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A Bioarchaeological Study of a Prehistoric Michigan Population: Fraaer-Tyra Site (20Sa9) Allison June Muhammad Wayne State University

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A Bioarchaeological Study of a Prehistoric Michigan Population: Fraaer-Tyra Site (20Sa9) Allison June Muhammad Wayne State University Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2010 A Bioarchaeological Study Of A Prehistoric Michigan Population: Fraaer-Tyra Site (20sa9) Allison June Muhammad Wayne State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons, and the Other Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Muhammad, Allison June, "A Bioarchaeological Study Of A Prehistoric Michigan Population: Fraaer-Tyra Site (20sa9)" (2010). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 50. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF A LATE WOODLAND POPULATION FROM MICHIGAN: FRAZER-TYRA SITE (20SA9) by ALLISON JUNE MUHAMMAD DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2010 MAJOR: ANTHROPOLOGY (Archaeology) Approved by: Advisor Date © COPYRIGHT BY ALLISON JUNE MUHAMMAD 2010 All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahi Rahmani Rahim Ashhadu alla ilaha illa-llahu wa Ashhadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasuluh I would like to acknowledge my beautiful, energetic, loving daughters Bahirah, Laila, and Nadia. You have been my inspiration to complete this journey. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their kindness and their support. I would like to acknowledge the support and guidance of Dr. Mark Baskaran and Dr. Ed Van Hees of the WSU Geology department I would like to acknowledge the dedication and commitment of my dissertation committee to my success, particularly Dr. Tamara Bray. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Thomas Killion and Dr. Dorothy Nelson. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………......iii List of Tables...............................................................................................................................viii List of Figures..............................................................................................................................ix Chapter I. The Introduction…………………………………………………………………1 The Archaeological Characterization of Subsistence Routines……………….......1 Subsistence Routines in Prehistoric Michigan………………………….…….......5 Aims of the Study……………………………………...………………….……....6 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………..13 Chapter II. The Frazer-Tyra Site………………………..………………………………....14 The Study of the Frazer-Tyra Site Human Remains…………………………….14 The Frazer-Tyra Site 20SA9…………………………………………………….15 Characterizing Late Woodland Culture…………………………………….........22 Chapter III. The Environment ……………………………………………………………….25 The Environment of Michigan………………………………………………......25 Flora of the Saginaw Valley…………………………………………………......26 Fauna of The Saginaw Valley………………………………………………........29 Paleoecology of the Major Biotic Zones…………………………………...........31 General Subsistence Shifts in The Saginaw Valley………………………...........35 Challenges in Interpreting Late Woodland Subsistence…………………............37 Chapter IV. Mortuary Practices in Prehistoric Michigan……………………….………...40 Late Woodland Mortuary Precincts………………………………………...........40 Bussinger Site………………………………………………………....................43 Riviere Aux Vase Site…………………………………………………………....44 iv Younge Site………………………………………………………………............45 Juntunen Site…………………………………………………………………......46 Fletcher Site……………………………………………………………………...47 Chapter V. Isotopic Analysis and The Collection…………………………………...……..49 Isotopes…………………………………………………………………………..49 Utility of Isotopes for Dietary Trends…………………………………………....50 North American Prehistoric Populations and Isotopic Analysis……………........51 Notation for Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios………………………………………..52 Interpreting Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios……………………………….....…......54 Diagenesis of Samples…………………………………………………………...55 Differentiation of Marine/Aquatic versus Terrestial based diets………………...56 Carbon 14 Dating………………………………………………………………...57 Chapter VI. Materials and Methods………………………………………………………...59 Skeletal Sampling Selection……………………………………………………..59 Sex Assessment………………………………………………………………….60 Stature Assessment……………………………………………………………....60 Age Assessment……………………………………………………………….....61 Dental Assessment……………………………………………………………….61 Sampling for Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio Tests………………………………….62 Carbon 14 Dating Technique………………………………………………….....63 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………...………..63 Chapter VII. Results………………………..…………………………………………………..64 Sex Assessments on Frazer-Tyra Remains………………………………………64 v Stature Estimation………………………………………………………………..66 Age Assessments on Frazer-Tyra Remains……………………………………...72 Dental Observations ...............................