OHIO Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST SOCIETY VOLUME 40 NO. 1 WINTER 1990 OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. S A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, OH in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an 43130—Tele: 614/653-9477 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Gary Davis, Box 133, Bainbridge, OH 45612 Tele: 614/634-2761 Exec. Sect. Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastem Back Issues Rd. N.W., Pickerlngton, OH 43147 Treasurer Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130—Tele: 614/653-6642 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 4.00 Columbus, OH 43221—Tele: Bus. 614/898-4116 Immediate Past Pres. Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 Columbus, OH 43211—Tele: 614/297-2641 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 4.00 43064—Tele: 614/873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 4.00 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write TRUSTEES to business office for prices and availability. 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 1992 Larry Morris, 901 Evening Star S.E., East Canton, OH ASO Chapters 44730 Aboriginal Explorers Club 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Seaman, OH 45679 President: Chuck Henderson, 1244 North Union, Salem, OH 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 Blue Jacket Chapter 1990 John J. Winsch, M.D., 41 Dorsey Mill Rd., Heath, OH 43056 President. Jacque F. Stahler, 115 South Mill St., DeGraff, OH 1990 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd. 206, Mt. Victory, OH 43340 Beau Fleuve Chapter Tele: 513/354-3951 President: John McKendry, 1020 Humbolt Pkwy, Buffalo, NY 1990 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter OH 44136 President: Norman Park, 4495 West High Street, Mantua, OH 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH Fort Salem Chapter 44131 President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH Business Manager Johnny Appleseed Chapter Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081 President: Mark Hersman, 608 Logan Road, Mansfield, OH Tele: 614/846-7640 King Beaver Chapter President: Carl Storti, 1519 Herrick St., New Castle, PA Regional Collaborators Lake County Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: John Unrue, Rt. 5, Box 5372 - Apt. 52, South Point, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Mound City Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 97 Musselmann Mill Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 Chillicothe, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Painted Post Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Harry Blair, 613 Virginia Ave., Midland, PA Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, OH Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: George Demuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six Rivers Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Frank W. Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Steve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Sugar Creek Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President:Gary L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., N.W., North SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Canton, OH TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page

Bradley Atchinson and the High Hill Mounds by Jeff Carskadden 4 The 23rd and 24th of June will be Kentucky Paleo Points by Tom Lipscombe 8 another milestone for the A.S.O. This will be our first ever two day archaeological An Archaic Rectangular-form Roller Pestle from the Ohio Valley meeting outside the state of Ohio by Phillip R. Shriver 9 (Parkersburg, W.VA.). This historic event would never have come to pass without Anchor Pendants by Steve Fuller 10 the cooperation of many people. This is A Hopewell Gorget by Dale and Betty Roberts 11 the second annual meeting of the Ohio A Glacial Kame Spineback Gorget by Dale and Betty Roberts 11 and West Virginia archaeological societies. The first joint meeting was in Two-Part Point by Jerrel C. Anderson 12 1989 in Marietta, Ohio. In 1987, I Small Anvils: A Multifunctional Prehistoric Tool by Wm Jack Hranicky 14 approached some people from West Virginia about a joint archaeological A Cancer in Our Midst byPhiiiipR. Shriver 16 meeting between our two organizations. Another Exotic Hopewell Material by Robert N. Converse 18 The response I received was rather cool. In January, 1989, a real break through Winged Bannerstones and a Birdstone byMeiWHkins 19 came about with the election of new state A Cherokee Named Tsali byPhiiiipR. Shriver 20 officers in West Virginia. Ron Moxley was A French-Style Iron Squaw Trade Axe from Butler County elected President and Jerry Anderson Vice President. These individuals by Phillip R. Shriver 24 convinced their board of directors to A Miniature Full-Grooved Axe byPhiiiipR. Shriver 25 participate in this historic event. On the Ohio side of the river I was receiving Two BirdStones byKenBlack 26 enthusiastic support from Frank Otto, A Large Ohio Dovetail byEaric. Townsend 27 professional type advice from Martha Otto, and guidance from Bob Converse. A Surface Found Adena Quadriconcave Gorget by Robert Champion 28 When I received a go from West Virginia Adena Points by Steve Carpenter 28 Archaeological Society, I presented my Paleo Points from Knox County by Robert Champion 29 proposal to our board of directors. It was enthusiastically received and passed by Fairfield County Flint byiarHothem 29 the board. The Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic of the Mohican River Drainage This event has grown from a one day by Jonathan E. Bowen 30 event to a two day event. We hope that we can include our Indiana and Kentucky Confusion About Antiquities Law by Shaune M. Skinner 34 neighbors for the 1991 meeting. With the Purple Flint Ridge Flint by Robert N. Converse 35 two fine organizations involved and the Filling the Gap: Baker I and the Green Creek Phase in Northcentral Ohio possible inclusion of the archaeological organizations that border our state, we by David M. Stothers and Timothy J. Abel 36 can only grow and get better. The A Letter from the President 50 purpose of this meeting is to offer an opportunity for people in our area to A.S.O. Meetings 51 come together and enjoy what we all like Statewide Historic Preservation Conference May 11-12 51 best — archaeology. It is not our intention Joint Meeting 51 to form any new archaeological society. Anyone who is interested in Ohio Academy of Science Meeting 51 archaeology should be as excited as I am 16th Annual Spring Workshop 51 about this meeting. We need the support of all our chapters, members, and individuals of the A.S.O. Your support can only be shown by your attendance. The meeting is at the Holiday Inn (304- 485-6200) at the intersection of Rt 77 & 50, Parkersburg, W.VA. Room rates are $51 for single or double with four people FRONT COVER in a room. There is an indoor swimming pool, sauna and Jacuzzi. When calling Artifacts of colorful materials from the collection of Ron Helman, Sidney, Ohio. say you are with the archaeology society. Top left - two-hole gorget of red slate, Washington Co., Ohio. It makes no difference which state Top center - trapezoidal pendant made of green and gold chlorite, Ohio. society you are with. Top right - elliptical gorget of red and black banded slate, Hancock Co., Ohio. Bottom left - Shovel-shaped pendant of black and white fossiliferous limestone, central Ohio. Bottom center - elbow pipe of red and yellow quartzite, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. Donald A. Casto President Bottom right - trapezoidal pendant of yellow and black banded slate, Ohio.

3 BRADLEY ATCHINSON AND THE HIGH HILL MOUNDS by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Introduction was happening on the farm, he would Falls, ten miles below Zanesville. Meigs This is the first in what hopefully will be spend time recopying earlier diary creek flows almost due south and enters a number of articles dealing with volumes. Some years he kept two diaries the Muskingum above Beverly. Although previously unpublished information on simultaneously. the Muskingum River is only 6 miles to some of the more interesting 19th century Bradley gradually sold off portions of the west of High Hill, Kent Run, the mound excavations in the Muskingum his farm to pay bills, and in 1888 he finally tributary of Salt Creek that drains the Valley of eastern Ohio. This first article moved to High Hill, where his sister western slopes of the dividing ridge, takes deals with the 1859 excavation of two Louisa and her husband William Bell a rather circuitous route to the river, mounds at High Hill in Meigs Township, in owned a grocery store. High Hill was flowing northwest 5 miles and entering the rugged, relatively remote south­ located in Meigs township, about two and Manns Fork of Salt Creek, still more than eastern corner of Muskingum County. a half miles southwest of the old farm. two miles from the mouth of Salt Creek Information on these I9th century This township is the southeastern most proper at Duncan Falls. The waters of mound excavations often comes from township in Muskingum County. After the Kent Run drop more than 300 feet the first very obscure sources, and what we know death of his wife, Bradley gradually lost mile, and the elevation at the Salt Creek about the High Hill mounds comes from interest in keeping his diaries. He died in bridge at Duncan Falls is 684 feet, or 602 about as obscure a source as you can 1907 at age 69, sixteen years after his feet below the summit of Gibeaut Hill. find - the diary of a local farmer. Long last diary entry. From High Hill this dividing ridge before we became interested in recording All of Bradley's diaries were kept in the extends southeast and then eastward into archaeological sites in Muskingum family over the years, and most are now Noble County and southward into Morgan County, the southeastern portion of the in the possession of his great County. Broadening somewhat, it extends county had been heavily stripmined. The granddaughter Patricia Gillogly Anderson northward across central Rich Hill and subsequent depopulation of the area and of Zanesville. The remaining few diaries Union townships, Muskingum County, the lack of cultivation has made it difficult were donated years ago by another continuing to form the divide between the for us over the years to record many relative to the Muskingum College Wills Creek drainage to the east and Salt archaeological sites in this part of the Library, New Concord, Ohio. Pat Creek to the west (see Figure 1). county. So the Bradley Atchinson diary is Anderson has dutifully transcribed all of At the time Bradley Atchinson wrote especially significant in that it not only the diaries - more than 4,000 pages - and about the High Hill mounds, the provides us with information on a is allowing us to publish portions of them community of High Hill consisted of two relatively unknown portion of Muskingum in MUSKINGUM ANNALS, the first stores and about four houses, one of County, but in fact provides the only installment of which will cover the Civil which served as a tavern, and there were record we have of prehistoric sites in War years (Anderson n.d.). It was Mrs. around 1600 people, mostly farmers, in Meigs Township. Anderson who first brought to our all of Meigs Township. In the 1850's the attention Bradley's account of the community of High Hill sat on the "Ridge The Bradley Atchinson Diaries excavation of the High Hill mounds Route", the overland route from Zanesville Bradley J. Atchinson was the fifth of described below. to Marietta which followed portions of the eight children of Alanson and Mary dividing ridge line (Swift 1984). This route Johnson Atchinson. This family had High Hill had served as a trail for salt makers from settled in 1838 on a 160 acre farm in The town of High Hill is situated on the Marietta on their way to and from the salt southeastern Rich Hill Township, crest of a narrow, moderately steep ridge springs on Salt Creek as early as 1800. southeastern Muskingum County. The line which averages between 1100 and Although still on a stage route until 1863, southern boundary of the farm was the 1200 feet in elevation. This ridge forms High Hill was pretty much off the beaten Rich Hill Township-Meigs Township line. the divide between several major path after a new road was opened up On the death of his father in 1854, drainages in the area - the Wills Creek immediately along the Muskingum River Bradley (then 16 years old) and his older drainage to the east, Salt Creek to the between Zanesville and McConnelsville in brother James took over the farm north and west, and Meigs Creek to the 1830, bypassing the upper portion of the operations and the two men eventually south. High Hill is called High Hill because Ridge Route, and especially after regular formed a partnership to raise sheep. of a knoll (once called Gibeaut Hill) on the steam boat travel was established on the James died in 1867 as a result of an north edge of this small community which Muskingum in 1842. illness acquired during service in the Civil rises about 60 feet above the surrounding Since the late 1970's High Hill has War, and Bradley was left to maintain the ridge line to a total elevation of 1286 feet. been a ghost town, and most of the farm. Bradley married Annie Petty in This is the highest elevation in Muskingum surrounding township has been 1869 when he was 32, and they County. The crest of Gibeaut Hill is about stripmined, with the exception of the crest eventually had four children. 600 feet long and less than 100 feet wide, of the dividing ridge line, which in part is Bradley Atchinson never weighed more and it was on Gibeaut Hill that the two followed by present-day County Road 61 than 125 pounds, and found farm work mounds were located. north of High Hill and State Route 284 very difficult. In fact he hated farming and Wills Creek, Salt Creek, and Meigs south of High Hill. In fact, stripmining spent every spare moment writing in his Creek all eventually make their way to the reached the very eastern terminus of diary. Bradley kept diaries for 37 years - Muskingum River, with Wills Creek Gibeaut Hill, probably less than 100 feet from 1854 until 1891. These diaries flowing north through Guernsey county from where one of the mounds could record every event that happened to and finally entering the Muskingum above have been situated. Other than the mine Bradley and his family and neighbors Dresden at the Coshocton-Muskingum workers, about the only people to drive during these years, as well as comments county line. Salt Creek drains much of the through the High Hill area today are sight­ on national affairs. He was so obsessed eastern half of Muskingum County and seers on the weekends on their way to with his diaries that when nothing much enters the Muskingum River at Duncan see the Big Muskie (the largest "walking

4 drag line" in the world) and the hauled rails P.M. Ezra & James along the ridge, the southern most one International Center for the Preservation built fence. John & Wm. came after being only five and a half miles north of of Wild Animals, which occupies over a load of John's corn, and staid High Hill (Moorehead 1892). He notes 9,000 acres of the reclaimed stripmined here over night. that "their exploration yielded nothing of lands east of High Hill. Bradley makes no more mention of the interest or value, a few skeletons only, two High Hill mounds in his diaries, nor being found within them." An even earlier The Mounds does he refer to any other mounds or excavation of a mound along this portion Not much was going on in Rich Hill and other archaeological activities in the area. of the ridge took place in 1845, in which Meigs townships in the latter half of April It is interesting to note, however, that two extended burials were found side by 1859, until Tuesday April 26th, when there was at least one other mound near side. Moorehead was apparently present Ezekiel Hebron came to High Hill for the his farm in Rich Hill Township. In fact, this years later when another extended burial purpose of excavating the two mounds on mound was on the farm which bordered was found in this same mound. Gibeaut Hill. We have no idea who this the eastern edge of Bradley's farm. This Other mounds on this northern portion individual was. He is not listed in either the was the George W. Brown Mound, a late of the dividing ridge are shown on the 1850 or 1860 Federal Census for Ohio, Hopewell or early Late Woodland site accompanying map. One was the Patton nor were there any Hebrons at all in previously reported on (Carskadden and Mound (33-MU-68), which was bulldozed Muskingum County with the exception of Slater 1969). Prior to the destruction of away by the Cravat Coal Company in one family in 1850 on the opposite end of this mound by the Central Ohio Coal 1977. According to eye witnesses, the county in Jackson Township. Mr. Company in the early 1950's, a number of bulldozing of this mound revealed a large Hebron may have been some amateur Chesser or Lowe type points were thrown central subrectangular "crematory" basin, antiquarian from the East, but a search of out of the mound by burrowing about 15 to 18 inches deep and lined on the 1860 Pennsylvania and Virginia groundhogs and collected by Mr. Brown. the sides with pieces of sandstone. This (including West Virginia) censuses failed The Brown mound would have been central basin was reportedly full of to provide any further information on this about four miles northeast of High Hill. calcined human bone fragments (Dave individual. Although the two mounds at High Hill Marlatt, personal correspondence to Bradley Atchinson's diary entry for the would probably have been an obvious James Morton, 1981). This feature may next day, April 27th, is presented here. feature to anyone traveling along the have been similar to the "furnace" The William mentioned in this passage Ridge Route, which runs right along the reported by Bradley Atchinson for one of was his brother-in-law William Bell who base of Gibeaut Hill, the relative isolation the High Hill mounds, and which also owned one of the stores at High High, of this portion of Muskingum County in reportedly contained (burnt ?) bone and Dr. James Gillogly was the local the latter decades of the I9th century may fragments. The bulldozer operators also country doctor. be a factor in why the High Hill mounds reported outlying cremations under the Raining - Got cousin Jno. Wesley were never recorded in any of the Patton Mound, as well as a circular post to cut our hair. Wm. Bell & family standard references for Muskingum hole pattern, about 35 to 40 feet in came on a visit; also cousin County archaeology. M.W. Mansfield's diameter. There was no evidence of Alanson and Melissa Atchinson. map of the county in Everhart's HISTORY paired posts. Testing of the outer edge of Wm. bought 9 bushels of corn from OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO, the Patton Mound by Jeff Brown in 1975, Ezra & 6 from mother at 50 cts. per published in 1882, shows the locations of two years before it was destroyed, bushel. Took our oxen to help haul 32 mounds in the county, but none for revealed a ring of postmolds and two it home the roads being very bad. I Rich Hill or Meigs townships. Mills' cremations placed on the floor of the went with him. Mr. Ezekiel Hebron ATLAS (1914), which shows 63 mounds mound (Brown 1985), which tends to came to Wm.'s & staid over night. and enclosures in the county, shows a confirm to a degree the observations He helped to open two Indian mound which we have been unable to made by the bulldozer operators. Two mounds on the summit of High Hill verify two miles north of High Hill, in Rich Adena expanded center bar gorgets were today. In one he found a furnace Hill Township. And finally, Zanesville also found in the Patton Mound when it which bore marks of fire, and in bicycle repairman and amateur was destroyed, and these were pho­ which were found several bones archaeologist Clark Sturtz, who tographed by Brown. and in the other were several photographed or otherwise recorded 55 Although stripmining has recently taken skeletons and two large copper mounds in Muskingum County, found its toll of the mounds in the region south rings one of which he had with him. none in the southeastern part of the of New Concord, including the Patton It was very well formed. county (Carskadden 1985). It appears Mound, two of the Rix Mills mounds, and Thurs. 28th - Wm. & I visited the that late I9th and early 20th century most of the other mounds shown in mounds A.M. Dr. Jas. Gillogly prehistorians were simply not attracted to Figure 1, portions of the dividing ridge happened along and viewed the these relatively isolated townships, and were under cultivation until the mid mounds. The use to which the focused their efforts along the major river 1970's, and a number of open sites were furnace had been applied is very valleys. On the other hand, the High Hill recorded in this area by Jeff Brown, who mysterious. From the bones found mounds may have been completely was then a student at Muskingum College in it it might have been used for obliterated by the excavators in 1859. and who later became one of the Ohio burning the dead, but it more Historical Society's Regional Preservation probably was used for casting The Big Picture Officers for this part of the state. Jeff metals. Dr. Gillogly examined the Although nothing else is known about Brown's survey of two and a half miles of bones found in the other mound the archaeology around the High Hill the dividing ridge south of New Concord and pronounced the larger to be area, when we follow this same dividing found evidence of Palaeo Indian through those of a man 7 feet high and 100 ridge northward into northern Rich Hill Late Prehistoric occupation (Brown 1976; yrs. old. The bones of a woman and and southern Union townships, south of 1985), with a site density of almost 10 some children were found in the New Concord, a different picture sites per mile. Pertinent to this present same mound. The rings were emerges. It was here that Warren King study was evidence of a well-developed probably ear rings they were 2 Moorehead in 1882 excavated what Adena occupation in this hinterland inches in diameter and weighed 1- became known as the Rix Mills mounds, region, represented by a number of 1/2 ounces each. Came home & a series of three probable Adena mounds Adena open sites near the mounds,

