/ / Settlement Patterns of the Draper and White Sites 1173 Excavations Department of Archaeology Organized and Edited by Simon Fraser University Brian Hayden Publication Number 6 1979 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Roy L. Carlson (Chairman) Herbert L. Alexander Knut R. Fladmark Philip M. Hobler Jack O. Nance Erie Nelson Editorial Assistant: Paula Luciw The Department of Archaeology publishes papers and monographs which relate to its teaching and research interests. Communications concerning publications should be directed to the Chairman of the Publications Committee. © Copyright 197 9 Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE DRAPER AND WHITE SITES 1973 EXCAVATIONS Edited by Brian Hayden Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Publication Number 6 © Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. 1979. r i'i CONTENTS Abstract and Resume...................................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iv The Draper and White Sites: Preliminary and Theoretical Considerations Brian Hayden (Simon Fraser University)............................................................................. 1 The Ecology of the Draper Site Miriam Mulstein (University of Toronto) and Irene Bowman (University of To ro n to )............................................................................... 29 Palynological Analysis of Materials from the Draper and White Sites Miriam Mulstein (University of Toronto)............................................................................. 39 The Draper Site: Historical Accounts of Vegetation in Pickering and Markham Townships with special reference to the Significance of a Large, Even-aged Stand Adjacent to the Site Irene Bowman (University of T o ro n to )............................................................................... 47 Magnetic Survey at the Draper Site, Pickering Township, Ontario R.M. Farquhar (University of Toronto )............................................................................... 59 Draper Site Ceramic Analysis: Structure 2 David Arthurs (University of Toronto)............................................................................... 63 Lithic and Bone Tools of the Draper Site (Structure 2) and the White Site Theresa Ferguson (University of To ro n to ).......................................................................... 97 Faunal Analysis of the Draper Site James Burns (University of Toronto).................................................................................... 123 Faunal Analysis of the White Site James Burns (University of Toronto).................................................................................... 161 Paleoethnobotany of the Draper and White Sites Larry King (Royal Ontario Museum) and Gary Crawford (University of South C aro lin a)................................................................... 169 The Draper Site Burials: Structure 2 Mima Kapches (University of T o ro n to )............................................................................... 175 Scarborough Excavations Marti Latta (Scarborough College)....................................................................................... 179 Summary and Conclusions Brian Hayden (Simon Fraser U niversity)............................................................................. 181 iii ABSTRACT The 1973 excavations at the Draper and White sites were at Draper, we concentrated on intra-structure settlement part of the Pickering airport salvage project which was pattern data of structure 2. The patterning here was oriented toward the recovery of settlement pattern inform­ characterized by an unexpectedly pronounced degree of ation. There is strong indication that a major determinant activity specialization and coordination throughout the in the location of both sites was proximity to soils suitable structure. This seems to imply a highly organized corporate for maize horticulture, to water sources and possibly to residence group. Because of the requirements of such areas of high game density. Defense may also have been a economic articulation and because there were definite major locational determinant at both sites. There is tenta­ concentrations of pits and other features plausibly associated tive evidence for a palisade at Draper. with feasting activities, it seems reasonable to postulate It is postulated that the White site — only over a mile a kind of longhouse big man or head man. Because authority from Draper — may have been used during a part of its seems to have been expressed in economic spheres, it also occupation as a summer encampment or village for groups seems reasonable to argue that economics (namely trade from Draper tending maize fields and/or obtaining other goods) were ultimately the influence basis of head men economic resources in bulk such as fish or birds. In support and the integrating force behind the longhouse corporate of this the boundaries of the maize gardens cleared by structure. Trade itself, or warfare engendered by compe­ the Draper and White occupants were mapped, and the tition over trade, was probably responsible for increases in White site falls within the radius of these Draper fields. settlement sizes at this time. Draper is one of the earliest Moreover, faunal and floral remains are very different at large Lake Ontario Iroquois settlements. On the basis of the two sites, White having much more fish, few mammals, ceramic styles associated with household locations within a high ratio of worked bone and a very high ratio of human structure 2, residence does not appear to have been strictly remains. Average radiocarbon dates are relatively close for matrilocal, although there are definite stylistic groupings the two sites. Concerning the intra-site settlement pattern­ within the structure, indicating some tendency toward ing, no structures were encountered at White (a product of matrilocality. small sampling). At Draper, house orientations and positions Site abandonment does not appear to be due to game relative to middens appeared to conform to the standardized depletion in the area. pattern of northwest orientation in Lake Ontario Iroquois. Two infant burials were discovered in the floor, and at Because of this and the unique in situ nature of deposits both sites there were indications of human mutilation. RESUME Les fouilles de 1973 aux gisements de Draper et White des champs de mais utilises par les habitants de Draper ont faisaient partie du projet de sauvetage de I’aeroport de ete determines et le gisement de White se trouve dans ces Pickering. Les fouilles 6taient orient6es vers la recherche limites. De plus, les restes de faune et de flore des deux d informations sur les schemes d’etablissements (“ settle­ gisements sont trls differents. White contient beaucoup ment patterns’’). II semble que parmi les facteurs principaux plus de poissons, trSs peu de grands mammifSres, beau- determinant la position des gisements etait la proximity coup d’os travailie, et une forte proportion de restes des sols bons pour la culture du mais, la proximite des humains. Les dates moyennes obtenues par radiocarbon ressources en eau, et la proximity du gibier dense. On pense pour les deux gisements sont relativement proches. aussi que la protection etait une autre consideration dans Concernant la morphologie interieure des gisements, le choix de location des deux gisements, car S Draper il nous n’avons pas trouv6 de residences au White site, mais semble qu’il y avait une palissade. I’exploration etait tr&s limitSe. A Draper, I’orientation des II y a plusieurs indications que le gisement de White, residences et leur location relatives aux depots de dechets qui se situe vers un mile de Draper, 6tait peuple par des semblent etre conformes 5 la pratique habituelle de I’lro- groupes de Draper pour s’occuper des champs de mais quois Ontarien Tardif. C ’est S dire une orientation parallSIe pendant I ete et/ou pour obtenir d autres ressources en et nord-ouest. A cause de cette similitude avec la pratique grande quantite tel que poissons ou oiseaux. Les limites habituelle, et i. cause du caractSre unique des depots a IV Draper qui est d'etre in situ, nous nous sommes efforts dans les residences corporees. II semble que le commerce, d’6tablir la morphologie des depots a I’interieur de la ou bien les combats suscites par la competition entre residence 2. Les resultats montrent une repartition des groupes pour le commerce, etaient sans doute responsables objets qui fait penser i une forte specialisation done une pour I'augmentation en grandeur des gisements pendant forte coordination des activitds ce qui est inattendu et sur- cette p6riode (Draper est un des premiers grands sites du prenant pour la periode. L ’implication est que les habitants Ontario Iroquois Tardif). L ’analyse stylistique de la cera- des residences longues constituaient des groupes corpores mique provenant des endroits de residence familiale dans (‘ corporate groups” ) trds organises. A cause des exigences la residence