…………………………………...........74 Chemical Analysis ................................................................................................75 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis.................................................................76 Chapter VIII. Conclusions……………………………...……………………………………...85 Variability Amongst Individuals ..........................................................................87 Mortuary Behavior and Food Security..................................................................91 Prehistoric Women and Economic Systems.......................................................100 Further Research .................................................................................................102 Appendices…………………………………..………………………………………………...104 Appendix A: Collagen Extraction Procedure......................................................104 Appendix B: Frazer-Tyra Adult Sampling Selection..........................................107 Appendix C: Frazer-Tyra Population δ13 C and the δ15 N Results........................109 Appendix D: Frazer-Tyra Population δ13 C and the δ15 N Results Duplicates for Error Testing...................................................................................111 Appendix E: Cranial Measurements (Males).......................................................112 Appendix F: Frazer-Tyra Cranial Measurements (Females)...............................117 Appendix G: Frazer-Tyra Cranial Indices (Males).............................................122 Appendix H: Frazer-Tyra Cranial Indices (Females)..........................................123 Appendix I: Frazer-Tyra Post-Cranial Measurements (Males)...........................124 Appendix J: Frazer-Tyra Post-Cranial Measurements (Females)........................127 References…….. …………...……………………………………………………………….....130 vi Abstract………………………………….……………………………………………………..143 Autobiographical Statement…………..……………………………………………………...144 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Frazer-Tyra Burial Features...........................................................................................18 Table 7.1 Sex Assessment based on Vertical diameter of Humeral head......................................65 Table 7.2 Sex Determination Frazer-Tyra Individuals..................................................................66 Table 7.3 Frazer-Tyra Stature Reconstruction.............................................................................67 Table 7.4 Stature of Prehistoric Michigan Populations................................................................68 Table 7.5 Age Assessment for Frazer Tyra Population 20SA9.....................................................73 Table 7.6 Summary of Age Groups For Frazer-Tyra (20SA9)......................................................74 Table 7.7 Carbon 14 Dating Results for Frazer-Tyra sample........................................................75 Table 7.8 Frazer-Tyra site Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios by Age and Sex.....................................77 Table 8.1 Reported Isotopic Data for Late Woodland Sites Southern Ontario and New York….87 viii LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS, DIAGRAMS Figure 2.1 Map indicating location of Frazer-Tyra site in Saginaw County, Michigan…………16 Figure 2.2 indicates the location of the Frazer-Tyra…………………………………………..…16 Figure 2.3 Map showing excavation units from Graves (1968) report………………………….17 Figure 2.4 Original plan view of feature six from Graves’ notes (1968) ..……………………...20 Figure 2.5 demonstrates the sample of the adult population that is under study………………...21 Map 3.1 The converging waterways of the Saginaw Valley Region…………………………….26 Map 3.2 Michigan’s Biotic Zones with Saginaw Valley Region………………………………..32 Map 4.1 Michigan Late Woodland Mortuary precincts…………………………………………42 Figure 7.1 Frazer-Tyra population mean stature as compared to other Late Woodland Groups…..………...……………………………………………………….69 Figure 7.2 Frazer-Tyra mean female stature compared to other Late Woodland groups………..70 Figure 7.3 Frazer-Tyra mean males stature as compared to other Late Woodland groups.……..71 Figure 7.4 Frazer-Tyra population mean carbon ratio according to sex……………………… ..78 Figure 7.5 Frazer-Tyra population mean nitrogen ratio according to sex……………………….79 Figure 7.6 Mean Nitrogen values Frazer-Tyra Females…………………………………...…….80 Figure 7.7 Boxplot of carbon ratio values for age groups by sex………………………………..82 Figure 7.8 Boxplot of carbon ratio values for each age group………….……….……………….83 Figure 7.9 Boxplot of nitrogen ratio values for age groups by sex………………………………84 Figure 7.10 Boxplot of nitrogen ratio values for age groups ……………………..……………..85 Map 8.1 Michigan and Southern
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