A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park (20-SC-40): a Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St

Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU

Master's Theses Graduate College

8-1980

A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park (20-SC-40): A Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St. Clair River in Southeastern Michigan

Robert David Hoxie

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Recommended Citation Hoxie, Robert David, "A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park (20-SC-40): A Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St. Clair River in Southeastern Michigan" (1980). Master's Theses. 1904. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1904

This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREHISTORIC CERAMICS FROM DRAPER PARK (20-SC-40): A WAYNE TRADITION OCCUPATION ON THE ST. CLAIR RIVER IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN

Robert David Hoxie

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology

Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1980

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to the following people

for assisting in various aspects of this study. For c ritic a l review

of the original draft I acknowledge the valuable comments offered by

Dr. William Cremin, Dr. Elizabeth Garland, and Dr. Nedenia Kennedy.

For taking the time and interest to view the Draper Park pottery

and to offer their professional opinions I would like to thank

Dr. Janet Brashler, Dr. Margaret Holman, Dr. William Lovis, Dr. David

Stothers, Mr. Ian Kenyon, Mr. William Fox, Mr. James Krakker, and

Dr. James Fitting, who also correnented on an e a rlie r version of a

similar paper presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Central

States Anthropological Society in Milwaukee. I would also like to

thank Mr. Donald Weston for arranging with the Museum of Arts and

History in Port Huron for the loan of the collection and for assist

ing Mr. Stephen Treichler of Commonwealth Associates in the con

struction of the excellent Draper Park site maps and figures. Mr.

Brian Mitchell of Western Michigan University's Computer Center

offered considerable advice in the computerization of the attribute

data for which I am very appreciative. Finally, I acknowledge the

necessary financial assistance awarded me by The Graduate College

of Western Michigan University during the early stages of the

analysis. I greatly appreciate the aid of the aforementioned

individuals and institutions and I apologize for any inadvertent

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. omissions that may have occurred. I alone, however, am solely

responsible for the contents of, and any conclusions that may be

drawn from, this thesis.

Robert David Hoxie

i i i

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HOXIE» ROBERT DAVID A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREHISTORIC CERAMICS FROM DRAPER PARK (2 0 -5 C -*0 )S A WAYNE TRADITION OCCUPATION ON THE ST. CLAIR RIVER IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN*

WESTERN MICHIGAN: UNIVERSITY. M .A .. 1980

CQPR. 1980 HOXIE. ROBERT DAVID University Microfilms International 300 n z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi 48106

(3) Copywright by Robert David Hoxie 1980

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... ii

LIST OF MAPS...... vi

LIST OF TABLES...... vii

LIST OF FIGURES...... v iii

LIST OF PLATES...... ix

Chapter

I INTRODUCTION...... 1

Theoretical Orientation ...... 4

Site Description ...... 9

I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT DRAPER PARK 12

I I I METHODOLOGY...... 23

IV GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSEMBLAGE...... 28

V ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS...... 34

Attribute List...... 36

VI TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS...... 42

Middle Woodland Vessels...... 42

Lake Forest...... 43

Late Woodland Vessels...... 50

Wayne Tradition ...... 50

Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence) ...... 76

Juntunen Sequence...... 80

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE (F CONTENTS (cont'd)

Chapter

Blackduck Tradition ...... 93

Ontario Iroquois Tradition...... 100

Miscellaneous Untyped Vessels ...... 108

VII OTHER CERAMIC ARTIFACTS...... 122

Miniature Vessels...... 122

Aboriginal Smoking Pipes...... 122

V III INTRASITE DISTRIBUTIONS...... 127

Vertical Distribution of Vessels ...... 127

Ceramic Contents of Features ...... 133

IX INTERPRETATIONS...... 135

General Discussion ...... 135

External Relationships and Dating...... 137

Conclusion ...... 144

APPENDIX I —Draper Park Vessel by Vessel Attribute Descriptions ...... 145

APPENDIX I I —Draper Park Summary of Wayne Ware Attributes 172

APPENDIX I I I —Draper Park Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels in Strati fi ed Context...... 176

APPENDIX IV—Draper Park Tabulation of Feature Ceramics 179

APPENDIX V—Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ohio...... 183

APPENDIX VI—Draper Park Prehistoric Pottery Rim Profiles 186

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 195

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS

Map Page

1 Location of the Draper Park Site (20-SC-40) within the State of Michigan ...... 5

2 Location of Draper City Park in Port Huron, Mi chi gan ...... 10

3 Location of excavation units at the Draper Park s ite...... 13

4 Location of archaeological sites mentioned in the te xt...... 44

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Page

1 Quantitative summary of the prehistoric ceramic assemblage from Draper Park...... 30

2 Summary of vessels representing various Late Woodland ceramic traditions at Draper Park ...... 121

3 Frequency and percent of Wayne Ware types from the Draper Park and Fletcher sites ...... 139

vii

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 North-south wall profile of excavation units at Draper Park...... 15

2 Section view of old creek channel encountered during excavations at Draper Park ...... 17

3 Plan view and gradient of old creek channel encountered during excavations at Draper Park ...... 18

4 Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of the s tra tifie d creek deposits at Draper Park...... 19

5 Block excavation showing features encountered at Draper Park...... 21

6 Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of random units at Draper Park...... 22

7 Vessel form terms used in this study ...... 35

8 Frequency scatterplot of Wayne Ware vessel types in stratified layers at Draper Park...... 129

9 Strati graphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Ware exterior motifs...... 131

10 Strati graphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Ware exterior techniques ...... 132

v iii

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PLATE Page

1 Middle Woodland rim sherds...... 49

2 Wayne Undecorated, smooth, plain interio r rim sherds. 53

3 Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, rolled rim rim sherds. 55

4 Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, not rolled rim rim sherds...... 57

5 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, punctate rim sherds 61

6 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (linear cord) rim sherds...... 63

7 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim sherds ...... 67

8 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim/neck sherd ...... 69

9 Wayne Decorated, oblique, fla t lip rim sherds ...... 71

10 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, incised rim sherds 73

11 Vase corded and untyped rim sherds ...... 82

12 Vase Tool Impressed and Macomb linear corded rim sherds...... 84

13 Vase Tool Impressed vessel fragment...... 86

14 Mackinac Banded vessel fragment ...... 87

15 Juntunen Linear Punctate and untyped rim sherds 92

16 Blackduck-like rim sherds ...... 94

17 Blackduck-like rim sherds ...... 98

18 Princess Point Punctate vessel ...... 101

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Plates (cont'd)

PLATE Page

19 Princess Point Punctate rim sherds ...... 103

20 Princess Point Punctate, Stafford Stamped, and Ontario Oblique rim sherds...... 110

21 Untyped oblique tool impressed rim sherds ...... 113

22 Untyped push-pull incised rim sherds ...... 115

23 Miscellaneous untyped rim sherds ...... 120

24 Miniature vessel fragments and aboriginal smoking pipe fragments...... 124

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

History informs us that French explorers, missionaries, and

traders were the fir s t Europeans to make contact and document their

experiences with aboriginal groups living in the Great Lakes region

during the early to mid-seventeenth century. Early written accounts

indicate that the Upper Great Lakes, and particularly the area around

Lake Huron, was the fir s t to be explored by the French (cf. Champlain

1922-36; Gram 1979; Kinietz 1940; Quimby 1966; Radisson 1885; Thwaites

1959, vol. V III) . At that time most travelers who ventured west from

the early settlements of Montreal and Quebec located on the St.

Lawrence River followed a northern water route taking them through

Huron country in what is now the north-central portion of Ontario

via the Ottawa River-Lake Nippising-French River waterway which

terminates in Georgian Bay.

Contemporary European accounts suggest that many aboriginal

groups in the area were undergroing radical displacement at this

time as a result of growing antagonism by the Iroquois Nations to the

east in New York. Persistent Iroquois animosity toward the French

and their Huron allies for control of the fur trade, particularly

during the Iroquois Wars between A.D. 1649 and 1654 (cf. Brose 1971;

Wright 1972), effectively stalled French exploration of the Lower

Great Lakes until the late 1600s at which time the newly discovered

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Lake Erie-Detroit River-Lake St. Clair-St. Clair River waterway was

used (cf. Delanglez 1945; Galinee 1903, Vol. IV, part I ; Kellogg

1917).

There is l i t t l e doubt that independent and illite r a te

"coureurs de bois" were the fir s t Europeans to seek inroads to the

interior of the Great Lakes region and contact the Indian groups

living there leaving trade goods with them and providing us with

no written record of having done so. Some of the earliest explorers

of the lower lakes, of whom documented evidence exists, include such

historical personalities as A. Joliet (who arrived in 1669-70), R. B.

Galinee (in 1670), LaSalle (in 1679), Perrot (in 1684), Duluth (in

1686), Tonti, Lahonton, and Cadillac (in 1701). Accounts by these

men, although sometimes b rie f, suggest that southeastern Michigan,

southwestern Ontario, and north-central Ohio were essentially unin

habited by any recognized Indian groups. Indian aggression and war

which began prior to European contact had apparently shifted indig

enous populations out of the western Lake Erie Basin, and any

aboriginal groups that were encountered at that time can hardly be

expected to have been residing in their original pre-contact

localities (Brose 1971).

LaSalle documented the fir s t naval investigation of this

region while exploring in his ship the G riffin in the year 1679. He

traveled the length of Lake Erie and on up the Straits of Detroit

and Lake St. Clair northward to Lake Huron. During his travels,

LaSalle wrote of encountering only isolated Huron speaking people

along the Detroit River (Voegelin and Tanner 1974:324). After

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thoroughly studying the ancient accounts of these travelers, however,

Vogelein and Tanner (1974:327) observed that "... any wilderness is

apt to contain renegades, or exiles, removed from normal trib al

association." This area can thus be appropriately characterized in

part as ". . . a buffer zone between groups, visited by hunting and

gathering parties, but serving as a homeland for no group" (Fitting

1975:148) during the period immediately prior to European contact.

On-going archaeological research in the western drainage basin

of Lake Erie (cf. Stothers 1979) has revealed that the apparent lack

of aboriginal occupation in this area during proto-historic and early

historic times does not have considerable time depth and, in fact,

points rather to a continuum of aboriginal occupation spanning some

3,000 years until ca. A.D. 1300, after which, for reasons not yet

fully understood, no Indian groups were settled here. Thus, south

eastern Michigan and southwestern Ontario do have significance for

the anthropologically oriented archaeologist. David L. Keenlyside

(1978:1) in the introduction to his book the Late Prehistory of Point

Pelee, Ontario and Environs, made the following observation concerning

what he perceived to be a meaningful approach for continued research

in the area:

The problem thus posed for researchers in Great Lakes archaeology is . . . t o discover the extent of human exploitation . . . in the past, the base and nature of this exploitation, and the consequences of such re constructed patterns for the growing body of data and conjecture surrounding the larger topic of Great Lakes archaeology.

The fundamental purpose of this study is to attempt to make

a contribution to this "growing body of data and conjecture" thus to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. further our understanding of the nature and extent of the prehistoric

events and processes that seem to have taken place here. In this

thesis the formal stylistic analysis of prehistoric ceramic materials

that were recovered during archaeological excavation of the Draper

Park site is undertaken. Draper Park (20-SC-40) was a Late Woodland

habitation area situated at the southern outlet of Lake Huron approx

imately 97 km northeast of Detroit (Map 1). Three major objectives

are pursued in this study. These are: (1) presentation of a three

fold analysis of ceramic data for comparative purposes, (2) deter

mination of the cultural a ffilia tio n (s ) of those groups u tilizin g

this site and responsible for the deposition of the pottery herein

analyzed, and (3) determination of the site's temporal placement.

Theoretical Orientation

This analysis is founded in an ethnologically oriented

approach to the study of prehistory. In its most generalized form,

an ethnological approach directs research toward the e lic ita tio n of

answers to questions concerning why certain relationships exist

between cultural phenomena that are observed in the archaeological

record. Taylor (1948) originally proposed that through the detailed

analysis of "objectified cultural traits" (patterns of culturally-

derived remains or a rtifa c ts ), meaningful statements concerning

prehistoric lifeways and culture history could be offered. It was

later argued by proponents of the "New Archaeology" that explanations

for these relationships may then lead to the formulation of

"scientific" or general laws of human behavior, a major goal in

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MICHIGAN ? MILES 1° 0

‘d.'D.V.

Map 1. Location of the Draper Park Site (20-SC-40) within the state of Michigan.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. contemporary American archaeology (cf. Binford 1962; Binford and

Binford 1968; Watson et a l. 1971).

At many late prehistoric sites in the Great Lakes region,

hand-made pottery is often the most abundant artifactual material

encountered. Pottery is an important source of information not only

for more traditional interpretive purposes but also for explanatory

purposes. The s ty lis tic decoration that often accompanies hand-made

pottery can be shown to re fle c t, to a reasonable degree, certain

sociological phenomena via spatial and temporal distribution of

specific s ty lis tic elements or attributes (eg., vessel form, surface

treatment, or technique of manufacture). Archaeologists have

learned to recognize and document sometimes subtle decorative varia

tions through the use of the "comparative method of analysis." In

the present study, a basic assumption underlying inferences drawn

from the analysis is that stylistic elements find their principal

significance not in technological but, rather, sociological context

(Binford 1962:220). Although this study does not address its e lf to

the intra-group sociological concerns of ethnoarchaeology, i t does

treat the more fundamental questions surrounding spatial-temporal

concerns and cultural a ffilia tio n .

In considering s ty lis tic variab ility in prehistoric hand

made pottery, the probability that multiple independent inventions

of one particular cluster of style elements occurred in two or more

spatially separated social systems is not lik e ly , considering the

almost infinite room for variation possible in a "plastic" art.

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Through detailed analysis of stylistic similarities and differences

in archaeological context, ceramic data can thus serve as an indi

cator of interacting social systems at the regional level of analysis

in addition to being somewhat indicative of intra-group social struc

ture (cf. Deetz 1965; Longacre 1964) at the local level.

Parenthetically, it should be stressed that most attempts

to discern social structure in archaeological context through the

study of variations in art style has met with strong criticism from

socio-cultural anthropologists. Numerous publications appeared

during the 1970s cautioning would-be ethnoarchaeologists against

falling into the trap of "cross-disciplinary time-lag" by borrowing

ethnological constructs that are no longer adhered to or accepted by

their colleagues in other subdisciplines of anthropology (Allen and

Richardson 1971:48). Many of the premises that archaeologists fir s t

used in these pursuits were taken from out-dated anthropological

theory and applied as essentially unsubstantiated assumptions. A

synthesis of the major criticisms leveled against "ceramic soci

ologists" (Sackett 1977:376) is presented in a recent paper by

Peter Roe (1980). Roe uses ethnological data frcm a South American

Indian group to test the validity of some of the weakly supported

assumptions that archaeologists have used in drawing sociological

inferences from their data. His findings shed lig h t on the hereto

fore unappreciated complexity that the relationship between social

structure and art style can take. Roe concludes that only a slight

reorientation, away from trying to derive paleo-descent rules,

toward the derivation of residence rules, for example, would

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accommodate the major criticisms of this approach and s t ill maintain

the sociological perspective of this avenue of archaeological

research (1980:63).

Most ceramic analyses take into account not only synchronic

but also diachronic changes in style. Diach ironically, stylistic

change can sometimes be attributed to

. . . a meaningful sequence of events . . . explained in terms of known cultural processes. I t is frequently assumed that pottery style change either is natural and expectable as a function of time or can be explained by diffusion or the movement of peoples (McPherron 1967a: 103).

Thus, ceramic data can also serve as a time or horizon marker indi

cative of a particular social group that may be known only in archae

ological context soley on the basis of material remains.

The analysis of prehistoric pottery style, therefore, holds

great u tility for the anthropologically oriented researcher. Brashler

(1978:3) has observed numerous examples in recent archaeological

publications where ceramics have been used to:

. , . correlate social interaction measured in terms of ceramic and other a rtifac t classes with broad environmental features, . . . as signals or messages indicative of social organization and ethnic group boundaries, . . . (and as a) measure of social dis tance and interaction between groups using ceramic attributes within a regional context.

Conceivably, the results of this study w ill lend themselves to

successful incorporation into the formulation of similar regional

research pursuits.

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Site Description

Draper Park is a Late Woodland Period habitation area situ

ated so as to permit the seasonal exploitation of aquatic and riparian

resources of the St. Clair River near Port Huron, Michigan. I t lies

near where a rapids once extended across the narrows at a point where

Lake Huron drains southward into Lake Erie through the 130 km long

St. Clair River-Lake St. Clair-Detroit River straits. As its name

suggests, the site is located in Draper City Park, designated as

the SE1/4, NE1/4, SW1/4 of Section 35, Fort Gratiot Township, T7N

RUE, of St. Clair County, Michigan (Map 2).

Draper City Park comprises a one-half city block area at

the northeast corner of Elmwood and Forest streets in an old resi

dential part of town. This park is no more than one city block's

distance north of the Blue Water International Bridge that spans

the approximately 2.5 km width of the St. Clair River connecting

Port Huron with Sarnia, Ontario. The confluence of the eastward

flowing Black River and the St. Clair River lies approximately 3.2

km south of the park.

The park its e lf is grass covered except for the southeast

corner where there is located a public baseball fie ld maintained

by the City of Port Huron. Subsurface testing of ttn park and

the surrounding neighborhood indicates that the s ite , as i t exists

today, is confined to the park's northwest corner. I t is perched

on a natural ridge associated with discontinuous Lake Algoma beach

deposits that have been geologically dated between 2,500 and 3,500

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□□ a

L J □

Oraovr

ELMWOOO

STATE

(4 Tmti Suoon

Area of excavation

400 FEET 100 METERS Port Huron

LOCATION KEY MICHIGAN

Map 2. Location of Draper City Park in Port Huron, Michigan.

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years B.P. This beach ridge extends fully 2.5 km along the Lake

Huron and St. Clair River shoreline at an elevation of approximately

181 m above sea le v e l, or 3.7 m above existing lake levels. A small

stream known as McNeil's Creek, which today is completely fille d in ,

once flowed along the eastern slope of this ridge running directly

through Draper Park before emptying into the St. Clair River (Weston

1979).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I I

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT DRAPER PARK

The Draper Park site was discovered by Mr. Donald E. Weston

in the spring of 1974 while conducting archaeological survey and

excavation in the Port Huron area under the auspicies of the Michigan

History Division, Michigan Department of State. Dr. James E. Fitting

was Michigan's State Archaeologist at the time and i t was he who

initiated the survey on which Weston held the supervisory position.

The site was revealed when a midden 30 cm thick containing numerous

cultural materials was observed in an erosional area on the face of

a slope now recognized to be part of the discontinous Algoma beach

ridge. All subsequent excavations conducted at Draper Park were

supervised by Weston and the following summary of those excavations

is drawn from his 1979 report outlining the results of the fie ld

seasons spent there in conjunction with an archaeological field

school sponsored by St, Clair County Community College.

Between 1974 and 1977, four fie ld seasons were spent at 2 3 Draper Park, during which time a total of 115.6 m and 1,592 m of

earth were excavated. On the basis of 45 five-foot square excavation

units, of which 11 were randomly dispersed, the limits of the site

were determined and found to encompass an areas of approximately p 1194 m (Map 3). According to Weston's observation made while

working at the s ite , more than 50% of the site proper has been

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» « ■ > ■ ■ ■ a * samsx >U Horn* Foundation DATUM: 1*7.12 *Mt SAMPLING UNIT 11 M m S a Lwd 65N 11SE (1978) Cement Wall SAMPLING UNIT 10 ON80W (1978)

Ero*ion*l

110*-

v s s s i 1974 Excavation 1975 Excavation 1978 Excavation 1977 Excavation Approximate Umits of Cultural Remains -iLL. •. I Approximata Area of Recant Landscaping

0 10 FEET

0 3 METERS

Map 3. Location of excavation units at the Draper Park site.

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altered or destroyed by recent landscaping of the park, basement and

sidewalk construction in the neighborhood, and limited slope erosion.

Standard excavation techniques were followed in the fie ld

using a grid system laid out in 5 foot squares dividing the site into

excavation units of equal size. All units, with the exception of

11 random units, were designated by south and east coordinates mea

sured from datum to the southeast corner of each square. Random

units were simply lettered or numbered sequentially. Excavation

units were taken down in arbitrary 3 inch (7.62 cm) levels with hand

trowels until cultural levels could be determined. All of the soil

was passed through 1/4 inch (6 mm) mesh hardware cloth and approxi

mately one-quarter to one-half of the soil removed from refuse pits

was water screened through 1/8 inch (2 mm ) mesh hardware cloth in

an attempt to collect paleobotanical materials.

Four distinct levels were identified in the vertical strati

graphy at the site (Figure 1). Level I (0-10 cm below the surface)

consists of modern sod and humus, while level I I (11-15 cm below

the surface) is primarily redeposited f i l l from an unknown source

area. Interestingly, a smattering of Middle Woodland artifacts also

appear to have been brought in with this f i l l d irt. Level I I I (16-60

cm below the surface) is essentially a middle to late nineteenth

century garden disturbance and refuse deposit (Hauser 1979). The

lower portion of level I I I contains some prehistoric materials from

level IV below; these are generally mixed as a result of Euro-American

cultivation practices. Level IV (31 to a maximum of 120 cm below

the surface) consists of deposits almost entirely attributable to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CJI METERS 1 2 ------1 S S FEET . . 'T CREEK CHANNEL EXCAVATIONS ______1 0 0 W f^sTwr/sssssjwszt.

