experience, this is the only but a proper excavation will be done at a later bifurcated drill I have seen. I would like to date. hear from other collectors with similar drills.

WfVUWtP

Fig. 1 (Heath) Part of a cache of Medina County blades.

Fig. 2 (Heath) Drill with a bifurcated base from Lorain Co.

15 A group of outstanding colored Flint Ridge points from the collection of Steve Olenick, Navarre, Ohio. Artifacts from the Glenn Spray Collection by Glenn Spray, 5100 Martinsburg Rd., Mt. Vernon, Ohio I have collected Indian artifacts since I was many of which I have found while surface a boy in 1940. In the accompanying photo­ hunting. graphs are some of the pieces in my collection,

Fig. I (Spray) A dovetail of white Flint Fig. 2 (Spray) A colorful dovetail of Flint Fig. 3 (Spray) A 3'4 inch fluted point of Ridge flint. It is 4% inches long and Ridge flint. It is brown, white, blue and Indiana hornstone. was a personal find on our Knox County purple. It is 5 1/2 inches long and was farm in the early 1940 s. found in Licking County in 1977.

Figs. 4 and 5 (Spray) A frame of Archaic bevels and a group of several types of points, all are personal finds.

17 Underwater Archaeological Find from Lake Erie by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

A few years ago one of the most interesting The gun has English markings and accord­ exhibits at the Cleveland Boat Show was the ing to the Smithsonian dates from the French display of a small cannon found by a friend of and Indian War era —1754-or before. It mine, Paul Reynolds. Paul is an expert and weighs 163 pounds and fired grape shot, bar professional skin diver who operates the shot or a % pound ball. This type gun was Buckeye Diving School, 46 Warrensville Road, usually mounted on the gunwale and used to Bedford, Ohio. He is also interested in Lake repel boarders. As may be seen in the photo­ Erie history and is an authority on sunken graph, the cannon is mounted on a swivel with ships in that lake. This cannon was a personal a projecting stock at the rear by which the find by Paul Reynolds not far from Cleveland weapon was aimed. (Author's note: Under­ with only its muzzle protruding above the water archaeology in Lake Erie is possibly bottom silt of Lake Erie. one of the most neglected areas of this field).

Fig. 1 (Converse) English cannon from French and Indian war period, found in Lake Erie not far from Cleveland.

18 East Central Indiana-West Central Ohio Flint Artifacts

by Doug Johnson Latonia, Ky.

Pictured below are several artifacts that I have found while surface hunting the past few years.

Fig. 1 (Johnson) A— The dark stripe emitting from the bifurcation and the numerous serrations make this an interesting piece/Preble Co., Ohio. B— The base of this paleo point is carefully ground, but there is no trace of fluting/Logan Co. Ohio. C— This broken point tip of black flint apparently fractured because of the weakness caused by a distinctive fossil imprint/Mercer Co., Ohio D—A 4Vt" diagonal notched point/Delaware Co., Indiana E—A birdpoint of rose colored flint I Logan Co., Ohio F— This 4" Hopewell blade displays exceptional craftsmanship and is probably the finest piece in my collection/Randolph Co., Indiana G—A crudely chipped Adena point/Logan Co., Ohio H—A small. Ashtabula point of typical gray flint/Mercer Co., Ohio

19 From Our Old Files by Robert N. Converse, Editor

The Editorship of our Society has passed Mr. Deal of Canton, Ohio, requesting more through a number of capable hands since it information on the silver crosses—apparently came into existence forty years ago. Among no reply was given and these photographs the material passed on to me by the late Ed W. have lain in our back files for at least eighteen Atkinson of Columbus were the photographs years. If any of our members have any data on shown here. With these interesting photo­ these intriguing pieces your Editor would graphs there was only a copy of a letter to a welcome it.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Obverse and reverse of eight silver crosses from the Historic period.

20 An Outstanding Adena Artifact from Putnam County, Ohio by Lloyd Harnishfeger and Paul Nusbaum, Pandora, Ohio by Lloyd Harnishfeger had been showing when I saw it from the Paul Nusbaum has been a surface hunter tractor. After saying a brief but verbal prayer, I and collector of Indian artifacts for the past stepped the distance off to the nearest fence ten years. The son of a farmer, he has been row in order to mark the spot permanently in provided with the opportunity of finding my mind. Several minutes passed before I several artifacts from the seat of a tractor just was mentally prepared to climb back on the as many rural collectors have done for years. tractor to finish the field. As I closed the cab The majority of Paul's collection, however, has and pushed the throttle forward, a series of been found while surface hunting sites through­ extremely loud and exhilarating screams out Putnam County. There have been many muffled the sound of the tractor engine. times when Paul's parents would have pre­ ferred to see him working on the farm rather than wandering the ridges and river bottoms. When Paul had the good fortune of finding the fine spear shown in the illustration, from the seat of a tractor on May 21,1980, his mother's comment was—"Listen to your mother, just stay on the tractor". by Paul Nusbaum On Wednesday evening May 21st, I was working down spring plowed ground in prepa­ ration for corn planting and as always I was almost unconsciously scanning the ground below the diesel tractor for artifacts. The field I was working in, which is located in Riley Township along Riley Creek, had produced few artifacts with the exception of some small broken Archaic points made of local chert. As I made a turn in a corner of the field I noticed an object which looked a lot like a piece of flint. The field was full of broken pieces of cornstalks and I decided not to stop the tractor since I was pulling a field cultivator and two spike tooth harrows. I didn't want to stop all that equipment to look at a cornstalk or a piece of plastic deposited in the field after a spring flood. As many rural collectors do, I occasion­ ally stop the tractor to check out a prospective looking object and sometimes I do pick up an artifact. At this time however, I opted to pass over what I had seen and continued on with the tractor and the three implements I was pulling. But after making a wide turn for another pass across the field I decided for some reason to stop and take a closer look at whatever I had seen. To my dismay I could not relocate it as I walked over the area I had just tilled. Broken cornstalks were everywhere and I couldn't find what I thought I had seen —but I knew I had passed over something which was not a cornstalk or a piece of plastic. I moved the freshly tilled soil with my boot and on the Fig. 1 (Harnishfeger, Nusbaum) This fine Adena spear was second pass I unearthed the large Adena found May 21, 1980 by Paul Nusbaum of Pandora, Ohio. It spear shown in Fig. 1. I became weak and is made of blue-gray-white Flint Ridge chalcedony. It is six sank to my knees in disbelief when I thought inches long and three inches wide. The somewhat expanded how I had just driven over it and actually stem and slightly barbed shoulders are characteristic of later type Adena flint work and this spear probably represent the reburied it. Only a small corner of the spear transitional period between Adena and Hopewell.

21 Alate Stemmed Pipes From The Vietzen Collection by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

Pictured are four outstanding alate stem­ of Lancaster, Ohio. Also accompanying these med pipes from the collection of Raymond C. burials were an elbow pipe and two bone Vietzen of Elyria, Ohio. Probably the rarest of tubes. The second pipe comes from the same all pipe forms to be found in Ohio, it is doubtful area and is 5% inches long with a 1 /2 inch wide whether there are more than two dozen stem. The third example was found near Apple unbroken examples in the state. Their distribu­ Grove, Ohio, on the great bend of the Ohio tion seems to be oriented to the Ohio River River in Meigs County. It was washed out of area of southern Ohio which may be a reflec­ the banks of the river during the 1913 flood. tion of southern ancestry or influence. The The largest pipe has an engraved stem, as glossy black steatite from which they are does the first example. It was found 15 miles invariably fashioned originates in the Virginia- north of Ironton, Ohio, many years ago by a Carolina area which is also an indication of Mr. Dattin. their possible origin. The top specimen was Our thanks to Col. Raymond Vietzen for found in 1880 in association with three sharing part of his outstanding collection and skeletons in a rock shelter at Kettle Hill south to Steve Fullerforthe fine color photography.