5 including one just across the road from References the Patton Mound. Stripmining along this Anderson, Patricia Gillogly portion of the ridge has since destroyed n.d. Bradley J. Atchinson's Diaries. most, if not all of these sites. MUSKINGUM ANNALS 6. The Unfortunately we will never learn if this Muskingum Valley Archaeological density of prehistoric occupation, espe­ Survey, Zanesville (in press). cially with regard to Adena, continued down the ridge line to High Hill. Although Brown, Jeffrey D. we can not prove beyond a shadow of a 1976 A Late Prehistoric Hilltop Site, doubt that the mounds at High Hill were Muskingum County, Ohio. OHIO Adena, most of these ridge line mounds ARCHAEOLOGIST 26(1):24-28. appear to be so, and the so-called crematory furnace under one of the High 1985 Archaeological Sites and Surface Mining Hill mounds could be similar to that found in Southeast Ohio. Manuscript on file, under the Patton Mound, a known Adena Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio site, and the copper "rings" found in the Historical Society, Columbus. other mound at High Hill could well be Adena C-shaped bracelets. We suspect Carskadden, Jeff and Linda Slater that the two mounds at High Hill might be 1969 The Brown Mound Hopewellian Site in manifestations of an Adena occupation Muskingum County, Ohio. OHIO that ran up and down the entire ridge line. ARCHAEOLOGIST 19(4):119-120. We can not ignore the presence of numerous Adena mounds found along Carskadden, Jeff the Muskingum River at Gaysport, just six 1985 Clark Sturtz: an Early Muskingum County miles to the west of High Hill, as well as Archaeologist. MUSKINGUM ANNALS another cluster of mounds around the 1:34-56. The Muskingum Valley mouth of Salt Creek at Duncan Falls, Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. where Moorehead excavated another mound in 1896 (Moorehead 1897; Gregg Everhart, J.F. et. al. 1972). It is interesting that the 1882 HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, Adena mounds in southeastern Musk­ OHIO. A.A. Graham, Columbus. ingum County are concentrated along either the river proper (usually on bluff Gregg, Tim, James Morton and Jeff Carskadden tops immediately overlooking the river 1972 Archaeology of the Duncan Falls Area, valley), or along the main north-south Muskingum County, Ohio. OHIO dividing ridge in the hinterland region ARCHAEOLOGIST 22(4):24-26. between New Concord and High Hill (6 to 8 miles from the river). There are no Mills, William C. known mounds in the area between the 1914 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF OHIO. river and the ridge line. We suspect that The Ohio State Archaeological and this might have had something to do with Historical Society, Columbus. some sort of seasonal round practiced by the Adena people in the area, which Moorehead, Warren King involve periodically traveling from the 1892 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. river directly to the dividing ridge to Knickerbocker Press, G.P. Putnam's exploit certain resources, and then Sons, New York. directly back to the river, with not much of anything going on in between. 1897 Report of Field Work, Carried on in the In prehistoric times the two mounds on Muskingum, Scioto and Ohio Valleys Gibeaut Hill would have dominated the During the Season of 1896. OHIO landscape, commanding a view for miles ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL in every direction. Even today the view (Society) PUBLICATIONS 5:165-274. from the top of High Hill is impressive, although about all you can see in most Swift, Clyde K. directions is reclaimed stripmines (see 1984 The Marietta - Zanesville Paths: Roads, Figure 2). It would be interesting to know if River, Rails. OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN the elevation of 1286 feet, which appears MUSKINGUM VALLEY HISTORY 1. The on the 1910 U.S.G.S. topographic map of Muskingum Valley Archaeological the area (Philo Quadrangle), included Survey, Zanesville. several feet artificially added to the top of the hill by the construction of the two mounds. Remnants of these mounds may still have been there back in the first decade of the 20th century when the U.S.G.S. maps were surveyed. On the top of the hill today are two radio towers. There are some low brush covered piles of dirt, but these appear to have been the product of bulldozing a flat area for the construction of the towers. Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Map of south­ eastern Muskingum County, with portions of Morgan, Noble, and Guernsey counties. The black dots represent mounds along the dividing ridge (dotted line), including the High Hill Mounds (1), the Brown Mound (2), the Rix Mills Mounds (3), and the Patton Mound (4). Four other mounds are also shown, including two recorded in Mill's ATLAS (5) which we have not been able to verify. The small rectangle just southwest of the Brown Mound is Bradley Atchinson's farm. The Muskingum River is on the left (west) side of the map. For scale, the distance between the High Hill Mounds and the river is six miles.

Fig. 2 (Carskadden) Recent photograph taken near the summit of Gibeaut Hill, where the two High Hill Mounds were located. View is to the east, overlooking reclaimed stripmine lands that are now part of the International Center for the Preservation of Wild Animals. The patch of woods on the horizon at the right of the photo is approximately two miles away.

7 KENTUCKY PALEO POINTS by Tom Lipscombe 1 Horseshoe Dr. Paris, Kentucky 40361

In the accompanying photographs are all from the central Kentucky and collected the longest point is five inches. In the paleo points from my collection. They are in the past thirty years. In the top photo bottom photo the longest is four inches.

Fig. 1 (Lipscombe) Fluted points from central Kentucky.

Fig. 2 (Lipscombe) Fluted points and Cumberland fluted points from central Kentucky.

8 AN ARCHAIC RECTANGULAR-FORM ROLLER PESTLE FROM THE OHIO VALLEY by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University The most basic and universal food- While Robert W. Morris agrees with appears to be quartzite. Interestingly, preparing tools known to primitive man Converse that "those elongate roller Charles Miles has observed that truly large have been the mortar and pestle. Used to pestles which have an ovate to flattened pestles are those of 20 inches or more in break up and mash as well as to grind or rectangular form were probably slid or length, while those in the 10-15 inch range seeds, grains, nuts, dried fish, and other pushed along a flat stone or wood he classifies as "medium" in size. (See edible foods, these tools have been made surface," he questions whether "in Miles, 1963: 47.) Converse has noted that from stone or wood. They range in size actuality, roller pestles may have been roller pestles can have a "wide variation in and complexity from simple manos or used more commonly in conjunction with length with some specimens nearly 2 feet hand-stones used as pestles, to grind or a mortar than as a rolling implement on a long." (See Converse, 1973: 14.) To date I pound on metates or flat stones used as flat surface." (See 1986: 28.) have seen only one that large, a nearly mortars, to large double-ended pestles Among the pestles I have collected over perfect specimen found on a farm outside used in impressively large hollowed-out the past sixty years is a roller pestle of Fairhaven, Ohio, just north of Oxford. ends of logs, the latter serving as mortars. rectangular form from Floyd County, Acknowledgements Sometimes stone pestles were used with Indiana, in the New Albany area not far wooden mortars. At other times it was a I am indebted to the Miami University from the falls on the Ohio River at Audio Visual Service for photographic wooden pestle and a stone mortar. Often Louisville. (See Figures 1 and 2.) Though the combination was stone on stone. reproduction of the roller pestle illustrated essentially rectangular in cross-section, it in this article. Indeed, stone appears to have been has smoothly rounded edges and rounded used for both pestles and mortars most ends or polls. This suggests to me that it References commonly in early Archaic cultures may well have been used in conjunction Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Society through the Ohio Valley, while wood with a fairly-deep, hollowed-out mortar of of Ohio. p. 14. seems to have predominated for both stone, with the abrading action of the 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately published, pestles and mortars among Mississippian pestle inside the mortar causing the ends Plain City, Ohio. pp. 115, 164. cultures in late prehistoric time. However, and the edges to round off. Lending Hooks, Jack Martin, Quimby, and Collier reported finds credence to the conjecture that this pestle 1978 "A Gneiss Roller Pestle and Three Quarter of bell-shaped pestles of stone in some may have been used in a hollowed-out Grooved Axe." Ohio Archaeologist, 28(1): 20. Whittlesey sites in Northern Ohio (1955: mortar rather than on a flat stone is the Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier 1955 Indians Before Columbus. University of 282) and of small, biscuit-shaped manos fact that a large 3-inch chip has been Chicago Press, pp. 282, 286. of stone in some Fort Ancient sites in knocked off one end, suggesting possible Miles, Charles southern Ohio (1955: 286). breakage in the act of pounding grains or 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North America. Robert N. Converse has observed that nuts or other edibles in the bowl of the Bonanza Books, New York. pp. 44, 46-47, 53, the most common stone pestles found in mortar. Or it may reflect more recent 74-75. damage when brought to the surface by a Morris, Robert W. Ohio are bell-shaped while the majority of 1981 "Variations in Shape and Composition of Some those found in Kentucky are conical. (See plow, as suggested by the lighter color Prehistoric Ohio Pestles." Ohio Archaeologist, Converse, 1973: 24.) Least common are about the break. (See Figure 2.) 31(4): 31-36. the roller pestles, some of which are truly Largest of all the pestles in my 1986 "Roller Pestle Varieties From Ohio." Ohio cylindrical suggesting their use in rolling collection, it measures 12 3/4 inches in Archaeologist, 36(1): 28-29. back and forth on a flat surface. Other so- Otto, Martha Potter length and 2 to 2 3/8 inches in cross- 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The Ohio Historical called roller pestles are in fact "somewhat section. Its weight is one ounce over three Society, Columbus, p. 17. rectangular in cross-section, suggesting pounds. Dark brown in color on its Shriver, Phillip R. that they were pushed rather than rolled." weathered exterior, it has been shaped 1984 "An Archaic Bell-Shaped Pestle From the Raisch- (Converse, 1973:14.) from a hard crystalline glacial rock which Smith Area." Ohio Archaeologist, 34(4): 13.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Brown quartzite rectangular-form roller pestle from Floyd County, Indiana. Measuring 12 3/4 inches in length, it weighs 3 pound and one ounce.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same roller pestle showing large 3 inch chip knocked off one end either through usage or being rolled up by a plow.

9 ANCHOR PENDANTS by Steve Fuller Wooster, Ohio

Anchor pendants first make their ship. On the right is a pendant from Ohio, tionally long being 6 1/4 inches. It also is appearance in the Early Woodland made of light gray banded slate with a made of gray banded slate. (Converse 1978 - 72). In Ohio they are yellow patina. It is 5 inches long and has probably Adena although none has been the typical hole placement very close to Reference found in an Adena mound that I know of. the upper squared end. Converse, Robert N., Typically they are fairly thick which is On the left is an anchor pendant 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeological typical of Adena gorgets and pendants. originally collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser Society of Ohio, Columbus The illustration shows two classic from Hancock County, Ohio. It is excep­ anchor pendants of outstanding workman-

Fig. 1 (Fuller) Anchor pendants from Ohio.

10 A HOPEWELL GORGET by Dale and Betty Roberts Mt. Sterling, Iowa 52573

This large Hopewell gorget was which was sold in St. Louis, Missouri. It is The perforations on the lower side have originally in the Foersterling collection made of slate and is 5 3/8 inches long. circles engraved around them.

Fig. 1 (Roberts) Obverse and reverse of Hopewell gorget. A GLACIAL KAME SPINEBACK GORGET by Dale and Betty Roberts Mt. Sterling, Iowa 52573 This highly developed spineback gorget is made from light green banded slate with yellow inclusions. It is 4 1/2 inches long and 1 5/8 inches high. It was found in Portage County, Ohio and has R. T. Chapman on it in white ink.

Fig. 1 (Roberts) Portage County spineback gorget.

11 TWO-PART POINT by Jerrel C. Anderson 22 Ashwood Drive Vienna, W.V 26105

Point tips broken from what must have break, then it must have been caused by type of break is the edge spalling been 20 inch spearheads are common lateral pressure or by dropping on a hard illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. No obvious finds for us surface hunters. One such tip surface. Close examination of the break rust marks are present around the edge was found by me on a favorite Pickaway eliminates both possibilities. spall on this dovetail, but it still is a very County site in the spring of 1981. It was The break was caused by farm recent break as evidenced by the lack of just 1.5 inches long and made from a gray equipment. Each half has iron oxide (rust) patina on the break faces. The rest of this flint tending toward tan at the break. It was deposits at the break edges marking the point is highly patinated. Another factor beveled with very delicate pressure flaking. spots where the implement struck the speaking against it being an ancient About that time I started to map the point. It is interesting that the implement break or intentionally made feature is the better sites and to record the approximate strike points on the two halves do not nature of the flake scars. They are find locations on them with the artifact coincide at the same spot on the face of irregular and jagged and are not caused numbers. The reason for this mapping the original point. Evidently the first by individual flakes being purposely came from the realization that several of contact broke the point and then another removed by a flint knapper. the sites I hunt show definite artifact contact was made, probably within There is evidence of a sharp implement concentrations from different cultural microseconds, on the broken-off tip. Both creating the spalled-out section. A narrow periods. The site of concern here is impacts were hard enough to spall the scar is present at one end of the section multicomponent. Adena concentrations break faces and abrade some steel from and it appears to be the cause (Figure 5). are present as well as a concentration of the implement which has since reacted Inspection of this scar with a stereo early archaic artifacts at one end of the with water and oxygen to form iron oxide. microscope revealed two facts: (I) two site. The broken tip was found in the The oxide deposits are plainly visible in parallel scars less than 0.1 inch apart are archaic area and has the beveling typical Figures 2 and 3 as dark stains along the present, and (2) minute rust deposits are for certain points of that period. break edges. present on the blade face just before and In 1985, I hunted the site again and The landowner uses several imple­ at the scar edges and more rust is found the base of an archaic bevel. It was ments: chisel plow, moldboard plow, present on the spall surfaces themselves. battered with both barbs missing and with rotary cultivator, and disc. The implement Again the disc is the likely culprit. If the multiple chips on the break face. I recorded that caused the break could have been point was lying edge upward, the disc this artifact into the site record, and, while the most abhorred by artifact collectors - would crush straight down on it. The marking it on the map, the memory of the the rotary cultivator. This implement resulting breakage would minimize gray tip came to mind. A quick search pulled by a speeding John Deere has to abrasion and little steel would be through the collection secured the 1981 tip. be one of the most awesome percussion transferred onto the artifact. The pieces fit together to form a point just flakers of all time. However, the evidence My experience here shows that finding short of 3 inches long (Figure 1). That's a indicates a pressure/crunching type of a broken artifact does not mean it will long way from 20 inches; but then, archaic break probably made by the disc. The forever remain incomplete. If the break bevels were not generally made in extreme iron oxide stain cuts across the point face face appears recent and rust marks are lengths. Even so, this point had obviously from right to left as seen in Figure 3. The present at the break, the other half could been resharpened many, many times by its pressure broke the point in two and be very nearby. Some probing or user. snapped out a section of flint leaving a persistent hunting in future seasons could Finding the two halves of a point in the gap in the right half of the break. The disc uncover it. Even when the break appears same location is a rare event. If it were an blade then crunched out a number of ancient, there is always the remote ancient break, one would expect the two chips on the base break edge and then chance of finding the other half - it might halves to have been widely separated rolled on to do the same to the break be miles distant, close by, or it could be and particularly so if the artifact was a edge on the tip half. A rotary cultivator just an ancient arm's throw away! projectile point. The cases described by would probably have punched out chips Gramly (1982) for the Vail site are prime on each half at the same spot. Reference examples. However, the archaic bevel Damage to flint artifacts caused by Gramly, Richard Michael was probably most used as a knife and it farm equipment is not always easy to 1982 The Vail Site: A Paleo-lndian would be more likely that the two pieces identify, for readily apparent rust deposits Encampment in Maine, Bulletin of the would be on the same site. If an ancient might not be present. A fairly common Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 30.

12 **•»*. :s»*

Fig. 1 (Anderson) Non-impact side of the Fig. 2 (Anderson) Impacted side of the point. Fig. 3 (Anderson) Close-up of the impacted archaic bevel point. Note the chipped out gap Note the rust stain coming from the left edge side of the broken archaic bevel point. Note in the break which lies opposite the point of across the break. The break initiated at the left the iron oxide rust stains at the chipped out initial breakage. This point is 7.30cm (2.88 followed by the crunching out of the chipped areas on the break faces and the rust stain inches) long. areas on the base break edge and then on the coming in from the left edge of the point. separated tip break edge.

Fig. 4 (Anderson) Photo of edge-spalled dovetail showing the side Fig. 5 (Anderson) Close-up view of the edge spall from the impacted opposite from the impact. The stem break appears old but the edge side showing the two scars at the rear of the spall area. Small rust spall is recent as evidenced by the lack of a patina on the spalled deposits appear to be present (arrows). area. This point is 9.3cm (3.66 inches) long.

13 SMALL ANVILS: A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PREHISTORIC TOOL by Wm Jack Hranicky PO Box 11256 Alexandria, Virginia 22312

Prehistoric use of the anvils has been The anvil method was used to strike Callahan, Errett known in archaeology for many years; controlled flakes in the early stages of 1987 An Evaluation of the Lithic Technology in however, these tools are poorly studied reduction. Figure 2 shows the anvil Middle Sweden During the Mesolithic and and reported in the literature. They are technique for removing flakes. Whether or Neolithic. Aun 8, Societas Archaeologica frequently called pitted or lap stones. The not the anvil was used to remove flutes is Upsaliensis. pitting is usually confined to one spot, debatable. There are numerous ways for which is the result of using the stone in a knapper to remove flakes, for example Converse, Robert N. the manufacture of stone tools. Hodge holding a blank stone in the hand, in a 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. Archaeological Society (1912:63) comments: clamp, between the knees or feet, on the of Ohio. "The worker in stone sometimes ground, or on another stone. The used a solid rock body on which to technique essentially remains in the Hodge, Frederick W. break and roughly shape masses of knapper's ability to work with a given 1912 Handbook of American Indians North of flint and other stone. These are stone. Mexico. Part I, Smithsonian Institution, found on many sites where stone References Bureau of American Ethnology, Bui. 30, was quarried and wholly or partially Bordaz, Jacques Washington, DC. worked into shape, the upper 1970 Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. surface showing the marks of rough American Museum of Natural History, usage, while fragments of stone left Natural History Press, Garden City, NY. by the workmen are scattered about." The earliest date for these tools is generally the Early Archaic (Converse 1973). Early assessments are difficult because of the lack of stratigraphic evidences or dates from archaeological contexts. From a worldwide perspective, the anvil technique dates to the Choukoutienian period (Bordaz 1970). This technique is generally called the bipolar knapping technique. The anvil technique is suggested here as a basic technique for Paleo-lndians, which was carried into the New World. Figure 1 shows an anvilstone found on the Williamson Paleo-lndian site in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. While it is a surface find, it was found in an area that has an extremely high flake-and-chip count. Although Palmer and Kirk points have been found at Williamson, the vast majority of tools are Paleo-lndian. Figure 1 shows the indented, abraded, and battered areas. The tool functioned primarily as an anvil, but it was used as a hammerstone. One linear area shows wear from being used as an edger for secondary flaking. The indentions are deep which suggest it was used extensively. When anvils were used only a few times, they are difficult to identify; thus, all stones of this size on a site must be examined carefully. Also, Callahan (1987:46) suggests that large, nearby boulders were used as anvils; thus, they may not even be present in the archaeological context. The Williamson site stone weights 963.9 g, and measures L = 105, W = 88, and T = 78 mm. It is made from a gray quartzite and has most of the original cortex remaining. It has three deeply pitted areas, one abrading area, and one linear, slightly pitted area. Fig. 1 (Hranicky) Anvilstone from Dinwiddie County, Virginia.