Black Sand; Historic Black Topsoil Gray Fill Midden Aboriginal Stratified Sands Material Cultural StratifiedwithSandi YellowAeolian Sands Feature Historic Gravelly Sands Gravelly Prehistoric Feature Prehistoric Deposits Organic Black nnrnTTT) r » l Figure Figure 1. North-south wall profile of excavation units at Draper Park,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16

the Woodland Period. Below these four levels there lie 10 culturally

sterile zones of sand associated with the post glacial Lake Algoma

beach.

Deep excavations in the extreme northern part of the site

unearthed the remains of an ancient fille d -in creek channel extending

to a depth of approximately 1.2 m below the modern surface (Figures

2 and 3). Unusually good organic preservation is associated with

the channel deposits as evidenced by the discovery of an entire water

soaked log, a carved wooden (canoe?) paddle, a crushed bear skull,

and some fiberous cordage (possibly basswood) adhering to a few

stone net sinkers presumably associated with aboriginal fishing

activities (Figure 4; Weston 1978). Very moist conditions attributed

to elevated ground waters and the clay stream bed and banks is the

most likely explanation for the excellent state of these artifactual

remains which may be more than 1000 years old.

The old creek channel provides a unique sequence of 20

s tra tifie d layers which were excavated as part of level IV since they

are essentially contemporaneous with the generalized prehistoric

deposits immediately above. The upper nine layers, designated A

through I , are composed of aeolian sands and each measures from 4

to 6 cm thick. The lower 11 layers, designated SI through S ll, are

water laid deposits which also vary from 4 to 6 cm in thickness.

Because of the unusual nature of these deposits, standard excavation

procedures were altered to permit collection of a two lit e r sample

of soil from each layer and a 100% sample from each feature that

was encountered for flotation. Numerous Woodland Period materials

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. - B.OBB.O. CROSS SECTION-406

Q iy

- S.B7 B.O. CROSS SECTION-4SE

Clay

7 .IS B.O. CROSS SECTION-SOE

Qay

8.71 B.O. CROSS SECTION-55E

V / I Excavated ______

Figure 2. Section view of old creek channel encountered during excavations at Draper Park.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 00

15S — IQS • 66E Clay Clay Bank 60E l.O . 46E METER % __ 1 FOOT1 4 Creek Bottom Creek SLOPE OF CREEK BOTTOM (EAST WESTI Qay Bank 40E at Draper Park. Figure 3. Plan view and gradient of old creek channel encountered during excavations

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VO

Qay Dank 'C-14 SAMPLE 'C-14

1/2METER J FOOT Hcarlli l \ \GBSBH \ l Bollom Crack S^wunauin,, Wooden Paddle creek creek deposits at Draper Park. Figure Figure 4. Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of the s tratified

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20

were recovered from these deposit, with very l i t t le historic dis

turbance noted in the fie ld . One reliable radiocarbon determina

tion was run on a sample of charred log from Layer S8. This sample

was associated with Wayne Tradition ceramics and produced an uncor

rected early Late Woodland date of 1290+50 radiocarbon years: A.D.

660 (DIC-958).

Two distinct cultural components were recognized at Draper

Park; an intrusive nineteenth century refuse/garden bed area and a

Late Woodland aboriginal habitation area. In total, 70 features

were recorded, including 29 prehistoric refuse pits, 26 modern and

historic intrusions, 4 rock hearths, 3 tree root stains, 2 historic

ash pits, 2 instances of aboriginal sheet midden, 1 historic sheet

midden, 1 historic privy, 1 dog burial, and 1 historic dump. More

over, between 150 and 200 prehistoric postmolds and 1 historic post-

most were also encountered (Figures 5 and 6).

Preliminary analysis of the faunal remains from the site by

Elizabeth Cardinal (1979) suggests that both deer and fish were

important food elements in the overall subsistence strategy of the

inhabitants at Draper Park. Other, less significant, species repre

sented in the remains include local varieties of birds and amphibians.

Seasonal indicators point to a Spring-Sunmer-Fall occupation.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21

5|42fS|W

R«#uj« Pit \ s / / / / 1 Modern Intrusion i Qog Burial

■ ■ ■ Post Mold ■ M Possible Post Mold iO Pit, usa unknown

1 METER

SAMPLING UNIT C

1 METER

Figure 5, Block excavation showing features encountered at Draper Park,

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n 3z a z •j a. 3 < M

>50 H

Qay Bank

mm:

£ 3

' ' az Z<9

< M 60

1 FOOT Refuse Pit Post Mold v / / A Modem Intrusion Possible Post Mold "t/2 METER

Figure 6. Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of random units at Draper Park,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I I I

METHODOLOGY

The following three chapters w ill focus on the formal descrip

tion and analysis of the prehistoric pottery from Draper Park. The

analysis combines two different but complimentary approaches; each

of which possesses notable strengths and weaknesses. These approaches

include the attribute method and the typological method of analysis,

both of which have been used independently in the classification of

archaeological data by other researchers. Further discussion compar

ing these two approaches is presented following the definition of

three terms used in the succeeding analysis.

Artifact: An empirically known object that occupies one point in space at a given time (as opposed to a type). An artifact possesses objective existence and cannot be shared, nor can i t transcend space and time (Dunnell 1971:116; Rouse 1939:19).

Type: A type, or in other words, class, is a conceptual construct or idea that embodies generalized spatial-temporal significance. Unlike an arti fact (object), type is itself independent of both time and space dimensions (Rouse 1939:20). "... (W)hen provided with e x p lic it, inten- sional definitions stating the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership (a typol ogical concept) can be used to order real objects" (Dunnell 1971:116).

Attribute: A single feature of a larger feature or object that is readily qualifiable and quantifiable and which has the potential to embody specific and variable spatial-temporal significance. The term "attribute" is a classificatory unit and as such i t is a conceptual construct like type.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24

It is an abstraction of the analyst who must explicitly state necessary and sufficient conditions for its constituents in order to be operational. In this study the attribute com prises the smallest unit of analysis and is believed to constitute the most accurate and sensitive indicator of space and time relation ships (Wright 1967b).

Recently, attribute analysis has been gaining popularity over

the traditional typological approach in some archaeological circles,

particularly among cerami cists. The analysis of prehistoric pottery

using certain characteristic attributes was first successfully applied

by Irving Rouse (1939) to materials recovered from his archaeological

survey of H aiti. The primary advantages of an attribute analysis vis-

a-vis a typological analysis have been summarized by James Wright

(1973:17,19). B riefly , these are:

1. its greater conciseness and stronger control over the factors of time and space;

2. its tendency to maintain the integrity of individual attributes without mixing them or losing them as can occur between types;

3. i t provides more stable data for making comparisions, i.e ., attributes are not subject to periodic revision as can occur with types; and

4. its capacity to allow attributes to be traced through time (see 2 above) minimizes interference with a t t r i bute continua when enough data exist to make such continua meaningful.

Proponents of the attribute approach often point out that

this kind of analysis offers a more objective tool for establishing

specific chronological controls over a body of archaeological data.

This characteristic is realized by virtue of its relative consistency,

continuity, and accuracy throughout the analysis (Wright 1973).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Critics are quick to emphasize, however, that since i t is virtually

impossible to investigate every attribute evidenced by an a rtifa c t in

the phenomenological world, those few attributes that are selected

for study must be determined a rb itrarily (Dunnell 1971:117). This,

of course, introduces an undeniable element of subjectivity into the

analysis at an early stage.

After each vessel in the assemblage has been adequately des

cribed using the analytical attribute approach, i t is then possible

to classify them into typological constructs that have been developed

by researchers in the Great Lakes region over the last three decades.

This task is accomplished using an approach which permits the organi

zation of an a rtifa c t assemblage into "type'’ categories that have,

by definition, a definable and (supposedly) stable recurrent combina

tion of specified attributes. A type thus constitutes a discrete

class of objects within which each object member shares a patterned

likeness. Such an approach has been used extensively in archaeology,

particularly during the past 40 or 50 years, to reduce large bodies

of data into managable proportions.

A major criticism of this method has been the failure of some

researchers to adequately define specific and necessary attributes

or conditions which distinguish one type from another, thus making

i t d iffic u lt i f not impossible for other independent researchers to

operationalize the scheme and derive objective and comparable

results. In response to this and other criticisms of the arbitrary

nature of typological classification, a hybrid "type-variety"

system of classification was developed during the late 1950s for

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application to ceramic materials from the Southwest (Gifford I960;

Wheat et a l. 1958). This system is better formulated than other

typological schemes although Dunnell (1971) notes that there are

s t ill many flaws in even refined forms of any typological approach,

some of which inherently plague a ll such schemes causing them to

break down at one point or another.

Attribute and typological analyses are individually problem

specific approaches yet they are not mutually exclusive as some in

vestigators have implied. Both can be utilized together to tackle

archaeological problems alternating between the discovery and refine

ment of modal attributes in specific contexts and the development of

type categories to contain them. Each of these approaches, therefore,

can aid researchers in making significant contributions to the dis

cipline, albeit at different interpretive levels. The controversy

surrounding these two approaches is very lengthy and supercedes the

scope of this discussion. Consequently, the reader is referred to

the following authorities for further discussion of this subject

(Hammond 1972; Rouse 1969; Sabi off and Smith 1969; Whallon 1972).

Although the overall analysis tends to be long and tedious at the

descriptive stages, both attribute and typological approaches are

integrated in this study in an attempt to satisfy practitioners of

either persuasion.

In the interest of cla rity and easier reference for the

reader, the task of describing and classifying the Draper Park

pottery is divided between the following three chapters, each of

which takes up different aspects of the analysis. The next chapter

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. is simply concerned with fam iliarizing the reader with the assemblage

by presenting a general description of the collection as a whole.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER IV

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSEMBLAGE

Four years of systematic excavation at Draper Park produced

a sample of 22,481 potsherds aggregating approximately 41 kg by

weight. Of these, 12 (30 gm) are from aboriginal smoking pipes

and 28 (26 gm) are from miniature clay vessels. The remaining sherds

were sorted into two major groups, rim sherds and body-neck sherds,

preparatory to more detailed analysis. Since it was often difficult,

i f not impossible, to differentiate between neck sherds and body

sherds, these two vessel-form attribute classes were combined to

make up the la tte r group for sorting purposes.

Body-neck sherds account for 7,342 (24.1 kg) fragments, most

of which are undecorated and simply cord roughened. Seven hundred

ninety-one of these sherds are decorated rim sherds. Rim sherds

account for 458 (4.5 kg) fragments. Of these, 28 were excavated

from disturbed context, i.e ., levels I and II, 19 were recovered

without provenience, and 167 were exfoliated and usually smaller

than the size of a dime. A total of 194 (3.68 kg) rim sherds were,

thus, deleted from further analysis.

After a careful examination of a ll 458 rim sherds in the

assemblage, a minimum of 409 vessels were found to be represented.

This number would be further reduced i f i t could be shown that more

than one decorative attribute was used to alternately decorate the

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rim and lip of any single vessel as evidenced at other woodland sites.

The single largest number of sherds in the assemblage could

not be sorted into any of the groups mentioned above. These fragments

consist of severely exfoliated sherds and sherdlets that were so

thoroughly deteriorated or eroded that even their surface finish

could not be adequately surmised. Exfoliated sherds account for

14,641 (12.3 kg), or about 65% (30% by weight) of the entire ceramic

sample. These were also deleted from further analysis.

A total of 264 (4.2 kg) rim sherds, representing 230 vessels

and including one complete pot, were found to be useful for further

analysis. In order to eliminate redundancies within the data set,

the "vessel" is used as the largest unit of analysis. Consequently,

no further reference w ill be made to individual rim sherds, but rather

to the vessel which each represents. In this study 230 vessels are

analyzed.

The analysis that appears in the following chapters is thus

drawn from a data set consisting of analytically acceptable rim

sherds representing individual vessels, decorated body-neck sherds

matched to rim sherds, miniature vessels, and aboriginal smoking

pipe fragments (see Table 1).

In general, the Draper Park ceramic assemblage cannot be

characterized as homogeneous. Upon in itia l observation of the

rim sherds, for example, one is truck by the numerous decorative

motifs common to either southern lower or norther Michigan. No

obvious single theme typifies this assemblage. Its seemingly

heterogeneous nature lends credence to speculation regarding the

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Table 1

Quantitative Summary of the Prehistoric Ceramic Assemblage from Draper Park

Freq. % Wt in kg %

Body-neck sherds 7,342 33 24.1 59

Exfoliated or unidentifiable sherds 14,641 65 12.3 30

Rim sherds 458 2 4.5 11

Miniature vessel sherds 28 — ——

Elbow Pipe fragments 12 — ——

Totals 22,481 100 40.9 100

cosmopolitan influences that must have contributed to the ceramic

composition of this habitation area. It is logical to assume that

its location at the opening of the primary passageway between the

culturally divergent groups of the Upper and the Lower Great Lakes

was certainly a factor.

The physical properties of the pottery are sim ilarly diverse.

The sherds are generally friable and easily exfoliated, although

some are in fact quite well preserved and surprisingly durable in

comparison to the majority that are less so. Accurately quantifying

the hardness of potsherds (especially in the Eastern Woodlands) is

an elusive and often unsatisfying, time consuming task. The varying

hardness of sherds, often from the same vessel, may well be the

combined result of differential firing and the long term affects

of exposure to the elements of seasonal erosion common to this

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region. Therefore, no further attention is given to hardness in

this study.

Likewise, color is not considered to be of analytical value

to this study because of its inconsistent and often contrary nature.

Individual vessels in the collection were observed to display mosaic-

like coloring on their exterior surfaces. This phenomenon is known

to result from the effects of both culture (e .g ., firin g conditions

and smudging) and nature (e .g ., weathering). Since many of the

vessels studied were known from only a handful of sherds, and in some

cases only one, i t was fe lt that this attribute class could not be

adequately quantified for this study. I t w ill suffice to say that

one can qualitatively observe a wide range of color variation within

the assemblage as a whole and that the most prevalent hues lie

between lig h t beige and black, i . e . , mostly tans and lig h t browns.

Temper, in contrast to hardness and color, proved to be more

satisfactorily measured. Q ualitatively, g rit appears to have been

preferred for tempering material in most of the Draper Park pottery. There were a few isolated instances where limestone had been used

but neither shell nor grog was observed in the assemblage. During

the course of analysis all vessels were subjected to categorization

on the basis of the largest observed tempering particle in cross-

section. Quantitatively, the vessels were classified according to

four grouped categories ranging from fine (0-.9 mm) to very coarse

(> 3 mm). In a ll cases the temper was granitic or sandy in texture

and over 70% of the vessels fe ll within either the medium (1-1.9 mm)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32

or coarse (2-3 mm) temper groups.

A dozen or more instances of coil breakage were observed,

indicating that at least three vessels had been constructed using a

coiling technique. The recovery of a lump of unfired clay during

excavation suggests that potters may have been actually making

pottery at the site. Differential coloring between the inner matrix

and the outer surfaces on many of the sherds indicate that either

firin g conditions were not optimally standardized or a variety of

clay bodies containing different minerals which color differently

when fired were used in the manufacturing process.

A few of the larger reconstructable vessel fragements suggest

that some of the pots may have had a conodial shape, but for the most

part very l i t t l e evidence was present to reveal vessel form below

the rim and neck on any of the specimens. Only 8 of all of the

vessels analyzed displayed castellated rims, a ll of which appeared

as low profile peaks that presumably encircled the o rifice. A

majority of these vessels had slightly outward flaring rims and

none of these was strongly everted.

Heavily carbonized organic encrustations on the interior

surface of some of the cord roughened body sherds indicates the

nature of vessel use prior to discard. Samples of this burnt

residue have been submitted for chemical analysis and should provide

data concerning local resource exploitation and processing by the

inhabitants of the site.

In summary, the prehistoric ceramic assemblage at Draper

Park consists of 22,481 pottery sherds representing aboriginal

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smoking pipes, miniature pottery vessels, and a minimum of 409 large

vessels, some of which were undoubtedly manufactured at the site.

A variety of different ceramic styles characterize the assemblage,

with both decorated and undecorated vessels being represented. Most

of these had slightly outward flaring, uncastellated rims with

globular or conoidal bodies. Medium to coarse g rit was used to temper

many of the pots which, more often than not, displayed variations in

either clay type used for firin g standards or both. Organic residue

found on the interio r surfaces of a few of the vessels indicates

their probable use in the preparation of food items.

In the chapter that follows, a summary of the procedures used

during the attribute analysis is presented along with a description

of the attribute classes and individual attribute states that were

investigated. One ware grouping, in particular, is briefly discussed

in light of this analysis.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V

ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS

Throughout this study references are made to specific parts

of the prehistoric pottery vessels, for example, rim, lip, and neck.

These terms are used as recognized in current archaeological lite ra

ture and the reader is referred to Figure 7 for an illustration.

This chapter outlines the procedures that were used to deduce the

vessel by vessel attribute descriptions presented in Appendix I.

These attribute descriptions were obtained by abstracting from each

vessel the individual attributes which it displayed. During the

course of analysis the attributes that were observed on each vessel

were recorded on mark-sense forms (stock no. NCS Trans-Optics

08-7317-321). One form per vessel. These forms were used to gener

ate a disk f ile in Western Michigan University's Dec-System 10

computer. All sorting and statistical manipulation of the attribute

data was accomplished using the SPSS program package (Nie et a l.

1975).

A lis t of 10 pre-selected attribute classes and their cor

responding attribute states is presented in the succeeding pages.

This lis t provides detailed descriptions of the attributes that were

investigated during the analytical abstraction of each vessel. A

total of 47 attribute states were investigated, of which 43 were

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. discrete, 3 were continuous, and 1 was grouped data. Coding of the

mark-sense forms involved entering either a one or two digit number

a rb itra rily selected to represent the various attribute states.

This was done for every attribute class until each of the 230

vessels studied had been coded. Whenever data were absent a "0" was

entered on the form, and wherever i t could be determined that data

were simply missing from a particular vessel, for whatever reason,

a "9" was entered for the appropriate class. Because missing data

were not used in the calculation of frequencies and percents, some

of the frequency totals encountered in the following pages may be

skewed.

NECK

SHOULDER

BODY-

LONGITUDINAL AXIS RIM PROFILE

Figure 7. Vessel form terms used in this study,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36 Attribute List

Attribute Class Attribute State

Motif Plain: having no discernable decoration, (as i t appears on usually manifested as either a smooth the exterior, in or cord roughened surface. terior, and lip surfaces) Horizontal: where the direction of dec oration runs approximately 90° to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the decoration is applied in a direc tion parallel to the edge of the vessel rim.

Vertical: where the direction of the decoration runs parallel to the longi tudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the direction of the decoration is at a 90° angle to the edge of the vessel rim.

Oblique: where the direction of the decoration runs at less than or greater than a 90° angle to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the direction of the decoration is less than or greater than a 90° angle to the edge of the vessel rim.

Criss-cross: alternating left and right oblique incisions or impressions that are superimposed in a crosshatched pattern.

2. Technique (as i t Smoothed over: where the surface of the appears on the exterior, vessel has been smoothed out obliterating interior, and lip sur- any irregularities and impressions that faces) may have occurred during construction.

Cord roughening: where the surface of the vessel has been either impressed with fabric or malleated with a textured (usually cord wound) paddle. Often this is referred to as cord marking. Since it is difficult to distinguish between fabric impressed and cord marked surfaces, this term is used for the sake of con sistency.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2. Technique (cont'd) Attribute State 37

Smoothed over cord roughening: where the roughened surface of the vessel has been smoothed out obliterating any previous cord roughening.

S plit stick impression: where the end of a split twig or other pronged curvi linear tool has been used to punctate or in other words impress the surface of the vessel.

Cord impression: where linear impressions that usually encircle the neck or rim of a vessel, are made with a cord-wound-cord or other flexible object.

Push-pull incision: where an incising implement, usually a pointed tool, has been repeatedly jabbed forward at an angle into the surface of a vessel and then dragged backward in a single motion resulting in an interrupted linear im pression.

Tool impression: where a vessel has been impressed with any variety of curvilinear or recti inear implement usually resulting in patterns of short crisp markings.

Incision: where the vessel has been scored or slashed with a sharp tool or pointed implement.

Cord wrapped tool impression: where the vessel has been marked with a solid imple ment such as a stick or paddle edge that has been wound with cording.

Punctation: where the vessel has been jabbed with a somewhat pointed stick or other curvilinear implement at a 90 angle to the surface and then pulled straight out.

Corded punctation: same as above except using a cord wound implement.

Acute corded punctation: same as above except the impression was made at less than a 90° angle to the surface of the vessel.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 Attribute Class Attribute State

2. Technique (con't) Circular punctation: where a reed or other hollow curvilinear implement was used to make circular impressions on the vessel surface. This is sometimes called annular punctation.

Dentate tool impression: where an imple ment such as a mussel valve, stick, or small bone has been carved into a serrated edge and used to make linear comb-like impressions in the vessel surface.

3. Rim and Lip Profile B1: simply thickened rim with a rounded (Codes are after TTp. Fitting 1965:14-19) Bla: rounded lip with a thickened rim Note: all profiles as a result of having the lip pushed or are illustrated in rolled over the exterior surface. Appendix VI. B2: simply thickened rim with a squared TTp.

C: wedge shaped rim with a flattened lip .