22 Artistic Achievement In A Rare Pipe Form by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Drive Columbus, Ohio

Pictured in color is one of the rarities of the southern Ohio, this pipe was discovered in Hopewellian platform pipe family. Reddish- Greene County, Ohio in 1888. This locus brown fossilized material impregnated into produced a number of Hopewell ceremonial cream colored limestone produces a very mounds and exotic artifacts which were pleasing visual effect. The pre-columbian's exploited in the late nineteenth century. taste in choosing the proper material and then The pipe bears evidence of considerable "working down" the artifact to highlight the use and one side of the bowl is encrusted with beautiful symmetry of the blending pigments a heavy organic deposit. Evidentally, its are marks of a skilled specialist. This adds original power valued both the utility and credence to the theory that these individuals aesthetic qualities of his possession. This and their industry were selected segments of writer would appreciate hearing of any similar primitive communities some 2000 years ago. examples in the midwestern Hopewellian Indicative of the early Hopewell monitor heartland. form found at the famous Tremper site in

23 Surface Hunting in Indiana by H. B. Campbell 7846 Clarendon Rd., Indianapolis, Indiana

Several years of surface hunting in south The types of artifacts which are found at central Indiana has shown that evidence of any site are evidence of the kind of activity in early man can be found in almost every square that particular area and the kind of people who mile. An isolated point or a few chips or flakes lived there. Our findings indicate we have may be found, but the key to successful found a hunting site. There are many chips searching is to hunt in an area where man and flakes, points, and a few scrapers. We would have been likely to live, hunt or travel. It have found only one celt and one gorget in is in these places that concentrations of two years. We have not found any charcoal, artifacts are likely to occur. burned stones, axes, hammerstones, or pot My two friends and I have found such a sherds—such things that might indicate a place and for two years we have been surface village site. hunting on a farm a few miles north of Spencer, Prehistoric man used this site for thousands Indiana. The site is a plowed field on the first of years. The points we found range from early elevation of land adjacent to a bend in the Archaic to the Mississippian period (Fig. 1). White River. Artifacts are distributed for They are made from a number of varieties of several hundred yards on a sandy ridge which flint and chert, most of which is not found is about twenty feet higher than the river locally, indicating travel or trade with distant floodplain. places.

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24 Some Outstanding Slate Artifacts From The Walls Collection by Jan Sorgenfrei, Pandora, Ohio

Mr. Gilbert Walls of Gomer, Allen County, exceptional examples of the great variety of Ohio, has been a long time collector of Indian slate types found in that area. Shown is a artifacts. In the accompanying photograph are notched ovate and several types of Glacial some pieces out of his fine collection amassed Kame gorgets. Also included are three bird- over a lifetime. Nearly all of the Walls collec- stones, boat stones, knobbed and spineback tion is from northwestern Ohio and includes gorgets, bannerstones and pipes.

Fig. 1 (Sorgenfrei) Examples of a variety of slate types found in northwestern Ohio from the Gilbert Walls collection. Photograph courtesy Painter Creek Auction Service. The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part V: Burials and Interpretation by Arthur J. Allen Thomas C. Grubb and Mt. Vernon, Ohio Canton, Ohio

The previous four reports on the Hunt site the Hunt site appears anomalous unless the (Grubb and Allen 1979a-c; 1980) described sampling procedure at the various sites has the location, flint, ceramic, lithic, pipe, and been so inequitable that valid comparisons bone artifacts recovered by members of the are untenable. Finally it should be mentioned Sugarcreek Valley Chapter of the Archae­ that shell and grit tempered sherds were ological Society of Ohio. This fifth and final recovered from the same level of a previously report describes the radiocarbon dates, mid­ undisturbed refuse pit indicating that they had den and pit deposits, burials, and grave goods been discarded at the same time and therefore from the site. Using all of these findings and used contemporaneously. Alternate explana­ reports describing similar hilltop sites in tions for the high incidence of grit use might southeastern Ohio, such as Brokaw (Picken- be its greater availability, or that during a paugh 1974), Brown's Hilltop site (Brown transitional period the younger pot makers 1976), Bedway and Mattie Stewart (Whitman had begun to experiment with shell tempering. 1975), as well as reports from contemporary regional sites, Philo II and Richards (Carskad­ Burials den and Morton 1977), Blain village (Prufer The location of the 48 burials uncovered and Shane 1970), Graham village (McKenzie (43 adults, 3 subadults and 2 infants) was 1967), Incinerator (Heilman 1974), Riker shown in Figure 1 of the first Hunt site report (Vietzen 1974), and Drew (Buker 1970), the (Grubb and Allen 1979a) and suggests three authors conclude with their interpretation of or possibly four distinct clusters. While other the history of this site in prehistoric times. causes might explain this distribution, it is most likely that each cluster represents a different Radiocarbon Dates time of occupation by the same or different Two charcoal samples from a single refuse groups of Indians. The Hunt burials (91 %) were pit were radiocarbon dated 1545 ± 15 and interred in a flexed position (Fig. 1), were 1565 ± 15 (J-N 1959, 1960). However, these seldom accompanied by grave goods and dates are not considered realistic since included a double burial (Fig. 2)—three traits artifacts recovered from the same pit indicated characteristic of the Monongahela culture. A a much earlier time. While contamination of a satisfactory study of all the burials could not sample is always a possible cause for inac­ be made since the previous excavators had curacies, in recent years the reliability of left 35 open pits in the south field, 18-20 of radiocarbon dates has been questioned by which were probably burials. In addition, dirt some experts (Ogden era/. 1977); in fact, one piles from the coal stripping had exposed of them has facetiously called such dates fragments of human bones indicating the "rubber band"' dates since they can be destruction of still more uncounted burials. stretched so greatly. In the absence of a Previous plowing and bulldozing by farmers creditable date for the Hunt site, it appears had also destroyed additional inhumations plausible to compare its location and artifacts indicated by the bone debris in the plow zone. with those of the nearby and contemporary Since the Sugarcreek Valley excavators sites previously mentioned with their C-14 were not trained or experienced osteologists dates which are considered reliable indicators and thus were not competent to perform and for the Late Woodland periods (A.D. 1200- report an accurate study of the skeletal 1300). material, six complete burials including one While the period from A.D. 900 to 1300 is infant were sent to Tuscarawas Branch of the generally considered to mark the transition Kent State University for further study and from grit to shell tempering in Ohio, this time- only a resume of the burial data is reported temper relationship appears to depend to here. The death of more males (67%) than some extent on the site location as shown in females (33%) is the normal finding in primitive Table I. Thus when shell tempering frequency societies where males are more exposed to at the eastern and western sites is compared, the hazards of hunting and warfare. For these shell tempering at the eastern sites is much and possibly additional reasons the life span more frequent in a given time period. There­ of males was also much shorter than that of fore the high frequency of grit tempering at females. The only evidence of a violent death