14 Fig. 2 (Hranicky) Anvilstone Technique of Knapping (From Bordaz 1970). Stone-knapping methods. The examples shown are divided horizontally according to the way in which the force is applied (by direct percussion, indirect percussion, and pressure flaking). Indirect percussion usually refers only to the technique shown in 4. However, in the wider meaning used here, it refers to all the methods that combine the strong impetus of a striking hammer (as in direct percussion) with the precision resulting from placing the part of the blank that is to be flaked directly in contact with a flaking device, retoucheur or anvil (as in pressure flaking). The left side of the table shows methods by which a moving force removes flakes from a stationary blank. The right side shows examples where the stone to be knapped is moved by percussion or pressure against a stationary object. The bipolar method (2) crosscuts the dividing lines, since it involves a double process in which both the mobile hammer, by direct percussion, and the stationary anvil, by indirect percussion, remove flakes from the blank. The arrows indicate the general direction of the force used, generally a sort of glancing blow or pressure which, at the same time, compresses and tears away the flake to be removed. The individual components of such a force are indicated. A piece of soft material, such as the folded skin (4 and 6), is used to prevent the detached flake from breaking on impact with a hard surface.

15 A CANCER IN OUR MIDST by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

The growing number of reports of long-hand on one of the blade faces. belongs, available for all to see and artifacts disappearing from museum (See Figure 2.) When the piece was appreciate for generations to come. collections and research laboratories in accessioned by the Butler County Anyone having such information is asked recent months has focused attention on a Museum in 1985, the accession number to get in touch with Mrs. Helen Miller at cancer-like malignancy now spreading in — 2.85 — was inscribed in ink on the the Butler County Museum, 327 North our midst that we all need to be alarmed obverse face. (See Figure 1.) Shaped from Second Street, Hamilton, Ohio 45011. about — theft! dark gray glossy flint, the point measures 4 Theft, whether for personal greed or for In the summer 1988 issue of this 5/8 inches in length, and 2 1/4 inches in subsequent marketing of stolen antiq­ journal appeared notices of a "Theft at width and shows a large percussion flake uities, is totally reprehensible. And it is Flint Ridge State Memorial." It described struck off its reverse side. (See Figure 2.) going on across the world as well as here a break-in at that museum in east central Displaying classic Archaic form, it is in Ohio. Indeed, it is the subject of the Ohio and resultant loss of a variety of corner-notched, convex-based, thin and lead article of the November 1989 projectile points, knives, drills and symmetrical. Newsletter of the Archaeological Institute scrapers, all of Flint Ridge flint. A few According to Mrs. Helen Miller, Curator of America. But hasn't the time come for months later, in the winter 1989 issue, of the Museum, this spear point was all of us who have a deep and abiding there appeared an eleven-page report taken from its display case at about 3:00 interest in the heritage of this land and its from the University of Toledo entitled "A p.m. on Tuesday, September 12, 1989, by people to say "Enough is enough?" Tabulation and Analysis of Stolen a man described as in his forties, Hasn't the time come to put an end to this Antiquities from the Historic Ottawa Cabin approximately 5'10" tall, about 150 cancer in our midst? at the Frey Site." Listing as missing and pounds in weight, with light brown hair, a presumed stolen were artifacts originally receding hairline, and glasses that were Acknowledgements recovered from this Maumee River Valley significantly wider at the top than at the I want to express gratitude to Mrs. site in northwest Ohio, including silver bottom. (See Figure 3 for a composite Helen Miller, Curator of the Butler County armbands, an engraved silver crescent drawing.) He was dressed in black slacks, Historical Society Museum, not only for gorget, silver brooches, glass trade white shirt, and black tie. Because of the her many past kindnesses but for her beads, ceramic ware, and brass heat of the afternoon, he may have left a determination to see the missing Archaic ornaments and projectile points. Then in sport coat or suit coat in the car which he point restored to the Museum, where it the spring 1989 issue came another parked in front of the Museum. belongs. I am also indebted to the Miami report of a theft, headlined "A Cut and When the man entered the Museum, University Audio Visual Service for the Polished Eagle Femur from (33-SA-9): he was asked to fill out a registration photographs used as Figures 1 and 2. One of Several Artifacts Missing from the form, which is customary for all visitors. Archaeological Teaching Laboratory at But the name he used ("Peter Snease"), References the University of Toledo." Described as a the Columbus address he gave ("3132 Bechtel, Susan K. and Gene R. Edwards probable Mississippian Wolf phase Griggs"), and the zip code he provided 1989 "A Cut and Polished Eagle Femur from artifact recovered from the Pearson site ("43224" altered to "43024") all proved (33-Sa-9): One of Several Artifacts northeast of Fremont, the bald eagle later to be fictitious. (See Figure 4.) Missing from the Archaeological Teaching femur was engraved with what appeared During the course of the guided tour of Laboratory at the University of Toledo." to be a raptorial bird with wings the Museum, the man expressed Ohio Archaeologist, 39(2): 23-24.) outstretched as if in flight. Missing and particular interest in the Indian artifact also presumed stolen from the same collection. He was left alone briefly in the Coggins, Clemency Chase research and teaching laboratory was an Indian artifact room. When the guide 1989 "On Loving Archaeology." Newsletter of elk antler axe handle. returned a few minutes later, the principal the Archaeological Institute of America, And now comes yet another report of a artifact display case was open, the 5(2): 1,3. theft, this of a prized Archaic spear point Hopewell spear was gone, and so was from the Butler County Historical Society the man. Miller, Helen Museum in Hamilton in southwestern The theft of the Archaic spear has been 1989 Personal correspondence, November 30, Ohio. (See Figures 1 and 2.) Ironically, under police investigation since December 18. this very point was one about which this September 12. Because of the availability author had written an article in November of the composite picture of the suspect, Otto, Martha Potter 1988 for the Ohio Archaeologist, an together with a description of his 1988 "Theft at Flint Ridge State Memorial." article entitled "A Large Butler County appearance and a copy of his handwriting, Ohio Archaeologist, 38(3): 48. Archaic Spear." As of this writing there is reasonable prospect that this case 1990 Personal correspondence, January 19. (December 1989) that article has not yet may yet be solved. Needed now is the been published. help of the two thousand members of the Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel Found in the 1870s by Wilhelm Kramer Archaeological Society of Ohio as well as 1989 "A Tabulation and Analysis of Stolen in the Hamilton area, the point was the other subscribers to this journal from Antiquities from the Historic Ottawa presented by him to Elizabeth Verndran, across the nation who may be able to Cabin at the Frey Site." Ohio later Mrs. George Wiesmann, when she provide information that could help solve Archaeologist, 39(1): 26-37. was a child. Her familiar childhood name, this theft and bring about the return of the Lizzie Verndran, was written in ink in missing point to the Museum where it

16 Fig. 1 (Shriver) The large classic archaic point reported stolen from the Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same point, showing the name of Butler County Historical Society Museum on September 12, 1989. It "Lizzie Verndran" written on it in long-hand, in ink, at the time it was measures 4 5/8 inches in length and 2 1/4 inches in width and was stolen. Quite evident is the large percussion scar on this blade face. shaped from a glossy gray flint. The inked accession number "2.85" was on the obverse side of the point at the time it was stolen.

N2 1268

j>(^ *.., * Name

AddtcM // Cok- City

State Zip '

Amount $.

Fig. 4 (Shriver) Registration form filled out by the suspect at the time of the theft of the point. A fictitious name and address was used. Fig. 3 (Shriver) Composite picture of the man believed to have stolen the spear point from the Butler County Museum on September 12, 1989.

17 ANOTHER EXOTIC HOPEWELL MATERIAL by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Dr. Plain City, Ohio 43064

Taking old archaeological reports at have archaeologists realized that some of face value is often risky. Many I9th the large Hopewell spears are made of century observations were inaccurate, Knife River flint, a fact known to collectors some were based on misconceptions, for over half a century. It is also possible and some were figments of imagination. that such stone as fluorite from Illinois or In a great many instances materials are agatized coral from Florida could be in misidentified simply because a century museum collections and go unrecognized. ago the wide variety of material sources These observations notwithstanding, the exploited by prehistoric people were total lack of reference to manganese unknown and there was no ready garnet - save that of Squier and Davis in literature for reference on the subject. 1847 - led me to believe that there was no However, the reader of some of the I9th such material. century reports will sometimes be However, the discovery of the Hopewell impressed by the accuracy and point shown in the color photograph knowledge of the writers of those reports. reveals that, indeed, Squier and Davis When I first read Ancient Monuments were correct in their observations of 140 of the Mississippi Valley, the first years ago. This small spear point was publication of the newly founded found on the surface just west of Smithsonian Institution written by Edwin Bainbridge, Ohio, by Barry Grandstaff at a H. Davis and Ephraim Squier in 1849, I location not many miles from the Seip assumed that one of the descriptions of a earthworks and the Bourneville earthworks, material found at Mound City was both large Hopewell monuments. probably inaccurate. They were opening First impression of the point is that it is some of the first Hopewell mounds in exceedingly heavy and, in fact, feels like North America and had no background hematite. Its surface is exceptionally references on Hopewell to guide them glossy and at a glance looks like and thus could probably be forgiven for obsidian. It is, however, when the point is their lack of knowledge. One of their held to the light that the true identity of passages which I thought to be wrong the stone is revealed since it is regarded Mound #3 - and it is quoted: translucent and transmits light showing Quartz crystal is not that uncommon and the purple-red color of garnet. When I first is easily identified. Manganese garnet is saw it, and before I handled it, I knew another matter, and I concluded that that, here at last was a confirmed Squier and Davis had simply misidentified example of what Squier and Davis were an unfamiliar stone or flint imported by talking about. Hopewell. In all the museum and private Dr. John Medici of Dublin, Ohio, is a collections I had seen, never had a piece nationally known expert on rock and of this exotic stone appeared. Neither had minerals and a member of the ASO as I seen it mentioned in the number of well a a good friend. His assessment of Hopewell reports written on the classic the point is as follows: sites. Hopewell displays at the Field "The point had to be made from an Museum and at the Ohio Historical Society exceptionally large crystal of a garnet do not include any material labeled as known as spessarite (magnesium garnet. However, it is possible that this aluminum silicate). Crystals large enough elusive stone may have been present in to produce a point of this size would be museum collections and gone unrec­ unusual. Even though the mineral breaks ognized, but in view of the myriad of with a choncoidal fracture, it would have Hopewell scholars, who unlike non­ required a great deal of skill to chip a professionals, are privileged to examine projectile point from it since nearly all Hopewell collections, it is unlikely that the crystals contain fractures and flaws. stone could be overlooked. Nevertheless Spessarite garnet occurs in North much Hopewell exotic material has been Carolina and it is probably from this area misidentified by present day archae­ that the Hopewell traders obtained it." ologists simply because they are not Thus, garnet may be added to the long familiar with many kinds of stone used by list of exotic materials imported by Ohio the Indians. For example, the famous 14 Hopewell. inch Pricer spear from the Seip works is made of novaculite rather than quartzite, the tall-bowled Tremper pipes are catlinite Fig. 1 (Converse) Hopewell point made of and not Ohio pipestone, and only recently garnet from Ross County, Ohio. Point is shown actual size.

18 WINGED BANNERSTONES AND A BIRDSTONE by Mel Wilkins 155 Seriff Dr. Lima, Ohio 45807

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Top Row - Huntington Co., Indiana. Tiffin, Sandusky Co., Ohio. Ross Co., Ohio, ex-Meuser. Second Row - Richland Co., Ohio, ex- Meuser. Hillsdale Co., Michigan. Third Row - Michigan, engraved. Ohio, ex-Wehrle, 6 1/2 inches. New Stark, Hancock Co., Ohio. Miniature bannerstone, Tulton Co., Ohio. Fourth Row-Ansonia, Darke Co., Ohio. Seneca Co., Ohio. Delphi, Carroll Co., Indiana.

Fig. 2 (Wilkins) This birdstone is made of red banded slate. It was found in Wyandot County, Ohio, in the 1940's. Along with the birdstone was a a broken birdstone head of green slate and a bone awl. In addition to these three pieces, an Adena quadriconcave gorget was also found but its present whereabouts is unknown.

19 A CHEROKEE NAMED TSALI by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Every Indian nation has its heroes. spoke in Cherokee the soldiers, although regions of North Carolina, Tennessee, About each one a web of legend as well they heard, understood nothing until each Georgia, and Alabama. (See King, n.d.) as historical fact has been woven. warrior suddenly sprang upon the one Forced from their lands in the south, Principal among the Miami heroes is nearest and endeavored to wrench his several hundred Cherokees migrated into Mishikinakwa, the Little Turtle, victor over gun from him. The attack was so sudden Ohio in the years between 1751 and the armies of Harmar and St. Clair in the and unexpected that one soldier was 1795, living in Shawnee, Mingo, struggle to keep the Ohio country forever killed and the rest fled, while the Indians Delaware, and Wyandot towns as well as Indian. Among the Shawnees it is escaped to the mountains. Hundreds of in a settlement of their own at the Tecumseh, the Shooting Star, the "Panther others, some of them from the various headwaters of the Scioto River. (See in the Sky" who came closest of all Indian stockades, managed also to escape to Tanner, 1978: 94-101; Shriver, 1983: 20- leaders to uniting the tribes in a powerful the mountains from time to time, where 21; Buchman, 1976: 4; Knopf, 1960: 263; Indian federation. Among the nearly 9,000 those who did not die of starvation American State Papers, 1832: 582.) Most members of the Eastern Band of the subsisted on roots and wild berries until Cherokees, however, remained in the Cherokees it is Tsali, one who gave his life the hunt was over. Finding it imprac­ mountains of the south. (See Figure 3.) 150 years ago while resisting Cherokee ticable to secure these fugitives, General In 1828, with the election of Andrew removal to Oklahoma. (See Figure 1.) Scott finally tendered them a proposition, Jackson of Tennessee to the presidency, According to Duane H. King (1979: through [Colonel] W.H. Thomas, their the fate of the Indian tribes east of the 165-166), former Director of the Museum most trusted friend, that if they would Mississippi was sealed, for the old Indian of the Cherokee Indian at Cherokee, surrender Charley and his party for fighter had vowed to remove them all to North Carolina, Tsali's presumed role in punishment, the rest would be allowed to the "Indian Territory" west of the Cherokee history "constitutes the most remain until their case could be adjusted Mississippi, principally the area now important story in the Eastern Band of by the government. On hearing of the known as Oklahoma. Cherokees' oral tradition, and most proposition, Charley voluntarily came in "On December 29, 1835, a small members of the Band are familiar with at with his sons, offering himself as a number of Cherokees despairingly signed least one of the accounts. Although sacrifice for his people. By command of the Treaty of New Echota. The treaty was numerous versions persist, the most General Scott, Charley, his brother, and ratified by Congress on May 23, 1836, in recurrent beliefs are the following: The the two elder sons were shot near the spite of petitions signed by over fifteen ancestors of the present-day Eastern mouth of the Tuckasegee, a detachment thousand Cherokees denouncing it as a Cherokees fled to the mountains in 1838 of Cherokee prisoners [under Chief fraud. The treaty ceded the entire in order to escape removal. Considered Utsala, or 'Euchella'] being compelled to remaining Cherokee territory east of the outlaws, they were hunted by the United do the shooting in order to impress upon Mississippi in exchange for five million States Army. One family that was the Indians the fact of their utter dollars and equivalent holdings in the captured was headed by a man named helplessness. From those fugitives thus Indian Territory. The Cherokees were given Tsali. Provoked by continual prodding by permitted to remain originated the present two years in which to remove. By May, the soldiers, the members of the family eastern band of Cherokees." (See also 1838, only 2,000 Cherokees had turned upon the guards, killing one or Kutsche, 1963:338-339.) voluntarily emigrated, and 7,000 state and more, and made their escape. General According to King (1979: 166), the Tsali federal troops [under command of General [Winfield S.] Scott, angered by the story is not only ingrained in the oral Winfield Scott] were sent to the Nation to incident, but weary of chasing the tradition of the Eastern Band of enforce the terms of the agreement." Cherokees, offered a compromise. If Cherokees, "but it is also reinforced by (Quoted from King, 1979:164-165.) those responsible for the deaths of the the [Qualla] reservation's only outdoor On June 8, 1838, Scott began the forced soldiers were punished, all others hiding drama ["Unto These Hills"], which has re­ removal of the Cherokees from their in the mountains could remain in North created the tragedy six nights a week mountain homes, initially rounding them up Carolina. When the message was throughout the summer months since into 24 makeshift stockades. By April, 1839, delivered by Will Thomas [a highly 1950. (See Figure 2.) Unfortunately, the more than 16,000 men, women, and respected Indian trader and adopted account cherished by the majority of the children had been dispatched from these Cherokee], Tsali and his sons voluntarily Eastern Band and accepted by the stockades on a thousand-mile trek to the surrendered and sacrificed their lives for several million tourists who have Indian Territory, under military escort. Most their people. As the ultimate humiliation, witnessed the play is at best a traveled overland, following wagon trails, on other Cherokees were forced to execute romanticized version of an important horseback, on foot. Others traveled by the prisoners. Had it not been for Tsali's period of Cherokee history." steamboat down the Tennessee, Ohio, sacrifice, no Cherokees would be in North Oral tradition aside, what does history Mississippi, and Arkansas rivers, finishing Carolina today." have to say about Tsali and his resistance the journey overland to Oklahoma. More A more detailed though somewhat to Cherokee removal? than 4,000 died en route, of malnutrition, different version is that provided by At the time of the coming of the disease, and exposure, particularly during James Mooney in his Myths of the Europeans, the lands of the Cherokee the harsh winter months of 1838-1839. Cherokee (1900: 131): "One old man extended from the Ohio River southward Because of the enormity of suffering and named Tsali, 'Charley,' was seized with nearly 500 miles, across parts of the tragedy, the Cherokee removal has been his wife, his brother, his three sons and present states of Kentucky, Tennessee, called to this day the "Trail of Tears." (See their families. Exasperated at the brutality West Virginia, North and South Carolina, Foreman, 1932; Woodward, 1963; Carter, accorded his wife, who, being unable to Alabama, and Georgia. Between 1721 1976; Abbey, 1975; King and Evans, 1978.) travel fast, was prodded with bayonets to and 1819, a series of treaties and resul­ Not all the Cherokees were rounded up hasten her steps, he urged the other men tant land cessions had reduced Cherokee and removed. Some, on the Oconaluftee to join him in a dash for liberty. As he tribal claims to adjoining mountainous River, had already broken away from