D1: squared rim with an inward facing or slanting lip.

D l-4: squared rim with an inward "and" outward slanting bevelled lip.

D2: squared rim with a flattened lip .

D3: squared rim with a flattened lip in which an incision or linear cord im pression has been made that forms a channel or groove around the circumference on the lip surface.

D4: squared rim with an outward facing or slanting tip.

E: simply squared rim with a rounded lip .

4. Punctate-Boss Exterior punctation: (see punctation under techniques above).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39

Attribute Class Attribute State

4. Punctate-Boss (cont'd) Exterior punctation-Interior bossing: (bosses are the raised nodes directly opposite and on the reverse surface of punctates).

Exterior punctation-No interior bossing.

Interior punctation-Exterior bossing.

Interio r punctation-No exterior bossing.

Actute exterior punctation-No interior bossing.

5. Punctate Diameter a continuous attribute ranging from 2 mm (in millimeters) to 15 mm.

6. Caste!lation Pointed: where the vessel has been pinched at intervals around the circumference of the rim forming a series of low profile peaks.

Rounded: where the vessel has been pinched at intervals around the circum ference of the rim forming a series of gradually sloping blips.

7. Surface Treatment Smooth: where the surface of the vessel (preparatory to has been rubbed over obliterating any decoration) irregu larities and impressions.

Cord roughened: where the surface of the vessel has been given a texture by using either a cord wrapped paddle or fabric.

Smoothed over cord roughening: where the roughened surface of the vessel has been rubbed over obliterating any previous cord roughening.

8. Rim Thickness a continuous attribute ranging from (in millimeters) 3 mm to 10 mm.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 40

Attribute Class Attribute State

9. Rim Diameter a continuous attribute ranging from 8 cm (in centimeters) to 44 cm.

10. Tempering Material Fine: where the largest grain observed (grouped data) in section measures less than .9 cm.

Medium: where the largest grain observed in section measures between 1 mm and 1.9 mm.

Coarse: where the largest grain observed in section measures between 2 mm and 3 mm.

Very coarse: where the largest grain observed in section measures greater than 3 mm.

Prior to the s tatistical manipulation of attributes, the

Draper Park vessels were separated into 9 existing Great Lakes ware

groupings from 6 different ceramic traditions using the "common

typological method" as outlined by Whallon (1971:6). This was done

in order to maintain continuity and avoid mixing of meaningful data

that would have otherwise occurred had a ll of the vessels been handled

together.

Wayne Tradition vessels constitute the single largest group

of generically related specimens in the assemblage accounting for

74% of the analyzable vessels. Clearly, Wayne Ware dominates in

the overall assemblage and, therefore, i t seems appropriate here

to briefly summarize a few of the attributes that typify these

specimens as a group. Over one half of the Wayne Ware vessels in

the assemblage lack exterior decoration of any kind. These account

for 65% of all observations, a characteristic not uncommon in Wayne

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Tradition components at other Late Woodland Period sites in southern

Lower Michigan. On the exteriorly decorated vessels that were en

countered the most frequent motifs included obliques and horizontals.

These represent 16% and 15% of the sample respectively. The most

common techniques used to form these motifs were divided between

punctations and cord wrapped tool impressions which account for 12%

and 9% respectively. Incision (6%), simple cord impressions (4%),

and plain tool impressions (4%) are included in the remaining tech

niques observed in this ware grouping. The most frequent rim /lip

profiles are primarily divided between uncoilared, squared rims with

flattened lip (D2/55%) and simple rounded lips (E/24%) varieties

which, together, account for almost 80% of a ll Wayne Ware obser

vations. A quantitative summary of the other Wayne Ware attributes

discussed in this study are presented in Appendix I I .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER VI

TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In the preceding chapter i t was described how each of 230

Draper Park vessels were analytically abstracted on the basis of 10

attribute classes. In the present chapter, using the attributes

identified in the previous stage of analysis, the same vessels are

individually described and organized into established typological

constructs that have been developed for various major ceramic

assemblages in the Great Lakes region.

Middle Woodland Vessels

Five vessels in the Draper Park ceramic assemblage, one

with linear cord impressions and four with banked stamping exterior

motifs, are related to ceramics commonly attributed to the Lake

Forest Middle Woodland period in the Upper Great Lakes region. None

of the specimens can be characterized as being classic examples of

any extant ware groupings, since there appears to be considerable

variation between ceramic types described in the literature and those

observed at Draper Park. Furthermore, because "Lake Forest Middle

Woodland ceramic 'types' are a sometimes thing" as Fitting (1979:110)

observed at the Straits of Mackinac, strict typological classification

of these vessels is not attempted here. Consequently, 4 of the

5 Middle Woodland vessels in this assemblage are simply described

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43

and compared with other Upper Great Lakes ceramics in terms of their

primary exterior decorative motif and technique.

Lake Forest

Goodwin-Gresham Ware

Type: Goodwin-Gresham Cord Impressed

Vessel: .209

Plate: 1

Rim thickness: 5 mm Rim diameter: 12 cm Rim profile: D3

Description: This vessel is recognized from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is smooth and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of lig h tly marked linear cord impressions that begin 11 mm below the lip and extend down the rim for an unknown distance. The interior surface is smooth and is without decoration. The lip is also smooth except for a single linear cord impression that encircles the orifice. The rim of this vessel is essentially vertical in orientation to its body. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined, however.

Probable relationships: This vessel is most similar to the Middle Woodland type "Goodwin-Gresham Cord Impressed" except that i t lacks in terio r punctates as described by Fitting et a l. (1969: 150-151; Plate 5,b) from the Goodwin-Gresham site located at the mouth of the Au Sable River on Lake Huron in Iosco County, Michi gan. The authors of the Goodwin-Gresham report suggest that this ceramic type is similar to both Weaver Ware and Naples Cord Wrapped Stick from Illin o is , although i t more closely resembles North Bay Corded Stamped from northeastern Wisconsin and Jack's Reef Corded Punctate from New York (Fitting 1969:159-160).

Chronological position: One radiocarbon date of 1340+110 radiocarbon years: A.D. 610(M-1625) is reported from Goodwin-Gresham. The authors of the report reject i t as being to recent to date the major occupation of the site. Based on typological comparisons and geological data i t has been suggested that a period between A.D. 50 and A.D. 300 more accurately dates the Middle Woodland materials at Goodwin-Gresham (Fitting 1969:179-180).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MILES

Creek

Mound Mounds Spring

31.Summer 31.Summer Isi 30,Juntunen 33.Skegemog 34.Pinery 2 8 . 29.Brunnett 32,Schular 2y.Norton

Pelican Falls, Hollow, Hog Mounds, Esch Smith, Martin Bird, Porteous, and Princess Point, onaldson 11H8 Stadelmeyer Wolf Fletcher Valley Sweets Posters Bussinger Hodges Sissung Fort Wayne Mound Springwells 20-LP-98 Fuller I Riviere Au Vase Furton II Younge Tobico Goodwin-Gresham Jahr Schultz Gibraltar Draper Park Mahoney Moccasin Bluff 46th Street Map 4. Map Location of archaeological sites in mentioned the text. Sites o ff the map: Bay, Heron

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Bank Stamped Vessels

Type: undetermined

Vessel: 49

Plate: 1

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 20 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is also recognized from one rim sherd. The rim is slightly outward flaring and displays exterior cord roughening. Four horizontal rows of shallow, acutely angled corded punctates decorate the exterior surface beginning 14 mm below the lip . The interior is smooth and is decorated with short vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . The lip its e lf is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: Similar banked stamped motifs appear on vessels reported from sites bearing Laurel Tradition ceramics (Wright 1967a). The Laurel Tradition is known primarily in northern Minnesota (Wilford 1943; 1955) and southeastern Manitoba (MacNeish 1958), although certain "typical" traits have been found that extend its range considerably east and south of there. The Donaldson site in southern Ontario is an example of a Saugeen Middle Woodland manifestation with Laurel Tradition affiliations. This site is geographically closer to Draper Park and has produced Laurel Tradition pottery very similar to this vessel (Wright and Anderson 1963, Plate XIX, 4 and 6).

Chronological position: The Donaldson site has been radio carbon dated to 2480+60 radiocarbon years: 530 B.C. (S-119), a date that is to tally accepted by the authors of the Donaldson report (Wright and Anderson 1963:53-54). Mason (1966:337) and Fitting et al. (1969:178; cf. also Fitting 1975:141), however, do not agree with Wright and Anderson and are convinced that a date in the fir s t century A.D. is more reasonable and in better agreement with the materials there.

Type: undetermined

Vessel: 27

PI ate: 1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rim thickness: 6 rim Rim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is represented by one cord roughened rim sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with multiple rows of shallow, closely spaced, acutely angled corded punctates that begin approximately 15 mm below the lip . A single row of round, deep punctates is superimposed over the second row of punctates 22 mm to center below the lip and spaced 17 mm apart A single row of corresponding low re lie f bosses occurs on the smooth interio r surface. The lip is roughened with what appears to be closely spaced cord wrapped tool impressions. Although the form of this vessel cannot be determined, the rim is essen tially vertical, lacking any outward flare suggesting that it was attached to an elongate body.

Probable relationships: Similar vessels have been reported from the Heron Bay site on the north shore of Lake Superior and the Pelican Falls site located on the shore of the English River near Lac Seul in western Ontario (Wright 1967a, Plate I , 5; V II, 8 ). Both o f these sites are Laurel Tradition components.

Chronological position: Four radiocarbon assays have been run on materials from the Heron Bay site which range between the fifth and eighth centuries A.D. These dates statistically average a date of 1276+49 radiocarbon years:A.D. 674 (Long and Rippeteau 1974). Wright (1967a:95) unsurprisingly rejects a ll four dates considering them to be too recent. Brose (1970: 89), however, in making comparisons with materials from Summer Island, finds these dates "... quite acceptable, although not a ll should pertain to the Laurel occupation."

Type: undetermined

Vessel: 32

Plate: 1

Rim thickness: 10 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one cord roughened rim sherd. The rim is slightly outward flaring and the exterior surface is decorated with a bank of four closely spaced rows of short oblique tool impressions. A single row of round punctates is superimposed over the upper most row of impressions 12 mm to center below the lip spaced 2.3 cm apart. A

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. corresponding row of low re lie f bosses is formed on the smooth interio r surface immediately below a row of short oblique tool impressions similar to those on the exterior. The lip is smooth and decorated with oblique tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined, although the shoulder area appears to be gradually sloped.

Probable relationships: unknown

Chronological position: Probably transitional Middle to Late Woodland based on its combination of motifs common to both periods

Type: undetermined

Vessel: 176

Plate: 1

Rim thickness: 8 mm Rim diameter: 32 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from two small rim sherds. The exterior surface is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of closely spaced vertical tool impressions that appear as slash-like punctates banked one row on top of another beginning at the lip and continuing down the rim. The interio r surface is smooth and undecorated. The lip is decorated with vertical tool impres sions similar to those that appear on the exterior. The shape of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: Similar vessels have been reported from Summer Island in northern Lake Michigan at Bay De Noc (Brose 1970:Plate IV ). I have also observed almost identical examples from Point Pelee in southwestern Ontario housed in the Sanderson collections at the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.

Chronological position: Banked stamped vessels such as this are in Middle Woodland context at Summer Island and have been dated by three radiocarbon assays which s ta tis tic a lly average a date of 1745+76 radiocarbon years: A.D. 205. In Brose's opinion a ll three dates "... show clear overlap in the period A.D. 150 to A.D. 290. This clearly is an acceptable period for similar materials from Wisconsin (Mason 1966) and Ontario (Wright 1967a; Johnston 1968)." The Point Pelee materials in the Sanderson collection have been dated somewhat later by Keenlyside (1978:314-317) who places some of these in his Time Period I , A.D. 650-800; and some in his Time Period I I , A.D. 800-900. I would suggest a transitional Middle to Late Woodland position for this vessel.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48

PLATE 1

Middle Woodland rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 209 27 Row two: 176 Row three: 32 49

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 49

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50

Late Woodland Vessels

One hundred ninety-four vessels in the assemblage display

a ffin itie s to types commonly attributed to the Late Woodland Period.

The following vessels are classified according to extant Late Woodland

pottery types defined for the Upper Great Lake region. In most

cases, however, the Draper Park vessels tend to d iffe r slightly

according to one or more elements considered to be characteristic

of the respective type categories used in the analysis. Consequently,

except for the Wayne Ware, their classification here is provisional

as many of the specimens are only similar to, and not necessarily

classic examples of, the type to which each is tenatively assigned.

Wayne Tradition

Wayne Ware

The following vessels are classified according to the refined

Wayne Ware type descriptions developed for the Fletcher site materials

by Janet Brashler (1973). In her analysis, Brashler investigated

many of the same attributes used in the present study. A monothetic

subdivisive computer program based on the chi-square s tatis tic was

used to discover significant attribute configurations of the Fletcher

ceramics from which she was able to discern 2 distinct types, 6

varieties, and 10 sub-varieties of Wayne Ware.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Type: Wayne Undecorated

Variety: smoothed

Sub-variety: plain interior

Vessels: N=12; 10,69,90,150,165,182,183,185,196,224,228,245

PI ate: 2

Rim thickness: N =ll; range 6-9 iron; >[=7.5 mm Rim diameter: N=5; range 8-26 cm; X=20 cm Rim profile: N=12; (Profile=n/%) D2=8/67, E=4/33

Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd. The exterior of these vessels is simply smooth and without decoration. The interio r surfaces are also undecorated and smooth as are the lips. Four vessels, however, display oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.

Type: Wayne Undecorated

Variety: cordmarked

% Sub-variety: rolled rim

Vessels: N=25; 23,38,39,80,97,108,112,118,121,133,149,155,158,160, 162,167,169,174,193,211,212,215,221,234,244

Plate 3

• Rim thickness: N=25; range 309mm; %6 mm Rim diameter: N=9; range 8-40 cm; X=21 cm Rim profile: N=25; (Profile=n/%) D2=8/32, E=7/28, Bl-a=6/24, B2=2/8, B l=l/4, C=l/4

Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd apiece except vessels 133 and 234 which are known from two each. The exterior surface on these vessels is simply cord roughened except vessel 193 which has been smoothed over. In each case the lip has been slightly pushed, rolled, or folded over the exterior surface extending anywhere up to 13 cm down the rim. The lip/rim juncture on vessel 234 is altered with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that form somewhat of a notched rim. Vessel 97 displays a row of unobtrusive oblique slash-like tool impressions immediately below the lip . The interior on 16 of the vessels is simply smooth and undecorated. Eight vessels are interio rly decorated with short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions' that extend down from the lip . Vessel 97,

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PLATE 2

Wayne Undecorated, smooth, plain interior rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 183 69 228 Row two: 90 185 196 Row three: 150 224 182 Row four: 164 10 245

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE 3

Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, rolled rim rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 80 38 211 Row two: 39 174 193 Row three: 221 234 215 Row four: 121 133 212 23

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. however, evidences oblique incisions. All 9 of the interiorly decorated vessels display the same decoration on the lip . The lips on the other 16 vessels are generally smooth or cord roughened although 5 of these vessels also evidence oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of these vessels cannot be determined.

Type: Wayne Undecorated

Variety: cord marked

Sub-variety: not rolled rim

Vessels: N=61; 6,13,16,35,41,55,57,70,73,84,94,98,106,115,130,131 140,142,143,152,153,154,157,159,161 ,163,165,171 ,173,175,177, 179,181 ,184,188,190,194,195,197,198,200,201 ,206,210,218,219, 220,222,229,230,231,233,235,237,239,240,241,246,247,251,255

Plate: 4

Rim thickness: N=57; range 4-10 mm; X=6.4 mm Rim diameter: N=19; range 10-28 cm; X=20 cm Rim profile: N=61 (Profile=n/%) D2=35/56, E-16/26, D3=5/10, 01-4=4/6, B2=l/2

Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except for vessel 219 which is known from two. Each of these vessels has an undecorated cord roughened exterior surface. The interio r is undecorated and simply smooth on 39 (63%) of the vessels, whereas 19 (30%) have short cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . Vessel 235 is decorated on the interior with a row of short rectangular tool impressions at the lip , and vessel 195 is impressed with multi ple rows of annular punctates spaced 1.1 cm apart. Vessels 181 and 194 have eroded interiors and cannot be analyzed. The lips on 38 (61%) vessels are decorated with either oblique or vertical cord wrapped tool impressions, whereas 15 (24%) are simply smooth or cord roughened. Five vessels are marked with a horizontal linear cord impression. The lips of 2 vessels are decorated with rectangular tool impressions and one is marked with vertical incisions. Finally, the lip on vessel 143 is impressed with a row of acutely angled corded punctates. Although the overall form of these vessels cannot be determined, 3 do display blip-like low profile castellations.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE 4

Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, not rolled rim rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 175 246 233 Row two: 201 235 190 Row three: 200 219 197 Row four: 184 247 218

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59 Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: horizontal

Sub-vari ety: punctate

Vessels: N=24; 11,12,21,22,24,33,45,50,51,53,78,82,87,89,107, 127,137,141,151,191,204,242,243,257

Plate: 5

Rim thickness: N=24; range=5-8 mm; mm Rim diameter: N=9; range=8-44 cm; X=21 cm Rim profile: N=24; (Profile=n/%) D2=l3/54, E=4/17, C=3/13, B2=2/8, D3=l/4, D4=l/4

Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except vessels 51, 82, and 87 which are known from two each. In a ll cases the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with at least one horizontal row of round punctates. Secondary decoration appears on 3 vessels: vessel 141 which displays a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions above the row of punctates beginning at the lip ; vessel 53 which displays a row of short oblique incisions superimposed over the punctates; and vessel 87 which displays a row of short, oblique rectangular tool impressions both above and below the row of punctates. The interio r on 17 vessels is decorated with oblique or vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that begin at the lip . Vessel 87, however, is decorated with oblique tool impressions on both its interio r and exterior surfaces. Eight vessels are simply smooth on the in terio r. The lips on 17 are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions, and 8 are smooth. The lip on vessel 45 is criss-cross incised, and vessel 87 displays oblique tool impressions. The overall form of these vessels cannot be determined, although vessel 78 appears to have had low profile caste!lations.

Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: horizontal

Sub-variety: impressed (linear cord)*

Vessels: N=8; 61,63,123,178,199,205,225,250

PI ate: 6

Rim thickness: N=8; range 6-8 mm; X”-(k 5 cm Rim diameter: N=3; range 16-26 cm; X=20 cm

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PLATE 5

Wayne Decorated, horizontal, punctate rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 11 53 78 Row two: 82 257 89 24 Row three: 12 51 242 21 Row four: 87 191 33 141

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE 6

Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (linear cord) rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 61 63 Row two: 199 205 225 Row three: 250 178 123

Description: All of these vessels are known form one rim sherd each. In each case the specimen is cord roughened and decorated with horizontal linear cord impressions on the exterior surface. The interio r on 7 of the vessels is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions extending down from the lip . Vessel 61, however, displays a row of round interio r punctates located 14 mm to center below the lip and are spaced 11 mm apart. Vessel 63 is also decorated with a row of interio r punctates located 26 mm to center below the lip . In both cases the punctates form a corresponding row of bosses on the exterior surface. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.

*In Brashler's (1973) typology, linear cord impressed vessels and corded punctate vessels were combined under the Sub-variety "Impressed." For the purposes of this study, however, they are dealt with separately should future investigations substantiate their division.

Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: oblique

Sub-variety: flat lip

Vessels: N=2; 4,44

Plate: 9

Rim thickness: Vessel 4-9 mm; Vessel 44=7 mm Rim diameter: Vessel 4=undetermined; Vessel 44=undetermined Rim profile: Vessel 4=D2; Vessel 44=D2

Description: These two vessels are known from one rim sherd each. The exterior surfaces are corded roughened and decorated with oblique linear cord impressions that extend down the rim for an undetermined distance from the lip . The in terio r of vessel 4 is smooth and decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impres sions at the lip . Vessel 44 is interiorly decorated with short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions above a horizontal row of slash-like punctates located 22 mm to center below the lip spaced 19 ran apart. The lips of both of these vessels are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of either vessel cannot be determined.

Type: Wayne Decorated

Vari ety: hori zontal

Sub-variety: impressed (corded punctate)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Vessels: N=25; 9,14,30,35,52,60,64,68,75,76,91,92,109,110,113, 65 124,129,139,192,213,223,236,252,253,258

Plate: 7 and 8

Rim thickness: N=25; range 4-8 mm; Xf6.5 mm Rim diameter: N=8; rnage 12-36 cm; X=23 cm Rim profile: N=25; (Profi1e=n/%) D2=16/64, E=5/20, 01=1/4, D l-4=l/4, D3=l/4, 04=1/4

Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except vessel 14 which is known from two. In each case with the exception of vessel 182, which is smooth on both interio r and exterior surface, the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with at least one and usually more rows of corded punctates. In most instances the punctates are applied at an acute angle to the surface resulting in obliquely angled impres sions. Vessel 64 does not seem to be typical of the rest of the specimens in this class. The row of small unobtrusive corded punctates on its upper rim at the lip do not dominate, resulting in an appearance not unlike that of the type Wayne Undecorated, cord marked variety. The interior of this vessel is smooth and decorated with a row of vertical cord wrapped tool impressions situated above a row of round punctates located 3 cm to center below the lip spaced 3 cm apart. These punctates form a cor responding row of bosses on the exterior surface. The interio r surface on the other 24 vessels is smooth. Nineteen vessels are decorated with short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions extending down from the lip . Vessels 110 and 252 are simply smooth on the in terio r. Vessels 52 and 76 are decorated with a row of interio r punctates, similar to vessel 64 above, whereas vessel 92 displays multiple rows of small, closely spaced punc tates. The lips on a ll of these vessels are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of these specimens cannot be determined.