26 was the finding of a triangular point in the rib winter months as well as parties traveling to cage of one of the burials. and from flint quarries. Many of the artifacts indicate that traders from the nearby sites Grave Goods passed through the area. As the Indian A shell bead necklace (Fig. 3), described in population increased, whole tribes traveling Part IV (Grubb and Allen 1980), was found up and down the Ohio River may have trod the with one infant burial. Six marginella beads path as they migrated eastward or westward. accompanied one burial and single bone There is much evidence that the site was beads were found with each of three others. occupied mostly during the summer when the Turkey bone awls were identified in two burials women made pottery and the men hunted or and triangular points were recovered in fished; in the winter, refuge may have been several others. One burial contained a turtle sought in the Hunt hollow. During the more shell spoon and a drilled antler tip. extended occupations there were many deaths t and the bodies were buried with little cere­ Midden Deposits mony and no elaborate grave offerings. Thus Midden deposits mixed with soil in the during the Late Woodland period the Indians, south field were covered by a yellow clay soil. now designated as members of the Mononga- Midden was also found under the plow zone hela and Ft. Ancient cultures, must have lived up to 18 inches deep in some places. The a very peaceful existence here with plenty of uncultivated wooded area contained a midden food and water. While no stockades appeared sheet 3 to 4 inches deep. In the north field necessary for defense, there was at least one topsoil up to 10 inches deep was found with a indication of warfare—the single skeleton with subsoil shale deposit containing sporadically a triangular point within its rib cage. Finally, deposited midden 2 to 12 inches deep. the absence of any European trade items Midden deposits throughout the site con­ provides almost positive proof that the white tained discarded debris such as potsherds and man never set foot on this small area whose several fine artifacts. history has now been uncovered and recorded Refuse Pits for posterity. Of the 111 pits located at the site, approxi­ The authors extend their thanks to the mately 15 had been excavated by the previous members of the Sugarcreek Valley chapter group. With the exception of one oval pit, all who contributed to this series of articles and were round with slightly rounded bottoms and to the field operators of Consol who moved ranged from 30 to 36 inches in diameter. The their operation northward from the site thus depths ranged from 30 to 36 inches with a few affording an additional 6 months for the reaching 40 to 42 inches. Eight pairs of inter­ salvage efforts. secting pits were uncovered in the north field which may indicate an intrusion of a later pit into one which had been dug and overgrown Table I: Location and percentage of shell tempered shards reported from various Ohio Wood­ so that subsequent dwellers did not know that land sites. it was there. The pit contents varied with many being filled with charcoal, ashes, sherds, flint Site Location Date Range Shell Temper chips, bird and animal bones or burned and fire-cracked rocks (Fig. 4). One pit contained Philoll East A.D. 1230-1260 98.8% a cache of mussell shells with a granitic Drew East A.D. 1110 99.0% hammerstone. No corn residues were identi­ Richards East A.D. 1260-1290 99.19% East A.D.1440 90.0% fied in any of the pits suggesting that none Riker Brokaw East A.D.1590 99.2% was used for food storage which in turn might Graham Village West A.D. 1210 2.7% be explained by the supposition that the Hunt Blain West A.D. 970-1225 3.3% site Indians planted their crops in the spring Incinerator West A.D.1150 2.5% on river terraces, then moved to the cooler Mattie Stewart East Undated 55.0% hilltops in the summer. Hunt East A.D. 1250 56.0% (probable) Interpretation Most of the archaeological evidence cited Brown, Jeff in this and the preceding reports leads to the 1976 A late prehistoric hilltop site, Muskingum* conclusion that the earliest occupants of the County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 26(1): Hunt site were small numbers of hunters who 24-27. camped briefly beside a game trail, later to Buker, William E. become a well-trodden path. Next came 1970 The Drew site (36AL62). Pennsylvania hunting parties searching for game for the Archaeologist 40(3-4): 21-63.

27 Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton, editors 1980 The Hunt site (33BL16) par! IV. bone Ogden. J Gordon III, Richard Pardi. and Leslie Whitman, Janice R 1977 The Richards site and Phtto phase of the and shell artifacls Ohio Archaeologist Marcus. Robert Stuckenrath. and Meyer Rubin 1975 A cursory analysis ot the Monongahela 30(1) 14-21 1977 Amerinds and Iheir paleoenvironments traits appearing in lour sites m south­ Ft Ancient tradition The Muskingum eastern Ohio SPACC Speaks 2(i| Al­ Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. Heilman. Jay in northeastern North America Walter S 1974 Data on the excavation ot the Incinerator Newman and Bert Salwen, editors legheny Chapter No I. Society lor Ohio Pennsylvania Archaeology Grubb, Thomas C and Arthur J Allen site In Reports of the slate societies for Annals ot the New York Academy ot 1979a The Hunl site (33BL16) part I. location 1973 Eastern States Archaeological Sciences 288 167-18B Vietzen, Raymond C and Hint artifacts Ohio Archaeologist Federation Bulletin 33 Pickenpaugh. Thomas R 1974 The Riker site. The Sugarcreek Valley McKenzie Douglas H 1974 The Brokaw site (33BL6) Ohio Archae Chapter of the Archaeological Society of 2912) 47-51 Ohio 1979b The Hunl Site 133BL16) Part II. ceramics 1967 The Graham village In Studies in Ohio ologist 24(4) 36-41 Ohio Archaeologist 29(3) 33-36 archaeology edited by Olal H Pruter and Pruler. Olaf H and Orrm C Shane III 1979c The Hunt site (33BL16I pari III. Iithics Douglas McKenzie, pp. 63-97 Western 1970 Blam village and the Fort Ancient Reserve University Press. Cleveland. tradition in Chio. The Kent Slate Univer­ and pipes OriioAccrjaeo/og*sf 29(4| 20- Ohio sity Press. Kent. Ohio 24

Fig. 1 (Grubb and Allen) Typical flexed burial of the Hunt Fig. 2 (Grubb and Allen) A double burial (back-to-back) site. characteristic of the Monongahela culture.

Fig. 3 (Grubb and Allen) A shell bead necklace with an Fig. 4 (Grubb and Allen) Pit containing refuse and fire- infant burial cracked rocks.

28 Intrusive Mound Type Pipes From The Col. Raymond Vietzen Collection by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Converse) Intrusive Mound type pipes from the collection of Col. Raymond C. Vietzen, Elyria, Ohio.

Very little is known about the Intrusive decorated. Typically this class of pipes in­ Mound culture of Ohio. However, one type of cludes some remarkably thin and carefully pipe has been found in burial association on crafted examples of prehistoric pipe design. rare occasions. In the accompanying color Materials are variable although a number of photograph is a group of pipes similar to those them are made of black steatite with Ohio of the Intrusive Mound people. All are from pipestone and polished limestone not the remarkable collection of Raymond Vietzen uncommon. of Elyria, Ohio. It should be emphasized that not all types Characteristically, these pipes have a plat­ of this design are considered as originating form which is thin and flat and never curved. A with Intrusive Mound. Pipes with correspond­ longitudinal ridge to accommodate the stem ing characteristics are found over a broad area drilling runs from the bit to the bowl on the of the eastern United States from the upper upper surface of the platform. The bowl is not Great Lakes to the Carolinas (which inci­ normally centered on the platform and is dentally may be the source for the black usually placed somewhat forward away from steatite found in Ohio specimens). In time they the bit end. Quite often the bowl is set at a are post-Hopewellian and may be considered slight angle sloping away from the smoker. A refined descendants of Hopewell platform ridge usually encircles the upper rim of the pipes. bowl although not all specimens are thus

29 Part of the Copeland Collection by Jan Sorgenfrei, Pandora, Ohio

The late Stanley Copeland of Columbus, and slate artifact native to Ohio. After his death Ohio, had one of the most remarkable collec­ in the early 1970s his collection was not tions of Indian artifacts in the state. Included entirely dispersed and some of the remaining in his collection was nearly every type of flint pieces are shown in the accompanying picture.

Fig. 1 (Sorgenfrei) Slate artifacts from the Copeland collection. Notched bannerstone top center is one of the finest of its kind. The pipe varieties and the double crescent, lower right, are also exceptional examples.