20 many of their tribal ties and had become liberty to employ , [you] will the parties now in march for the identified as "Citizen Cherokees" by the summon. . .the fugitives to come in, west. The thirty-one Indians whom I U.S. Government. (These were not to be and after or before summons fire had released, all belonging to disturbed according to orders from upon any warrior who may disobey Euchellas band with him (& the General Scott. It is King's belief [1979: 177] you or run from the troops under Oconeelufty Indians under "The that "the Citizen Indians, comprised of your command .... Flying Squirrel"). Their Fathers, approximately seventy households, When you shall have done Brothers, & Husbands, pursued, [ultimately] formed the nucleus of what enough to satisfy National honor in captured, & finally punished, the became the Eastern Band of Cherokee respect to the murders and outlaws & murderers, in conse­ Indians.") Others, perhaps as many as murderers mentioned - or all, in the quence of which, I permitted them to 300, hid out in the dense forests of matter within your means [-] and stay in the mountains, . . . western North Carolina, including shall have assured yourself of the Having succeeded in my trip approximately 30 followers of Chief Utsala, safety of our citizens in the region beyond my warmest hopes and also called Euchella, from the Nantahala to be secured, bringing away for expectations. area. To capture those still in hiding, Scott emigration to the west as many of I am General with highest respect in August 1838 ordered mounted Army the fugitive Indians (other than the Your Obt. Serf. dragoons and Indian runners to go up into murderers) as practicable [, you] Wm. S. Foster, Col. the mountains to ferret them out. (See will return to the agency and take U.S. Army Kutsche, 1963:330-334.) hence the route to Arkansas from On October 30, 1838, Second Lieu­ which the present expedition has A decade after the execution of Tsali, it tenant Andrew Jackson Smith, with a for a time, diverted the regiments was reported that his final words, spoken detachment of mounted 1st Dragoons, under your command. to his captor, executioner, and fellow captured 12 members of the family of a Wishing you prompt success in Cherokee, Euchella (who with his 60-year-old Cherokee named Tsali near your expedition. followers had been a fugitive for nearly a the mouth of the Tuckasegee River. Tsali, I remain with great respect your year until he finally gave himself up to the better known as "Charley" or "Old ob.t. servt. U.S. Army and then participated in the Charley" to the whites, was among the Winfield Scott search for Tsali and his family), were captives. According to a recent these: "And is it by your hands, Euchella, publication of the Museum of the On December 3, 1838, Colonel Foster that I am to die? We have been brothers Cherokee Indian (1988: 115-116), "As submitted the following report to General together; but Euchella has promised to be they were being escorted toward the Scott concerning the accomplishments of the white man's friend, and he must do stockade, one of the soldiers prodded his mission: (See King and Evans, 1979: his duty, and poor Tsali is to suffer Tsali's wife sharply with a bayonet, 230-231.) because he loved his country. 0, ordering her to walk faster. Already bitter, Euchella! If the Cherokee people now this unjust treatment angered Tsali and he Sir: beyond the Mississippi carried my heart grappled with the soldier. Tearing away I have the honor to report that I in their bosoms, they never would have his weapon, Tsali used it to kill him. At the returned to this place [the left this beautiful native land - their own same time, Tsali's brother fell on another headquarters of the Cherokee mountain land. I am not afraid to die; 0, soldier and killed him as well, and a third Agency] on the evening of the 29th no, I want to die, for my heart is very was wounded. Before the rest of the ult. with the troops, who are greatly heavy, heavier than lead. But, Euchella, detachment could act, the Cherokees had fatigued. I shall execute your there is one favor that I would ask at your vanished back into the forest-clad instructions for the march of the hands. You know that I had a little boy mountains they knew so well." Regt. as soon as possible ... [Wasidani] who was lost among the The ensuing terse (and occasionally In my letter to you of the ult. I state mountains. [Actually, the boy had already ungrammatical) communication of that of the twelve murderers, eleven been captured by U.S. troops under November 7, 1838, from General Winfield had been taken & that of the five Colonel Foster, who had directed that his S. Scott, Commander of the Eastern males - three had been executed by life be spared.] I want you to find that boy, Division of the U.S. Army, to Colonel the Cherokees themselves in the if he is not dead, and tell him that the last William S. Foster, Commander of the 4th presence of the 4th Regt. in line of words of his father were that he must U.S. Infantry, was quite explicit: (See King battle, & also that one from his youth I never go beyond the Father of Waters, and Evans, 1979:217-218.) have with me a prisoner, I have now but die in the land of his birth. It is sweet to state that "Old Charley" himself to die in one's own country, and to be Sir: was finally captured & executed by buried by the margin of one's native You are aware that, within a week Wa-chu-cha & Euchilla at noon on stream." (See Lanman,1849: 112-114, on the Little Tennessee in the the 25th ult. the day after I marched... quoted in King and Evans, 1979: 235, and mountains of North Carolina, a The honor of the Nation has been in Kutsche, 1963: 338-339.) According to party of the Cherokee prisoners fully cared for, as well as the honors Lanman, after a blindfold had been placed rose upon the guard commanded of the Regt. to which I belong. At & over Tsali's eyes, a little delay occurred in by Lieutenant Smith and killed two over the graves of their murdered the order of execution, when Tsali gently of his men, wounding a third. commrades, funeral honors were raised the blindfold and saw a dozen of Euchella's warriors in the very act of firing. The individuals guilty of this paid; for twelve days the men of the "He then replaced the cloth, without unprovoked outrage must be shot Regt. passed the mountains, manifesting the least anxiety or moving a down. . . outlying Cherokees who crossed the streams & threaded the muscle, and in a moment more the poor have disregarded the. . . often valleys of the country in which savage was weltering in his blood." repeated orders and entreaties both detachments of from two to sixty of the U. States authorities and men in search of the outlaws or in Duane H. King has observed that "the those of their own tribes can now hunting parties prepared for battle or only group affected by the capture of be considered as so many outlaws. for game.... Tsali's family was Euchella's band of . . . [Using] the Indian runners with I captured no fugitives either from fugitives from the Nantahala area. . . . you and others whom you are at the camps of last summer or from Euchella's band, though at first unwilling,

21 eventually tracked, captured, and American State Papers Knopf, Richard C, editor executed the murderers. . . .the 1832 Indian Affairs. Class II. 2 volumes. See 1960 Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms. executions of Tsali and his sons gave the particularly page 582 of Volume I, University of Pittsburgh Press. other fugitive Indians a chance to containing an invitation dated August 3, disassociate themselves from the 1795, from General Anthony Wayne to Kutsche, Paul murderers and demonstrate their loyalty the Cherokees settled on the head 1963 "The Tsali Legend." Ethnohistory, 10: (or submission) to the federal waters of the Scioto River in central Ohio 329-355. government. At the same time it allowed to come immediately to Fort Greene Ville, the army to avoid being cast in the there to enter into the same terms of Lanman, Charles villainous role of shooting native peace as had just been signed by Wayne 1849 Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. Americans who loved their land enough with the principal tribes of the Old G.P. Putnam & Sons, New York. to fight for it. Tsali, who was captured and Northwest. executed after the troops had left, did not Mooney, James become a martyr to his people until long Bedford, Denton R. 1900 Myths of the Cherokees. Bureau of after the event had become obscured by 1972 Tsali. The Indian Historian Press. American Ethnology, I9th Annual Report, time (See King, 1979:177.) Parti. Though the accounts vary and though it Buchman, Randall L. is too much to hope that facts blurred by 1976 The Historic Indian in Ohio. The Ohio Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe time can now be entirely reconstructed American Revolution Bicentennial 1851 The American Indians, Their History, 150 years later, it is significant that to the Advisory Commission/ The Ohio Condition and Prospects, from Original Cherokees Tsali has indeed become a Historical Society. Columbus. Notes and Manuscripts. Wanzer, Foot martyr. According to Cherokee Heritage and Co., Rochester, New York. (1988: 106), "Out of the entire Cherokee Carter, Samuel 1857 History of the Indian Tribes of the United Nation, only Tsali defied forced removal 1976 Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. States: Their Present Condition and with violence. The Treaty of New Echota Doubleday Publishing Company. Prospects and a Sketch of Their Ancient left all Cherokees with three choices: to Status. Part IV of the Series, J.B. give up their land and move to the west, Finger, John R. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia. to renounce their Cherokee citizenship, or 1979 "The Saga of Tsali: Legend Versus to move into the mountains and hope for Reality." North Carolina Historical Shriver, Phillip R. an accommodation with North Carolina. Review, 56(1). 1983 "Late Eighteenth Century Cherokee Only Tsali and his family made a fourth Presence in the Ohio Valley." Ohio choice. They made their choice in the old Foreman, Grant Archaeologist, 33(2): 20-21. manner - with blood on their weapons 1932 Indian Removal. University of Oklahoma and determination in their hearts. Tsali Press, Norman. Tanner, Helen Hornbeck died for his choice, and his death did 1978 "Cherokees in the Ohio Country." Journal nothing to change the situation. Gulick, John of Cherokee Studies, 3(2): 95-103. Nevertheless, Tsali did not die in vain, for 1960 Cherokees at the Crossroads. University as the years passed the story of how he of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Thorn, James Alexander made his choice for liberty or death was 1989 Panther in the Sky. Ballantine Books, often retold. With the telling, the story Harman, George D. New York. A novel based on the life of grew until the man merged with the myth 1929 "The North Carolina Cherokees and the Tecumseh. and Tsali became an immortal legend of New Echota Treaty of 1835." North the mountains and a fitting symbol for the Carolina Historical Review, 6 (July). Underwood, Tom B. unconquered spirit of the Cherokee 1961 The Story of the Cherokee People. people. Hodge, Frederick Webb and David I. Bushnell, Cherokee Publications, Cherokee, North Jr., editors Carolina. Acknowledgements 1933 The Indian Tribes of North America, by To the Museum of the Cherokee Indian Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall. 3 Witthoft, John and to the Walter Havighurst Special volumes. John Grant, Edinburgh, 1979 "Observations on Social Change Among Collections Library of Miami University go Scotland. the Eastern Cherokees." In Duane H. thanks for permission to photo-copy Ring, editor, The Cherokee Indian Nation: illustrative materials used in this article. King, Duane H. A Troubled History. University of Gratitude also goes to the staff and 1979 "The Origin of the Eastern Cherokees as Tennessee Press, Knoxville. guides as well as craftspeople of the a Social and Political Entity." In Duane H. Museum of the Cherokee Indian and of King, editor, The Cherokee Indian Nation: Woodward, Grace S. Oconoluftee Indian Village for special A Troubled History. University of 1963 The Cherokees. University of Oklahoma courtesies on the occasion of my recent Tennessee Press, Knoxville. Press, Norman. visit. They are doing significant work in 1988 Cherokee Heritage. Museum of the the interpretation of the history and Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, North prehistory of an important group of North Carolina, American Indians. n.d. Map: The Trail of Tears. Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, North References Carolina. Abbey, Edward 1975 "Natural and Human History." In Eliot King, Duane H. and E. Raymond Evans Porter, Appalachian Wilderness: The 1978 "Cherokee Removal." Journal of Great Smoky Mountains. Promontory Cherokee Studies, 3(3). Press and E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New 1979 "Tsali: The Man Behind the Legend." York. Journal of Cherokee Studies, 4(4).

22 1 if •<80 - 1B r i Fig. 1 (Shriver) Portrait of Tsali, from the Museum of the Cherokee kM Indian. Reproduced here with the permission of the Museum. r. 1 T -L ,*.••* 1 1 /"*• ^

T p r> Mm-' * flw*iB 4 ' -*• • mm* «c* i ^ir*"1 > 1 ' i^r "•^ST* \v'JS >V„ i-1 if J *» 4 F/g. 2 (Shriver) The Eagle Dance from the drama "Unto These Hills." Reproduced here from Cherokee Heritage, guidebook of the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, with permission of the museum.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Portrait of Tooan Tuh, the "Spring Frog," painted by Charles Bird king and included in the Indian Portrait Gallery assembled by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall in 1836. A remarkable athlete as well as Cherokee chief, Tooan Tuh was one of the earliest Cherokee leaders to cede his lands to the United States and move west of the Mississippi. In signing the Treaty of the Cherokee Agency on July 8, 1817, he affirmed his belief that for the Cherokees to survive as a people they had to leave their ancestral homes in the south.

23 A FRENCH-STYLE IRON SQUAW TRADE AXE FROM BUTLER COUNTY by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

With the exception of the Hueston pipe in combat, more efficient in cutting wood, blade suggests a good deal of service tomahawk (see Shriver, 1988), most of the and just as useful as a ceremonial object. before it was either discarded or lost. historic contact Indian materials in the Although it was an excellent weapon, the Acknowledgements collections of the Butler County Historical white man was not as reluctant to trade it Appreciation goes to Helen Miller, Society and Museum in Hamilton reflect as he was to dispense guns. The axe was Curator of the Butler County Historical the standard fare of inter-cultural trade also self-sufficient; it could function without Society and Museum, for her helpfulness between the European and the Native such components as powder and ball that in enabling me to examine the Indian American in the Ohio Valley of the 18th had to be obtained [and then replenished] artifact collection in the museum's century. One of these artifacts is a small from the traders. Thus the hatchet could custody, and to the Audio Visual Service French-style iron squaw trade axe shown and did spread rapidly through Indian trade of Miami University for the photographs of here in Figures 1 and 2. Displaying the routes far from the points of white contact, the squaw axe from that collection used corrosive effect of time, weather, and wear, reaching tribes and areas as yet unknown in this article. it is hardly the showpiece of the museum. to the few Europeans along the coast. As it References Yet it does offer mute testimony to the was absorbed, the single tomahawk or Baker, Stanley W. important role such forest tools played in hatchet replaced a number of more 1979 "Evidence for Early Blacksmithing in the the adaptive response of the Indian to the primitive specialized implements [such as Ohio Valley and the Occurrences of 'B- coming of the European. the celt and grooved axe, both of stone]. Stamped Trade Axes Near Piqua, Ohio." Harold L. Peterson, the Chief Curator of (See Peterson, 1971:8.) Ohio Archaeologist, 29(4): 28-33. the National Park Service of the United Robert Kuck has noted that "these early Brown, Leonard States Department of the Interior, has axes were hand-forged from wrought iron 1964 "Metal Trade Axes." Ohio Archaeologist, noted that the small metal trade tomahawk which is soft. In fact it is impossible to 14(3): 88-90. or belt axe in vogue in the 18th century in temper a wrought iron axe so that a hard Kuck, Robert frontier America has also been variously cutting edge can be obtained. Wear on 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Privately called the "squaw axe," the "hatchet," or the these soft tools was excessive, and to published. New Knoxville, Ohio. "half axe" (the last name derived from the overcome this deficiency axes of better Long, Russell J. era when most large axe blades flared out quality were equipped with steel cutting 1980 "Three Trade Tomahawks." Ohio symmetrically fore and aft, with the blade of edges. There seems to be two general Archaeologist,30{4): 22-23. the "half-axe" in contrast flaring only toward types of early axes which were used by the Peterson, Harold L. the hand, its opposite side being either Indians. Both were forged from a flat strip 1971 American Indian Tomahawks. Museum of straight or curved slightly in the same of metal....The strip was heated and forged the American Indian. Heye Foundation, direction). (See Peterson, 1971: 5-6, 89.) into a "U" shaped piece. An opening was New York. Other writers (see Kuck, 1977: 52-65, and left for the eye and the two arms of the "U" Pohrt, Richard A. Shriver, 1986: 4-7) have distinguished were then brought together and welded 1957 "Two Tomahawks and an Iron Pipe." Ohio between "squaw axes" and "belt axes" by Into a single piece in the forge. The eye Archaeologist, 7(2): 70-71. observing that the former were usually of was then finished to the desired shape...." Shriver, Phillip R. French design, without polls, and with (See Kuck, 1977:3-4.) 1982 "An Historic Contact Iron Trade Axe from the single-flaring blades, while the latter were Examination of the Butler County squaw Huron Valley." Ohio Archaeologist, 32(4): 7. usually of Anglo-American origin, had axe reveals that it, too, had been forged 1985 "Historic Contact Hammer Poll Toma­ weighted polls, and had shorter blades. from a single piece of flat strap iron. I have hawks." Ohio Archaeologist, 35(3): 4-5. In his still definitive work, American been unable to discern the addition of a 1986 "Squaw and Belt Axes." Ohio Indian Tomahawks, Peterson has written second cutting edge of steel. Its eye is Archaeologist, 36(1): 4-7. that "almost from the moment the Indian elongated rather than round, enabling the 1988 "The Hueston Pipe Tomahawk." Ohio first saw the metal hatchet or tomahawk he axe-head to be wedge-shaped. Only 3 1/2 Archaeologist, 39(1): 38-41. coveted it, and sought to possess one for inches high, 2 1/8 inches wide at the blade, Wachtel, H.C. himself. The efficiency of the new imple­ and 1 1/2 inches thick at the haft, the axe- 1956 "The Tomahawk." Ohio Archaeologist, ment was readily apparent: it was deadlier head weighs less than a pound. Its worn 6(4): 131-133.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Forged from strap iron, this French-style squaw trade axe of the 18th century is part of the Indian artifact collection of the museum of the Butler County Historical Society in Hamilton.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the axe pictured in Fig. 1.