The remaining 14 Wayne Ware vessels do not fa ll into any of the

formally defined Wayne Decorated categories established by Brashler

(1973) for the Fletcher site . Consequently, I have suggested the

following additional categories within which to place these remaining

Wayne Ware vessels. Primarily because of the small sample size, only

further independent analyses of other Wayne assemblages w ill substan

tiate or formalize these categories, and for this reason they must

necessarily remain provisional. However, I offer them essentially

for ease of communication in this study and because of the lack of

any existing satisfactory classificatory construct.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66

PLATE 7

Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 213 75 52 Row two: 236 253 223 Row three: 252 192 9 36 Row four: 14 76 92 124 30

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 68

PLATE 8

Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

PLATE 9

Wayne Decorated, oblique, fla t lip rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 44 4

Wayne Decorated, oblique, incised rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row two: 226 74 232 Row three: 47 144 122 136

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: oblique

Sub-variety: incised

Vessels: N=10; 47,74,99,116,122,136,144,148,226,232

Plate: 9

Rim thickness: N=10; range 5.8 mm; 5 mm Rim diameter: N=4; range 10-28 cm; X=18.5 cm Rim profile: N=10; (Profile=n/%) D2-8/80,E=2/20

Description: These vessels are known from one rim sherd each. In each case the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with oblique incisions that extend down the rim from the lip for an undetermined distance. The interio r of these vessels is smooth. Five vessels evidence either short oblique or short vertical interior incision that extend down from the lip. Vessel 74 is decorated with a row of round in terio r punctates located 15 rran to center below the lip spaced 11 mm apart, which form correspondingly low re lie f bosses on the exterior surface. The lips on 7 vessels are decorated with oblique incisions and the remaining 3 are simply undecorated. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.

Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: horizontal

Sub-variety: incised

Vessels: N=2; 202, 238

Plate: 10

Rim thickness: Vessel 202-7 mm; Vessel 238=7 mm Rim diameter: Vessel 202=18 cm; Vessel 238=undetermined Rim profile: Vessel 202=Dl-4; Vessel 238=E

Description: Vessel 202 is known from one rim sherd and vessel 238 is known from 8 fragments. The exteriors are cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal incisions which begin at the lip and continue down the rim for an undetermined distance. The incisions on vessel 238 terminate near the shoulder with a horizontal row of short oblique incisions directly beneath. The interio r surface on these vessels is smooth and undecorated. The lips are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of either of these vessels cannot be determined.

Type: Wayne Decorated

Variety: crosshatched

Plate: 10

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE 10

Wayne Decorated, horizontal, incised and crosshatched (5) rim and body sherds

Vessel Numbers

238 202 5*

♦Vessel 5 is crosshatched variety

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rim thickness: Vessel 5=6 mm; Vessel 126=5mm 75 Rim diameter: Vessel 5=undetermined; Vessel 126=24 cm Rim profile: Vessel 5=D2; Vessel 126=B1-a

Description: Both of these vessels are known from only one rim sherd. Each is cord roughened on the exterior and decorated with a combination of parallel vertical and horizontal incised lines that form a checkerboard criss-cross design. The incisions begin at the lip and continue down the rim for an undetermined distance. The interio r of these vessels is smooth and undecorated. The lip of vessel 5 is obliquely incised and the lip of 126 is altered with an obliquely incised push-pull design. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.

Relationships: Wayne Ware, and its so-called companion wares, Allegan, Spring Creek, Moccasin B luff, and Crockery Ware (cf. Brashler 1978:8; Fitting 1968 and 1975:xix; Flanders 1965; Rogers 1972) are found at many intensively and extensively occupied Late Woodland sites in southern Lower Michigan. These sites include, for example, Riviere Au Vase, Springwells, Sissung, and Gibraltar (Fitting 1975:150) in southeastern Michigan; Hodges (Fitting and Sasse 1969), Fosters (Bigony 1970), Valley Sweets (Brose 1966), Bussinger (Halsey 1976), Fletcher (Brashler 1973), Schultz (Fitting 1972), Tocico (Carstens 1972), Jahr (Butterfield 1979), and 20-LP-98 (Lovis 1979) in the Saginaw Valley; and Spring Creek (Fitting 1968), Moccasin Bluff (Bettarel and Smith 1973) and the 46th Street and Fennville sites (Rogers 1972) in western Michigan to name a few of the more important lo calities. Sites bearing Wayne-like pottery also occur, to a very limited extent, in southwestern Ontario, i . e . , at Pinery Park and Point Pelee (Ian Kenyon and David Stothers, personal communication). Fitting (1965:159) noted other generic similarities to Wayne Ware from the Esch Mounds (cf. Greenman 1939a) and the so-called "Intrusive Mound Culture" in Ohio.

The Wayne Undecorated ceramics are similar to undecorated Allegan, Spring Creek, and Moccasin Bluff wares in western Michigan. Incised Wayne Ware, including the crosshatched variety, seems closely linked to the incised vessels illustrated by Fitting (1968:28) from the Spring Creek site and the Brunnett Mound (Prahl 1966:191). These vessels are simply cord roughened with a band of incised lines on the neck area. Other sites that have produced cord roughened incised pottery include Fletcher, Bussinger, Mahony (Bigony 1970:177), Springwells (Halsey 1968), the Fort Wayne Mound (Fitting 1975:151), 11H8 on Point Pelee in Ontario (Keenlyside 1978), and the Hog Hollow s ite , a transi tional Middle to Late Woodland site in Grant County, Wisconsin (Geier 1978:204-205). Margaret Rogers (1972:86) observes that the crosshatched vessels from the Fennville and 46th Street sites could have a ffin itie s to the type Norton Crosshatched described by George Quimby (1940:491) from the Middle Woodland Norton Mounds in Grand Rapids. She suggests that crosshatched and cord wrapped tool impressed varieties may be a carryover

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76 of Middle Woodland techniques into a later period. This may also be the case at Draper Park, although the strati graphic distribution of crosshatched vessels do not bear this out (cf. Appendix I I I and Figure 8).

Chronological position: Numerous radiocarbon determinations associated with Wayne, Spring Creek, and Allegan Tradition materials in both burial and habitation context have been run at at least 11 sites in Michigan and southwestern Ontario (cf. Appendix V). These determinations place the Wayne and other local traditions between A.D. 600 and A.D. 1300, particularly in western Michigan and the Saginaw Valley. Wayne Ware does not, however, persist in southeastern Michigan after ca. A.D. 700 or A.D. 800, with the overriding influence of incoming Younge peoples (F ittin g 1975:155). Only a minor percentage of Wayne vessels at Draper Park display castellations and none evidences true collaring; two attributes more commonly associated with assenblages post-dating A.D. 1000. Incised over cord roughened vessels account for approximately 8% of the Wayne pottery here. These vessels are believed to be indicative of the early portion of the Wayne Tradition, ca. A.D. 600 to A.D. 800. Consequently, typological data indicate that the Wayne Tradition occupation at Draper Park lasted at least some four or five hundred years ( i. e . , A.D. 600-1000) and possibly more.

Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence)

Riviere Ware

Type: Vase Corded

Vessel: 15

Plate: 11

Rim thickness: 7.5 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: Dl-4

Description: This vessel is known from one weathered rim sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with a horizontal row of acutely angled corded punctates that encircle the rim 8 mm to center below the lip . Directly beneath is a row of punctates located 20 mm to center below the lip . The spacing of these punctates cannot be determined. A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the otherwise undecorated interior surface. The lip is beveled inward and outward, forming a peak, and is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77

Type: Vase Corded

Vessel: 208

PI ate: 11

Rim thickness: 8 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D4

Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with multiple horizontal rows of acutely angled corded punctates that are spaced tig htly together. The top row begins at the lip and the succeeding rows continue immediately below, extending down the rim for an undetermined distance. The in te rio r surface is decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . The lip its e lf is also marked with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Relationships: Vase Corded has been reported from Riviere Au Vase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge, Wolf, and the Gibralter sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:156) and the Fletcher site in Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Other external relationships may include Krieger Stamped and Uren Corded in southern Ontario (Fitting 1965:156).

Chronological position: Riviere Au Vase phase of the Younge Sequence A.D. 600-900 (Fitting 1966).

Type: Vase Tool Impressed

Vessel: 65

Plate: 13

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 22 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one large rim and body sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with two parallel rows of oblique tool impressions placed immediately below the lip extending 37 mm down the rim. The interio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique tool impressions. A row of round punctates encircles the rim 17 mm to center below the lip . A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the exterior surface in the middle of the upper row of tool impressions. The lip is simply decorated with oblique tool impressions. The form of this vessel appears to be somewhat globular and long necked.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78 Type: Vase Tool Impressed

Vessel: 81

Plate: 12

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 18 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from two large rim sherds and two small neck sherds. The exterior surface is smooth and decor ated with three alternating rows of oblique tool impressions above a row of oblique incised lines which form a herringbone pattern. The in terio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique tool impressions below the lip . A row of deep slash-like punctates appears 3 cm to center below the lip and a corresponding row of bosses is formed on the exterior in the middle of the second row of tool impressions. The lip is decorated with oblique tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be precisely determined, although the sloping shoulder suggests an elongated ja r.

Relationships: Vase Tool Impressed has been reported from Riviere Au Vase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge, and the Wolf sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:155) and the Fletcher site in the Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Somewhat sim ilar vessels have also been reported from the Stadelmeyer site (Bigony 1970: 130). Other external relationships include Krieger Incised, Owasco Herringbone, and Castle Creek Beaded in New York and Ontario Oblique and Uren Noded in southern Ontario (Fitting 1965:155). Similarities have also been drawn to Mixter Tool Impressed in northern Ohio (Brashler 1973).

Chronological position: Riviere Au Vase phase of the Younge sequence A.D. 600-900 (Fitting 1966).

Type: Macomb Linear Corded

Vessel: 56

PI ate: 12

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 18 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 5 rim sherds. The exterior is smooth on the neck and cord roughened on the upper

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. rim at the lip. Two closely spaced horizontal rows of linear cord impressions encircle the rim beginning 15 mm below the lip . Directly beneath are two horizontal rows of short oblique tool impressions parallel to each other. The 4 rows together form a band 35 mm wide. The interior surface is smooth and decorated with a row of slash-like punctates 2 cm to center below the lip and spaced 20 mm apart. These punctations form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the exterior between the two rows of linear cord impressions. The lip is simply cord roughened. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Relationships: Macomb Linear has been reported from Riviere Au Vase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge and the Wolf sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:157) and the Fletcher site in the Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Other generic relationships include Uren Corded and Iroquois Linear in southern Ontario and Owasco Corded Collar and Bainbridge Linear in New York (Fitting 1965: 157).

Chronological position: Middle to late Late Woodland period of the Younge Sequence A.D. 1000-1250 (Fittin g 1966)

Type: undetermined

Vessel: 18

Plate: 11

Rim thickness: 8 cm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 2 rim and one neck sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with small diameter punctates massed on the rim area. Beginning at the lip there are 2 hori zontal rows of v ertical, acutely angled corded punctates closely spaced together. Below these are multiple oblique rows of sim ilar punctates. There are virtu ally no undecorated areas on the rim or upper neck. The interio r is smooth and decorated with short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . A row of round punctates encircles the rim 17 mm to center below the lip spaced 16 mm apart. The lip itself is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The rim is altered with small pointed b lip -lik e castellations. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: There is a close parallel with a single specimen illustrated by Greenman (1937:Plate XIX, Figure 1,G) from the Younge s ite , a Younge phase occupation in southeastern Michigan.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 80 Chronological position: unknown, probably post ca. A.D. 1000.

Type: undetermi ned

Vessel: 214

PI ate: 11

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 26 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with oblique rows of acutely angled corded punctates that extend down 3 cm below the lip . Immediately below is a single horizontal linear cord impression followed by another series of acutely angled, corded punctates as above. This decor ation continued down the rim for an unknown distance. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: see vessel 18 above.

Chronological position: see vessel 18 above.

Juntunen Sequence

Mackinac Ware

Type: Mackinac Banded

Vessel: 59

Plate: 14

Rim thickness: 6 run Rim diameter: 36 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 3 rim and 2 body frag ments. Its rim is slightly outward flaring and the neck is rather broad. The exterior of this vessel is by far the most complicated of any in the Draper Park collection. The neck is smoothed to the shoulder and the body of the vessel is simply cord roughened and undecorated. Four alternating bands of obliques and horizontals adorn the neck. The upper-most band is composed of oblique incisions that start at the lip and extend down the rim for a distance of 27 mm. Below this band is another

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Vase Corded rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 15 208

Untyped rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row two: 18 214

Vase Tool Impressed rim sherd

Vessel Number

Top: 81

Macomb Linear Corded rim sherd

Vessel Number

Bottom: 56

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PLATE 13

Vase Tool Impressed vessel fragment

Vessel Number

Mackinac Banded vessel fragment

Vessel Number

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consisting of 3 rows of push-pull incisions 15 mm wide. A single row of small round punctates is superimposed over the top row of this band. These punctates are spaced 17 mm. apart and form a cor responding row of bosses on the smooth interior surface. Immed iately below the second band of incisions is a third band composed of 3 horizontal rows of linear corded push-pull impressions 14 mm wide. This band is, in turn, followed by a fourth composed of oblique corded push-pull impressions of undetermined width. The interior is decorated with a row of short vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that start at the lip and stop just above the row of bosses. The lip is similarly decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.

Probable relationships: Vessels very similar to this have been reported in Late Woodland context at the Juntunen site on Bois Blanc Island in the Straits of Mackinac (McPherron 1967b:92; Plates X II, c ,d ,f,g ; XIV, XV, XVI). These vessels have been defined as the type Mackinac Banded by McPherron, a manisfes- tation of Mackinac ware. Also, less complicated but similar examples are reported at the Tobico site (Carstens 1972:158) in Bay County and at the Schulur and Skegemog Point sites (Fitting 1975:187) in Grand Traverse County, Michigan.

Chronological position: McPherron (1967:86) places the Mackinac Banded ceramics in the Mackinac phase which he dates ca. A.D. 700- 1100 in the Juntunen sequence. The Tobico site has one date of 880+100 radiocarbon years: A.D. 1070 (Carstens 1972:148) which seems to agree with the assemblage there. Three radio carbon determinations are available for the Skegemog Point site which s ta tis tic a lly average an uncorrected date of 810+69 radio carbon rears: A.D. 1140 (Fitting 1975:187). Since this vessel lacks both castellations and collaring of any form, this researcher would tend to place i t temporarily sometime just prior to ca. A.D. 1000.

Juntunen Ware

Type: Juntunen Linear Punctate

Vessel: 48

Plate: 15

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 20 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 2 rim sherds. The exterior surface is decorated with 12 horizontal rows of small acutely angled corded punctates sometimes referred to as "linear

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punctation." A horizontal row of deep rectangular punctates is superimposed over the third row of punctates approximately 24 mm to center below the lip and spaced 13 mm apart. A corresponding row of boses is formed on the otherwise undecorated interio r surface. The lip is undecorated and smooth. The form of this vessel cannot be determined although i t would appear that its rim had an outward flaring curvature and its shoulders were shallow and unpronounced.

Relationships: Juntunen Linear Punctate was defined by McPherron (1967b:111-112, Plate XX,d) at the Juntunen site in northern Michigan. The Juntunen vessels d iffe r from the Draper Park specimen, however, primarily in their heavily collared rim. Consequently, the assignment of the vessel here remains pro visional, although its general appearance greatly resembles the type in most other respects.

Chronological position: McPherron (1976b:111-112) places Juntunen Linear Punctate in the Juntunen phase which he dates between A.D. 1070 and A. D. 1330. Since the Draper Park specimen lacks collaring (a common attribute after ca. A.D. 1000) and displays a decorative technique involving the use of a cord wrapped tool in its design (a popular technique in assemblages of the early Late Woodland Period), this researcher would tend to place this vessel somewhat e a rlie r than other similar occurrences at Juntunen.

Type: Undetermi ned

Vessel: 62

PI ate: 15

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: B2

Description: This vessel is known from 4 rim and 8 body fragments. I t has an outward flaring rim that is decorated on its smooth exterior surface with 7 horizontal rows of corded punctates situated between a row of oblique corded punctates above and another row directly beneath. The interio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions below which a row of rectangular punctates is formed 21 mm to center below the lip and spaced 3 cm apart. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: Although this vessel shows some sim ilar itie s to Juntunen Linear Punctate ceramics from the Juntunen s ite , i t is probably s ty lis tic a lly closer to the massed or banked stamped

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Untyped rim sherd

Vessel Number

Top: 62

Juntunen Linear Punctate rim sherd

Vessel Number

Bottom: 48

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vessels illustrated by Greenman (1939b:PI ate VI ,h) from the Furton I I site located on the west shore of Lake St. Clair in Macomb County, Michigan. These vessels display primarily cord wrapped tool impressions and corded punctates on the neck and upper rim. Fitting (1975:160) suggests that Furton I I is in many respects akin to the Fuller I site located about one mile away from Furton I I in Chesterfield Township. In addition, this site has produced pottery of thelocalized Younge Tradition which is believed to have been strongly influenced by cultures in southern Ontario during the Late Woodland Period in south eastern Michigan.

Chronological position: Fitting (1975:160) was unable to assign an age to the materials from either the Furton I I or Fuller I sites, but i t is his opinion that these two sites may represent fishing stations of a more northern group which visited the area only after A.D. 1400 when the previously dominant Younge peoples in the region were greatly diminished. However, based on certain isolated ceramic affinities with materials from Ontario and Michigan that have been recently reported, this researcher would tend to place the Furton I I ceramics with an occupation significantly e a rlie r than A.D. 1400, probably closer to ca. A.D. 900.

Blackduck Tradition

Blackduck Ware*

Type: Blackduck

Vessel: 85

Plate: 16

Rim thickness: 6 mm Rim diameter: 24 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 5 rim sherds. I t has a fa irly straight sided rim that grades into a very shallow shoulder area. The overall form of this specimen cannot be determined although i t is thought to have been slightly elongated. The cord roughened exterior is decorated with a band of 6 closely spaced rows of

*A concise synthetic characterization of Blackduck Ware is given by Carmichael (1977:5-6). A further refinement of the sequential Blackduck ceramic phases is presented by Lugenbeal (1979) for materials recovered from the Smith site in northern Minnesota.

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Blackduck-like rim/neck sherd

Vessel Number

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horizontal linear cord impressions set o ff on the top and bottom by a row of short oblique tool impressions. The upper row is formed using a cord wrapped tool that has been impressed into a strip of clay f i l l e t or applique which encircles the rim at the lip. This is similar to collaring or bracing, but it is much less obtrusive and barely noticeable. The lower row of obliques are formed using a thin rectilinear tool creating incision-like impressions. A row of slash-like punctates is superimposed over the second and third row of linear cord impressions which form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the otherwise un decorated in terio r surface. The lip is decorated with horizontal cord wrapped tool impressions.

Type: Blackduck

Vessel: 20

Plate: 17

Rim thickness: 10 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with a row of round punctates located 17 mm to center below the lip . These punctates are set o ff on the top by a row of oblique tool impressions and on the bottom by a series of horizontal rows of push-pull incisions. The interior surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique tool impressions extending down from the lip . The lip is decorated with similar oblique tool impressions that appear as almost incision-like. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Type: B1ackduck

Vessel: 77

PI ate: 17

Rim thickness: 8 mm Rim diameter: 24 cm Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one small rim sherd and is in most ways identical to vessel 20 above, except that the interio r punctates are set o ff with cord wrapped tool impressions.

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Type: Blackduck

Vessel: 17

Plate: 17

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with two horizontal rows of linear cord impressions set o ff by an upper row of short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions and a lower row of oblique acutely angled corded punctates. The interio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of vertical cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is simply decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.

Type: Blackduck

Vessel: 71 and 256

PI ate: 17

These vessels are known from one and 2 rim sherd(s), respectively, and are so fragmentary that i t is d iffic u lt or impossible to des cribe them beyond listin g those attributes given in Appendix A. In general, they resemble 77 and 20 above, where the dominant decorative technique involves the use of a cord wrapped tool.

Relationships: These six vessels bear certain sim ilarities to the rather wide spread Blackduck ceramics found in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin, and southeastern Manitoba, parts of Saskatchewan, and western Ontario. Occasionally, Blackduck-like ceramics are found in sites located in northern Michigan (cf. Dorothy 1978). In his discussion of similar vessels from the Juntunen s ite , McPherron found that "... the Juntunen Blackduck lies closer to Mackinac ware than to the more northerly Blackduck ware. The Juntunen Blackduck pottery, then, presents a problem in classification because of its intermediate status; but there are differences from Mackinac ware, and the assignment to the established Blackduck ware does emphasize the close s ty lis tic sim ilarities with the northern ware" (McPherron 1967b:100-101). This situation seems to be true at Draper Park where some of the specimens resemble certain Blackduck types (cf. Snortland-Coles 1979:Plates 19-20; Tiesdale 1978:Plates 2,5,16-17) but do not embody some elements considered indicative of the ware. Their assignment here is considered provisional.