30 Maize of the Brokaw Site by Robert McK. Bird Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Institute for the Study of Plants, Food and Man and Apartment 211, 1420 N. Street, N.W. 1206 Missouri Avenue, Kirkwood, Missouri 63122 Washington, D.C. 20005

The Brokaw site (33BL6), located 12 miles material of this type may be about 25%, west of Wheeling, West Virginia, and 2 miles estimated by Hugh Culter and Leonard Blake west-southwest of St. Clairsville, Ohio (Bel­ of the Missouri Botanical Garden (personal mont County), has Middle and Late Woodland communication). This shrinkage is not ac­ cultural affiliations. Limited excavations on the counted for in the tables. The measurements site by the junior author from 1972 to 1978 have been chosen from the several score have produced great quantities of cultural described by many investigators (Wellhausen remains which suggest that the site was ef. al. 1952; Grobman ef. al. 1961; Bird 1970, perhaps extensively and intensively occupied 1978, 1979; Bird and Bird n.d.). Representa­ by Monongahela-Fort Ancient Peoples. This tive specimens from numerous sites in South Late Woodland archaeological assemblage America have been measured by the set of and two radiocarbon assays (DIC 391 and 392) characters presented for the cob sections indicate that the site was inhabited between (Tables 2-4). Separated alicoles can some­ A.D. 1200 and 1600. The Middle Woodland times be measured nine ways (Tables 3-4), evidence suggests that the site was also and cupules alone can be measured eight occupied after 100 B.C. but before A.D. 450. ways (Table 4). The analyzed maize is associated with the Table 2 contains data for eight measure­ Monongahela-Fort Ancient occupation. It is ments chosen as the most useful in compari­ from three field samples (F.S. 75, F.S. 76, and sons to published data while also representing F.S. 81; Table 1) from the 14.25 to 15.25 inch overall patterns of maize variation (Bird 1970). (35.2-38.7 cm) level of a hearth in excavation Even badly eroded and broken cobs can be unit K-8, S.E. quadrant. Both large and small compared using these dimensions since they cob fragments are included; all are charred. are rachis and cupule traits. When the glumes Four of the items in the samples are sections and rachillae remain unbroken and attached of maize cobs which had not fragmented into to the alicoles, another nine very useful separate alicoles (cupule/spikelet-pair sets),1 measurements are possible (Table 3). These allowing a count of row numbers and study of have proven basic to describing influences of interalicole relationships. The rest are single teosinte on maize. Table 4 contains data from or paired alicoles. Other materials found in 20 cupules, including those of the four cob the samples include six pieces of what seem fragments and 16 alicoles of Table 3. to be hickory (Carya sp.) nut shells and a Another 15 cob measurements are part of variety of very small unidentified pieces of a survey of the variation in maize, an attempt charred material. to see how a wide range of cob traits varies The cob fragments, weakened by charring across archaeological maize types and modern and later deterioration, were first stabilized races. Though taken on the four cob frag­ with glue (1 part Duco cement or ethyl acetate ments, they are not published here. The in 4 parts acetone) and then cleaned if needed. charred kernels are too few and incomplete to Three of the cob sections arrived imbedded be worth more than a mention. The one in F.S. in dirt; first attempts at loosening the dirt also 75, bag b, measures5.4x8.8x4.6 mm. (length, loosened the alicoles of the cobs. Once the width, thickness). Those in F.S. 75, cob packet, glue solution had been applied to these measure 6.8 x 9.1 x 5.8 mm. and 7.4 x 5.9 x 3.7 sections and had dried, the dirt was easily mm. None of these, especially the last, is very removed without disturbing the cob structure. representative because of fragmentation. Measurements were made under a dis­ secting microscope using calipers accurate to Discussion 0.1 mm. The percent of shrinkage for charred The Brokaw site maize belongs to the Northern Flint complex of races (Brown and 'Cupules are depressions in the cob rachis (central core) closely associated with each pair of spikelets. A spikelet is the kernel and Anderson 1947)—the Eastern Eight Row the associated chaff (glumes, etc.) and small stem attached to the "race" of Cutler and Blake (1976; n.d.). Where rachis Alicoles (pairs of spikelets and the associated cupules) are comparisons are possible, few of the data fall building blocks of the cob. slightly separated from each other by softer rachis tissue. outside the range known for that complex in

31 the pertinent time and area. However, most node length of Galinat ef. al. (1970). As Northern Flint plotted on the diagram in Cutler expected this relatively low level of overlap and Agogino (1960) have wider cupules. indicates that the Brokaw site maize is not Comparison with tables presented by Cutler closely related to the Southwest sample. and Blake (1976; n.d.) demonstrated that the The variation between cobs, alicoles, and Northern Flints vary considerably, with broader cupules is probably due to a combination of cupules (over 9.0 mm) in historic times, at effects —the range of races or subraces many, but not all, sites in the Northeast and deposited, position of alicole and cupule on the northern Plains states. The maize which the ear (Galinat 1970), position of the ear on Galinat (1970) calls Maiz de Ocho from the the plant, and varying growing conditions. Blain site (Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio) There has not been enough study of these seems by appearance to be the same as the sources of variation to say whether all the Brokaw site maize, although he presents no variation in the Brokaw site maize falls within comparable data. Six out of sixteen few-rowed the range expected in the Fort Ancient cobs (6-10 rows) reported by Galinat ef. al. Northern Flints for these effects, but it seems (1970) for the Southwest have cupule widths reasonable that this may be the case. More overlapping those reported here, in the 6.4 to detailed comparisons will be possible when 10.0 mm. range.-Three of the six also overlap more data from other samples are available. in alicole length (roughly equivalent to inter-

Bird, R. McK. Reports 1, American Archaeology Di­ 1970 Maize and its cultural and natural en­ vision, University of Missouri, Columbia, vironment in the Sierra of Huanuco, n.d. North American Indian corn. In: Hand­ Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. book of North American Indians—En• University of California, Berkeley. Uni­ vironment, origins and population. Smith­ versity Microfilms 71-9767. sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1978 Archaeological maize from Peru. Maize Galinat, W. C. Genet. Coop. News L. 52: 90-92. 1970 Maize from the Blain site. In Blain village 1979 The evolution of maize: a new model for and the Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio by the early stages. Maize Genet. Coop. Olaf H. Pruferand Orrin G. Shane, III, pp. News L. 53: 53-54. 219-226. Kent State University Press, and J. B. Bird Kent, Ohio. n.d. Gallinazo maize from the Chicama Valley, , T. R. Reinhart and T. R. Frisbie Peru. American Antiquity. 1970 Early eight-rowed maize from the Middle Brown, W. L. and E. Anderson Rio Grande Valley New Mexico. Bot. 1947 The Northern Flint corns. Ann. Mo. Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard University 22: SIS- Gard. 34: 1-28. SSL Cutler, H. C. and G. A. Agogino Grobman, A., W. Salhuana and R. Sevilla with P. C. 1960 Analysis of maize from the Four Bear Mangelsdorf site and two other Arikara locations in 1961 Races of maize in Peru. NAS-N Republi­ South Dakota. Southwest Journal of cation 915. Washington, D.C. Anthropology 16: 312-316. Wellhausen, E. J., L. M. Roberts and E. Hernandez Cutler, H. C. and L. W. Blake X. with P. C. Mangelsdorf 1976 Plants from archaeological sites east of 1952 Races of maize in Mexico. Bussey Inst, the Rockies. American Archaeological of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

32 Table 1. A catalog of the Brokaw site maize samples and Table 2. Measurements of maize cob fragments from the Brokaw site. This of their components. is a set of characters applied to materials from many sites especially in South America. For easier comparison to the data from these sites, cupule data from Table 4 are repeated. FRAG LEN, fragment length; LOW GLUM DIAM, lower glume diameter, equals cob diameter; RACH DIAM, diameter of the rachis Alicoles or Hickory or cob less chaff; ROW NUM, number of kernel rows; CUP, cupule; WID EXT, Identi- Cob cupules Other alicoles Kernels or nut shell external width of the cupule across the cob; LEN EXT, external length along fleation Sections measured or fraqments cob axis; WING WID, amount of lateral extension of the cupule, called wing F.S. 75 (14 5/16" deep) or flap; RACH 5EG LEN, the length along the cob from glume to glume, usually three at once. All dimensions are in millimeters. Parentheses indicate Bag a 0 5 5 0 0 m the item is broken or eroded where the measurement is taken. Bag b 0 3 3 1 a m

Cob packet t a 21 ,(•]?] 0 0 cob 1

F.S. 76 (15" deep) Identification FRAG LOW RACH ROW CUP CUP CUP RACH LEN GLUM DIAM NUM WID LEN WING SEG Sag 1 4 83 0 6 m cob 4 DIAM EXT EXT WID LEN Cob packet 1 a 9 0 0 n cob ?