24 A MINIATURE FULL-GROOVED AXE by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

The human fascination with miniatures grooved axe of dark red slate shown here Acknowledgements has extended over the centuries and in Figures 1 and 2. Only 2 inches in length, To the Miami University Audio Visual around the globe, from prehistory to 1 3/16 inches in width, and 1/2 inch in thick­ Service goes my gratitude for help with the present. Here in Oxford we have a society ness at mid-section, it weighs but 1 3/4 photographing of the miniature axe of miniaturists whose hobby it is to produce ounces. It is not heavy at either the poll or featured in this article. three-dimensional dioramas of local or mid-section. References regional interest, often historical, in very In his Ohio Stone Tools, Robert N. Anderson, Jarrel C. diminutive but very exact scale. In Converse has noted (1973: 18) that some 1989 "Early Archaic Miniatures." Ohio Columbus, in the new archaeology mall of full-grooved axes found in Ohio are made Archaeologist, 39(2): 12-13. the Ohio Historical Center, dioramas in of slate or hematite. He has also observed Converse, Robert N. miniature have made possible three- (1973: 30) that while three-quarter grooved 1970 "Miniature Axes." Ohio Archaeologist, dimensional representations of prehistoric axes predominate, full-grooved miniature 20(3): 22. cultural activity ranging from a Palaeo axes have also been found, that these are 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Soci­ Indian caribou hunt to a Hopewell funeral never heavy at the poll or at the cross- ety of Ohio, Columbus, pages 18-19, 30. and a Fort Ancient village scene. section, and like other miniature axes are 1975 "The Meuser Miniatures." Ohio Those of us who have had an interest in usually less than 3 inches in length and Archaeologist, 25(2): 4-6. archaeology for any length of time have less than 3/4 inch in thickness. He has 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately pub­ encountered prehistoric objects in minia­ pointed out (1973: 30) that "true miniature lished, Plain City, Ohio, pages 105, 111. ture, never in great numbers but enough to axes are not to be confused with small or Dunn, Carl B. indicate their existence is not accidental. undersize axes. A large number of axes 1989 "Axe Extremes". Ohio Archaeologist, Many of us have birdpoints in our collec­ have been found in Ohio which show use 39(3): 35. tions, fascinating points sometimes as and re-sharpening scars but which are Gehlbach, D.R. small as 1/2 inch or less in size, often of obviously only undersized variants of the 1981 "The Miniature Effigy Pipe Form: A Rare Flint Ridge material, with corner-and side- common axe. On the other hand, the Occurrence." Ohio Archaeologist, 31(2): 34. notching (or no-notching) characteristic of miniature axe is a real archaeological rarity Hothem, Lar the much larger projectile points of Archaic, which was never used as a tool and was 1988 "Two Fairfield County Miniature Axes." Woodland, and Mississippian traditions. probably made as a toy for the Indian child. Ohio Archaeologist, 38(1): 30. The valley of the Great Miami River in The attributes which set it apart from its Meeker, Lyle southwestern Ohio, one of the richest larger counterparts are of course its small 1986 "An Exceptional Miniature Pendant." areas of this state from an archaeological size, but most importantly are its delicacy of Ohio Archaeologist, 36(2): 15. point of view, has been the origin of manufacture and faithful reproduction in Reynolds, Allen Jesse, ed. significant numbers of birdpoints, many of miniature of larger axes. 1911 "A Miniature Axe." The Archaeological them unusually small, found over the years Even as modern families are prone to Bulletin. Published quarterly by the primarily in farm fields along stream bottom give miniature footballs, dolls, and fire trucks International Society of Archaeologists, lands. Here have been found other objects to their children, some mere infants in College Corner, Ohio. 2(2): 43. of stone, also miniatures, including cradles, so too, it would appear, were prehis­ Schenck, Steve diminutive axes and celts. Among the toric families inclined to provide miniature 1981 "Miniature Three-Quarter Grooved Axe." artifacts collected by Joseph E. Meyer of objects such as tiny axes to their children, to Ohio Archaeologist, 31 (3): 34. Warren County over the course of many play with and to grow up with. It would be Shriver, Phillip R. years, a collection dispersed through sale only a matter of years before they would 1988 "Mound City Miniature." Ohio Archae­ in March 1988, was the miniature full- need to know how to use the "real" thing. ologist, 38(2): 4-5.

r to

en

5 «w

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Miniature full-grooved axe of red slate from the collection Fig. 2 (Shriver) Same axe, reverse side. Rule beside it shows both of Joseph E. Meyer of Warren County, Ohio. It measures 2 inches in centimeters and inches. length, 1 3/16 inches in width, and 1/2 inch in thickness at mid-section.

25 TWO BIRDSTONES by Ken Black Mt. Vernon, Ohio

Shown are two birdstones from my collection. Top is made of banded slate and has grave encrustations. It was originally collected by Dr. Bunche and from there went to Dr. Young at Nashville, Tennessee. It was purchased from Dr. Young by Dr. Stanly Copeland in the early 1960's. Provenience, Miami County, Ohio. At the bottom is a porphyry birdstone made of green granite with yellow phenocrysts. It also was in the Dr. Young collection. It is from Fulton County, Ohio.

26 A LARGE OHIO DOVETAIL by Earl C. Townsend 5008 North Meridian St. Indianapolis, Ind.

Fig. 1 (Townsend) This large dovetail is made of Flint Ridge flint and was found in Clinton County, Ohio. It is one of the finest and most colorful dovetails in my collection.

27 A SURFACE FOUND ADENA QUADRICONCAVE GORGET by Robert Champion Mount Vernon, Ohio

This fine Adena quadriconcave gorget gorget protruded from the ground and I and black banded slate and is drilled from was found in Knox County, Ohio, on the had to loosen the surrounding soil with a the bottom with "Adena style" drilling. 4th of July, 1972. Only a corner of the screwdriver to retrieve it. It is made of blue

Fig. 1 (Champion) Adena quadriconcave gorget from Knox County, Ohio.

ADENA POINTS by Steve Carpenter Plain City, Ohio

The Adena points shown in the accompanying photograph I collected last summer. I acquired them through yard sales. Although from an archaeological standpoint they will never give me any positive data about their original provenience, I feel fortunate in obtaining authentic artifacts to add to my collection.

Fig. 1 (Carpenter) Four Adena points - Coshocton flint, Flint Ridge, Delaware chert, Flint Ridge.

28 PALEO POINTS FROM KNOX COUNTY by Robert Champion Mount Vernon, Ohio

All the paleo points were found while surface hunting in Knox County, Ohio. They are all made of Coshocton flint the quarries of which are not far distant from where they were found.

Fig. 1 (Champion) Paleo Points from Knox County, Ohio.

FAIRFIELD COUNTY FLINT by Lar Hothem, PO Box 458, Lancaster, Ohio

Many fine early flint artifacts have come Some have existed in smaller collections before been pictured. Here are three from southcentral Ohio's Fairfield County. for a number of years, and have not examples.

Fig. 1 /Hothem) Fluted point, mottled blue and Fig. 2 (Hothem) Fluted point, blue Coshocton Fig. 3 (Hothem) Bifurcate blade, deep blue black Upper Mercer flint with several orange flint, 3-15/16 in. long, 1-1/8 in. wide, length of Coshocton flint, 3-15/16 in. long, 1-1/4 in. inclusions. Size is 4 in. long, 1-1/4 in. wide, obverse flute 2-1/4 inches. Found in Walnut wide. The only provenance listed is Fairfield length of obverse flute 1-1/16 inches. Found Township, Fairfield County, by P. Carpenter, County, Ohio. Lar Hothem photo. near Amanda, Fairfield County, by E. Jarvis 1980. Lar Hothem photo. prior to 1982 when it entered the K. Cupp collection. Lar Hothem photo.

29 THE PALEO-INDIAN AND EARLY ARCHAIC OF THE MOHICAN RIVER DRAINAGE by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction as well as unidentified cherts. Four obvious spatial patterning. The Mohican River drains an area of specimens were recovered from Ashland- LeCroy (6500-5800 B.C.) about 2700 square kilometers in north- 185, perhaps a small base camp (Lepper The Mohican River area has yielded 37 central Ohio (Fig. 1), including towns 1986), which is located on the lower LeCroy points (Converse 1970: 30; such as Ashland, Lexington, Loudonville, Black Fork. Isolated specimens have Gleach 1987; Hranicky 1987; Justice Mansfield, and Shelby. Portions of been found on the upper Black Fork 1987: 91-93) from 20 components (Fig. 3, Ashland, Coshocton, Holmes, Knox, (Ashland-186), a Clear Fork tributary c; Table 5). All have been manufactured Richland, and Wayne counties are (Richland-151), and a Rocky Fork from Upper Mercer flint. Although found included within the Mohican River tributary (Richland-215). throughout the study area, only a single drainage, which is bounded by the Kirk Corner Notched (7900-6900 B.C.) component has yielded more than four drainages of the Huron, Vermilion, and Eighteen Kirk Corner notched points specimens. Knox-40, which is located on Black rivers to the north, Killbuck Creek (Converse 1970: 36; Gleach 1987; Hran­ the lower Mohican River mainstem (Fath to the east, the Kokosing River to the icky 1987; Justice 1987: 71-72) have been 1980), has yielded at least 10 specimens. south, and the Olentangy and Sandusky recovered from 16 components within the This component is similar in both content Rivers to the west. Mohican River drainage (Fig. 2, b; Table 1). and location to Seneca-325 (Weller The Mohican River drainage lies at the Although virtually all are made of Upper 1989), which is located on the Sandusky complex interface of the till plain to the Mercer flint, a small minority are made of River and has yielded a comparable north and the unglaciated plateau to the Indiana Hornstone or Flint Ridge material. number of LeCroy points. south. The drainage system is quite As is the case in the upper Portage River Kanawha/ Stanly (6000-5000 B.C.) dendritic in nature. From west to east drainage (Bowen n.d.: Table 2), no site has Ten Kanawha/Stanly points (Converse Clear Fork, Rocky Fork, Black Fork, and yielded more than four specimens, and no 1970: 33; Gleach 1987; Hranicky 1987; Lake Fork merge to form the Mohican spatial patterning is apparent. Justice 1987: 97-99) have been recov­ River mainstem. Lake Fork is itself a Kirk Stemmed (7000-6000 B.C.) ered from 7 components within the product of the conjunction of Jerome Fork Eighteen Kirk Stemmed points Mohican River drainage (Table 6). All but and Muddy Fork. (Converse 1970: 19; Gleach 1987; a single Pipe Creek specimen are made Spring and Mud lakes, which are Hranicky 1987; Justice 1987: 82-85) from of Upper Mercer Flint Ridge materials. located on the Lake Erie/Ohio River 12 components are known from the The Pipe Ceek specimen was found at divide, are one of the sources of the Mohican River drainage (Fig. 2, c; Table Ashland-151 near Spring Lake, at the Vermilion River. They lie, however, only 2). All but one Flint Ridge specimen have northern edge of the study area, closest three kilometers northeast of Lang Creek, been manufactured from Upper Mercer to those chert deposits. a tributary of Jerome Fork. Because of flint. In the study area, as in the upper The two sites yielding more than one the excellent survey conducted around Portage River drainage (Bowen n.d.: specimen, Ashland-185 and Richland- the lakes by Fulk (1989), they are Table 7), no more than three specimens 218, are located on the lower Black Fork included in the study area. have been found at any component, and and on Rocky Fork, respectively. As is the The Mohican joins the Kokosing in no spatial patterning is apparent. case in the upper Portage River drainage northwestern Coshocton County to form MacCorkle (6900-6500 B.C.) (Bowen n.d.: Table 6), no more than three the Walhonding River. Extensive deposits The Mohican River drainage has specimens have been found at any of Upper Mercer flint exist within a few kilo­ yielded 19 MacCorkle points (Converse component, and all components yielding meters of the mouth of the Mohican River. 1970: 31; Justice 1987) from 14 more than one specimen are located on The vast majority of the bifaces included in components (Fig. 3, a; Table 3). All have river mainstems. this study are made of that material. been manufactured from Upper Mercer St. Charles (8000-6000 B.C.) A total of 197 Paleo-lndian and Early flint. In both the Mohican and the upper Eleven St. Charles points (Converse Archaic bifaces have been reported from Portage (Bowen n.d.: Table 3) River 1970; Justice 1987: 57-58) have been 65 sites within the Mohican River drainages no site has yielded more than recovered from five components in the drainage. The data used in this study four specimens. No site such as Huron- Mohican River drainage (Fig. 4, a). Almost were gathered by David Bush of Case Kamm, which is located on the Vermilion all are made of Flint Ridge material. Knox- Western Reserve University, by former River and from which 9 Upper Mercer 40, which has yielded 7 specimens (Fath Ohio Historic Preservation Office regional MacCorkle points have been recovered, 1980: 43), is located on the lower archaeologists Ken Deaver and David has yet been found in the Mohican River mainstem of the Mohican River. The other Morse, and by Archaeological Society of area. St.Albans (6900-6500 B.C.) components, which consist of isolated Ohio members Michael Fath (1980), Fourteen St. Albans points (Converse specimens, are located on upland Charles Fulk (1989), Keith Metcalf, Carl 1970: 32; Gleach 1987; Hranicky 1987; tributaries of Clear Fork (Richland-151, Mooney (1988, 1989), and Richard Justice 1987: 90-91) have been found at Richland-179), or of Rocky Fork (Richland- Parrish. All data are on file in the Ohio 12 sites in the Mohican River drainage 227), or near the headwaters of Black Fork Archaeological Inventory. (Fig. 3, b; Table 4). All but two are made near the Spring/ Mud Lake complex Fluted Points (11,500-8000 B.C.) of Upper Mercer flint, with single (Ashland-178). Seven fluted points (Converse 1970; specimens of Flint Ridge and Delaware Archaic Bevels (8000-6000 B.C.) Justice 1987; Prufer and Baby 1963) chert. St. Albans points of the Mohican Archaic Bevels (Converse 1970: 22; have been reported from four River area, like those of the upper Justice 1987: 54-57) appear to be very components within the Mohican River Portage River drainage (Bowen n.d.: scarce in the Mohican River drainage. drainage (Fig. 2, a). They are made of Table 4), occur in clusters of no more Only five specimens have been reported Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge materials, than two specimens and exhibit no from four components. Knox-40 (Fath 30 1980: 43) is located on the lower Mohican Sandusky), and Mohican (Ashland/ Fulk, Charles 1989 Archaeological Survey in Ashland County, Ohio. River mainstem, Ashland-188 is located on Mansfield) River drainages. In all three Paper presented at the annual meeting of the the upper Black Fork, and both Richland- areas the Archaic Bevel/Big Sandy type is Ohio Academy of Science, Parma. 35 and Richland-181 are located on found more commonly than any other Gleach, Frederic W 1987 A Working Projectile Point Classification for tributaries of Clear Fork. All five specimens type of Early Archaic biface. In the Central Virginia. Archeological Society of Virginia are made of Upper Mercer flint. Portage River drainage to the west, the Quarterly Bulletin 42(2): 80-120. Although Archaic Bevels are common in Archaic Bevel/Big Sandy ratio is 7:1 Hranicky, W. Jack the Sandusky River drainage, which (Bowen n.d.: Tables 8, 10). In the 1987 Suggested Dates for Twenty-Eight Middle Atlantic Projectile Points. Archeological Society adjoins the study area to the west, Roger Mohican River drainage to the east the of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin 42(4): 188-192. Rowe of the Wayne County Historical ratio is 1:10, approximately the inverse. Justice, Noel D. Society states that they appear to be quite Not surprisingly, the Archaic Bevel/Big 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Mid- continental and Eastern United States Indiana scarce in the Killbuck drainage to the east. Sandy ratio in the intermediate river University Press, Bloomington. Thus, the Mohican River drainage seems drainage, that of the Sandusky, is about Lepper, Bradley T. to be just to the east of the area of 1:1. It is suggested that, in northern Ohio, 1986 Early Paleo-lndian Land Use Patterns in the abundant Archaic Bevels in northern Ohio. these two biface types are regional Central Muskingum River Basin, Coshocton County, Ohio. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Big Sandy (8000—6000 B.C.) variants of Early Archaic knives. Dept. of Anthropology, The Ohio State Big Sandy (Converse 1970: 17; Justice References University. 1987: 60-63) points are very common in Bowen, Jonathan E. Mooney, Carl 1988 The Davidson Site. Ohio Archaeologist 38(1): the Mohican River drainage (Fig. 4, b; n.d. Early Archaic of the Upper Portage River Drainage. Manuscript submitted to Ohio 26-27. Table 7). Fifty specimens have been Archaeologist. 1989 Archaeological Survey in Southern Richland County, Ohio. Paper presented at the annual reported from 30 components. Nearly all Converse, Robert N. meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, are made of Upper Mercer flint. 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of Parma. Ohio, Columbus. From west to east, in north-central Weller, Donald Jr. Fath, Michael A. Ohio, lie the Portage (Pemberville/ 1989 The Early Archaic of Seneca County, Ohio. Paper 1980 Five Multiple Component Sites in Knox County - presented at the annual meeting of the Ohio Woodville), Sandusky (Tiffin/Upper (33KN40-44). Ohio Archaeologist 30(1): 43-46. Academy of Science, Parma.

Table 1 Table 3 Kirk Corner Notched components MacCorkle components Site Number Location Site Number Location Ashland-146 2 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-94 2 lower Black Fork Ashland-163 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-147 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-164 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-148 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-168 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-149 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-189 2 lower Black Fork Ashland-151 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-195 1 Jerome Fork Knox-333 1 lower Mohican mainstem Knox-40 1 lower Mohican mainstem Richland-156 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-156 2 Clear Fork tributary Richland-157 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-159 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-159 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-174 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-169 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-179 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-181 2 Clear Fork tributary Richland-195 1 Black Fork tributary Richland-216 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-216 2 Clear Fork tributary Richland-218 4 Rocky Fork Richland-218 1 Rocky Fork Richland-219 1 Rocky Fork tributary Richland-219 4 Rocky Fork tributary Richland-227 3 Rocky Fork tributary Table 3 (Bowen) Table 1 (Bowen)

Table 4 Table 2 St. Albans components Kirk Stemmed components Site Number Location Site Number Location Ash land-109 1 Black Fork tributary Ashland-151 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-151 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-157 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-156 2 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-185 1 lower Black Fork Ashland-186 1 upper Black Fork Holmes-69 1 Black Fork tributary Ashland-189 1 lower Black Fork Knox-40 1 lower Mohican mainstem Richland-158 1 Clear Fork tributary Knox-40 1 lower Mohican mainstem Richland-159 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-38 1 Black Fork tributary Richland-173 3 Clear Fork tributary Richland-156 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-188 3 Clear Fork tributary Richland-159 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-218 2 Rocky Fork Richland-168 1 Clear Fork Richland-219 2 Rocky Fork tributary Richland-216 2 Clear Fork tributary Richland-220 1 Rocky Fork Richland-218 1 Rocky Fork

Table 2 (Bowen) Table 4 (Bowen)

31 Table 5 Table 7 LeCroy components Big Sandy components Site Number Location Site No. Location Ashland-151 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-96 2 lower Black Fork Ashland-154 1 Spring/Mud Lake Ashland-109 1 Black Fork tributary Knox-40 10 lower Mohican mainstem Ashland-146 1 Spring/Mud Lake Knox-333 1 lower Mohican mainstem Ashland-148 1 Spring/Mud Lake Richland-39 2 upper Black Fork Ashland-151 2 Spring/Mud Lake Richland-40 1 upper Black Fork Ashland-155 1 Spring/Mud Lake Richland-155 1 Clear Fork tributary Ashland-185 3 lower Black Fork Richland-161 3 Clear Fork Ashland-186 2 upper Black Fork Richland-162 2 Clear Fork tributary Ashland-187 1 upper Black Fork Richland-170 1 Clear Fork Ashland-I90 1 Black Fork tributary Richland-178 1 Clear Fork tributary Ashland-193 1 Lake Fork Richland-179 4 Clear Fork tributary Ashland-197 1 Spring/Mud Lake Richland-181 1 Clear Fork tributary Knox-40 2 lower Mohican mainstem Richland-182 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-16 2 Black Fork tributary Richland-188 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-30 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-193 2 Clear Fork Richland-81 1 Clear Fork Richland-215 1 Rocky Fork tributary Richland-87 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-216 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-152 2 Clear Fork tributary Richland-218 1 Rocky Fork Richland-155 1 Clear Fork triburary Richland-219 1 Rocky Fork tributary Richland-159 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-168 1 Clear Fork tributary Table 5 (Bowen) Richland-174 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-180 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-184 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-188 4 Clear Fork tributary Richland-193 7 Clear Fork Richland-216 1 Clear Fork tributary Richland-218 1 Rocky Fork Richland-220 1 Rocky Fork