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Blackduck-like rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 20 77 Row two: 17 Row three: 71 256

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 100 Chronological position: The dating of Blackduck sites seems to vary with the author consulted but most agree that the period between A. D. 800 and A. D. 1500 or until historic contact encompasses the height of its relatively long florescence. Recently, 3 radiocarbon assays from the Martin Bird site on Whitefish Lake in Manitoba were obtained, which were associated with Blackduck pottery, statistically average an uncorrected date of 1382+65 radiocarbon years: A.D. 568 (Snortland-Coles 1979:48). Interestingly, if this dating is further substantiated i t would appear to give temporal priority to the Blackduck Wares, extending the Blackduck time range so as to overlap the Mackinac phase at Juntunen (cf. also Carmichael 1977).

Ontario Iroquois Tradition

Princess Point Ware

Type: Princess Point Punctate

Vessel: 259

Plate: 18

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 25 cm Rim profile: C

Description: This vessel is the only complete specimen recovered during the Draper Park excavations. I t displays a ll of the decora tive elements found on vessel 26 below except for a few minor deviations. Unlike vessel 26 this vessel has a much broader neck area, sim ilar to vessel 59 above, over which a series of obliquely angled plaits have been impressed with a cord wrapped tool. Two bands of obliquely angled cord wrapped tool impressions embellish the rim/neck juncture. The plaits and the bands are separated by areas of undecorated smoothed over cord roughing. A row of acutely angled cord punctates are superimposed over the upper most undecorated band on the rim located 2 cm to center below the lip . These punctates are spaced 2 cm apart and form a corresponding row of bosses on the interio r. A row of shallow thumb-nail impressions lies directly below this row of bosses. The form of this vessel is moderately elongated.

Type: Princess Point

Vessel: 26

Plate: 19

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Princess Point Punctate vessel

Vessel Number

259

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Princess Point Punctate rim sherd

Vessel Number

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 105 Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: C

Description: This vessel is known from one large and 2 small rim sherds. The smooth exterior and interior surfaces of the rim are decorated with obliquely angled cord wrapped tool impres sions that extend 2 cm down from the lip . The entire neck and body of this vessel are covered with lightly marked horizontal linear cord impressions. A row of round punctates is superimposed over these marks on the neck 21 mm to center below thelip. These punctations are spaced 18 mm apart and form a row of corresponding bosses on the interio r surface. This vessel has an everted rim that grades directly into the upper body contours resulting in a narrow neck lin e. Presumably this specimen had a globular or slightly elongated form.

Type: Princess Point Punctate

Vessel: 3

Plate: 20

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 22 cm? Rim profile: D2

Description: This vessel is known from 2 small rim sherds that appear to be very much like the rims of vessels 26 and 259 above, except that this vessel is undoubtedly smaller. L ittle else can be stated concerning this specimen.

Relationships: Princess Point ware characterizes the early Late Woodland Period Princess Point Complex defined by David Stothers (1977:54-58) for southern Ontario. According to Stothers the Princess Point complex represents an intermediate in situ cultural development between the Saugeen Middle Woodland and the later Glen Meyer branch of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition (Stothers, personal communication). The type Princess Point Punctate constitutes a variant of Princess Point Ware originally defined by Stothers in 1972. Specific examples obtained from the Porteous s ite , a component of the Princess Point Grand River focus, are illustrated by Stothers (1977:Plate X III, particularly no. 1) and bear notable resemblances to these 3 Draper Park specimens.

Chronological position: The Porteous site has been radiocarbon dated by four separate assays spanning a period of 700 years (A.D. 400 to A.D. 1100). Stothers (1975) notes that 2 of these assays were run on contaminated material which resulted in dates much too early to date the occupation. The acceptable assays s ta tis tic a lly average an uncorrected date of 1038+49 radiocarbon years: A.D. 912. Based on the acceptable dates and the transitional

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 nature of the Porteous site ceramics toward la te r Glen Meyer styles (Noble and Kenyon 1972), Stothers places this occupation in the short lived Late phase of the Princess Point Complex, ca. A.D. 850 to A.D. 950.

Type: Undetermined

Vessel: 207

PI ate: 20

Rim thickness: 8 mm Rim diameter: undetermined Rim profile: D4

Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with multiple rows of horizontal linear cord impressions that begin at the lip and extend down the rim for an undetermined distance. A row of deep rectangular punc tates is superimposed over the linear cord impressions located 18 mm to center below the lip . The interior surface is smooth and decor ated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that start at the lip . The lip its e lf is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: This vessel resembles some of the Princess Point Punctate vessels from the Princess Point type site in the Grand River focus of the Princess Point Complex (Stothers 1977: Plate XLI). More importantly, however, it is stylistically closer to a specimen in the Furton I I site assemblage illustrated by Green- man (1939b:Plate V I,d ). The specimen from Furton I I displays almost the identical combination of decorative motif and technique, i.e ., deep rectangular punctates superimposed over linear cord impression.

Chronological position: The Princess Point site is regarded by Stothers (1977) to date between A.D. 700 and A.D. 800, during the Early phase of the Princess Point Complex. Based on typological sim ilarities and considering the lack of firm dating on the Furton I I materials, this researcher favors this period as accurately re flecting the temporal placement of vessel 207.

Glen Meyer Branch

Type: Stafford Stamped

Vessel: 216

Plate: 20

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Rim thickness: undetermined Rim diameter: 18 cm Rim profile: C

Description: This vessel is known from one small rim sherd. The exterior surface is eroded and cannot be adequately analyzed. The in terio r is stamped with massed crescent shaped impressions pre sumably executed with a handful of hollow reeds or other cylindrical implement held at an angle to the surface. The lip is f la t , smooth, and incised after a criss-cross fashion. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Type: Stafford Stamped

Vessel: 187

Plate: 20

Rim thickness: undetermined Rim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: C

Description: This vessel is known from a rim sherd which is very sim ilar to 216 above. The exterior surface is eroded and cannot be analyzed. The interior is also stamped with crescent shaped impressions, but the markings are larger and more widely spaced. The lip is likewise fla t, smooth, and displays criss-cross incising. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Relationships: Stafford Stamped ceramics are characteristic of the Glen Meyer branch of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition. Stafford Stamped vessels illustrated and discussed by Wright (Wright 1973:118-119; Plate I I , 6-10) d iffe r from the Draper Park specimens primarily in their lack of incision on the lip, a technique not observed in any great proportions in Ontario components. The only reported occurrence of Stafford Stamped pottery in Michigan is from the Fletcher site in Bay County (Brashler 1973) where i t is believed to have been imported.

Chronological position: According to Wright (1973:27) Stafford Stamped vessels increased in popularity during the la tte r half of the Glen Meyer period in the Early stage of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition and minimally survived into the Middle stage. The Glen Meyer period is presently considered to date between A.D, 1000 and A.D. 1300.

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Uren Substage

Type: Ontario Oblique

Vessel: 217

Plate: 20

Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 22 cm Rim profile: E

Description: This vessel is known from one rim and one small body sherd. The highly compacted, fine tempered paste used in the manu facture of this vessel is unlike any other in the Draper Park collection. I t is a nonfriable light pink colored ceramic. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of short alter nating oblique tool impressions that form a chevron or herringbone pattern beginning on the upper rim near the lip . I t is not possible to determine how far down the rim this decoration continues. The lip and interio r surfaces are undecorated and simply smooth. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.

Probable relationships: Clearly, this vessel is allied to the type Ontario Oblique defined by MacNeish (1952:18; Plate IV, 4 and 8). According to MacNeish this type has noted genetic ties to Uren substage materials in the developing Ontario Iroquois Tradition of southern Ontario.

Chronological position: MacNeish (1952:18) states that Ontario Oblique is dominant in Uren times but lasts until Middleport times. This places i t in the late Middle stage of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition which Wright (1973) dates to ca. A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1350.

Miscellaneous Untyped Vessels

Thirty-two vessels in the assemblage cannot be classified according

to any extant typological scheme nor can any of them be shown to con

stitute new types at this time. These vessels are described here by

their dominant decorative motif and technique observed on the exterior

surface of each. Dominant decoration in this instance refers to the

decorative element that appears nearest the lip/rim juncture of the

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Princess Point Punctate rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 3 207

Stafford Stamped rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row two: 216 187

Ontario Oblique rim sherd

Vessel Number

Row three: 217

vessel. Fourteen vessels are simply described under a random "ungrouped"

heading since none of the specimens share enough attributes in common

to assign them to one group based on decoration alone. In a ll cases

neither external relationships nor relative chronological position

can be determined. For detailed information concerning individual

specimens discussed in this section, e.g., metrical data, etc., the

reader is referred to Appendix I.

Oblique Tool Impressed

Vessels: N=14; 1,28,31,43,54,66,72,79,86,134,172,203,248,254

Plate: 21

Description: All of these various vessels are known from one rim sherd each except vessel 254 which is known from 2. Generally speaking, a ll of these s ty lis tic a lly different vessels are exteriorly cord roughened and decorated with oblique motifs using anyone of a variety of techniques. On 8 vessels the decora tion is executed with a cord wrapped tool, 3 are impressed with a short bladed rectangular tool, and 3 are simply incised. All of these motifs appear around the upper rim at the lip . The interior surface on a ll of these vessels is smooth. Nine vessels have interior decoration, of which, 5 display a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions, and 2 evidence a row of oblique incisions. Vessel 86 is interiorly decorated with a row of oblique rectangular tool impressions above a row of punctates located 21 mm to center below the lip spaced 15 mm apart. This vessel seems to have been castellated with low profile b lip -like raises around the rim. Vessel 79 also displays a row of interior punctates located 11 mm to center below the lip spaced 16 mm apart. The lips on a ll of these vessels are obliquely impressed using the same tool as employed to adorne the exterior surface of each. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.

Push-Pull Incised Vessels: N=4; 34,37,88,227 Plate: 22 Description: Vessel 34 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with oblique push-pull incisions extending down from the lip . Immediately below is at least one horizontal

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Untyped oblique tool impressed rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 79 86 Row two: 43 28 31 Row three: 1 172 254 Row four: 203 54 72 Row five: 66 248 134

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Untyped push-pull incised rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 88 34 Row two: 227 37

linear cord impression. The interior surface is obliquely incised around the upper rim at the lip . The lip its e lf is also obliquely incised.

Description: Vessel 37 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of push-pull incisions beginning 1 cm below the folded lip . The interior is smooth and the lip is marked with a linear cord impression.

Description: Vessel 88 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with numerous horizontal push-pull incisions using a wedge shaped implement resulting in multiple triangular impressions encircling the rim beginning 14 mm below the lip . A horizontal row of oval punctates is superimposed over the upper most portion of these impressions located 21 mm to center below the lip spaced 17 mm apart. The interio r surface is smooth and the lip is obliquely incised.

Description: Vessel 227 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is lig h tly roughened and decorated with closely spaced rows of oblique s p lit-s tic k , push-pull impressions beginning 6 mm below the lip . The in te rio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is decorated with vertical dentate stamping.

Their form cannot be determined.

Ungrouped Vessels

Vessels: N=14; 2,19,35,42,67,83,101,103,117,168,170,186,189,249

Plate: 23

Description: Vessel 2 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is cord roughened and decorated with massed s p lit-s tic k punctates or impressions. The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of round punctates located 15 mm to center below the lip spaced 15 mm apart. The punctates form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the exterior. The lip is simply cord roughened.

Description: Vessel 19 is known from 2 rim sherds. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with horizontal and oblique dentate stamping. The stamp appears to have been regularly notched or serrated and when impressed into the clay formed a linear series of small, closely spaced, square indentations. The interior is undecorated and simply smooth. The lip is likewise smooth but marked with obliquely angled dentate stamping as on the exterior.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 117 Description: Vessel 35 is known from one rim sherd and 6 body fragments. The exterior surface is decorated with multiple oblique rows of parallel thumb-nail impressions that extend down the rim for an undetermined distance. A row of round punctates encircle the rim 18 mm to center below the rim spaced 15 mm apart. A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the smooth interio r below two parallel rows of short oblique incisions. The lip is scalloped after a pie crust fashion that is very distinguishing.

Description: Vessel 42 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of small, closely spaced punctates. The interior is smooth and decorated with a row of short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is decorated with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions in addition to having been folded over the exterior surface.

Description: Vessel 67 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is smooth and highly decorated. On the upper rim at the lip there are two parallel rows of short, oblique incisions situa ted above numerous oblique rows of small, shallow, oval shaped punctates apparently formed by the end of a cylindrical implement held at an angle to the surface. Between the rows of incisions and punctates there lies a row of bosses formed by interio r punctates located 16 mm to center below the lip spaced 14 mm apart. The interio r is exfoliated and cannot be analyzed. The lip, however, is obliquely incised.

Description: Vessel 83 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with oblique dentate stamping beginning at the lip . A row of round punctates is located immediately be neath, 20 mm below the lip . The interio r surface is smooth and simply decorated with oblique incisions at the lip . The lip is decorated with horizontal dentate stamping.

Description: Vessel 101 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is smooth and undecorated. The interio r is also smooth but decorated with oblique rows of small annular punctates. The lip is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend over the exterior lip/rim juncture.

Description: Vessel 103 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of short, v ertical, rectangular tool impressions. The interio r surface is smooth and decorated with at least one row of small oblique rectangular tool impressions located 11 mm below the lip . The lip its e lf is decorated with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions.

Description: Vessel 117 is known from one rim sherd; The exterior surface on this specimen is smooth and decorated with a row of

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 118 vertical tool impressions. The interio r is also smooth but undecorated. The lip displays vertical tool impressions executed in a similar manner as on the exterior.

Description: Vessel 168 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of push-pull dentate stamping. The interior surface is simply smooth and the lip is obliquely impressed with the dentate stamp.

Description: Vessel 170 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is badly eroded but appears to be cord roughened and decor ated with criss-cross incision. The interior and lip are simply smooth.

Description: Vessel 186 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of acutely angled corded punctates that extend for an undetermined distance down from the lip . The interio r surface is smooth and the lip is cord roughened; both surfaces lack decoration.

Description: Vessel 189 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with a single horizontal row of small and shallow, square tool impressions running 16 mm below the lip . The interio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions at the lip . The lip is cord roughened and slightly pushed over the exterior. This vessel appears to have been castellated with low profile blip-like raises about the rim.

Description: Vessel 249 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and undecorated. The in terio r, however, is smooth and marked with a row of short, vertical cord wrapped tool impressions at the lip. The lip is obtrusively rolled over the exterior and marked with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.

The form of these 14 vessels cannot be determined.

In summary, 194 vessels representing 4 and possibly 5 major Late

Woodland ceramic traditions are in evidence at Draper Park. These

are briefly presented in Table 2.

Draper Park is predominantly a Wayne Tradition occupation. The

presence of almost 50 vessels indicative of other traditions, including

Middle Woodland vessels and aberrant untyped specimens, contribute

to the "mixed" appearance of this assemblage. The occurrence of

vessels common to ceramic traditions other than the Wayne Tradition

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Miscellaneous untyped rim sherds

Vessel Numbers

Row one: 2 42 249 Row two: 19 67 186 Row three: 168 103 83 Row four: 189 35

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Summary of Vessels Representing Various Late Woodland Ceramic Traditions at Draper Park

N %

Wayne Tradition 171 88

Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence) 7 4

Ontario Iroquois Tradition 7 4

Juntunen Sequence 3 1

Blackduck Tradition? 6 _3

Totals 194 100

is considered to be the result of either interaction with different

social groups to the north and southeast or periodic short-term occupa

tion of the site by transients stopping over, possibly to portage the

nearby rapids at the mouth of the St. C lair River, before pressing on

with their travels between the Upper and the Lower Great Lakes.

Precisely what the relationships were between Wayne Tradition peoples

and those of other traditions whose pottery is in evidence at Draper

Park supersedes the scope of this study.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V II

OTHER CERAMIC ARTIFACTS

Miniature Vessels

Twelve miniature vessels represented by 28 fragments were

recovered from Draper Park (Plate 24). These vessels are character

is tic a lly thin walled, untempered, and less than 4 or 5 cm t a ll.

Their orifice rarely exceeds 3 cm in diameter. The exterior surfaces

are generally smooth or occasionally cord roughened. Decoration is

rare but when i t occurs i t ususally consists of exterior tool impres

sions, small round punctations, or cord wrapped tool impressions.

The interior and lip surfaces are, for the most part, smooth and

undecorated. These pots are undoubtedly related to, and are probably

part of, the Wayne Ware assemblage. Their workmanship is character

is tic a lly inferio r to their full-sized counterparts which suggests

that they were manufactured by unskilled artisans or juveniles.

Aboriginal Smoking Pipes

Twelve ceramic fragments representing a minimum of 3 smoking

pipes were recovered from Draper Park (Plate 24). Pipe A is

recognized on the basis of a single rectangular stem fragment. The

surface is highly polished and the ceramic fragment is essentially

devoid of temper. I t is not possible to determine either the form

of the bowl or length of the stem from this small fragment. Pipes B

122

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Miniature Vessel fragments

Top two rows

Aboriginal Smoking Pipe fragments

Bottom row: B A Bowl fragment

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CM

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and C (not shown) are known from one ovoid stem fragment each. Both stem fragments retain a small portion of the charred bowl base, indicating

their use prior to discard. Pipe B is known from a larger fragment

which includes the entire bowl base and pointed stem keel. The

smoke hole diameter of this specimen measures 3 mm, while the hole

in Pipe C measures 4 mm. Both of these specimens appear to have been

elbow pipes, with their bowls oriented at a right angle to the stem.

These two pipes were manufactured with small granular inclusions in

a paste that is otherwise untempered.

Two decorated bowl fragments were also recovered which may or

may not be from one of the three pipes described above. Both of these

fragments appear to be from the same pipe and display multiple rows of

closely spaced horizontal cord impressions located 7 mm below the lip

of the bowl. The remaining 7 fragments appear to be from stems

that cannot be attributed to any of the specimens above.

Broken aboriginal smoking pipes are a common occurrence at many

Late Woodland sites in the Midwest-Riverine area. Generally, however,

unbroken pipes are more commonly associated with burials, although this

is not always the case. According to McPherron (1967b:182), a pipe

stem cross-section may have some temporal significance. Based on

his research at Juntunen he concluded that pipes with rectangular

sections seem to have temporal priority over pipes displaying ovoid

sections during the Mackinac, Bois Blanc, and Juntunen phase sequence

on Bois Blanc Island. McPherron's analysis disclosed a mixture of

both rectangular and ovoid section stems in the Mackinac phase

materials, dating between A.D. 700 and A.D. 1000. I would venture

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a similar date for the Draper Park specimens inasmuch as both styles

are also found here. Further information concerning the use of

aboriginal smoking pipes and their occurrence at Michigan sites can

be obtained by consulting McGuire (1899), Halsey (1976:324), and

Butterfield (1979:84-86).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V III

INTRASITE DISTRIBUTIONS

Of the 230 vessels analyzed, one-third were recovered from

features (primarily refuse pits), one-third were located in the

deeply s tra tifie d deposits at the extreme northern end of the

excavation area, and the remainder are from general level provenience

in the lower portion of level I I I and level IV. Based on the random

sampling of 11 five foot square excavation units, the heaviest con

centration of ceramic vessels appears near the 25 x 30 foot block

excavation area on top of the ridge. Here, individual five foot units

contained as many as 12 and 13 vessels each, from both general level

and feature context. This area produced a ll of the definable pre

historic features and it seems likely that this was a major prehistoric

activity area. The majority of these features were probably initially

associated with food preparation, and their final function was to

serve as refuse pits for waste materials such as mammal and fish

bone (Cardinal 1979), discarded flin t tools and debitage, and broken

pottery. Other than these limited observations, no distinct patterns

of horizontal distribution are readily discernible without a thorough

statistical treatment.

Vertical Distribution of Vessels

All of the prehistoric materials at Draper Park are confined to

127

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levels III, IV, and the deeply stratified layers in units 10S-40E,

10S-45E, 10S-50E, 15S-50E, and 15S-70E above the old fille d -in creek

channel. Level I I I has produced an admixture of historic and pre

historic artifacts; the la tte r having been churned up from level IV

below as a result of Euro-American cultivation practices during the

late nineteenth century (see Chapter I I I ) . Therefore, the generalized

prehistoric deposits consist of the lower portion of level III and all

of level IV.

A total of 76 vessels representing the Wayne, Western Basin

(Younge sequence), Ontario Iroquois, and Blackduck Traditions,

including the Juntunen sequence, were recovered from the stra tifie d

stream channel area. A majority of the vessels are Wayne Ware,

numbering 45 specimens or 60% of the to ta l. Figure 8 shows the dis

tribution of Wayne Ware vessels by layer. Assuming that the layers

have retained their post-depositional integrity through time, it is

evident that varieties of the type Wayne Decorated were more common

during the earliest Late Woodland occupation of the site , suggesting

a continuity of more ornate Middle Woodland decorative motifs.