F.S. 81 (14.25-15.25" deep) F.S. 75 cob packet

Bag and Cob 1 {32.0) - - {8)* 7.6 ca.1.5 ca.1.7 3.6 cob packet 1 0 2** 0 0 m cob 3 F.S. 76 bag

Cob 4 (11.2) (11.1) 9.4 6 7.3 1.8 1.7 3.3 W, much material remains in matrix.

' One of the two fragments fits into the cob ; F.S. 76 cob packet

Cob 2 (19.6) (12.9) 9.3 8 6.4 1.4 1.6 3.6

F.S. 81 bag and cob packet

Cob 3 (23.8) (15.6) 11.7 8 8.0 1.8 1.7 3.7

Only one of four alicole ranks present.

Table 3. Measurements of alicoles from the Brokaw site: glume cushion Table 4. Measurements of cupules from the Brokaw site. In addition to height, lower glume length, thickness and angle, sessile spikelet thickness, the abbreviations of Table 2, WID INT, internal width excluding the two rachilla length, thickness and angle, alicole length. These may be taken cupule wings; LEN INT, length from the pedicellate spikelet base to the on less fractured specimens and are defined in Bird (1970) except the inside of the cupule lip; THIC, the radial distance from a line across fifth which is the dimension along the cob of the thicker of the two the cupule to the edge of the rachis pith; DEP, depth from the same spikelets where it joins the cob rachis. Parentheses indicate the item line to the bottom of the cupule depression; WING HT, amount of rise is broken or eroded for that dimension. All are in millimeters or degrees. of the cupule wing from the rachis. All dimensions are in millimeters. Parentheses indicate the item is broken or eroded where the measurement • taken.

Identificat on GLUM LOU LOW LOW SESS RLLA RLLA RLLA ALIC CUSH GLUM GLUM GLUM SPIK IFN THIC ANGL LEN Hi LEN THIC ANGL THICK Idneitification CUP CUP CUP CUP CUP CUP CUP CUP WID WID LEN LEN THIC OEP WING WING EXT INT EXT INT HID HT. F.S. 75 baq

A11C 1 (3.1) F.S. 75 baq a Alic 2 (2.4) Alic 3 (2.7) Alic 1 (9.1) 5.6 1.9 [)./ 3.4 1.3 i . 2.0 1.9 AUc 4 - - _ _ _ _ _ (3.0) Alic 2 (9.1) 4.9 1.3 U.U 2.7 ca I.U ca 2.2 1.5 Alic 5 (2.8) Alic 3 9.4 5.1 1.4 0./ 3.1 1.3 2.3 1.5 Alic 4 10.2 5.4 1.8 0.8 3.7 1.5 2.6 1.9 F.S. 75 baq b Alic 5 9.7 5.5 1.5 o.; 3.2 1.5 2.2 2.0 AUc 1 . _ 0.7 _ . _ _ ca 4.9 F.S. 75 baq b AUc 2 ca 1.1 0.5 2.4 1.3 4.7 AUc 3 - _ 2.7 4.6 Alic 1 8.7 4.6 2.3 3.7 2.4 1.9 ca 1.2 ------Alic 2 7.7 4.7 2.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 1.7 F.S. 75 cob packet Alic 3 7.4 4.5 ca 1.7 ca 1.4 2.7 1.2 1.5 - Cob 1 ca 1.9 _ 0.5 ca 55 1.8 ca 1.6 ca 0. 7 ca 70 3.6 F.S. 75 cob packet AUc 1 1.4 0.5 2.1 4.0 Alic 2 1.7 3._4 0.5 _ Cob 1 7.6 c. 3.8 ca 1.5 ca 1.4 ca 2.8 ca 0.9 ca 1.7 1.7 Alic 3 ca. 0.8 0.5 _ 1.5 3.8 Alic 1 (9.0) 5.5 1.7 0.9 2.4 1.0 •n 1.8 (1.1) AUc 4 0.8 2..0 0.5 _ 1.7 3.9 Alic 2 8.6 4.8 1.8 1.3 3.4 1.0 1.8 1.5 - - - Alic 3 6.8 3.5 2.3 1.9 2.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 F.S. 76 baq Alic 4 6.6 3.3 2.2 1.3 2.2 0.9 1.7 1.3

Cob 4 ca 0.8 (2.6) 0.4 ca 60 ca l.E ca 0.6 _ 3.2 F.S. 76 baq AUc 1 1.0? 0.6 2.4 0.8 4.0 Alic 2 1.2? _ 0.8 _ 2.1 _ 0.6? _ 3.7 Cob 4 7.3 3.6 1.8 1./ 2.8 1.0 1.7 1.3 Alic 3 1.1 - 0.5 _ 2.6 _ 0.8 _ 4.0 Alic 1 7.6 3.5 1.7 1.2 2.8 1.1 1.9 1.5 Alic 4 1.4 _ 0.5 65_? 2.2 _ 1.0 4.4 Alic 2 (6.5) 3.4 1.7 1.4 :a 2.8 1.2 (l.b) 1.1 - - - Alic 3 8.6 4.6 1.8 1.3 3.1 1.5 2.1 1.3 F.S. 76 cob packet Alic 4 7.9 4.0 2.1 1.3 2.6 1.4 1.9 1.1

Cob 2 1.3 2.8 0.5 ca 60 2.0 ca2.4 ca0.9 .ca60 3.3 F.S. cob packet

F.S. 81 baq and cob packet Cob 2 6.4 2.9 1.4 0.9 2.3 1.4 1.6 1.0

Cob 3 1.6 3.1 0.6 ca 55 1.9 ca 1 7 ca 0 6 ca 80 3.6 F.S. 81 baq and cob packet

Cob 3 8.0 4.4 1.8 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.7 1.1

33 An Engraved Slate Artifact by Mr. and Mrs. Royal Nickler, Jr. 6366 Monnett. Galion, Ohio

This highly engraved slate piece was found with a non-symmetric outline in its center. All while surface hunting in Crawford County, of this is surrounded by a border which follows Ohio, in May of this year. Like many engraved the original contours of the artifact from which pieces, it appears to have been made from a it was salvaged. The reverse is also engraved broken pendant or gorget. This particular with a less intricate pattern consisting of a piece, however, may have been broken more border which is not as carefully engraved as than once since the incised lines go past the the opposite side. In addition to the engraving broken edges in several places. are four tiny tally marks at one corner of the The principal engraving is shown on the original end. The dimensions are 2]/a by 1 % by obverse (Fig. 1) and is a spiderweb-like design % inch.

Fig. I (Nickler) Obverse of engraved slate pieces from Fig. 2 (Nickler) Reverse side of slate pieces. Note tally marks Crawford County, Ohio. at one corner.

34 Ohio Banner Axe by Gale V. Highsmith 2825 S. Burrell St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin

This artifact was found in Ross County, and the opposite corners to a distance of 1V2 Ohio. Its length is 8%< inches and it weighs inches above and below indicating that this about 2% pounds. The material is a fine, natural cavity was used as a centering device nearly microscopic, grained igneous rock that for a haft. appears to be andesite. It's color is cream and The artifact was completely ground after deep olive drab with heavy rusty iron incursta- pecking so that only traces of pecking remain tions over most of the cream surface. There over the central half of the two flat sides. One are numerous small phenocrysts of white, tan, half inch long striations on the cutting edges brown, black, ruby, garnet, and three hues of suggest considerable usage. green. Near the upper right there is an 8mm x I obtained this unusual piece on October 15mm oval black speckled conglomerate 23,1965, from the estate of the late Dr. Edgar phenocryst and a-25mm spherical multi-green G. Bruder of Milwaukee. It was one of his most conglomerate at the center of the right edge prized artifacts. (Fig. 1). I attach the word banner by virtue of the At the center of the left edge (Fig. 2) is a beauty and symmetry. I would appreciate 10mm hemispherical vug. The two corners hearing from anyone with an axe/banner of adjacent to the vug have been rounded to a this type. distance of % inch above and below the vug,

Fig. 1 (Highsmith) Front view of Ross County axel banner. Fig. 2 (Highsmith) Side view showing worked vug or natural cavity.