Table 7 (Bowen)

Table 6 X (TW /Spring Kanawha/Stanly components VI; Ward L«llCt , * - ^ Site Number Location V Ashland-147 1 Spring/Mud Lake — -*-*"-* » "^? Ashland-151 1 Spring/Mud Lake * s /c' Ashland-178 1 Spring/Mud Lake \ ( i-< \ Ashland-185 3 lower Black Fork \ «. v JL% \ c xW Knox-40 1 lower Mohican mainstem >^ l\ X / ^^Sk \. ^ Richland-216 1 Clear Fork tributary / i Richland-218 2 Rocky Fork GdliOTxl ,r "* r . I X^ v-^. j^ # Table 6 (Bowen) ^^yl. B** ' s '" \ / ^> . x / T »( l w \ j \ r \ i_^^ o Km 3o O" V River

Fig. 1 (Bowen) Mohican River drainage

32 \ 1 1 I

F/g. 2 (eoivenj Paleo-lndian and Kirk phase points a - Fluted, Ashland-185; b - Kirk Corner Notched, Richland-218; c - Kirk Stemmed, Richland-196

Fig. 3 (Bowen) Bifurcates a - MacCorkle, Ashland-148; b - St. Albans, Ashland-151; c - LeCroy, Ashland-151

Fig. 4 (Bowen) Early Archaic knives; a - St. Charles, Richland-227; b - Big Sandy, Ashland-197

33 CONFUSION ABOUT ANTIQUITIES LAW by Shaune M. Skinner Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. P.O. Box 02095 Columbus, Ohio 43202

During the January 21, 1990 meeting information consult the Departmental The Council is also responsible for of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, it Consulting Archaeologist, National Park implementation of Section 106 of NHPA. became apparent that there is much Service, Department of the Interior, P.O. Section 106 requires Federal agencies to confusion among both amateur and Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. take into account the effect of their undertakings on historic properties and professional archaeologists concerning Archaeological Resources Protection afford the Council a reasonable opportu­ legislation affecting historic preservation Act of 1979,16 U.S.C. && 470aa-47011 nity to comment on the undertakings prior and archaeological resources. To clarify This act requires a permit for any to licensing or approving the expenditure some of these misconceptions I have excavation or removal of archaeological of funds on any undertaking that may outlined several federal laws which are in resources from public lands or Indian affect properties listed in or eligible for effect. These descriptions were taken lands. Excavations must be undertaken for listing in the National Register. To from "Participant's Course Book. the purpose of furthering archaeological effectively administer these requests Introduction to Federal Projects and knowledge in the public interest, and under the authority given it by Congress, Historic Preservation Law: Part IV: resources removed remain the property of the Council has issued regulations to Legislation"(l990). the United States. The act provides both govern agencies in their compliance with I would like to point out that these laws civil and criminal penalties for violation of Section 106. have jurisdiction over federal lands and not the permit requirements. Consent must be state, local private lands. Therefore, obtained from the Indian tribe owning or Fifth, the act established procedures reported cases concerning seizing of having jurisdiction over lands on which a that Federal agencies must follow in artifacts in private collections are usually resource is located prior to issuance of a managing federally owned or controlled done under the jurisdiction of a FEDERAL permit, and the permit must contain any property and requires that, prior to the law not a STATE law. I would also like to terms or conditions requested by the tribe. approval of any Federal undertaking that point out that under FEDERAL law it is National Historic Preservation Act of may directly and adversely affect any illegal to excavate archaeological sites 1966, 16 U.S.C. && 470-470W-6 National Historic Landmark, agencies situated on federal lands such as the must undertake such planning and action The National Historic Preservation Act Wayne National Forest in the state of Ohio. as may be necessary to minimize harm to (NHPA) expresses a general policy of To my knowledge there is only one the landmark and must obtain the supporting and encouraging the Ohio law that covers archaeological comments of the Council. preservation of prehistoric and historic activities on private property. This is the Finally, the act establishes a National resources for present and future Ohio Cave Law, Ohio Revised Code Historic Preservation Fund. generations by directing Federal agencies Sections 1517.04-1517.99, which is also Procedures for the nomination of to assume responsibility for considering summarized below. properties to the National Register under historic resources in their activities. The For complete copies of these Federal NHPA have been established by the statute ensures the accomplishment of its National Park Service at 36 CFR Part 60. laws call 202-225-3456 or write to the policies and mandates by several means. House Document Room, H-226 Capitol, Procedures for the Section 106 are at First, the act authorizes the Secretary Washington, D.C. 20515. For complete 36 CFR Part 800. For further information of the Interior to expand and maintain a copies of State laws concerning on the nomination procedures, consult the National Register of Historic Places and Archaeology and Historic Preservation call Keeper of the Service, Department of the established procedures for nomination of Al Tonetti at 614-297-2470 or write to the Interior, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC properties to the Register. Ohio Historic Preservation Office, 1982 20013-7127. For further information on Second, the act directs the Secretary to Velma Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43211-2497. the Council's procedures, consult the approve State preservation programs that Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Antiquities Act of 1906,16 U.S.C. provide for the designation of a State 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Room && 431-433 Historic Presentation Officer (SHPO) to 809, Washington, DC 20004. This act authorizes the President to administer State preservation efforts, a Ohio Revised Code Sections 1517.04- designate as National Monuments historic State historic preservation review board, 1517.99 and natural resources of national and adequate public participation in the The Ohio Cave law provides a significance located on federally owned or State program. Many States have estab­ definition for cave and outlines unlawful controlled lands. The act further provides lished a process for certifying local govern­ activities in caves. Specifically, the law for the protection of all historic and ments to carry on preservation activities. states that it is unlawful to excavate or prehistoric ruins and objects of antiquity Third, the act authorizes a grant remove historic or prehistoric ruins, burial located on Federal lands by providing program that provides funds to the State grounds, or archaeological sites found in criminal sanctions against excavation, for historic preservation projects and to a cave without written permission of the injury, or destruction of such antiquities individuals for the preservation of landowner. without the permission of the Secretary of properties listed in the National Register. the department having jurisdiction over Fourth, the statute establishes the Reference such resources. The Secretaries of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 1989 Participant's Course Book Introduction to Interior, Agriculture, and Defense are as an independent Federal agency. The further authorized to issue permits for Federal Projects and Historic act directs the Council to advise the Preservation Law: Part IV: Legislation. archaeological investigations on lands President, Congress, and other Federal The Advisory Council on Historic under their control to recognize educational agencies on historic preservation matters, Preservation and the General Services and scientific institutions for the purpose of conduct training and other educational Administration Training Center, systematically and professionally gathering programs, and encourage public interest Washington, DC. data of scientific value. For further in preservation.

34 PURPLE FLINT RIDGE FLINT by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Among the rarest of the multitude of and debitage from Flint Ridge contain all plate shows that even though it is rare, colors found in Flint Ridge flint is purple. the colors of the rainbow, purple flint is many prehistoric flint knappers used it for Even though surface collections of chips seldom found. The accompanying color a variety of tools and points.

35 FILLING THE GAP: BAKER I AND THE GREEN CREEK PHASE IN NORTHCENTRAL OHIO by David M. Stothers and Timothy J. Abel The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program at the University of Toledo

Abstract Biocultural Data These ritual mortuary practices were The Baker I site is located in Riley Of the 23 individuals excavated from referred to by early missionaries as "the Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. Exca­ the Baker I site, two of these (BF's 400-1, Feast of the Dead." Using the Huron and vations there in 1985 and again in 1988 400-1 a) were cremated, and 19 were Neutral cases as analogue models to revealed the remains of 22 indi-viduals, of primary interments. One (BF 8) individual interpret Sandusky Tradition mortuary which one is cremated and 20 are primary was represented by only an isolated tibia, data, it is believed that similar ritual interments. Of the primary interments, all and was adolescent; and the last burial mortuary feasting activities, as well as 20 were placed on the back; 17 with their was (BF 400-7) disturbed. Of the primary attendant subsistence ceremonialism heads oriented to the east, one oriented to burials, all were supine interments, 17 (read: Green Corn rituals [Fenton 1936, the north, one oriented to the northeast, with their heads oriented in an easterly 1963; Parker 1910; Tooker 1970]), may and one oriented to the south. A radio­ direction, one (BF 2) oriented to the have been undertaken periodically by carbon date of 840 A.D. was obtained northeast, one (BF 400-5) oriented to the prehistoric Sandusky Tradition populations from one of these burials, with a stable south, and one (BF 400-8) oriented to the at the Pearson, Petersen, Indian Hills, and carbon fractionation value of -18.8 o/oo. north. Two of the burials (BF's 2 & 7) possibly the Baker I sites (cf. also On the basis of this information it is appear to have been intentionally disin­ Greenman 1937; O'Shea 1988b for similar believed that the Baker I site belongs terred in prehistory, the long bones and interpretations drawn from Western Basin temporally to the newly defined Green skulls having been systematically [Younge] Tradition data in southeastern Creek phase (ca. A.D. 500-1000) of the removed from the graves (Fig. 2). Michigan). Sandusky Cultural Tradition, the inter­ Similar "culturally disinterred" burials The presence of this mortuary phe­ ments of which may represent the have been found in recent excavations at nomenon at the Green Creek phase (A.D. prehistoric ancestors of the historic the Petersen (Abel 1990) and Pearson 500-1000) Baker I site suggests that this Totontaratonhronon/Assistaeronon. sites (Stothers and Abel 1989; Abel 1985a, may be a very early expression of this b, 1987; Bowen 1985), in northcentral amortuary phenomenon, representing a Introduction: Location and Excavation Ohio (Fig. 1). However, at these latter two developmental transition into this corporate The Baker I site is located near the sites, mass graves and burial pits ideology (cf. Yerkes 1988; Stothers n.d.a). western end of Sandusky Bay, in Riley containing cremated human skeletal The senior author believes this to be Township, Sandusky County, Ohio on a material have also been found, repre­ further supported by the apparent small loamy sand ridge of 578 ft. (above senting long bones and skulls only (Abel clustering of interments into two spatially sea level) (U.S.G.S. 1960), lying parallel to 1987, 1990; Stothers and Abel 1989). separate, but closely allied areas; and the the east bank of Green Creek (Figs. 1, 11). Thus, it appears that at all of these sites, lack of any 'unintentionally disturbed', In 1985, W.L.E.A.R.P. -sponsored (Western burials were being exhumed for the cross-cutting burials. On the basis of this Lake Erie Archaeological Research purpose of removing the longbones and interpretation it also suggested by the Program at the University of Toledo) skulls. These bone segments appear to senior author that the Baker I site excavations at the site by Gene Edwards have been then placed into single mass represents the relatively short-lived, single (Preservation Officer for the W.L.E.A.R.P.) graves or incinerated in crematory cere­ utilization of an extended family cemetery, of Sandusky, Ohio uncovered the remains monies, the remains of the latter being representing a discrete breeding isolate of of 15 prehistoric aboriginals, including 12 subsequently placed into a single pit. the Green Creek phase population. primary burials, two cremations and one This evidence suggests that the primary However, the nature of the evidence disturbed burial. The remains of these grave disturbances are prehistoric, and suggests to the junior author that the individuals, along with all pertinent notes, may be representative of a patterned above interpretation may not be sufficiently graphs, and photographs, were sent to the mortuary practice involving separate post­ reinforced by the existing Baker I site data. senior author, Director of the W.L.E.A.R.P, mortem ideologies for different sections of First, no associations were made between for further study. the body (cf. Trigger 1969:103). As Childe burials and diagnostic artifacts; nor was it In 1988, The University of Toledo (1956:9-10) suggests, these phenomena possible due to plow destruction of the W.L.E.A.R.P. undertook continued excava­ may represent emerging corporate social upper-most soil zone, to determine strati- tions at the site, moving 230 square ideologies, which manifest themselves in graphic origins of burial features. Sec­ meters of ground, and uncovering an ritual elaboration of mortuary practice ondly, although clustering may be more additional four burials and several historic (Stothers and Graves 1983a; Abel 1987, apparent in one of these areas (cluster A), and prehistoric features (Fig. 2). These 1990, n.d.b; cf. also Goldstein 1980; Saxe clustering in the other area (cluster B) features were definable against the sterile 1970). does not seem so apparent. In so far as subsoil interface, which was under a Although differing in some details, early the only two culturally disinterred burials disturbed plowzone of twenty to thirty historic analogues to the association of are located in this rather loosely arranged centimeters in depth. The historic features secondary burial and mortuary feasting "cluster", and given the absence of have been attributed to an early twentieth were witnessed by the Jesuit missionary diagnostic association, this interpretation is century (1920-1942) shack site owned by Jean Brebeuf in 1636 (JR 1896-1901, inconclusive and may be interpreted in an George Frey; while a longbone sample 10:279-311; Kidd 1953; Trigger 1985:94, alternate manner. from one of the prehistoric burials was 188, 218-219, 256) as practiced by the Culturally disinterred primary burials in sent to Teledyne Isotopes, in Westwood, Huron. White (1978; cf. also Ridley 1961) association with secondary bundle and New Jersey, for radiocarbon dating. also notes similar practices among the cremation burials have, thus far, only been Neutral Indians of southwestern Ontario. found to occur in Fort Meigs (ca. A.D.

36 1400-1600) and Indian Hills (ca. A.D. maize in late prehistoric times in eastern Flint Ridge chalcedony. Later sites of the 1600-1643) phase contexts (e.g. Petersen North America (Van Der Merwe 1982; phase exhibit ceramic sherds indicative of [Abel 1990], Pearson Ft. Meigs phase Van Der Merwe and Vogel 1978; Broida paddle-and-anvil manufacturing tech­ cemetery [Stothers and Abel 1989], and 1984; Bechtel 1986; Stothers and Bechtel nique, triangular points, and local chert Indian Hills [Graves 1984]; cf. Abel 1987). When the C13/C12 fractionation varieties in majority (see Carskadden and 1985a,b, 1987; see also O'Shea 1984, value is applied to a scale for the relative Morton 1974; Morton 1984, 1989 for 1988). Given this, and the current general consumption of maize it can be used to similar interpretations in the central lack of knowledge concerning Green estimate the percentage of maize Muskingum River valley). Creek phase mortuary practice, it is the consumed by the individual. The Baker I As discussed later, the dates derived junior author's hypothesis that these sample yielded a value of -18.8 o/oo, from three Green Creek phase sites, as culturally disinterred burials may reflect which, on the Broida scale (Broida 1984), well as the diagnostic ceramic types and reutilization of the cemetery during these suggests that about 17.5% of this morphologies, are directly analogous to later phases. At present neither hypoth­ individual's diet consisted of probable those derived from the early Late esis can be ruled out and await further maize. The date of 840 A.D. suggests Woodland Newtown phase of south­ supporting evidence. placement of the site into the newly western Ohio and northern Kentucky defined early Late Woodland Green (Stothers 1989, Henderson and Pollack Pathology Creek phase dating between ca. A.D. 500 1985; Riggs 1986; Railey 1984; Seeman Three of the 23 individuals were diag­ and 1000 (Stothers 1988, 1989, 1990) 1980), the Hale phase of northeastern nosed as having various bone pathologies (Figs. 3, 4). Ohio (Brose 1985; Brose and Scarry (P. Sciulli 1989, personal communication). 1976; Lee and Brose 1980), and the Burial Feature 1 (radiocarbon sample The Green Creek Phase: Peters phase of southeastern Ohio (Prufer taken from this individual), a female adult Characteristics and External Similarities and McKenzie 1966; Morton 1989). (40-45 yrs.), was diagnosed with congen­ The Green Creek phase is believed to ital fusion of the 5th lumbar vertebra to the be the earliest of five sequential phases Representative Components sacrum, Colles fracture (healed) of the constituting the Late Woodland expres­ At present, eight additional sites have right ulna, possible healed fracture of the sion of the Sandusky Tradition (Stothers produced diagnostic Green Creek phase mandible, severe arthritis of the patella, and Graves 1983a, 1985; Stothers and cultural material, one of which has been and possible spina bifida occulta. This Abel 1989) (Figs. 3,4). Diagnostic fea­ radiocarbon dated. Sites which have individual was also edentulous. Burial tures of the Green Creek phase include a produced diagnostic cultural material only Feature 6, a sub-adult (14 + 2 yrs.) was temporal bracket of 500-1000 A.D., are the Baker II, Green Creek, Blodgett, diagnosed with possible blastomycosis of geographical focus in the littoral regions and Pennsylvania sites. The Dillon site, the tibia. Burial Feature 7, a male adult of Sandusky Bay including lower portions located near Huron, Ohio, has been both (45-50 yrs.), was diagnosed with 5th of its major tributaries (identical to the loci excavated and radiocarbon dated. Three lumbar spondylosis. of Middle Woodland Esch phase remaining sites - Squaw, Hickory (Fig. Of 91 permanent teeth recovered from occupation), and a ceramic series that is 6c), and Peach Islands - have only four individuals, eight of these (38.1%) intermediate between Middle Woodland produced surface-derived material and exhibited linear enamel hypoplasia, and 1 Esch Cordmarked and Late Woodland are not expanded upon here. out of 91 teeth (1.09%) exhibited abscess. Mixter Cordmarked (Stothers 1988, Carries frequency in this population is 1989). These ceramics exhibit straight to I. The Baker II Site high, with totals of 2/44 (4.5%) for decid­ slightly flaring rims, excurvate to sharp, The Baker II site is located on water- uous dentition and 20/91 (22%) for angular shoulders which gently constrict eroded mud and sand flats at the mouth permanent dentition, for a population total to rounded sub-conical bases. Lips are of Green Creek, where it empties into of 22/135 (16.3%). In general, the dental usually flat. Rims most commonly exhibit Sandusky Bay near the mouth of the pathologies exhibited suggest the probable fine vertical or slightly angled cord- Sandusky River, in Riley Township, use of cultigens such as maize (Sciulli marking (fabric impression) (Green Creek Sandusky County, Ohio (Figs. 1, 11). pers. comm.). The high population fre­ Cordmarked/ Fabric Impressed), termi­ Gene Edwards, a local collector and quency of linear enamel hypoplasia, and nating at the shoulder. Other less W.L.E.A.R.S. Preservation Officer, relatively short stature (Sciulli 1989; pers. common varieties exhibit plain, smoothed- recovered a single basin-shaped feature comm.) suggest instability in diet and may over, cord-roughened finishes (Green exposed by water erosion, having a be reflective of a population in a transition Creek Plain) or rare cord-impressed diameter of approximately 86 centimeters between hunter-gatherer and agricultural- motifs over smoothed surfaces (Green and a depth of approximately 41 inches, based subsistence orientation, a phe­ Creek Decorated). Body finish is almost and containing three whole grit-tempered nomenon typical of contemporary societies exclusively cord-roughened or fabric- vessels. The first of three vessels is to the north and south (Stothers 1974; impressed over the entire surface. collarless, with a vertical wiped cord- Stothers and Yarnell 1977; Yerkes 1988) Interiors are always plain and smoothed roughened (fabric impressed) rim, and (see Appendix by Sciulli). (Fig. 5; see also Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c). verticle cordwrapped stick impressions on Seriation-derived continuity from the a flat lip. The rim is slightly everted, with Radiocarbon Dating the Baker I Site proceeding Middle Woodland Esch is an orifice diameter of 115 millimeters; The Baker I sample produced an uncor­ evident in assemblages from sites constricting from the shoulder to form a rected radiometric date of 1010 ± 80 B.P estimated to be early in the Green Creek globular cord-roughened body with a sub or 940 A.D. (1-15, 667). However, with a phase. These sites have disclosed coil conical base. Six cordwrapped stick- C13/C12 fractionation reading of -18.8 breaks on ceramic sherds, bladelets of impressed arrow motifs are executed just o/oo (parts per mil units), the date was Flint Ridge chalcedony, linear blade-like below the neck at regular intervals around corrected to 1110 ± 80 B.P. or 840 A.D. (1- flakes of local chert varieties, and the circumference of the vessel. The 15, 667). The fractionation calculation Chesser-like and Jack's Reef-like notched interior is plain and smooth (Fig. 6b). records the ratio of C/12 to C/13, in points (Prufer 1967; Justice 1987:208- The second of three vessels is also relation to the PDB standard found in 211), sometimes in association with wide- collarless, with cordwrapped stick- nature (about 100 to 1.1). The deviation of base triangular points. These latter impressed left obliques over a cord- the C13/C12 ratio from the PDB standard diagnostic artifacts occur manufactured of roughened rim. The lip is flat with vertical is due in large part to the consumption of both local cherts and southern derived cordwrapped stick impressions. Three