Three of the 5 Middle Woodland vessels recovered during excavation

were in fact discovered in these s tra tifie d layers, i . e . , F, G, and

S3. Varieties of the type Wayne Undecorated become more profuse in

the middle and upper layers of the s ite , although simple cord marked

vessels are distributed throughout. Curiously, i t is noted that the

types Wayne Decorated, horizontal incised, and Wayne Decorated,

crosshatched are not represented in these layers, occurring only

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-DRAPER PARK-

Frequency Distribution of Wayne Ware Vessels in the Stratified Layers

LEVEL

IV- A 1 B 1 I C 3 2 1 e to D 1 2 cd p E 1 •HH *Hto 2 3 o o F 1 0) ft G 1 < 0 cd O iH 0 0 cd O cd O ft P X 0 cd a h P X p rH 0 cd 0 0 P 0 P 0 1 s in 0 P 0 1 Z £ Z ft 0 p 0 TYPE P £ P £ Q H H P £ JK t-i >H iH >H In ?H O >H U >H < 0 < O C P <: 0 < 0 < E < 0 >X s x 3: O 5!3 00 3= X ^3 O-0 3 O 3 W 5s X 3

Figure 8. Frequency scatterplot of Wayne Ware vessel types in the s tra tifie d layers at Draper Park.

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in the generalized level III and IV above. It is this investigator's

impression that incised Wayne vessels are s tric tly common early forms!

Wayne Decorated, oblique incised does, however, show up in layers SI

through S3.

Similar trends can be observed by looking s tric tly at the d is tri

bution of Wayne Ware attributes in these layers. The following two

figures plot separately two variables, exterior motif and exterior

technique. These two variables appear to display the most salient

attribute trends. Figures 9 and 10 show horizontal percentage

bargraphs of dominant attributes counted in each of four strata

composites, i . e . , layers A through 3, E through I , SI through S5,

and S6 through SI 1. These layers were combined because of low frequency

counts in most individual layers and because the overall attribute

trends are easier to visualize. I t should also be observed that

strata composite S6 through SI 1 contains only 4 Wayne vessels from

which to draw conclusions.

Of the 4 exterior motifs in Figure 9, obliques and horizontals

appear to have been more popular early on while verticals seem not

to have been very popular at a ll. Of the 6 exterior techniques

in Figure 10, i t can be seen that only the use of punctations increased

marginally through time. The moderate use of cord wrapped tool impres

sions appears to have remained fa irly constant throughout the upper

layers while the use of cord impressions, simple tool impressions,

and incision occur only infrequently in the lower layers. Both

figures clearly show that the most obvious attribute trends are

toward a general increase in plain undecorated vessel exteriors.

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H so S | H tH *1 3 Observations 5*S OS ss

WHW Ph Eh Eh <£ O M « S W Q O VT\ OS Ph CM Ph O S OHO Os OS O Verticals osW P. Eh S CO cn Eh OS cm _ <5 os t a o s < OS EH Horizontals « < n sn W >H CO ■eh OWffl Os rH -=}• CM < w . Eh >hp Obliques 55 < W 3< O ■d- -3" os SO w Ph Plain

1 1 1 H v n r-t 0) to CO 03 > -H Q H i 1 P H " H I 1 H SO 3 cd co< H co CO JO H -p o •H 03 <13 cd f t tn P > u e p cd <13 P O P P iJ O T O < CO

Figure 9. Stratigraphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Ware exterior motifs. Percentages are given in brackets. There are 3 cases of missing data.

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Si VO *13! Observations

CO Ov VO as < cow Punctates Q a o r rv w m w (X, 2 EH 2 5 co Incised Q W o r_ eh cu &« s rv o OS o o o OS M Tool Impressed Ph os E CO 2£3 EH xn CO X vo CVl OS W os X00 W CO eh Cord Impressed OS _ W < >h CJ > 00 < Eh I Z w >H Cord Wrapped Tool o OS 2 w 0« Undecorated

r ' 1 ' 1 1 x n T—1 0) CO CO a> > -H Q H i 1 - p H «H 1 1 tH VO 3 r t O X w CO CO & H -P O •h a) > P E -H r t

Figure 10. Stratigraphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Ware exterior techniques. Percentages are given in brackets. There are 3 cases of missing data.

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Fourteen vessels are identified as other Late Woodland types which

were strati graphically associated with Wayne Ware vessels although

not necessarily in the same excavation units. Five of these are

representative of Riviere Ware, of which 4 are typical of the Vase

phase of the Younge Sequence dating between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900.

The presence of one Macomb Linear Corded specimen in layer S4 is

inexplicable, although it is entirely possible that it may be in

trusive into this layer from above; or it may in fact represent an

early occurrence of this ceramic style which is generally not found

in cultural contexts pre-dating ca. A.D. 1100. Sim ilarly, one speci

men of Juntunen Linear Punctate of the Juntunen sequence was also

found in this layer and i t , too, is not common in deposits dating

before this time.

Other vessels, most of which come from the upper layers, include

Princess Point Punctate, Mackinac Banded, and Blackduck-like types,

all of which are known to post-date A.D. 600. Seventeen vessels

found in these s tra tifie d deposits cannot be assigned to any known

type. A listin g of individual vessels recovered from each of the

layers is presented in Appendix I I I .

Ceramic Contents of Features

Twenty-four features containing prehistoric ceramic materials

have been investigated. These include 17 refuse p its , 2 areas of

sheet midden, 3 historic features or dumping areas, and 2 instances

of modern intrusion. A total of 75 vessels were recovered from

these features, of which 53 were found in refuse p its , 4 in sheet

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 134 midden, 7 in historic features, and 11 in modern intrusions.

Looking only at prehistoric refuse pits and sheet midden, the

overwhelming majority of the vessels are again Wayne Ware. Features

5 and 29 also contained one vessel each that is indicative of the

Ontario Iroquois Tradition. Feature 46 produced a vessel reminiscent

of the Blackduck pottery style in additon to other Wayne Ware ceramics.

Except for these 3 isolated instances, all other features consistently

produced only Wayne Tradition ceramics. One could logically assume,

therefore, that the inhabitants who made and/or used the features

and contributed to the sheet midden at Draper Park also used and

presumably made the Wayne pottery.

Regarding the historic features, the occurrence of prehistoric

artifacts in predominantly historic context is not uncommon since

random surface materials often find their way into features and dis

turbances created at a much later period. Consequently "older" a rti

facts become mixed with the general f i l l of a more recent feature.

I t is assumed that this is what happened in the case of the historic

features at Draper Park. A listing of individual vessels found

in a ll 24 features is presented in Appendix IV.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER IX

INTERPRETATIONS

This chapter completes the analysis of the prehistoric ceramics

from Draper Park by presenting a brief discussion concerning their

interpretative significance for the site as a whole, in addition to

a comparison of the various pottery styles with those from other

areas in the Great Lakes Region. The occurrence on nonlocal pottery

styles in the Draper Park assemblage is assumed to be an indication

of some manner of cultural affiliation or interaction with other

groups either through the movement of people, trade, or indirect

receivership via an exchange system. However, the chance that

separate groups alternately visited the site each leaving behind

their own distinctively styled borken pots, and seldom if ever

having occasion to meet or make contact with each other, cannot be

entirely eliminated from the realm of possibility.

General Discussion

Draper Park produced a ratio of 3.5 prehistoric vessels per

square meter of area excavated at the site . According to similar

observations by Fitting and Sasse (1969:74) at other Late Woodland

sites in southern Lower Michigan, this represents a high density

of ceramic pots and could indicate that Draper Park was a relatively

intensive seasonal occupation. Assuming that the lith ic assemblage

135

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(particularly finished tools and scrapers) represents, for the most

part, male related activities at the site and the ceramic assemblage

primarily female a c tiv itie s , cursory comparison of these two a rtifa c t

assemblages suggest that Draper Park served more female related

activities. However, until a thorough quantitative analysis of the

Draper Park lith ic assemblage is completed, i t is d iffic u lt to venture

conclusive statements concerning the sexual composition of the group

which used the site.

The location of Draper Park near the St. Clair River provides

ample reason to believe that specific areas within the immediate site

environs where several mico-environments meet were exploited, rather

than the entire drainage basin. I t is apparent that the Canadian-

Carolinian transition zone, although not favorable for semi-permanent

hunter-gatherer populations such as those inhabiting the Pacific

Northwest Coast, does provide enough micro-environmental variation

to support a balanced hunting-gathering-fishing seasonal round.

Analysis of the faunal materials recovered from refuse pits

indicates that Draper Park was most likely a Spring-Summer-Fall

occupation, during which time such resources as fish and deer were

exploited. Undoubtedly, some surpluses which could have been traded

to other groups were realized, but this cannot as yet be demonstrated

for this site . I t would be of interest, however, to see whether

future research will establish that economic alliances such as this

could have formed the basis upon which some of the known patterns

of social interaction between Great Lakes groups were b u ilt.

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External Relationships and Dating

Looking fir s t to the Straits of Mackinac and to other areas

further north and west, one finds that 5 of the Draper Park vessels

are grossly sim ilar to some ceramics of the Lake Forest Middle Wood

land (Fitting 1975) in the "northern tier" (Mason 1967) area particu

larly in northern Lower Michigan and on the north shore of Lake

Superior. Exterior decoration on these vessels appears closely

allied to more northern expressions of cord impressed and banked

stamped motifs, some of which are related to the Laurel Tradition.

Chronologically, these vessels collectively date between ca. A.D.

100 and A.D. 500. The occurrence of these nonlocal ceramic forms at

Draper Park does not seem to foreshadow any la te r s ty lis tic trends,

and, likewise, th eir limited number cannot be construed as significant

in the overall assemblage here which dates primarily to a slightly

later time. Their appearances at Draper Park thus remains somewhat

anomalous.

I t was not until the middle portion of the Late Woodland Period

that Draper Park was intensively occupied by peoples using Wayne

Tradition ceramics. In this study the Wayne pottery was classified

according to a refined typological scheme developed by Brash!er

(1973) for the Fletcher site ceramics. To date, Draper Park would

appear to be the only other Wayne Tradition site where this new

scheme has been applied. Close typological comparison with other

Wayne Tradition sites in southeastern Michigan and the Saginaw Valley,

therefore, is difficult and superficial at best without first

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reanalyzing these ceramic collections; a task which obviously extends

beyond the scope of this study. Consequently, local comparisons are

drawn here from only the Fletcher analysis.

The Draper Park and Fletcher Wayne Ware types and varieties are

summarized and compared in Table 3. In her analysis of 10 Wayne

Tradition sites in the Saginaw Valley and southeastern Michigan,

including what pottery was then available from Draper Park, Brashler

(1978) established a seriation based on ceramic attributes which

placed Draper Park late (ca. A.D. 1000-1300) and Fletcher early (ca.

A.D. 600-800) in the Wayne Tradition sequence. This seems reasonable

considering the well developed local Middle Woodland ceramic

assemblages at Fletcher and the absence of the same at Draper Park.

Table 3 indicates a wider diversity of Wayne Ware styles at Fletcher

than at Draper Park, although the relative percentages of the fir s t 5

categories compare quite favorably. This researcher suspects that

this reflects the transitional nature of Fletcher as ceramic styles

were changing from more widely variable Middle Woodland predecessors.

Once established, however, the Wayne Tradition pottery in general

maintained an internal homogeneity for approximately 700 years; an

observation which Brashler (1978:313) attributed to the relatively

stable social conditions developing among peoples participating in

the Wayne, Allegan, and Spring Creek ceramic traditions. This

appears to have been a regional trend west of Ontario in the Great

Lakes area since McPherron (1967a:102-103) noted similar trends

between early Late Woodland Mackinac Ware and late Late Woodland

Juntunen Ware at the Juntunen site. Here, Mackinac Ware seems to

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Table 3

Frequency and Percent of Wayne Ware Types from the Draper Park and Fletcher Sites

Draper Park Fletcher N % N %

WAYNE UNDECORATED, cord marked, not rolled rim 61 35.7 103 35.8

WAYNE DECORATED, horizontal, impressed 33 19.2 43 15.0

WAYNE UNDECORATED, cord marked, rolled rim 25 14.6 48 16.7

WAYNE DECORATED, Horizontal, punctate 24 14.0 21 7.3

WAYNE UNDECORATED, smooth, plain interior 12 7.0 17 6.0

WAYNE DECORATED, oblique, incised 10 5.8 — —

WAYNE DECORATED, oblique, fla t lip 2 1.0 23 8.0

WAYNE UNDECORATED, fabric imp., int. dec. -- — 11 3.8

WAYNE UNDECORATED, smooth, interior dec. -- -- 6 2.0

WAYNE UNDECORATED, fabric imp., plain int. —— 5 2.0

WAYNE DECORATED, oblique, castellated —— 6 2.0

WAYNE DECORATED, v e rti cal —— 4 1.4

WAYNE DECORATED, crosshatched 2 1.0 -- —

WAYNE DECORATED, horizontal incised 2 1.0 — —

TOTALS 171 99.3 287 100.0

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have lacked attribute clusters making the definition of types during

analysis somewhat d iffic u lt, whereas the Juntunen Ware was readily

separated into recognizable types; a phenomenon which was attributed

to either a shift from patrilocal to matrilocal residence rules or

from local exogamous to endogamous marriage patterns by the Juntunen

inhiabitants (McPherron 1967a:106; 1967b:298). The tendency for

over simplification of such sociological explanations, however,

obscures the real complexity of archaeological social structure

pursuits as discussed in an earlier chapter of this paper.

Temporal placement of the Wayne occupation at Draper Park can

be best estimated when certain ceramic attributes are quantified.

Four Wayne Ware attributes have been identified thus far by other

researchers which posses temporal significance. These include: (1)

finely incised lines and crosshatching over exterior cord roughening

dating between A.D. 600 and A.D. 800 in the Wayne Tradition (Fitting

1965:41); and (2) exterior cord impression; (3) castellation; and

(4) true collaring, all of which are believed to be more indicative

of pottery styles that date after A.D. 1000 in this area (Brashler

1978:281-282).

A total of 14 vessels, representing 8% of all Wayne vessels in

the assemblage, are incised or crosshatched over exterior cord

roughening. This is a relatively small percentage, but the occurrence

of incised vessels in the assemblage is nonetheless expected given

the A.D. 660 radiocarbon date associated with other Wayne Ware

vessels from the site. Cord impressions, including cord wrapped

tool (CWT) and simple cord impressions (C .I), account for 13% of a ll

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exterior decoration observed in the sample. This figure would be

even greater i f vessels with corded punctations were likewise included

in the percentage calculation. Considering that 65% of the Wayne Ware

vessels display no exterior decoration whatsoever, this represents

a fa irly significant percentage.

Since only 14 Wayne Ware vessels have rim sherds large enough

to confidently estimate the presence or absence of castellations,

of which there were but 3 occurrences, i t shall suffice to say that

this attribute cannot be adequately quantified and that in general

i t would appear that very few of the Draper Park vessels display

castellations of any kind. Likewise, there are no instances of true

collaring on any of the vessels recovered from Draper Park.

Based on these few observations i t can be suggested that the

Wayne Tradition occupation at Draper Park lasted some 5 or 6 hundred

years, between ca. A.D. 600 and A.D. 1200, with the most intensive

occupation occurring during the later portion of this period,

probably between A.D. 900 and A.D. 1100.

Ceramic a ffilia tio n s with other groups south and east of Draper

Park are noted here for the Western Basin Tradition and the Early

Ontario Iroquois Tradition. A total of 7 vessels bear resemblances to Riviere Ware, a ceramic grouping originally defined by Fitting (1965)

in southeastern Michigan that is indicative of the "Younge Tradition."

This ware is closely a llied to early Ontario Iroquois developments

to the east (particularly Glen Meyer) as far as New York and to

similar developments in northern Ohio. As other typological and

settlement similarities were recognized in this area, the Younge

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 142 Tradition sequence was incorporated into the Western Basin Tradition

(Prahl et a l. 1976) which is more comprehensive and encompasses the

entire western Lake Erie drainage basin in southwestern Ontario,

southeastern Michigan, and northern Ohio. A development that has

not met with total acceptance by a ll Great Lakes researchers (cf.

Griffin 1979:267).

The time range given for these ceramic styles spans a period of

650 years, i . e . , between A.D. 600 and A.D. 1250, although only one

of the vessels fa lls in the later portion of this range. Most

Western Basin Tradition influence at Draper Park would thus seem

to predate A.D. 900 but is not e arlier than A.D. 600.

Seven vessels are commonly associated with the Early Ontario

Iroquois Tradition in southwestern Ontario. These include Princess

Point, Stafford Stamped, and Ontario Oblique types which collectively

span a period of about 650 years, between A.D. 700 and A.D. 1350.

A majority of these vessels, however, do not post date A.D. 1000

and are more common in deposits dating only after A.D. 800.

Ceramic a ffilia tio n s with two northern Woodland traditions located

at the Straits of Mackinac and to the northwest of there include the

Juntunen Sequence and the Blackduck Tradition, respectively. Combined,

these two Late Woodland groups constitute the major cultures occu

pying the western Upper Great Lakes region at that time. A total

of 3 vessels have been attributed to ceramic influence from the

Juntunen Sequence. These pots typologically represent a span

of 600 years, between around A.D. 700 and A.D. 1300. Likewise,

5 vessels somewhat sim ilar to Blackduck types were recovered which

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. appear to post date A.D. 800. Generally speaking, the s ty lis tic

resemblance between these 8 vessels and their northern counterparts

is strictly a matter of degree. Where similarities do exist, they

are usually confined to some, but not a ll, of the elements pertain

ing to decorative motifs, the execution of the design (technique),

and vessel form.

These non-Wayne Ware ceramics at Draper Park account for 11% of

the typologically identifiable vessels in the assemblage. Their

presence here does not appear to be the result of any long term

or otherwise extended v is it by the people who made them since few

are associated with features that may suggest this was in fact the

case. Rather, these pots were almost always found in general level

context at the site or in the stratified channel deposits north of

the primary occupation area. Considering the stratig ic location

of Draper Park at a rapids near the mouth of the St. Clair River,

i t would seem plausible to assume that periodic short term stops

in the vicinity of the site were made by aboriginal travelers and

traders portaging between the northern lakes and the southern lakes.

Undoubtedly these people chanced to encounter local inhabitants,

who were Wayne Tradition peoples, exploiting nearby resources

during the Spring, Summer, or Fall. I t is conceivable that trading

may have ensued upon such encounters resulting in "foreign" pots

being le ft at the site. Whether by trade or as a result of actual

usage of the site by other Great Lakes groups, the appearance of

such a diversity of pottery at Draper Park bears testimony to the

"crossroads" nature of the site.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 144

Conclusion

Archaeological investigations at Draper Park continued for 3

years after the site's in itia l discovery, testing, and nomination

to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. At that time

research was oriented toward obtaining data that could shed light

on the subsistence strategy, site function, settlement pattern,

outside cultural influences, and temporal placement. Preliminary

analysis of archaeological materials that were recovered during

the four fie ld seasons promised to supplement our understanding

of the development and diffusion of the Wayne and Younge Traditions

(Western Basin Tradition) in southeastern Michigan. This particular

study was undertaken as one part of an integrated analysis by five

independent researchers each utilizing archaeological materials

from the Draper Park excavations. The resulting papers w ill be

compiled into a single edited volume for eventual publication.

The ceramic analysis presented here has been designed to address

specific problems related to the overall interpretation of the site.

In addition to presenting detailed descriptive data on the Draper

Park pottery, an attempt has been made to establish the cultural

a ffilia tio n s of the people who occupied the s ite , while suggesting

a possible scenario explaining how these relationships may have

taken place, and to determine as precisely as possible the time

period during which the occupation was most likely undertaken.

The results of this study are summarized in the preceding sections

of this chapter.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 145

During the course of analysis two methodological approaches

were u tilized , an attribute approach and a typological approach,

in which i t was demonstrated that the Draper Park site witnessed

its most intensive period of occupation between A.D. 900 and A.D.

1100 by peoples strongly affiliated with the Wayne Tradition.