35 The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio Part IV: External Cultural Relationships and Relationships to Historic Tribes and Linguistic Groups by William F. Romain Department of Sociology and Anthropology Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242

Abstract techniques were utilized, however, the most As discussed in earlier articles (Romain predominant technique is dentate-stamping. 1979a&b; 1980a), the Libben Site is a single- Typically, the ceramic assemblage consists component, early Late Woodland site in north­ of coiled, grit-tempered, medium-large, thick, western Ohio. This article, the last in a series, heavy vessels with "semi-concoidal bases, examines the cultural relationship between elongated bodies, slightly constricted necks Libben and various sites in southeastern and straight or slightly everted rims" (Prufer Michigan and southwestern Ontario. and Shane 1976:297). Additionally, evidence for trade with south­ 2) Of the 195 recovered and identified pro­ erly adjacent cultures is presented and an jectile points, at least 40% may be classified as ethnic or linguistic affiliation for the Libben either Concave-base or Straight-base Tri­ population is suggested. angular types (Tallan 1977). 3) The Libben Site certainly includes a large External Cultural Relationships mortuary area (approximately 1,500 recov­ Various biocultural patterns observed at ered individuals) and as discussed elsewhere Libben effectively relate the site to several (Romain 1979b:42-43), the primal population early Late Woodland, southeastern Michigan appears to have been quite sedentary. How­ sites including Younge (Greenman 1937), ever, in lieu of an agricultural economic base, Riviere au Vase (Fitting 1965), Butler (Fitting subsistence seems to have been primarily and Zurel 1976:233-234) and certain south­ dependent upon aquatic or riverine resources. western Ontario sites (Fox 1976). 4) Multiple interments including double and With reference to Late Woodland, south­ mass burials were relatively frequent at Libben eastern Michigan sites, Fitting (1965:130-131) (Romain 1980a:53-55) and mortuary speciali­ notes the following common biocultural zations' including altered long-bones and patterns: drilled and trephinated crania were also . . . collared and castellated ceramics observed. with predominantly oblique or chevroned Additional simularities between Libben and motifs; horizontal motifs are also com­ various Late Woodland, southeastern Michi­ mon. There are a number of methods of gan-southwestern Ontario sites include: burials executing these designs. The projectile in an extended position; evidence for stock­ points are predominantly triangular types ade-type perimeter enclosures; and a high . . . sites are comparatively large with incidence of stylistically similar ceremonial or large mortuary areas suggesting a ornamental artifacts including elbow pipes and sedentary or semisedentary population bone and shell beads and pendants. with an agricultural base. There is a tendency toward multiple burials with Given the foregoing, it is suggested that such mortuary specializations as clay the primary Libben occupation may be classi­ packed into the skull and skulls with fied as the representative component of the disks removed. Libben Phase (Prufer and Shane 1976:299) of Commensurate with Fitting's observations, the the Western Lake Erie Basin Tradition (see following biocultural patterns describe the Stothers 1978:11-17 for a discussion of the primary Libben component and demonstrate temporal and spatial extent of the Western its cultural affinity with relevant southeastern Lake Erie Basin Tradition). Notably, the Michigan and southwestern Ontario site Western Lake Erie Basin Tradition includes components: what was formerly identified as the Younge Tradition. 1) Of observed and analyzed Libben pottery rims (N=592), 37.6% are collared and 22.6% Evidence for Trade have castellations (Fossett 1975). Exterior rim Substantial evidence indicates cultural decorative motifs consist almost exclusively contact between the Libben inhabitants and of parallel obliques. Several rim decorative presently undetermined Mississippian Tradi-

36 tion cultures to the south. Specifically, such with the Western Lake Erie Basin Tradition) is evidence includes recovery from the site of that of proto-lroquoian. The following ob­ several Chesser-notched projectile points and servations tend to further substantiate this large quantities of Marginella and Columella conclusion: shell beads and ornaments. Accounting for 1)Willey (1966:310) notes that "A unique similar artifacts at the nearby Eiden Site, feature of the Iroquois vessel collar is that it McKenzie, et. al. (1973:82) suggest that was rectangulated or castellated". Concord- northern furs may have been traded to antly, 22.6% of all observed Libben pottery intermediary, southerly adjacent cultures in rims exhibit castellations (Fossett 1975). return for Gulf Coast products. 2) The importance placed upon the manufac­ Relationship to Historic Tribes and ture of elbow pipes as an Iroquoian diagnostic Linguistic Groups feature has been noted by Fitting and Zurel As McKenzie, et. al. (1973:85) note: (1976:248) and Willey (1966:310). Notably, a ... the Younge Tradition did not last up relatively large number of complete elbow to European contact, and we can make pipes and pipe fragments were recovered no direct connection to any known tribal from Libben (Mortan 1971); and they are or linguistic group. stylistically identical to those recovered from However, they further argue (McKenzie, et. sites definitely identified as Iroquoian. al. 1973:85) that: 3) According to Fitting and Zurel (1976:248), . . . the Younge Tradition people were "Elaborate variations on the ossuary burial certainly not Iroquoian speakers ... form, with all types of post-mortem mutilation rather, . . ." are also diagnostic of Iroquoian culture. . . . there is some evidence that the Significantly, extensive post-mortem cranial Younge Tradition represents ancestral and postcranial alterations are manifested by central Algonkin peoples. the Libben skeletal population (Romain Alternatively, Greenman (1937) foreshad­ 1980b). owed the position more recently expressed by Fitting and Zurel (1976:249), i.e.: Summary . . . the Younge Tradition is a develop­ There seems little doubt that Libben is mental Iroquois Tradition ... culturally associated with various sites (form­ And, based upon extensive excavation and erly identified as Younge Tradition) in south­ comparative research in the area, Stothers western Michigan and southwestern Ontario. (1978:28) argues that: Accordingly, the Libben Phase of the Western . . . the Western Basin Tradition ... is Lake Erie Basin Tradition may represent a ethnically and linguistically Iroquoian. southwestern expansion of proto-lroquoian Although the issue is still controversial, it is peoples into the areas of Michigan and north­ becoming increasingly clear that the pre­ western Ohio, from southwestern Ontario ponderance of evidence as well as opinion possibly as early as 700 A.D. In support of this supports the position that the Western Lake idea, Wilkinson (1971:99) with reference to Erie Basin Tradition represents an antecedent Younge Tradition sites proposes that: "a major or developmental Iroquoian manifestation. If source of genetic influence is seen as coming this is in fact the case, then the most likely into the Michigan area from the northeast". ethnic and linguistic identity of the primary Obviously though, more research is necessary Libben component (which is clearly associated to substantiate this theory.