37 parallel cordwrapped stick-impressed IV. The Green Creek Site roughened lip, and exterior lip-edge arcs form a partially overlapping 'rainbow' The Green Creek site is located on impressions that are smoothed over. The motif on the shoulder, just below the water-eroded mud and sand flats at the upper vessel exterior is smooth, over which neck. The interior vessel is plain and mouth of Green Creek, where it empties a checkerboard cord-impressed motif has smooth. The body style is similar to that into the Sandusky Bay near the mouth of been applied (Fig. 8d). of the first vessel, with an orifice diameter the Sandusky River, in Riley Township, The association of these two rims with of 121 millimeters. The third of three Sandusky County, Ohio (Figs. 1,11). Gene diagnostic Middle Woodland lithic material vessels is similar to the second, with the Edwards excavated and recorded a single suggests several possible interpretations. exception of a plain cord-roughened rim basin-shaped feature there, exposed by As the radiocarbon date suggests, the site and plain, cord-roughened flat lip. Three water erosion containing, among other and it's cultural assemblage may represent parallel cordwrapped stick-impressed items, vertically cord-marked ceramics a very early Green Creek phase expres­ horizontals encircle the vessel on the similar to those described above and sion in Northwestern Ohio. However, shoulder, just below the neck (Fig. 6a). below, notched Flint Ridge points, trian­ Missionary Island No. 1 may represent a The vessel interior is plain-smooth (Fig. 4). gular points, linear blade-like flakes of local late Middle Woodland site related to lithic material, and Flint Ridge bladelet several possible groups, of which Western II. The Blodgett Site segments (Figs. 8c, 8e, 8f, 8g). This pit is Basin, Esch, and even Goodall-related The Blodgett site is located on a high interpreted to reflect an early transitional manifestations are candidates. If Mission­ bank of Bark Creek, a tributary of the Green Creek phase occupation (Fig. 4). ary Island No. 1 represents a Western Sandusky River in Riley Township, San­ Basin or Goodall-related Middle Woodland dusky County, Ohio (Figs. 1, 11). Tom V. The Pennsylvania Site site, then it is postulated that the location Blodgett, a local collector, recovered a The Pennsylvania site is located in may reflect a link to facilitate trade and single (reconstructed) grit tempered vessel Perkins Township, Erie County, Ohio, on an exchange of "Hopewellian" items, from a segment which was presumably plowed extinct glacial lake beach ridge near Pipe Havanna Hopewellian chiefdomship base out of a subsurface feature. The vessel is Creek (Fig. 1). Gene Edwards salvaged a (Indiana-Illinois), to essentially non- collarless, with a flat cord-roughened or single plow-destroyed pit feature measur­ "Hopewellian" Middle Woodland pre- fabric-impressed lip and fine, vertical, ing approximately 76 centimeters in Iroquoian Northern Tier populations parallel cord (fabric) impressions on the diameter and approximately 46 centimeters (Stothers 1988b; cf. also Struever 1965; exterior rim and neck. The interior is plain in depth. This basin-shaped feature con­ Mason 1981). Examples of "Hopewellian" and smooth, while the body displays tained a minimum of three vessel material have been found sporadically on smoothed-over cord-roughening below the segments, all nearly identical but discern- several Saugeen and Point Peninsula shoulder. It is believed that this vessel is able as different vessels. The vessels are Middle Woodland sites in Ontario reflective of an early Green Creek phase collarless, with flat cord-roughened (fabric- (Finlayson 1977; Wright and Anderson transitional occupation (Fig. 4). impressed) lips and fine, vertical, parallel 1963; Wright 1967, 1972). cord-marking (fabric impressions) on the On the other hand, Missionary Island No. III. The Dillon Site exterior rims and necks. The interiors are 1 may represent a frontier Esch phase site, The Dillon site is located on a bluff plain-smooth; while the bodies are cord- the location of which may also be overlooking the Huron River in Milan roughened (fabric-impressed) below the postulated to reflect trade and exchange Township, Erie County, Ohio (Figs. 7, 11). shoulder (Fig. 9d). contacts, between the Scioto Hopewellian George DeMuth, Sandusky Bay Chapter chiefdomship base (Ohio) and non- President and W.L.E.A.R.S. Preservation VI. The Missionary Island No. 1 Site: Hopewellian Northern Tier Middle Wood­ Officer, along with several volunteers in Green Creek, Esch, or Other? land groups (via Scioto Hopewell- cooperation with the W.L.E.A.R.P., The Missionary Island No. 1 site (Stoth­ connected Esch 'middlemen'; Stothers excavated several units at the site in 1989. ers and Graves 1983b), in the Maumee 1988b). In other words, it appears from this Among other features, Trench 3, Feature 1 River Valley near Waterville, Ohio, has and several other data sets (Stothers 1987, was a large basin-shaped pit measuring yielded a date of 1400 ± 60 B.P. (550 A.D.) 1988 b,c,d,e,f; Stothers and Abel 1987 122 centimeters in diameter and 30 (Beta-8689) (Figs.10, 11). This date is a,b,c), that competition existed between the centimeters deep (below plow-zone derived from a sample found in a sealed Hopewellian chiefdomship cores, Havanna interface), containing a single reconstructed feature, in association with an ovate biface, and Scioto, to secure trade and exchange grit-tempered vessel segment. The rim is 3 notched Snyders-like bifaces, and one markets in non-Hopewellian Middle plain with very fine vertical cord-marking hafted scraper, all fashioned of Flint Ridge Woodland societies existing north of Lake (fabric impression). The flat lip and interior chalcedony. Diagnostic ceramics present in Erie. However, until further work is done it rim is also plain-cordmarked (fabric- the feature include two rims, one of which will be virtually impossible to specifically impressed). The exterior rim is slightly is collarless with a flat, cord-roughened lip identify the assemblage of the Missionary everted, constricting to an elongate body displaying exterior lip-edge cord Island No. 1 site with any of the affore- and subconical base decorated with cord- impressions. The rim exterior exhibits a mentioned groups. marking (fabric impressions) extending 20- fine, textured motif of parallel, vertical 25 centimeters below the lip. The body is cordage impressions (probably fabric Settlement-Subsistence plain, smoothed-over cord-roughened from impression), while the interior is plain and The annual settlement cycle char­ the waist to the base (Fig. 8a). A single smoothed (Fig. 8b). The other rim, how­ acterizing the Green Creek phase seems radiocarbon assay from an associated ever, is not analogous to any which have at this time to be very reminiscent of the charcoal sample yielded a date of 1210 ± been found at Green Creek phase sites preceeding Middle Woodland time period 70 B.P. (740 A.D.) (Beta-30054) (Lab report thus far, although similarly decorated (cf. Spence, Finlayson, and Pihl 1979; on file w/W.LE.A.R.P; DeMuth, personal vessels occasionally appear in the Asch, Farnsworth, and Asch 1979; communication). This date, along with the Newtown complex, and more commonly in Struever 1965, 1968). Small, seasonally fact that the vessel is paddle-and-anvil Goodall Focus assemblages (cf. Mangold transitory bands appear to be lacustrine- constructed rather than coiled, suggests 1981; Quimby 1941, 1943; Seeman 1980; oriented during warm months, and interior that this component of the Dillon site is Henderson and Pollack 1985; Riggs 1986; and/or upland-oriented in cooler months. reflective of a late Green Creek phase Railey 1984). The rim is collarless, with a Subsistence activities are tuned to riparian occupation (Fig. 4). plain, smoothed interior, a flat cord- resources and the cyclic migration of local

38 cervid populations (compare to settle­ Graves 1983a: 121-122, 1985; Graves of an early Late Woodland Green Creek ment-subsistence patterns proposed for 1984; JR 1896-1901 18:227-235, 21:195, phase (ca. 500-1000 A.D.) cemetery. Both Late Archaic populations of the same 27:10; cf. also Lennox 1981; Trigger the C12/C13 fractionation value of -18.8 region [Stothers and Abel 1989b, 1990, 1976:624). o/oo, and the dental pathology suggest n.d.). As a result of "Mississippification" ca. that Green Creek phase populations were However, it is during the Green Creek 1200 A.D., and the ever greater need for incipient maize horticulturalists. The Green phase that maize agriculture begins to larger tracts of land suitable for growing Creek phase is temporally and stylistically impact and influence the annual settle­ Northern Flint maize (Stothers, Graves, analogous to the Newtown phase of ment cycle. Therefore, based upon site and Redmond 1984), the growth of southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky, location, inferred site seasonality, and Sandusky Tradition populations initiated as well as to the Peters phase of function, we hypothesize a time-trans- predatory territorial expansion into the southeastern Ohio. The Green Creek gressive shift, in summer occupation, from regions around the western end of Lake phase establishes the formerly enigmatic the low-lying lacustrine plains, to areas Erie (Stothers, Pratt, and Shane 1979:55- cultural and temporal link between the further inland and along river valleys, 56; Stothers and Graves 1985; Stothers Middle Woodland Esch phase (ca. A.D. 1- characterized by land which is higher, and Pratt 1980; cf. also Bowen 1980a). It 500) and the Late Woodland Eiden phase more well drained, and better suited to has been suggested (Stothers and Graves (ca. A.D. 1000-1200) in northcentral Ohio. initial maize horticulture. In the areas of 1983a:116) that this intensifying agricul­ In as much as the Esch phase has been littoral Sandusky Bay and Maumee Bay, tural pursuit may have initiated the budding formerly linked to the preceeding Early this region occurs at the first lake terrace, of daughter population groups by means of Woodland Leimbach phase, and that where the topography rises rather sharply the segmentary lineage system (cf. phase to the earlier Firelands and (relative to the lake plain) to 600 feet Sahlins 1961; Morse 1977), as sustenance Maumee Complexes of the Late Archaic (above sea level) and greater, charac­ demands increased. These daughter Feeheley phase, it is believed that this terized by loamy fine sands and clays. groups subsequently established new entire sequence of phases represents an Periodic, seasonal, task-specific occupa­ habitation areas to the west of the 'in situ' cultural continuum, and constitutes tion of the lacustrine regions is assumed Sandusky Bay region. the cultural base from which emerges Late to continue as is inland and/or upland This territorial shift into the traditional Woodland Upper Mississippian expression occupation during winter months. This homeland of Western Basin Tradition of the Sandusky Tradition. Prehistoric inland, riverine-, and later floodplain-, populations (Stothers 1975, 1978, 1979 Sandusky Tradition populations at the oriented pattern seems to gradually [nee Younge: cf. Fitting 1965]), a derived terminus of the Late Woodland time period intensify with the gradual increase in cultural expression of the western Ontario are believed to represent the ancestors of maize production through time. This trend Iroquois Tradition (Stothers 1989; Stothers the protohistoric/historic Totontara- culminates in the Upper Mississippian and Graves 1983a; Stothers n.d.b) (Fig. 4), tonhronon/Assistaeronon. As this data has settlement-subsistence patterns typical of precipitated competition for environmental accumulated over the past two decades, it the Wolf and later phases of the Sandusky resources, bringing about a "clash" of has become increasingly possible to Tradition (Stothers, Graves and Redmond opposing settlement-subsistence systems, construct predictive models of annual 1984; Stothers and Abel 1989a; see while subsequently bringing about military cyclic settlement for the Sandusky below). interaction (warfare) between the Tradition, based upon subsistence needs expanding Wolf phase Sandusky Tradition and resource utilization. The Sandusky Tradition and the indigenous Western Basin The Sandusky Tradition is now believed Tradition populations (Stothers 1975, 1978, Acknowledgements to be a continuous 'in situ' development 1979, 1982, 1989; Stothers and Graves The authors would like to thank the from the Late Archaic Firelands Complex 1983a:117, 119, 1985; Fitting and Zurel following people for their efforts and of northcentral Ohio (Stothers 1989b) and 1976:249; cf. also Stothers, Graves, and contributions in making this article possible. the Maumee River Complex of the lower Redmond 1982,1984). Ian T. Kenyon, Archaeologist for the Maumee River Valley and Maumee Bay The ensuing military defeat of Western Ministry of Culture and Recreation, areas (Fig. 3, 4). Both of these areas, Basin Tradition populations initiated their Historic Sites Branch, London, Ontario, is separated by the inhospitable and sparsely subsequent withdrawal into southwestern duly acknowledged for alerting the senior occupied region of the Black Swamp, are peninsular Ontario where they coalesced author to historical information that is the believed to be separate and distinct with, and became incorporated into, product of his own efforts. His unselfish regional expressions of the Feeheley villages of their Ontario Iroquois kinsmen sharing of personal research findings are phase (ca. 2500-600 B.C.). This cultural after 1300 A.D. (Stothers and Graves a testimony to his selfless commitment to continuum is believed to represent 'in situ' 1983a, 1985; Stothers 1978, 1983, 1985, the advancement of knowledge. development out of this Late Archaic base, Stothers and Abel 1989) (Fig. 4). This Dr. Paul Sciulli, Department of Anthro­ followed by the Early Woodland Leimbach coalescence is evident in the ceramic pology, The Ohio State University, is duly phase (ca. 600 B.C.-A.D. 1), the Middle assemblage recovered from the Butler acknowledged for the compilation of Woodland Esch phase (ca. A.D. 1-500), site, in Detroit, Michigan (Stothers 1983, Appendix 1 and his continued cooperation the early Late Woodland Green Creek (ca. 1985). Subsequent to this conflict, with the W.L.E.A.R.P. in the compilation of A.D. 500-1000) and Eiden (ca. A.D. 1000- Sandusky Tradition populations continued demographic data from prehistoric sites in 1200) phases, the Upper Mississippian to occupy and control the drainage lands northwestern and northcentral Ohio, and Wolf (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) and Fort Meigs of northcentral and northwestern Ohio until southeast Michigan. (ca. A.D. 1400-1550) phases, and the their own military defeat and dispersal in None of this work would have been protohistoric Indian Hills phase (ca. A.D. 1643 A.D., at the hands of the Neutral possible without the help of Gene 1550-1643) (Fig. 4). The late prehistoric to Iroquois from Ontario (Stothers and Edwards, of Sandusky, Ohio, W.L.E.A.R.P. proto-historic terminus of this cultural Graves 1983a, 1985; Graves 1984; Preservation Officer, who was instru­ tradition is believed to represent the Goddard 1978; Trigger 1976:624-625). mental in bringing the Baker I site to the Totontaratonhronon/Assistaeronon (Stoth­ attention of the authors. Also, we are ers and Abel 1989; Stothers 1990), the Conclusions indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Baker, of traditional enemies of the Neutral Indian The Baker I site, with a radiocarbon date Fremont, Ohio, who graciously allowed us Confederacy (Stothers 1981; Stothers and of 840 A.D., appears to be repre-sentative to dig up their vegetable garden.