These two approaches were used together in the analysis in an attempt

to satisfy practitioners of both methodologies who, more often than

not, are interested in knowing different things about the data. While

performing the typological analysis i t became clear that many Wayne

Tradition ceramics assemblages must be reanalyzed using the new

classification scheme put forth by Brashler (1973) so that meaningful

comparisons can be attempted in future research. As i t stands, the

data presented herein should be amenable to incorporation into any

large scale comparative analyses that other Great Lakes researchers

undertake in the future.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I

Draper Park

Vessel by Vessel Attribute Descriptions

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 147

APPENDIX I

Attribute Codes Used in this Appendix

Code for Motifs

P = Plain H = Horizontal m.H = Multiple horizontals m.H/H = Multiple horizontals above a horizontal H/OB = Horizontal above an oblique m.H/OB = Multiple horizontals above multiple obliques V = Verti cal V/H = Vertical above a horizontal V/OB = Vertical above an oblique OB = Oblique m.OB = Multiple obliques OB/OB = Oblique above an oblique OB/H = Oblique above a horizontal m.OB/H = Multiple obliques above a horizontal OB/H/V = Horizontal between an oblique and a vertical OB/m.H = Oblique above multiple horizontals OB/H/H = Horizontal between an Oblique and a Horizontal OB/H/OB = Horizontal between two obliques OB/H/m.OB = Horizontal between an oblique and multiple obliques OB/m.H/OB = Multiple horizontals between two obliques OB/H/OB/H Horizontal above an oblique between an oblique and a horizontal A lt. OB = Alternating rows of le ft and right obliques 2.Alt.OB = Two alternating rows of le ft and right obliques 3.Alt.OB = Three alternating rows of le ft and right obliques 3.Alt.OB/OB = Three alternating rows of le ft and right obliques above an oblique XX = Criss-cross or crosshatched

Code for Techniques

SM = Smoothed CR = Cord roughened SM.CR = Smoothed over cord roughened SS = Split stick impressed SS.PP = Split stick push-pull incision C.I = Cord impressed C.I/T.I = Cord impression above tool impression D.T. = Dentate tool impressed PP = Push-pull incision

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 148

C.PP/PNT Corded push-pull above a row of punctates T.I Tool impression T.I/PNT Tool impressions above a row of punctates T.I/A.PNT Tool impressions above a row of acutely angled punctates T.I/PNT/PP A row of punctates between tool impressions and push-pull incisions T.I/PNT/T.I A row of punctates between two rows of tool impressions T. I/IN Tool impression above incision IN Incision IN/C.I Incision above linear cord impressions IN/PNT Incision above a row of punctates IN/A.PNT Incision above a row of acutely angled punctates IN/PP/C.PP/C.PP= Push-pull above corded push-pull incision between incision and corded push-pull incision CWT Cord wrapped tool impression CWT/C.I Cord wrapped tool above linear cord impression CWT/I.I Cord wrapped tool above tool impression CWT/PNT Cord wrapped tool above a row of punctates CWT/A.PNT Cord wrapped tool above a row of acutely angled punctates CWT/C.PNT Cord wrapped tool above a row of corded punctates CWT/A.C.PNT Cord wrapped tool above a row of acutely angled corded punctates CWT/A.C.PNT/CWT= Acutely angled corded punctates between cord wrapped tool impressions CWT/PNT/CWT A row of punctates between cord wrapped tool impressions CWT/C.I/CWT Linear cord impression between cord wrapped tool impressions CWT/C.I/A.C.PNT= Linear cord impression between cord wrapped tool and a row of acutely angled corded punctates PNT/A.C.PNT = A row of punctates above a row of acutely angled punctates A.PNT = A row of acutely angled punctates C.PNT = A row of corded punctates A.C.PNT = A row of acutely angled corded punctates A.C.PNT/C.I/ A.C.PNT = Linear cord impression between rows of acutely angled corded punctates A.C.PNT/A.C. PNT/T.I = A row of acutely angled corded punctates between a row of actuely angled corded punctates and tool impressions CL.P = A row of circular (annular) punctates

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Code for Rim Profile

see rim profiles listed on page

Code for Punctate-Boss

EP-? = Exterior punctation EP-IB = Exterior punctation with interior bossing EP-NIB = Exterior punctation with no interior bossing IP-EB = Interior punctation with exterior bossing IP-NEB = Interior punctation with no exterior bossing A.EP-NIB = Acutely angled exterior punctation with no in te rio r bossing

Code for Castellations

P = Pointed castellations R = Rounded castellations

Code for Surface Treatment

SM = Smooth CR = Cord roughened SM.CR = Smoothed over cord roughened

Code for Tempering Material

F = Fine, 0-.9 mm M = Medium, 1-1.9 mm C = Coarse, 2-3 mm VC = Very coarse, greater than 3 mm

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F VC VC Temper — 28 in cm Rim Rim am. Di 7 20 5 12 M 10 mm Rim ness Thick CR 6 SM 8 32 VC CR CR SM Treat. - - Cast. S urf. -- mm Pune. Pune. am. Di ------EP-IB 4 EP-IB 5 ?unc./ Boss D3 D2 Rim Pro. T .I D2 rechnique acoration Lip C APPENDIX I APPENDIX M o tif Lake Lake Forest Vessels SM P CR D2 SM V SM H C.I Technique Decoration CWT/T.I OB CWT D2 P P OB T .I OB T .I In te r io r M o tif Technique C.I Decoration A.C.PNTOB V/ A.C.PNT M.H M.H M.OB T .I P E x te rio r M o tif IV F III IV S3 I I I M.H Fea. Level/ No. U n it 10S-50E IV G M.OB T .I 32 27 15S-50E 49 15S-50E 176 60S-35E 209 55S-40E No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VC VC F C C C M M M M M M Temper ------22 in cm Rim Diam. 6 mm 7.5 7.5 7 26 C 7 6 12 Rim Thick ness --- CR CR CR 7 CR - CR 7 CR CR 9 CR CR CRCR 8 SM.CR 7 - S urf. Treat. - - - _ - - Cast. ------2 mm Diam. Pune. ------EP-IB 3 EP-IB Pune./ Boss B2 E- D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 Rim Pro. CWT 04 EP-IB 4.5 technique ecoration OB IN V CWT OB OB CWT E - OB IN Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels Technique IN CWT/C.PNT H C.I SM CWT CWT Decoration d V CWT D2 CWT OB CWT V P SM Destroyed OB CWT VP CWT SM P CR OB CWT-4 DI C EP-NIB 4 In te rior M o tif Technique IN CR V/H CR SM.CR CR P d P SM P SM A.C.PNT Decoration XX P P CR Destroye P P E x te rio r M o tif 0 P CR OB C M.H S5 OB CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 E D D E IV IV IV IV 0 P Fea. Level/ No. U n it 10S-45E IV 10S-45E IV 10S-50E IV D M.OB CWT OB 10S-45E 10S-45E 10S-45E IV 5 50S-40E F 30 9 10S-45E 6 50S-25E F 29 P CR OB 4 10S-40E 10 10S-50E IV11 C Destroy! 13 10S-45E14 IV 12 23 16 21 22 10S-50E IV E P CR No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 152

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F M F M M Temper 18 F 16 C - 16 C 26 M 18 C 32 M 26 VC 24 in cm Rim Diam. mm 6 - 6 7 67 - 7 6 - C Rim ness Thick CRCR 6 6 CR CR 6 SM CR 7 CR CR 8 SM CRCR 8 16 S urf. T reat. ------Cast. 6 4 4 mm Diam. Pune. ------CR -- --- IP-EB IP-EB 4 IP-EB 4 IP-EB Pune./ Boss E EP-IB Rim Pro. CWT D2 CWT D2 IP-NEB 5 CWT 02 T.IE rechnique ecoration OB OB CWT D4 V CWT D2 OB CWT D2 V CWT E OB OB CWTOB D2 CWT E P SM D2 Lip D APPENDIX I APPENDIX M o tif Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique CWT SM H IN/PNT OB IN D2 SM SM CWT V CWT SM V Decoration CWT P VP CWT OB V P In te r io r M o tif Technique IN OB/H C.PNT C .I P SM CWT CR T .I OB Decoration CWT M.H OB M.H C .I OB E x te rio r M o tif IV S4 H IV S4 IV S7 IV S5 P CR P IV S4 OB IV S8 OB/M.H CWT/C.I OB/H CWT/PNT IV S10 V IV A P IV S3 Fea. I I I P CR Level/ No. U n it J5S-25E I5S-70E 10S-40E IV S2 10S-45E 10S-50E 10S-45E 53 10S-45E 55 10S-45E 52 57 60 61 10s-40E 63 64 10S-45E IV S8 P70 I0S-40E CR74 V/H CWT/PNT 68 J5S-70E 73 69 ?0S-40E I I I P SM P SM No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C C M C M M M M M M Temper 16 - 18 16 40 C in cm Rim Diam. mm 6 - C 7 6 6 - ness Rim Thick CR SMCR 6 8 - CR 28 C CR 7 - SMSM 8 CR 7 - CR CR 6 S urf. Treat. - - Cast. -- 5 -- 5 - CR 8 - -- 2 mm Pune. Diam. ---- - P CR 4 - - - - CR 6 - - --- IP-EB 6 - EP-IB EP-IB 4EP-IB R 4 - Pune./ Boss D2 E- D2 E IP-NEB 02 EP-IB D2 Rim Pro. CWT D2 T.I T.I fechnique ecoration OB CWT D2 OB T .I C P SM D2 P SM.CR D2 OB CWT C H A.PNT—4 DI Lip E M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique CWT/PNTCWT OB CWT V CWT SM OB CWT OB CWT CWT SM SM SM OB Decoration V CWT V/H CWT/PNT V CWT OB/M.H OB T .I OB P OB/H CWT/A.PNT In te rio r M o tif Technique CWT CR OB SM P CR P A.C.PNT CR CR P CR A.C.PNT OB T.I/PNT/TI OB T.I V Decoration V/H CWT/PNT P M.H. M.H A.PNT E x te rio r M o tif I I I 0B/H/0B IV S2 P IV Fea. Level/ No. U n it 40S-45E I I I P 35S-30E F 42 OB T .I 10S-40E 55S-35E IV 15S-50E 10S-40E IV C10S-40E IV V C 10S-40E IV S235S-35E P 40S-25E I I I 40S-30E I I I P 10S-40E IV S2 P 75 97 76 78 92 10S-45E94 IV E M.H 90 91 80 82 84 89 87 No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VC F F C VC M M C M M C Temper - - 10 8 C 8 C in cm Diam. Rim mm 5 6 7 - 7 - 7 5 7 - 4 - 6 - 4 - 66 - - Rim Thick ness CR CR SM CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR Treat. S urf. - - - - P SM.CR 6 - - Cast. - 4 4 mm Diam. Pune. - - - CR ------Pune./ Boss D2 D2 EP-NIBE 4 EP-IB 02 - - - Bl-a 02 02 D2 - - Pro. Rim CWT CWT T.I rechnique acoration H C.I D2 - - - P CR-4 DI V CWT OB CWT Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels(cont'd) Technique CWT SM SM V CWT D2 - - - Decorati on OB CWT V CWT P OB CWT OB CWT OB CWT In te rio r M o tif Technique C.I CR A.PNT H A.PNT OB T .I 01 EP-IB CR P SM P CR CWT OB CWT CR V CWT OB T .I OB T .I OB Decoration P CR P P SM.CR OB T .I OB T .I D2 - - H A.PNT E x te rio r M o tif IV 0B IV B P CR V CWT V III F F 19 P CR OB F F 35 Fea. Level/ No. U n it 45S-35E IV OB 35S-40E I I I 0B 35S-45E I I I 0B C.PNT 35S-45E I I I P 170S-0E I l l 98 99 40S-40E 106 55S-45E107 IV 10S-40E P 108 109 35S-30E I I I112 45S-40E M.H. 113 110 40S-25E 115 40S-25E 116 55S-40E F 118 4 P 121 No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F F VC M M F M M M M M M M Temper - - - - in cm Diam. Rim mm 6 - 5 24 5 6 6 8 Rim ness Thick CR CR 7 - CR CR SM 8 - CR 6 - CR CR 7 - CR 6- - CRCR 7 - T reat. S urf. ------Cast. - - - 3- - - - ■ - - - -- mm Di am. am. Di Pune. ------CR 7 - IP-NEB 2 5unc./ Boss D2 D2 Bl-a D3 D2 Ep-7 Bl-a B2 D2 D2 D2 Rim Pro. CR D2 CWT PP C .I D3 CWT CWT C.I CWT CR D2 - - - CWT rechnique acoration H OB CWT Lip M 0 o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont*) Technique SM P CWT H SM OB IN CWT P CWT OB A.C.PNT OB CWT P CR C .I OB CWT H SM V Decoration P V Destroy< d OB In te rio r M o tif Technique CR A.C.PNT OB CR P SM CR H CR OB A.PNT M.H CWT V CR OB C.IP T .I P SM Decoration P P OB IN P P M.H A.PNT OB M.H A.C.PNT OB M.H E x te rio r M o tif IV F F 19 H F F 5 F F 35 P Fea. Level/ No. U n it 50S-40E F 26 35S-25E F 36 55S-25E 45S-30E 45S-40E F 18 35S-45E I I I 40S-30E I l l 129 133 136 35S-35E137 I I I 50S-40E 140 35S-40E F 46 P 131 139 45S-40E F 19 H 126 45S-40E F 127 19 124 130 35S-35E 123 122 No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F C M C Temper - - VC -F - -C - in cm Rim Diam. 5 - VC 6 mm Rim ness Thick CR 7 CR 5.5 CR 8CR - C CR 6 14 F SMCR 5 5 CR 7 - CR 7 SM.CR 7 20 M Treat. - CR - - M - - - - Cast. S urf. --- - SM.CR 5 10 M - mm Pune. Diam. ------Pune./ Boss D2 EP-IB 4 D2 - - - D2 D2 Rim Pro. IN 02 DT D2 CWT Dl-4 CWT E CWT D2 T.I Technique ecoration P CR E OB H OB HT.I OB OB Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique IN OB SM SM OB T .I CWT T.I Decoration id P P SM P SM E PV SM OB C.PNT OB CWT OB In te r io r M o tif Technique SM.CR P SM SM CR CR CR Decoration PP CR Destroy OB/H CWT/PNT OB PP SM.CR P SM P SM E OB T .I E x te rio r M o tif IV Fea. Level/ U n it No. 50S-30E IV 55S-45E I I I P 35S-35E I I I P SM.CR P SM P CR D2 EP-IB 3 - SM.CR 60S-35E F 8 45S-30E 150 142 45S-30E IV 143 40S-40E144 IV 141 155 35S-45E I I I P CR OB CWT 151 149 35S-45E I I I 148 10S-40E IV S2 OB IN 157 152 40S-40E IV153 40S-30E F 154 35 35S-30E P F P 42 P CR P No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F VC M C F F C M M M M M Temper - - _ - - - - - 20 M - - in cm Rim Rim am. Di 7 5 5 9 mm 9 5 Rim ness Thick SM 6 - CR CR CR CR 8 18 CR 5 CR CR 7 SM CR 7 CR 6 CR CR S urf. T reat. ------Cast. - - - 3 - - mm Di am. am. Di Pune. Pune. ------NIB A.EP- Pune./ Boss D2 - D2 - - D2 E D2 D2 D2 D2 E--- D2 D2 D2 - - Bl-a - Rim Pro. SM T.I CR CR CWT T.I CWT technique ecoration P OB CWT OB P CR P P P CR P SM OB OB Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique CWT SM SM SM CWT CWT V CWT CWT OB CWT SM CWT OB CWT Decoration id OB P P Destroy OB P P SM OB CWT M.OB In te r io r M o tif Technique CWT CR CR CR V CR P Decoration OB P P CR P P CR H IN P P CR P CR P P CR OB P CR E x te rio r M o tif F F 19 I l l III F F 29 Fea. Level/ U n it No. 35S-45E I I I 45S-40E 30S-45E F 35 50S-25E IV 55S-40E 55S-45E IV 50S-25E 60S-30E I I I 170S-0E 163 167 165 173 50S-25E I I I 169 164 171 174 158 162 60S-25E I I I 159 160 50S-35E F 18161 35S-35E P F 47 CR OB No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C C F M VC C M M VC C C M Temper - - - - - 12 - - - - 20 M in cm Rim Diam. mm 10 10 8 - ness Rim Thick CR CRCR 7 CR 6 CR 6 6 SMSM 8 7 8 CR 6 CR 7 SM 7 CR CR 6 CR Treat. ------Cast. S urf. ------mm Pune. Diam. ------3unc./ Boss D2 D3 EP-IB 4 - Rim Pro. SMSM E E SM D2 SM E SM D2 SM E technique ecoration OB CWT D2 P CR P P P P Lip C APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX M o tif Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique SM OB CWT E SM OB IN D2 SM SM Decoration P P SMOB CWT OBT.I D2 - - - VP CWT V CWT H C.I P SM P SM P P SM P OB CWT OB CWT D4 P OB CWT P In te r io r M o tif Technique CR CR CR SM CR C.PNT Decoration P P CR P P P E x te rio r M o tif IV P CR IV P SM Fea. Level/ U n it No. 60S-35E I I I 60S-35E I I I M.H C.I 60S-35E I I I 40S-35E IV 175 60S-30E I177 l l 178 190 45S-40E IV P 179 181 182 40S-35E VI 183 40S-40E 185 10S-40E IV A P SM 188 45S-35E 184 40S-40E I I I P CR 191 45S-40E IV P CR 192 45S-45E F 24 M.H No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F VC C VC M C C C M M M M Temper 18 - - 22 20 cm in Diam. Rim 7 -- 5 18 7 8 mm 6 16 M 8 24 Rim T hick ness CR CRCR 6CR 16 SM 7 CRCR 6 - CRCR 5 10 10 SM 8 - CR CR SM.CR Treat. S urf. - - - - Cast. ------5 inn Pune. Diam. ------Pune./ Boss 02 D2 02 B l-a Rim Pro. SM.CR E C.I D3 - - - CWT-4 DI CWT D2 CWT E SM.CR B2 EP-? SM 02 SM CWT D2 technique scoration P P SM OB OB P SM.CR D2 - - - OB P OB CWT Lip 0 M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont1) Technique CWT SMSM P CL.P CWT P SM SM Decoration id OB P SM P SMP SM H P SM P P SM P SM P OB P In te rio r M o tif Technique IN CR CR M.H CR CR SM OB CRCR P CR Destroy CR Decoration P P P P P M.H C .I 0B/M.H CWT/C.I E x te rio r M o tif IIIP IV P IV P IV I I I M.H III IV F F 3 F F 4 P SM.CR Fea. Level/ No. U nit 55S-35E 55S-40E I I I 50S-40E 50S-45E 50S-30E 55S-35E 50S-25E I l l 50S-25E IV P 60S-45E 50S-35E 60S-45E 195 193 194 197 198 50S-35E I I I 196 199 206 204 200 201 202 205 55S-35E No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F C C M M M C C M Temper - - 26 F 28- C - - - cm in Rim Diam. mm 7 7 -- 5 6 30 6 8 36 6 6 20 VC 6 Rim ness Thick CR CR 7 20CR C CR CR CR CR CR CR SM 8 CR 8 Treat. - - - CR - Cast. S urf. - mm Pune. Pune. am. Di ------?unc./ Boss E Bl-a E -E -D2 - CR Rim Pro. D2 IN B l-a C.I CR CR E C .I 03 - - CWT CWT A.C.PNT D2 technique ecoration P CR D2 P V H OB OB CWT P SM V CWT D2 Lip C M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique CWT CWTCWT P H SM SM CWT CWT H CWT OB CWT SM Decorati on P SM V OB M.OB V V P P P OB In te rio r M o tif Technique CR CR CR CR CR CWT/C.I Decoration P CR V P M.H. A.C.PNT V CWT P V/OB A.C.PNT OB/H E x te rio r M o tif 7 14 14 M 18 12 P CR 7 P CR 14 P SM F F F 19 P F Fea. Level/ No. U n it 55S-40E F 4 55S-35E F 3 P 55S-40E F 60S-25E 60S-40E IV 219 60S-45E 213 222 215 55S-25E F 5 P 211 45S-40E 212 218 220 60S-40E221 F 10 60S-25E F 12 P223 50S-35E CR F 224 50S-35E 225 50S-35E F OB CWT OB CWT D2 210 No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C C M M M M M M VC VC C Temper - - 2826 M - - _ - _ - 24 in cm Rim Diam. mm 7 9 4 9 8 - 7 6 8 8 8 Rim ness Thick CR 8 SMCR 7 M SM.CR CR SM.CR 8 CR CR CR SM.CR CR CR CR S urf. Treat. ------Cast. .. - 4 - - - 5.5 mm Pune. Diam. ------«- EP-NIB EP-? IP-EB 4 f*unc./ Boss D2 E D2 D3 Rim Pro. E B1 CWT CR SM E CR D2 CWT E IN IN D2 CWT D3 SM E CWT technique acoration P SM P P OB P OB P CR E V V Lip C M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont’d) Technique SM P CWT/PNT OB CWT SM Decoration SM CWT P SM P CR P P SM OB P SM OB Destroye d OB P P SM OB/H IN/PNT In te r io r M o tif Technique CR CR P SM CR C.PNT OB/H IN/PNT Destroye d Decoration P M.H IN AH. OB AH. IN OB/H E x te rio r M o tif F F 29 P F F 29 F F 19 P F F 25 P CR F F 25 Level/ Fea. F F 26 P CR No. U n it 50S-25E F 29 P 50S-25E 50S-35E F 18 50S-25E F 29 M.OB 45S-40E 40S-30E 10S-30E F 25 P CR 10S-30E F 25 P CR 40S-30E 45S-40E F 19 P CR 239 50S-25E 238 228 229 43S-40E F 19 237 226 230 232 231 Ves. No. 233 234 235 50S-40E 236