Greenman, Emerson F 1979b The Libben Site. Ottawa County, Ohio REFERENCES 1937 The Younge Site. Museum of Anthro­ Part II: The Subsistence-Settlement Fitting, James E. pology, University ot Michigan, Occa­ System Ohio Archaeologist 29(4):42-43. 1965 Late Woodland Cultures of Southeastern sional Contributions 6. 1980a The Libben Site. Ottawa County, Ohio Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Uni­ McKenzie. D. H , John Blank, James Murphy, and Part III: Social Behavior and Organization. versity ot Michigan, Anthropological OrrinC. Shane III Ohio Archaeologist 30( 1 ):53-55. Papers 24. 1973 The Eiden Site: Terminal Late Woodland 1980b Archaeological Evaluation of Magico- on the South-Central Lake Erie Shore. Ritual Evidence Through Analysis ot Fitting, James E. and Richard L. Zurel Lorain County Metropolitan Park District, Biocultural Variables: An Investigation 1976 The Detroit and St. Clair River Area In Elyria. of Mutilated Skeletal Elements from The Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Morgan, Nancy C. Libben. M.A. thesis, Kent State Univer­ Drainage Basin: A 1972 Symposium sity. University Microfilms. Ann Arbor Revised, edited by D S. Brose Cleve­ 1971 A Formal Analysis ot the Pipes from the land Museum of Natural History. Cleve­ Libben Site. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Stothers, David M. land. Department of Sociology and Anthro­ pology, Kent State University. 1978 The Western Basin Tradition: Algonuin Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin C. Shane III or Iroquois? The Michigan Archaeologist Fossett, Ruthanne 24(1):11-36 1975 An Attribute Analysis of Pottery from the 1976 The Portage-Sanduaky-Vermilion River Libben Site. Unpublished M A. thesis. Region in Ohio In The Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Drainage Basin: A 1972 Willey. Gordon R. Department of Sociology and Anthro­ 1966 An Introduction to American Archae­ pology. Kent State University. Symposium Revised, edited by D. S. Brose. Cleveland Museum of Natural ology, Volume 1, North and Middle America. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs Fox, William A. History, Cleveland 1976 The Central North Erie Shore. In The Romain, William F Wilkinson, Richard G. Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Drainage 1979a The Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio 1971 Prehistoric Biological Relationships in Basin: A 1972 Symposium Revised, Part I: Environment, Excavation and the Great Lakes Region. Museum ot edited by D. S Brose. Cleveland Museum Temporal Position. Ohio Archaeologist Anthropology. University ot Michigan, ot Natural History. Cleveland. 29<4):40-41. Anthropological Papers 43.

37 Flint Artifacts From Southern Indiana by David Stemle, 15 University Woods Dr., New Albany, Indiana.

In the accompanying pictures are artifacts found while surface hunting in Harrison County, Indiana.

Fig. 2 (Stemle) A turkey tail of dark blue Indiana hornstone.

Fig. 1 (Stemle) A 4Vi inch turkey tail point made from gray Indiana hornstone. It was found in two pieces in a single clod of dirt.

Fig. 3 (Stemle) An Archaic side notched point. It is 3 inches long and made of a beautiful brown chert unusual for the site on which it was found.

Fig. 4 (Stemle) An Adena Fig. 5 (Stemle) A Hopewell point made point of Indiana hornstone from blue gray Harrison County flint. 3 inches long. Found by Linda Stemle.

38 An Unusual Dental Wear Pattern In A Late Archaic Individual by Ralph W. Alexander, Jr. Department of Sociology and Anthropology Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056

The specimen described in this report is Such unequal wear on individual teeth, in catalog number PA-3-1 of the collection of cases where attrition has proceeded to the prehistoric human skeletal materials housed point of loss of the majority of the crown of the in the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, tooth, is also fairly common, and erratic wear Department of Sociology and Anthropology, patterns on individual teeth may occur for a Miami University. The adult male skeleton was variety of causes when wear is extreme recovered in 1978 from the south central area (Anderson, 1965; Brothwell, 1972). of Site 12, Ohio County, Indiana. This site has The unusual aspect of the pattern of dental previously been reported on in a preliminary wear in this specimen involves the overall manner by Black (1934) and Sanders (1978), contours of the wear around the entire dental and on the basis of associated artifacts the arcade. Since the teeth function more fre­ skeletal specimen (burial number 4 from the quently as a unit rather than individually, site) has been tentatively assigned to the Late changing wear patterns on adjacent teeth and Archaic time period. Radio-carbon dating of the overall contours of the worn dental arches the site is being conducted at the present time may provide useful information, including the under funding provided by an Undergraduate possible use of the teeth as tools. For example, Research Grant from Miami University to Mr. if some type of tough fibrous material is Allen Sanders, under the supervision of this frequently pulled between two teeth, the wear author. The specimen was recovered from patterns eventually resulting would produce approximately two to three feet below the wear planes that would angle toward each present ground surface in a flexed position. other or produce a tell-tale groove worked Associated artifacts included a McWhinney into the tooth row(Molnar, 1971). In specimen heavy stemmed projectile point, a fragment of PA-3-1, when viewed from the front of the a banded slate prismoidal atlatl weight, and a dentition, the overall wear pattern exhibits a small splinter bone awl. smoothly undulating "roller coaster" effect, The dental arches of the specimen are virtually symmetrical on both sides of both complete and intact, with the complete perma­ dental arcades (Fig. 1-4). In the maxillary nent dentition present. The alveolar bone is dentition, the lateral incisors, canines, and first well preserved, with only slight resorption of premolars are worn more heavily than the the alveolar margins due to periodontal central incisors, and the first, second, and third disease. Slight calculus deposits are present, molar teeth are worn to a much lesser extent. and there is a slight amount of post-mortem In the mandibular dentition, the reverse erosion of the alveolar bone at the tooth roots pattern is exhibited, with the central incisors of non-pathological origin. All teeth are heavily heavily worn, less wear on the lateral incisors, worn, with attrition having proceeded to the canines, and first premolar teeth, and heavy point where only the neck and root area of the wear on the molars, particularly the first and teeth remain, the crowns having been entirely second. The second premolars are worn in an worn away with the exception of the second intermediate amount in all cases, and provide and third molars in both the maxilla and the for the continuity in the smoothly curving line mandible where portions of the crowns of occlusion which results. This "roller remained intact (Fig. 5,6). The unusual nature coaster" pattern does not occur in four other of the pattern of dental wear in this specimen specimens from the site dating to the same does not derive from the amount of wear approximate time period, although heavy wear present in the dentition as a whole, as extreme on the second molars is found in other wear such as this is common in prehistoric North specimens from Site 12. No specific cause for American skeletal samples (Dahlberg, 1963). this wear pattern is obvious or postulated at Neither is the unequal wear pattern on the this time. Similar wear patterns have been premolar and molar teeth resulting in a sloping occasionally noted by physical anthropologists or oblique occlusal surface particularly unique. familar with skeletal materials from the Mid-

39 west, but no specific explanation has been ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS offered (J. A. Gavan, E. C. Scott; personal The PA-3-1 specimen was skillfully exca­ communication). Obliquely worn surfaces of vated and donated to the Laboratory of teeth, and dental arches in which different Physical Anthropology, Miami University, by teeth may slope acutely in a different direction Mr. Allen J. Sanders. Funds for dating of Site (found in the mandibular first and second 12, Ohio County Indiana were generously molars in specimen PA-3-1) have been noted provided by Miami University through an in six burials from the El Riego phase at undergraduate Research Grant. Cleaning, Tehuacan in the Valley of Mexico by Anderson cataloguing and preparation of the specimens (1965), and attributed to pulling of sand- in this report was professionally done by Ms. covered fibrous plant material obliquely Stephanie Burk. through the teeth to strip off the fleshy edible parts in this plant collecting and small game REFERENCES hunting culture. No overall pattern is noted, Anderson, J. E. however. Similar heavy and erratic wear has 1965 Human Skeletons of Tehuacan. Science, been reported from a collection of skeletal 148:496-497. materials from a "Middle Horizon" (2,000- Black, G. A. 3,000 BP) California Central Valley site with an 1934 Archeological Survey of Dearborn and apparently similar subsistence pattern of game Ohio Counties. Indiana History Bulletin, and wild plant foods (Molnar, 1971). Again no Vol. XI, No. 7. overall pattern such as found in the PA-3-1 Brothwell D. R. specimen is reported. 1963 The Macroscopic Dental Pathology of The loss of the occlusal surface of the teeth some Earlier Populations. IN: Dental Anthropology. D. R. Brothwell, Ed., Per- or tooth wear is the result of a combination of gamon Press, MacMillan Co., New York. several factors. Frictional wear from abrasive 1972 Digging Up Bones, the Excavation, materials in food, individual chewing activities Treatment, and Study of Human Skeletal engaged in during life, and the use of the Remains. 2nd Ed., British Museum of teeth as tools may all account for a large Natural History, London. amount of tooth wear. Tooth wear relates to Dahlberg, A. A. the culture of the population in terms of the 1963 Analysis of the American Indian Denti­ diet, methods of food preparation, and any tion. IN: Dental Anthropology. D. R. manipulatory functions for which the teeth are Brothwell, Ed., Pergamon Press, Mac­ frequently used. Heavy tooth usage and a Millan Co., New York. rapid rate of wear is associated with non- Davies, T. G. H., and P. O. Pedersen agricultural hunting and gathering groups 1955 The Degree of Attrition of the Deciduous utilizing a wide assortment of foods and relates Teeth and First Permanent molars of to differences in the level of technology of the Primitive and Urbanized Greenland Na­ material culture of such groups as compared tives. British Dent. J., 99: 35-43. with increasingly urbanized agriculturalists Greene, D. L, G. H. Ewing and G. J. Armelagos (DaviesandPedersen, 1955; Brothwell, 1963; 1967 Dentition of a Mesolithic Population from Greene et al, 1967). Studies of archaeological Wadi Haifa, Sudan. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., skeletal remains and the patterns of dental 27:41-56. wear in conjunction with other archaeological Molnar, S. materials can be expected to lead to a broader 1971 Human Tooth Wear, Tooth Function and understanding of the technology and environ­ Cultural Variability. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., mental conditions of the past, and a more 34: 175-190. accurate reconstruction of a prehistoric cul­ Sanders, A. J. ture and its people. 1978 Preliminary Report of a Late Archaic Site. Ohio Archeologist, Vol. 28, No. 3, Sum­ mer, 1978.