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F F F VC C C VC M C C M Temper - - 14 - - 12 - 2826 C VC - cm in Rim Rim Di am. am. Di 8 - 6 6 nin Rim ness Thick SM 6 24 SM CR 7 CRCR 7 5 - CR 8 CR 6 CR CR 9 CR CR 10 CRCR 4 6 S urf. Treat. - - Cast. ---- 5 mm Pune. Diam. ------EP-IBEP-NIB 4 ------Pune./ Boss D2 - - - D2 Rim Pro. CWT D2 SM E CWT D2 CWT D l-4 CWT D2 - - - CWT D2 CWT D2 - - - technique ecoration 0B P SM V 0B P SM E 0B Lip C M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique CWT CWT SM SMSM PSM P CR P E SM SM V T .I D2 CWT P SM E SM Decoration ;d id P SM OB P SM 0B In te rio r M o tif Technique SM P CR P CR 0B CR Destroy C .I Destroy A.C.PNT P Decoration P CR P P CR P M.H A.C.PNT P E x te rio r M o tif F F 29 P CR 0B F F 29 P CR 0B F F 35 P CR F F 32 P Fea. Level/ No. U n it 35S-25E F 36 P 35S-45E F 40 M.H 35S-40E F 35 M.H 25S-25E F 57 P CR 45S-40E F 19 P 50S-25E F 2950S-25E P 50S-40E F 30 35S-30E F 35 50S-35E 50S-25E 2 5 _3 _ 250 Ves. 245 p 255 8 ® 252 30S-40E F 40 S. S. 251 o & 247 o ^ 246 40S-25E d I - 244 o. 243 ro ro 241 c ■O CD "n 240 ^ 3 No. ~ -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further jB reproduction prohibited 242 without permission. (Q C M Temper - 30 cm in Diam. Rim mm Rim Thick ness CR 7 CR 7 S urf. Treat. Cast. -- 4 - mm Diam. Pune. EP-IB - Junc./ Boss D2 D2 Rim Pro. CWT T.I technique scoration V OB Lip 0 M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Wayne TraditionWayne Vessels (cont'd) Technique C.PNT CWT Decoration H V In te r io r M o tif Technique C.PNT Decoration P CR H E x te rio r M o tif F F 35 Level/ Fea. U n it No. 10S-45E F 70 40S-25E 258 257 Ves. No.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VC C M M Temper 25 M 22 - - cm in Rim Diam. 7 18 7 8 nm Rim ness Thick CR 7 CRCR 7 18 M SM CR 7.5 S urf. Treat. -. CR 8 - C - - - P CR Cast. - - 3.5 5 4 8 - mm Pune. Diam. - IP-NEB IP-EP EP-IB Pune./ Boss D4 D2 D2 D l-4 02 IP-EB D2 IP-EB D2 Rim Pro. CWT CWT CWT CR technique scoration OB OB OB Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX (Younge (Younge Sequence) CWT Technique SM OB SWT SM P T.I/PNT CWT/PNT OB CWT Western Basin Tradition Vessels T.I/A.PNT OB T.I Decorati on OB P P OB/H P SM OB/H In te rio r M o tif > Technique A.C.PNT OB/H A.C.PNT Decoration L.C.PNT/C.I T. I/IN T. PNT/A.C.PN1 OB H/M.H OB IN M.OB/H CWT/C.PNT E x te rio r M o tif 3.AH.OB/ M.H/M.OB C .I/T .I III F F 4 OB/H/OB IV S4 IV Sit IV D Fea. Level/ 55S-45E No. U n it 10S-45E IV S4 10S-40E 15 10S-45E 18 15S-50E IV D M.H/OB 56 81 65 10S-45E 208 214 55S-40E Ves. No.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C M C Temper 20 28 in cm Rim Diam. mm 7 7 Rim ness Thick SMSM 6 36 S urf. Treat. _ _ Cast. 5 - CR mm Pune. Diam. EP-IB EP-IB 4 Pune./ Boss Rim Pro. D2 D2 SM B2 IP-EB 7 technique ecoration P SM V CWT Lip C M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Mackinac Squence Vessels Technique Decoration V CWT OB/H CWT/PNT P In te r io r M o tif Technique IN/PP/C.PP; PNT/T.I C.PP Decoration A.C.PNT PA.C.PNT/A.I SM OB M.H OB/M.H/ OB/H/ OB/H E x te rio r M o tif IV S8 Fea. Level/ No. U n it 10S-40E 10S-40E IV S4 10S-40E IV E 59 62 48 Ves. No.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C C M M Temper 24 M 24 in cm Rim Diam. 7 VC 10 8 32 ran Rim ness Thick CR 7 CR CR 8 SM CR 6 Treat. _ . - Cast. S urf. 6 6 5 4 inn Diam. Pune. EP-? EP-7 3 EP-NIB EP-IB EP-NIB EP-IB 10 Pune./ Boss DP D2 D2 Rim Pro. CWT D2 T .I 02 CWT D2 CWT CWT technique ecoration OB OB CWT V Lip Dj M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Blackduck Tradition Vessels Technique SM CWT OB CWT OB SM Decorati on V CWT OB P OB In te rio r M o tif rp OB OB T .I PNT Technique CWT/C.I/ CWT/A.C. A.C.PNT T.I./PNT/ CWT/C.I/ Decoration . T .L OB/H/H OB/H/V OB CWT/PNT/CWT OB/H CWT/PNT E x te rio r M o tif DB/M.H/OB OB/M.H/OE Fea. Level/ No. U n it 15S-50E IV E 15S-50E IV-E 20 71 10S-40E I I I OB/H 77 10S-40E IV D 85 10S-40E IV G 17 256 35S-40E F 46 No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C M VC VC Temper 26 C 22 28 18 C 28 22 in cm Rim Rim am. Di - - 7 7 mm Rim Thick ness SM SM CR 9 - SM 7 CR S urf. Treat. - - - - Cast. -- - - 5 mm Di am. Di Pune. EP-IB 6.5 EP-IB 4 - Pune./ Boss E- C-C- Rim Pro. IN IN SM CWT D2 EP-? technique ecoration XX OB CWT E P Lip D| M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Technique CL.P XX CWT OB CWT C CWT OB Decoration Ontario Iroquois Tradition Vessels P SM In te r io r M o tif T.I Technique CWT/C.I OB CWT/PNT OB Decoration d L.AL.OB T .I C.PP/PNT OB CWT OB/H OB/M.H Destroye M.H/H E x te rio r M o tif F F 5 Destroye d H F F 7 3 .AH.OB IV E Fea. Level/ No. U n it 10S-45E 55S-45E 10S-40E IV A 3 26 187 45S-30E IV No. 207 55S-40E IV Ves. 259 50S-30E F 29 216 55S-25E 217

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F C F F M C VC M C M VC M Temper - - 36 ------18 C - 24 in cm Rim Diam. mm - 9.5 7 7 6 5 6 6 Rim ness Thick SM CR - - - 7 CR CR CR SM CRCR 7 CR CR 6 S urf. T reat. - P ------Cast. - 3 5 -- --- CR 7 - - 4 -- mm Pune. Diam. ------IP-EB 5,5 EP-IB EP-IB IP-EB 5 Pune./ Boss Pro. Rim D2 32 c E 32 31-a D2 D2 C D2 IN D2 IP-EB SM D2 SM CWT T.I CR rechnique ecoration V P CR P CR D2 P OB CWT P V VT.I V CWT OB IN OB CWT Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Miscellaneous Vessels Technique d Decoration r.i/PNT r.i r.i CWT IN OB SM SM Destroye P OB CWT V/H Destroye i OB CWT In te r io r M o tif Technique r.i Decoration CWT/PNT C.I OB CWT D.T P SM T .I OB/H PP P SM P OB/OB IN/A.PNT OB CWT OB T .I V M.H E x te rio r M o tif IV S ll IV A OB SS P Fea. IV 6 Level/ IV SI No. U n it 10S-50E 15S-50E F 36 H/OB 1 10S-50E IV A OB/H 2 67 15S-70E 19 28 10S-40E IV F OB 31 15S-50E 34 10S-50E IV G OB/H IN /C .I V 35 15S-50E IV E OB 37 I5S-50E IV H M.H 54 I0S-45E66 IV S4 I5S-70E V/OB IV S10 OB IN 43 I0S-45E IV SI 42 I0S-45E No. Ves.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F VC F F C F C M VC C M Temper - - 20 - 18 18 C - 12 36 VC in cm Rim Diam. 9 6 8 8 - mm Rim ness Thick CR SM SM 8 SMSM 5 8 - SM 7 - SMSM 5 6 12 CR 9 CR SM.CR 5 S urf. Treat. - - - - - R CR 9 - - - Cast. ------2 mm Pune. Diam. ------EP-IB ?unc./ Boss D2 E D2 D2 E C DID2 EP-? IP-EB 3 4 - - D2 IP-EB 4 - Rim Pro. CWT T.IET .I D2 CR CR C - - CR CWT CR D2 rechnique scoration VP D.T SM OB OB CWT Lip C M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Miscellaneous Vessels (cont'd) Technique SM SM OB CWTSM V P SMCL.P OB OB IN CWT SM P T.IP T.I/PNT SM Decoration P SM P P P SM V OB OB/H P In te r io r M o tif CWT P Technique CWT OB D.T T.I T.I A.C.PNT P PP CWT OB CWT/C.I/ CWT/C.I P T.I/PNT OB IN P A.CPNT id Decoration Destroy V M.OB VT.I M.H M.H OB OB/H/OE E x te rio r M o tif I I I OB/H IV M.H IV S5 M.H IV B IV S2 OB/H Fea. Level/ No. U n it 15S-70E 55S-40E 60S-40E IV 72 10S-40E 79 10S-40E 33 35S-25E86 IV OB/H 88 15S-70E 170 10S-50E IV G 168 60S-25E I I I 117 134 172 60S-25E186 IV 40S-45E I I I 103 40S-40E I I I 101 10S-45E IV A Ves. No.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. M F C C M Temper - - - - - 16 VC in cm Rim Diam. 9 9 6 mm Rim ness Thick CR CR CR 9 CR 6 SM 9 S urf. Treat. - - - - SM R Cast. - 4 - mm Pune. Diam. T- - i IP-EB Pune./ Boss D3 D2 Bl-aD2 - - Rim Pro. T.I D.T CWT CWT technique SM.CR SI-a - scoration P H OB OB Lip D M o tif APPENDIX I APPENDIX Miscellaneous Vessels (cont'd) CWT Technique T.I OBT.I 02 - - CWT V Decoration OB OB CWT OB CWT OB In te r io r M o tif CWT Technique SS.PP T .I OB Decoration H CWT OB P CR V CWT OB E x te rio r M o tif III Fea. Level/ IV « 55S-35E No. U n it 50S-40E F 19 40S-30E F 35 OB 40S-30E F 35 50-30E 248 249 254 35S-25E I I I OB CWT 227 Ves. No. 203 189

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I

Draper Park

Summary of Wayne Ware Attributes

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 173

APPENDIX II

Draper Park

Summary Wayne Ware Attributes

Attribute Class Attribute States N %

Exterior Motif Plain 112 66 Horizontal 25 15 Vertical 4 2 Oblique 28 16 Criss-cross 1 1 Missing data 1 NA 171 TO

Exterior Technique Undecorated 111 65 Cord Impressed 7 4 Tool Impressed 7 4 Incised 10 6 Cord Wrapped Tool 16 9 Punctated 19 12 Missing data 1 NA 171 100

Interior Motif Plain 75 47 Horizontal 5 3 Vertical 28 17 Oblique 53 33 Missing data 10 NA 171 100

Interior Technique Undecorated 75 47 Cord Impressed 1 1 Tool Impressed 7 4 Incised 5 3 Cord Wrapped Tool 69 42 Punctated 4 2 Missing data 10 NA 171 99

Lip Motif Plain 55 32 Horizontal 14 8 Vertical 26 16 Oblique 76 44 Missing data 0 NA 171 TOO'

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I (co n t'd )

Attribute Class Attribute State N _%

Lip Technique Undecorated 56 33 Cord Impressed 8 5 Tool Impressed 15 9 Incised 11 6 Cord Wrapped Tool 76 44 Punctated 3 2 Dentate 1 1 Push-Pull 1 1 Missing data 0 NA 171 100

Rim Profile B1 1 1 Bl-a 7 4 B2 5 3 C 4 2 DI 1 1 DI-4 6 3 D2 95 55 D3 7 4 D4 5 3 E 40 24 Missing data 0 NA 171 100

Punctate-Boss Absent 47 54 EP-? 3 3 EP-IB 19 22 EP-NIB 6 7 IP-EB 6 7 IP-NEB 5 6 A.EP-NIB 1 1 Missing data 84 NA 171 99

Punctate Diameter Could not be measured 47 54 (in millimeters) 2 3 3 3 5 6 4 21 24 4.5 1 1 5 6 7 5.5 1 1 6 3 3 Missing data 84 NA T7T "9 7

Caste!lation Absent 11 79 Poi nted 2 14 Rounded 1 7 Missing data 157 NA t t t m

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I (co n t'd )

Attribute Class Attribute State N J l

Surface Treatment Smooth 18 11 Cord Roughened 141 83 Smoothed Over Cord Roughened 9 5 Missing data 3 NA 171 99

Rim Thickness 3 1 1 (in millimeters) 4 5 3 5 18 11 5.5 1 1 6 54 33 7 46 28 7.5 2 1 8 27 16 9 6 4 10 4 2 Missing data 7 NA 171 100

Rim Diameter 3 3 5 (in centimeters) 10 3 5 12 3 5 14 3 5 16 7 12 18 7 12 20 8 14 22 3 5 24 5 9 26 6 10 28 4 7 32 2 3 36 1 2 40 1 2 44 1 2 Missing data 113 NA T7T 100

Temper Fine 23 14 Medi urn 72 42 Coarse 55 32 Very Coarse 21 12 Missing data 0 NA T7T W

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 176

APPENDIX I I I

Draper Park

Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels in S tratified Context

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I I

Draper Park

Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels Recovered in S tratified Context

The following vessels were recovered from sampling units 10S-40E, 10S-45E, 10S-50E, and 15S-70E.

Level IV-A Level IV-E (cont'd) Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos. 70 24 185 25 Princess Point Ware Vessel No.: 92 3 Blackduck Ware Vessel Nos.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.: 17 1 20 2 Princess Point Ware Vessel No.: 101 26 Mackinac Ware Vessel No.: Level IV-B 59 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 107 35 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 72 Level IV-F Middle Woodland Vessel No.: Level IV-C 27 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 9 30 10 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 75 28 76 Level IV-G Level IV-D Middle Woodland Vessel No.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 32 11 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 12 33 13 Blackduck Ware Vessel No.: 14 85 16 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.: 31, 34 15 Level IV-H 18 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: Blackduck Ware Vessel No. 36 77 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 37 Level IV-E Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Level IV -I 21 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos, 22 38 23 39

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I I (co n t'd ) 178

Level IV-S1 Level IV-S7 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 44 61 45 47 Level IV-S8 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos, Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 42 63 43 64 Juntunen (Riviere?) Ware Vessel No.: Level IV-S2 62 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 51 Level IV-S10 60 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 78 68 80 Riviere Ware Vessel No.: 82 65 148 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 66 79 Level IV-S11 Level IV-S3 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: Middle Woodland Vessel No.: 67 49 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 50 74

Level IV-54 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 52 53 55 Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.: 56 81 Juntunen Ware Vessel No.: 48 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 54

Level IV-S5 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 4 57 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 86

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I I

Draper Park

Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels in S tratified Context

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I I

Draper Park

Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels Recovered in S tratified Context

The following vessels were recovered from sampling units 10S-40E, 10S-45E, 10S-50E, and 15S-70E.

Level IV-A Level IV-E (cont'd) Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos. 70 24 185 25 Princess Point Ware Vessel No.: 92 3 Blackduck Ware Vessel Nos.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.: 17 1 20 2 Princess Point Ware Vessel No.: 101 26 Mackinac Ware Vessel No.: Level IV-B 59 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 107 35 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 72 Level IV-F Middle Woodland Vessel No.: Level IV-C 27 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 9 30 10 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 75 28 76 Level IV-G Level IV-D Middle Woodland Vessel No.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 32 11 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 12 33 13 Blackduck Ware Vessel No.: 14 85 16 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.: 31, 34 15 Level IV-H 18 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: Blackduck Ware Vessel No.: 36 77 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 37 Level IV-E Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Level IV -I 21 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 22 38 23 39

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX I I I (co n t'd )

Level IV-S1 Level IV-S7 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 44 61 45 47 Level IV-S8 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 42 63 43 64 Juntunen (Riviere?) Ware Vessel No.: Level IV-S2 62 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 51 Level IV-S10 60 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 78 68 80 Riviere Ware Vessel No.: 82 65 148 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 66 79 Level IV-511 Level IV-S3 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: Middle Woodland Vessel No.: 49 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 50 74

Level IV-S4 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 52 53 55 Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.: 56 81 Juntunen Ware Vessel No.: 48 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 54

Level IV-S5 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 4 57 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 86

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX IV

Draper Park

Tabulation of Feature Ceramics

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX IV

Draper Park

Tabulation of Feature Ceramics

Feature No. 3 Feature No. 10 Unit: 55S-35E Unit: 60S-40E Type: Refuse Pit Type: Refuse Pit Total Non-Rim Sherds: 91 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 46 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 205 220 212 Feature No. 12 Feature No. 4 Uni t : 60S-25E Unit: 55S-35 to 40E Type: Historic Type: Historic Total Non-Rim Sherds: 237 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 67 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 221 116 222 196 213 Feature No. 14 Riviere Ware Vessel No.: Unit: 60S-25 to 35E 214 Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 14 Feature No. 5 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Unit: 55S-25E 223 Type: Refuse Pi t 224 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 111 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Feature No. 18 131 Unit: 45 to 50S-35 to 40E 215 Type: Refuse Pi t Glen Meyer Vessel No.: Total Non-Rim Sherds: 155 216 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 133 Feature No. 7 160 Unit: 55 to 60S-40 to 45E 225 Type: Sheet Midden 226 Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Feature No. 19 218 Unit: 45 to"50S-40E 219 Type: Refuse Pi t Uren Vessel No.: Total Non-Rim Sherds: 605 217 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 112 Feature No. 8 126 Unit: 60S-35E 137 Type: Sheet Mi dden 139 Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA 167 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 211 150

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX IV (c o n t'd )

Feature No. 19 (cont'd) Feature No. 30 228 Unit: 50S-40E 229 Type: Refuse Pit 230 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 73 243 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 5 227 244

Feature No. 24 Feature No. 32 Unit: 45S-45E Unit: 50S-35E Type: Modern Intrusion Type: Refuse Pit Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Total Non-Rim Sherds: 7 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 192 245

Feature No. 25 Feature No. 35 Unit: 40S-30E Unit: 35 to 40S-25 to 45E Type: Refuse Pit Type: Modern Intrusion Total Non-Rim Sherds: 11 Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 231 110 245 232 130 247 233 153 250 234 169 258 246 Feature No. 26 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos Unit: 50S-40E 248 Type: Refuse Pi t 249 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 56 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Feature No. 36 129 Unit: 35S-25E 235 Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 445 Feature No. 29 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: Unit: 50S-26E 124 Type: Refuse Pi t 251 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 457 Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 19 6 171 Feature No. 40 236 Uni t : 30 to 35S-40 to 45E 237 Type: Refuse Pi t 238 Total Non-Rim Sherds: 152 239 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 240 252 241 253 242 Princess Point Vessel No.: Feature No. 42 259 Unit: 35S-30E Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 316

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX IV (co n t'd )

Feature No. 42 (cont'd) Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.: 97 154

Feature No. 46 Unit: 35S-40E Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 397 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 140 Blackduck Vessel No.: 256

Feature No. 47 Unit: 35S-35E Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 248 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 161

Feature No. 57 Unit: 25S-25E Type: Refuse Pit Total Non-Rim Sherds: 257 Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 255

Feature No. 70 Unit: 10S-45E Type: Historic Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Wayne Ware Vessel No.: 257

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX V

Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ontario

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX V

Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ontario

Radiocarbon Years Date Site Reference 1320+95 A.D. 630 (1-4761) 11H8 (Pt. Pelee) Keenlyside 1978 1146+57 A.D. 804 (BGS-81) 1110+95 A.D. 840 (1-4762) 1072+55 A.D. 878 (BGS-82)

1290+50 A.D. 660 (DI-958) Draper Park (Level IV-S8) Weston 1979

1250+120 A.D. 700 (M-1519) Riviere Au Vase Fitting 1966

1200+120 A.D. 750 (M-1843) Fort Wayne Mound Crane and G riffin 1968 (Early Late Woodland level)

1000+100 A.D. 950 (M-1084) West Twin Lake Mound Crane and G riffin 1968

983+75 A.D. 967 (M-512 ) Spring Creek Fitting 1968

890+110 A.D. 1060 (M-1937) Moccasin Bluff Crane and G riffin 1969 860+110 A.D. 1090 (M-1938) 800+110 A.D. 1150 (M-1940) 740+110 A.D. 1210 (M-1939)

880+100 A.D. 1070 Tobico Carstens 1972

770+100 A.D. 1180 (M-1648) Schultiz Fitting 1972 (Late Woodland level) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. without prohibited reproduction Further owner. copyright the of permission with Reproduced

APPENDIX V (CONTINUED) d C -Q >- TD «/> (O o (O s- o c (U fO s- o r r— r— " r £ VO -C CMCM CM CO CO < O Q o o ' COCM CO-— ■— CT» cm O O O 4 — .r— . o o r— o o o o 00 +J d C 4 + + &- (U CT> J 1

• • ' CO MCMCM CM 2 cm C 1 i • • s—'' oo? o to o o o •r“ ~ r r— vo o o o o o o ) 1 = .

3 • • )

i—•, ' \ a — — 1 ' 185 APPENDIX VI

Draper Park

Prehistoric Pottery Rim Profiles

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI 187

12 133

193 212

189 B2

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 188 APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) c n

125 89

Dl- 4

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 189 APPENDIX VI (co n t'd )

196 198 137 136y 206

228 175

223

172 1 0 8 1^5 257

10 239 102 116 235 20 251 80

Draper Park prehistoricc potterypottery rimrim profiles. The numberprofi beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the left.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 190

113 II0 J 9 9 179

119 1221 \ 105 121 123

195* 168 169 178 186

219 n

225 220 22 12 253

V C 90 69 m 29

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 191

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI (c o n t'd ) 192

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 193

129 128 130 191 229 20 D4

236

218 182 230 197 190 183 221

207 211

Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 194

r \

107 9 15* 158 i 57 \ 7^ ,

130

217 233

213

Draper Park , prehistoric______pottery . rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft.

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