40 Fig. 2 (Alexander)

Fig. 1 (Alexander)

Fig. 4 (Alexander)

Fig. 3 (Alexander)

Fig. 5 (Alexander) Fig. 6 (Alexander)

41 Fraudulent Artifacts and Criminal Liability by William F. Romain 4304 Oak Park Avenue Cleveland, Ohio

The recent proliferation of legitimate lithic deception, some benefit for oneself or experiments (Semenov 1964, Ellis 1965, another. . . Bordaz 1970, Crabtree 1972, Swanson 1975, Additionally, ORC section 2913.01(H) states et al) has unfortunately, also provided an that: excellent technical data base for the illicit 'Utter' means to issue, publish, transfer, manufacture of fraudulent artifacts. Such use, put or send into circulation, deliver, or objects may be manufactured of flint, slate, display. granite, sandstone, steatite or other materials As already indicated, Criminal Simulation and are often manifested in the form of is a felony of the fourth degree and according projectile points, axes, celts, birdstones, to ORC section 2929.11 (B)(4) and (C)(4), the bannerstones, gorgets and pipes. Frequently, penalties for a felony of the fourth degree are: such items command prices of hundreds or 1)a minimum term of imprisonment for six even thousands of dollars from unwary col­ lectors and detection of these objects is often months, one year, eighteen months or two difficult. Additionally, as the result of an years, and a maximum term of imprisonment increase in the number of persons who collect for five years; and prehistoric artifacts and a generally heightened 2) a fine of up to two thousand five hundred awareness of the financial value of such dollars. collectibles (Hothem 1978), it is expected that Given the foregoing, it should be evident the incidence of frauds involving the manu­ that the criminal liability attendant to violation facture and sale of fake artifacts will increase. of the Criminal Simulation statute is a matter Fortunately though, specific provisions of for serious concern. Particularly noteworthy the Ohio Revised Criminal Code prohibit the is the provision that persons convicted of this sale or manufacture of fraudulent antiquities crime be sentenced to a minimum of six or objects of rarity including those of archae­ months in prison. Hopefully, awarenessof this ological interest. The Theft and Fraud chapter liability may have the result of causing of the 1974 Ohio Revised Criminal Code, potential violators to reevaluate contemplated section 2913.32 entitled Criminal Simulation illegal activities. specifies in part: (A) No person, with purpose to defraud, or knowing that he is facilitating a fraud, shall REFERENCES Bordaz, Jacques do any of the following: 1970 Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. (1)Make or alter any object so that it Natural History Press, Garden City, N,Y. appears to have value because of antiquity, Crabtree, Don E. rarity, curiosity, source, or authorship, 1972 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occa­ which it does not in fact possess; sional Papers of the Idaho State Univer­ (3) Utter, or possess with purpose to utter, sity Museum, No. 28, Pocatello. any object which he knows to have been Ellis, H. Holmes simulated as provided in division (A)(1). .. 1965 Flint-working Techniques of the Ameri­ of this section. can Indians: An Experimental Study. (B) Whoever violates this section is guilty Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Hothem, Lar of criminal simulation, a felony of the fourth 1978 A Collector's Identification and Value degree. Guide: North American Indian Artifacts. Regarding the definition of certain terms Books Americana, Florence, Alabama. found within the above statute, ORC section Semenov, S.A. 2901.22(A) establishes that: 1964 Prehistoric Technology. A person acts purposely when it is his Cory, Adams and Mackay, London. specific intention to cause a certain result... Swanson, Earl (editor) and according to ORC section 2913.01(B); 1975 Lithic Technology; Making and Using Defraud' means to knowingly obtain by Stone Tools. Mouton Publishers, Paris.

42 Book Review

HOPEWELL ARCHAEOLOGY: were involved with the mounds. The dominant The Chillicothe Conference one was the Hopewell culture which flour­ edited by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber ished between 200 B.C. and 500 A.D. It is on 336 pages, bibliography, illustrated, notes this culture that the conference concentrated, The Indian mounds of the Ohio River Valley reporting on the latest news from burial have long been one of the most striking and mounds and camp sites, comparing notes on mysterious features of the area. From the time bone tools and pottery markings. And the more the first explorers wrote about them in the late the archaeologists learn, the more questions seventeenth century, these giant earthworks arise, questions of cultural sequences, the have been the source of endless speculation extent of time and area of the Hopewell and study. Indeed, American archaeology can culture, its influence on such other cultures as be said to date from the time the first person the Adena. The work goes on in one of the dug into a mound to find what it contained. most active areas of archaeological activity on The archaeologists are still digging, still the continent. speculating, still finding as many new ques­ The thirty-four papers in HOPEWELL tions as answers. In 1978 a major conference ARCHAEOLOGY are grouped into regional of archaeologists was held in Chillicothe, Ohio, studies —ranging from Ontario to the south­ at which the people most active in this area of east coast —introductory and background research reported their newest findings and essays, topical studies, and ethnographic theories, discussed their different methods papers. The volume also includes an extensive and hypotheses, argued their various interpre­ bibliography of the existing literature on the tations. The papers from this conference, Hopewells. Although written by and for together with summaries of the discussions professional archaeologists, the great general that accompanied them, are now published by interest in the mound builders and the digs in The Kent State University Press in a fat volume the midwest should lead many interested entitled HOPEWELL ARCHAEOLOGY, edited amateurs to this book as well. by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber(April 30, David S. Brose is the editor of the Mid- clothbound $22.50, paperbound $12.50). continental Journal of Archaeology and this It has long been known that the Ohio book is published as a "Special Paper" of that mounds were not the work of the Indians in journal, though also issued in a clothbound the region at the time the white man came. edition for library use. Dr. Brose is Curator They were the work of an earlier, extinct and his co-editor, N'omi Greber, is Associate culture. Subsequent scientific archaeology Curator of Archaeology at The Cleveland has revealed that not one but several cultures Museum of Natural History.

BACK COVER Two slate sandal sole gorgets from the collection of William often present on damaged slate artifacts (see The Glacial Tiell of Cleveland. Ohio. This gorget style, a documented Kame Indians — Converse, 1978). The gorget on the left is of Glacial Kame type, may be drilled with one, two, or three green banded slate and was found in Medina County, Ohio. suspension holes. The gorget on the left is from St. Joseph As is the case with many Glacial Kame gorgets, it shows a County. Michigan, and is highly engraved. The three great deal of wear and exhibits fine workmanship. indentations may represent repaired damage —engraving is Photograph, courtesy of William Tiell.

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