39 We also would like to thank those of the n.d. Bone Crosses and Faces of Clay: The Goddard, Ives University of Toledo student body and Petersen Site. M.A. Thesis in Anthro­ 1978 Mascouten. Handbook of North Ameri­ community of the W.L.E.A.R.P., who pology, in prep. can Indians, Volume 15: Northeast B. donated 1008 man/hours to excavate the Asch, David L., Kenneth B. Farnsworth, and Trigger (ed.): 668-672. Smithsonian Baker I site over the course of five full Nancy B. Asch Institution Press, Washington. days. We are also indebted to the 1979 Woodland Subsistence and Settlement Goldstein, Lynn members of the Sandusky Bay Chapter, in West Central Illinois. Hopewell 1980 Mississippian Mortuary Practices: A ASO, who have donated their labors to Archaeology: The Chillicothe Confer­ Case Study of Two Cemeteries in the the preservation and documentation of ence D. Brose and N. Greber, eds.:80- Lower Illinois Valley. Northwestern prehistory, in close cooperation with the 85. Kent: Kent State University Press. University Archaeological Program W.L.E.A.R.P. Much has been and con­ Bechtel, Susan K. Scientific Papers 4. tinues to be accomplished as a result of 1986 Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis: Archae­ Graves, James R. this professional/avocational cooperation. ological Implications for the Prehistoric 1984 The Indian Hills Site (33W04): Archae­ Photographs used in this article were Populations of Western Lake Erie. M.A. ological Reflections of Proto-historic produced by W.L.E.A.R.P. phototech- Thesis, The University of Toledo. Assistaeronon Town. M.A. Thesis, The nicians Charles Longton, Michael Master- Bowen, Jonathan University of Toledo. son, and Jeffery Whalton. Photos from the 1980 The Sandusky Tradition: People of the Greenman, Emerson Esch site, excavated for the Ohio State Southwestern Lake Erie Drainage. 1937 The Younge Site. Occasional Contri­ Museum in 1930 by Emerson Greenman, Paper presented at the annual meeting butions from the Museum of Anthro­ were taken by the senior author with of the Ohio Academy of Science. pology of the University of Michigan, 6. permission of Martha Otto and the Ohio Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Ann Arbor. Historical Society, Columbus. Photo­ Bulletin 9: 39-59. Henderson, A. Gwynn and David Pollack graphic supplies were made possible 1985 North-Central Ohio Burial Practices. 1985 The Late Woodland Occupation at the through donations by George B. DeMuth Paper presented at the annual meeting Bentley Site. Woodland Period and Gene R. Edwards of the Sandusky of the Alabama Archaeological Society. Research in Kentucky D. Pollack, T Bay Chapter of the ASO. Florence, Alabama. Sanders, and C. Hockensmith, eds. Several community patron benefactors Broida, Mary Frankfort: Kentucky Heritage Council. are thanked for their continued financial 1984 An Estimate of the Percents of Maize Pp. 140-165. contributions to the support of the in the Diets of Two Fort Ancient Vil­ JR W.L.E.A.R.P. Plates, tables, and maps lages. Late Prehistoric Research in 1986-1901 The Jesuit Relations and Allied which accompany this article were Kentucky. David Pollack, Charles D. Documents. 73 volumes. Reuben G. prepared by the junior author under a Hockensmith, and Thomas N. Sanders Thwaits (ed.). The Burrows Brothers Small Research grant to the senior author (eds):68-82. Kentucky Heritage Coun­ Company, Cleveland. by The University of Toledo Office of cil, Frankfort. Justice, Noel Research. Funds for the radiocarbon Brose, David S. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of dating of the Baker I site were made 1985 The Prehistoric Occupation of the Hale the Midcontinental and Eastern United available to Gene R. Edwards and David Farm, Bath Township, Summit County, States. Bloomington: Indiana Univer­ M. Stothers through a grant from the Ohio. Kirtlandia 41:35-62. sity Press. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Brose, David S. and John F. Scarry Kidd, Kenneth James Morton, of Columbus, Ohio, is 1976 Boston Ledges Shelter: Comparative 1953 The Excavation and Historical Identi­ thanked for critical discussion and Analysis of Early Late Woodland Occu­ fication of a Huron Ossuary. American comparative information concerning Late pation in Summit County, Ohio. Mid- Antiquity 18(4):359-379. Woodland site assemblages, radiocarbon continental Journal of Archaeology Lee, Alfred M. and David S. Brose dates, and taxonomy of the central 1(2):179-228. 1980 Archaic Archaeological Complexes in Muskingum River Valley. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Northeastern Ohio. Paper presented at 1974 Late Woodland Projectile Points. 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West Virginia flections-Newsletter of the Western file, Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology, Archaeologist 38(2):1 -21. Lake Erie Archaeological Research University of Toledo. Sahlins, Marshall D. Society. T. Abel and D. Stothers, eds. 1987b An Analysis and Tabulation of Ceramic 1961 The Segmentary Lineage: An Organi­ 1(2):1-2. and Lithic Cultural Materials Recov-ered zation of Predatory Expansion. 1988b The Hopewell Connection: The Middle from the Hopewell Middle Woodland American Anthropologist 63:322-345. Woodland Time Period in the Maumee Component at the White Barn Site Saxe, Arthur A. River Drainage Basin of Northwestern (33W0183) in the Mid-Maumee River 1970 Social Dimensions of Mortuary Ohio. Paper presented at the Annual Valley. Unpublished manuscript on file, Practices. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology, Anthropology, University of Michigan, Science, The Ohio State University, University of Toledo. Ann Arbor. Newark. 1987c An Analysis and Tabulation of Ceramic Sciulli, Paul 1988c A Tabulation and Analysis of Middle and Lithic Cultural Materials Recov­ 1989 Baker Site Demographics and Woodland Hopewellian Prismatic ered from the Hopewell Middle Pathology. Unpublished manuscript on Bladelets from the Hickory Island Site, Woodland and Early Woodland file, Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology, Sandusky County, Ohio. Unpublished Components at the Wilson (33W0186) University of Toledo. manuscript on file, Laboratories of and Smith (33W0187) Sites in the Mid- Seeman, Mark Ethnoarchaeology, University of Maumee River Valley. Unpublished 1980 A Taxonomic Review of Southern Ohio Toledo. manuscript on file, Laboratories of Late Woodland. Paper presented the 1988d A Tabulation and Analysis of Middle Ethnoarchaeology, University of 1980 Midwest Archaeological Confer­ Woodland Prismatic Bladelets, Blade Toledo. ence, Chicago. Cores, and Derived Artifactual Items 1988 Archaeological Reflections of the Late Spence, Michael W., William D. Finlayson, and from the Green Creek and Baker II Archaic and Early Woodland Time Robert Pihl sites. Unpublished manuscript on file, Periods in the Western Lake Erie 1979 Hopewellian Influences on Middle Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology, Region. Program Abstracts of the Woodland Cultures in Southern University of Toledo. 55th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Ontario. Hopewell Archaeology: The 1988e The Bayshore Site: An Esch Phase States Archaeological Federation, Chillicothe Conference D. Brose and Processing Station on the Southern 15-17. N. Greber, eds.:115-121. Kent: Kent Sandusky Bay Littoral: An Inventory 1989a The Position of the Pearson Complex State University Press. and Analysis of Cultural Materials. in the Prehistory of Northwestern Ohio. Stothers, David M. Unpublished manuscript on file, Archaeology of Eastern North America 1975 The Emergence and Development of Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology, 15: in press. the Younge and Ontario Iroquois University of Toledo. 41 1989b Late Archaic-Early Woodland Band Stothers, David M. and G. Michael Pratt Van der Merwe, Nickolass J. and J. C. Vogel Societies and The Williams Mortuary 1980 Cultural Continuity and Change in the 1978 13C Content of Human Collagen as a Complex of The Western Lake Erie Region of the Western Lake Erie Basin: Measure of Pre-Historic Diet in Region. Program Abstracts of the The Sandusky Tradition. Toledo Area Woodland North America. Nature 54th Annual Meeting of the Society Aboriginal Research Bulletin 9:1 -38. 276(2):815-816. for American Archaeology: 157. Stothers, David M., G. Michael Pratt, and Orrin White, Marian E. n.d. The Late Archaic and Early Woodland C. Shane, III 1978 Neutral and Wenro. Handbook of North Culture History of the Western Lake 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland: American Indians Bruce Trigger Erie Drainage Region. To be included Non-Hopewellians in a Hopewellian (volume ed.) 15(The Northeast):407- in a special volume edited by J. World. Hopewell Archaeology: The 411. Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Granger (in press). Chillicothe Conference. David S. Brose Institution. Stothers, David M. and Susan K. Bechtel and N'omi Greber (eds.): 47-58. The Wright, James V. 1987 Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis: An Kent State University Press, Kent. 1967 The Laurel Tradition and the Middle Inter-Regional Perspective. Archae­ Struever, Stuart Woodland Period. Anthropological ology of Eastern North America 1965 Middle Woodland Culture History in the Series 79, National Museum of 15:137-154. Great Lakes. American Antiquity Canada Bulletin No. 217. Ottawa. Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves 31 (2)211-223. Wright, James V. and J. E. Anderson 1983a Cultural Continuity and Change: The 1968 Woodland Settlement-Subsistence 1963 The Donaldson Site. Anthropological Western Basin, Ontario Iroquois and Systems in the Lower Illinois Valley. Series 58, National Museum of Sandusky Traditions-A 1982 Per­ New Perspectives in Archaeology. Canada Bulletin No. 184. Ottawa. spective. Archaeology of Eastern Sally R. Binford and Louis R. Binford 1972 Ontario Prehistory: An Eleven North America 11:109-142. (eds.):285-312. Chicago: Aldine. Thousand Year Archeological Outline. 1983b Missionary Island: A Preliminary Tooker, Elisabeth Ottawa: National Museum of Man, Report Concerning Initial Survey and 1970 The Iroquois Ceremonial of Midwinter. Archaeological Survey of Canada. Test Excavations. Report on file, Ohio Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Yerkes, Richard, ed. Dept. of Natural Resources (Division of Trigger, Bruce G. 1988 Interpretations of Culture Change in Wildlife) and the Ohio Historical Society 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Eastern Woodlands during the Late (Archaeology Dept.), Columbus. the Huron People to 1660. (2 vols.). Woodland Period. Occasional Papers 1985 The Prairie Peninsula Co-tradition: An McGill-Queen's University Press, in Anthropology Number 3, Dept. of Hypothesis for Hopewellian to Upper Montreal. Anthropology, The Ohio State Mississippian Continuity. Archaeology 1985 Natives and Newcomers: Canada's University. Columbus. of Eastern North America 13:153-175. "Heroic Age" Revisited. Kingston: Stothers, David M., James R. Graves and McGill-Queen's University Press. Brian G. Redmond U.S.G.S. (United States Geological Survey) 1982 The Sandusky and Western Basin 1960 Wightman's Grove Quadrangle, Ohio, Traditions: A Comparative Analysis of 7.5 Series (Topographic). Washington, the Settlement-Subsistence Systems. D.C.: United States Department of the Ohio Journal of Science 82(2) :65. Interior, Geological Survey. 1984 The Sandusky and Western Basin Van der Merwe, Nickolass J. Traditions: A Comparative Analysis of 1982 Carbon Isotopes, Photo-Synthesis, and the Settlement-Subsistence Systems. Archaeology. American Scientist Toledo Area Aboriginal Research 70(6):596-606. Bulletin 13:1-39.

42 Att SEX STATURE »£H. OEV. OEM. WEAR AURIC PUBIS 1 SUTURES 1 FUSION PUBIS 1 PAR. PITS 1 PEW1C 1 HUH. SIZE 1 FF.H. SIZE 1 OTHER SIZE 1 nORPH. SFI 42t2«e«ra 45t5tiaara 45uMr« female female female female female female 159-162cm BF2 42t2aear» ml* itotnt male mle(clrricli) 8F3 fgaluaara 20±2u»ar» 20t2l«rs 20-23 female femele female female (Mat) female 151- IS6cm BF4 B*2»M«tha BFS 2'4ij«imiithi BF6 UBOtKi BF7 40-44 51±8uwt male absent male mal|_ BFS 6*3menthi BF 400- 1 I1-1S BF 400-1* 1 * 6m>ntM BF 400-2 I2*3mcmthe 1 t6montte BF400-5 BF 400-4 35-40 368 45.2 male •heart role ™le knili(Mi>) 162-169cm BF 400-5 BF 400-6 18t6montha 1-2uaara BF400-? BF 400-8 18-22uean 17-19 atari absent femele female fenale(talua) 153-162cm BF 400-9 30-40 8F400-IO 35-38 absent mala mate (Mm) BF400-I2 3*6menths BF 400-13 3*2moiitf» 6l6meitth> BF400-I4 Br 400-15 BF 400-16

Appendix 1 (Stothers and Abel). Appendix prepared by Dr. Paul Sciulli, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University.

Fig. 1 (Stothers and Abel). Sandusky Bay and Firelands Complex site locations.

43 BF-5 BF-4 BF-6 BF-8 "Cluster B" BF-7 Baker I Site ^E|»]BF-3 BF-2* 33SA141

• •

400-15 400-16 ®BF-1 U 400-13 4Q0_} *^s^t 400-3

400-2 "Cluster A"

fci»a Cremation burial WA Aboriginal feature K2 Historic feature H Postmold

U Aboriginal burial

Fig. 2 (Stothers and Abel). Baker I site excavation plan.

44 A THEORETICAL MODEL OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE PREHISTORY: A 1 990 PERSPECTIVE

Eiden Western Basin gfiNDUSKY. IflY COMFIIX •mm MVTK COHFITX Sandusky Tradition Phase »«.r lorn 3 find* rs on Tradition hirtar (among other; Historic Neutral Iroquois Dispersal raUTirr. H1yr> CQMTIIX 3flNprj3KY MY COHFirX HURON RIVIR COMPIIX Inker I Billon Baker II Mirter ? Squaw Island Green Green Cr«*k Creek Phase llodgttt

MflOTlII FIVER COMPLEX 3RNPU3KY BP.Y COMPLEX HURON RIVER COMPLIX Missionary Creen Cratk Isch Island No. 1 (?) Hickory Island No. 2 Heckelman laker 2 Esch Phase

Late Lieabach murtri RIVER conpnx SANDUSKY BAY COMPIIX mrpuN RIVIR comiix Phase Oak Openings • Marblehead 300 ».C.

rnomr MVIR COMPLEX ,;'..»Jl.ri.:» V [:.iV rOr^LIX HT.FTIJJN MVIJr Cuin-u:< Williams Mortuary Complei Hickory Island 2 Early Providence Baker 2 Lieabach Gladieux Green Creek Phase Harbour Fin* Tree Ridge Vollmar

MBOMII RIVIR COMPIIX FIRIIfiNIiS CQMPLIX Williams Mortu< Baker 2 flsmus 1,2,3,4 Hickory Island 2 locust Tree Green Craak Seedhouse 1 Feeheley tark Creak 1 Phase Grits

Horticultural Haml»t sedentary to Sedentary Village • ei989DMSa| Fig. 4 (Stothers and Abel). A theoretical model of western Lake Erie Fig. 3 (Stothers and Abel). Northwestern-north central Ohio phases prehistory: a 1990 perspective. and components of the Early Sandusky Tradition.

CERAMIC TYPE/ VESSEL SHAPE Indian Hills

Fig. 7 (Stothers and Abel). Huron River Complex site locations.

Leimbach Seaman's

Fig. 5 (Stothers and Abel). Sandusky Tradition ceramic seriation sequence.

45 all scales in t ' ' I I J centimeters I I I t I 1

Fig. 6 (Stothers and Abel), (a - b): Green Creek Cordmarked vessels from a single feature; Baker II Site, (c - c): Green Creek Cordmarked vessel segment and profile; Hickory Island site, (d - d): Esch Cordmarked vessel segment and profile; Green Creek site.

46 J Fig. 8 (Stothers and Abel), (a): Green Creek Cordmarked vessel segment; Dillon site, (b): Undecorated cordmarked rim; Feature 47; Missionary Island No. 1 site, (c): Bladelets and fragements; Feature 292; Green Creek site, (d): Smooth cord-impressed rim; Feature 47; Missionary Island No. 1 site, (e): Green Creek Cordmarked shoulder; Green Creek site, (f): Blade-like linear flakes; Feature 292; Green Creek site, (g): Bifaces and fragments; Feature 292; Green Creek site.

47 » . . i i_j

all scale;, in centimeters

. i i—i—i—i L-_J i l i i Fig. 9 (Stothers and Abel), (a - b): Esch Cordmarked vessels, Esch Mounds site, (c): Hopewellian zone-decorated vessel, Esch Mounds site, (d): Green Creek Cordmarked vessel segment; Pennsylvania site.

48 Lake Erie

Maumee Bay

Indian Hills

Ottawa River X/ Gladieux Oak Openings No. 4

ff * Sabo 1,2,3 Riverside J Williams Mortuary Missionary \ Complex Island No. 1~ Golf Course

Asmus 1 ,2,3 Locust Tree Maumee River ^^~ / K™9 Freev/orth

sProvidence

Fig. 10 (Stothers and Abel). Maumee River Complex site locations.

Fig. 11 (Stothers and Abel). Early Sandusky Tradition Complexes in northwestern - northcentral Ohio.

49 A LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT

Fellow A.S.O. Members:

As most of you are aware, there was legislation introduced into the Ohio House and Senate dealing with historic preservation and skeleton remains. The original bill was supported in an August 1989 vote by A.S.O. board members. A summary of the bill was in the Ohio Archaeologist Volume 33 No. 2 Spring 1989, page 70 - please review. The bill has since been diluted by eliminating the part on skeletal remains. Meetings are underway between people who profess to represent all the Ohio Indians and backers of the original proposed bill. I attended the last meeting and things were brought up that disturbed me. One professional archaeologist stood up and wanted to make it perfectly clear that he was not a member of the A.S.O. and that for the most part they were just collectors. This brought a response from one of the people representing the Indians that we were just a bunch of pot hunters.

I believe the only people who have the best interest of the A.S.O. are the members themselves. I believe it is time for us to be heard by writing our Ohio Senate and House Representatives. Express what you consider is yours and the A.S.O's best interest in Senate bill 244 and House bill 720.1 believe it would be a good idea to mention that you are opposed to any legislation that would restrict land owners rights and the right to own and collect artifacts.

Time has come when we must all pull together to insure that we will be able to continue all aspects of archaeology that we so much enjoy. Act now!

Your friend,

Donald A. Casto President A.S.O.

50 A.S.O. MEETINGS 1990 January 21 May 20 March 18 November 11 JOINT A.S.O. WEST VIRGINIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEETING June 23 Several Papers By Important Speakers June 24 Displays By All States Chapters Featured Evening Program By Robert Converse Other Displays By Members Welcome Room Provided For Sellers Only Tables Will Be Provided For Sellers ~ "STATE WIDY HISTb'm A statewide historic preservation conference will be held in Columbus, Ohio, on May 11-12, 1990, sponsored by the Ohio Historic Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical Society. The two-day meeting will feature sessions on saving threatened properties, developing effective organizations, and the state of historic preservation in Ohio; a special tour of the Statehouse; and an evening special event in a landmark building. For a brochure with complete details, write Statewide Historic Preservation Conference, Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society, 1982 Velma Ave., Columbus, OH 43211-2497, or call (614) 297-2470; or contact: Tom Wolf, Public Education Manager, Ohio Historic Preservation Office, (614) 297) 2470. JOINT MEETING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO AND THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY JUNE 23rd and JUNE 24th, 1990 - HOLIDAY INN in PARKERSBURG, WV Sat. June 23rd doors will open at 10:00 am to 5:00 pm with speakers at 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm Saturday Evening there will be a cash bar from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm - with Bob Converse PARKERSBURG, speaking at 8:00pm *"" WEST VIRGINIA Sun. June 24th the doors will open at 8:00 am with speakers at 10:30 am and 1:00 pm =RLS0= -judging will be at 2:00 pm On June 23rd, tables provided for display, sale or trade. On June 24th, table space will be designated both for chapter and individual displays. ft Displays should be removed Saturday evening. The A.S.O. and W.Va. A.S. will not be responsible t for the security of displays. ^J There will be a block of rooms available at the HOLIDAY INN, in Parkersburg. Phone Number: 1 (304) 485-6200 OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEETING On April 28, 1990 the Ohio Academy of Science will meet at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. You are cordially invited to present a paper at this meeting. The length of your presentation will be approximately 15 minutes. You may present more than one paper. An abstract consisting of 4 to 5 sentences which will be published in the Ohio Academy of Science Journal, must be sent to me to meet the publishing deadline. The abstract must be sent to me no later than December 1st 1989, or sooner if at all possible. I am looking forward to your participation and I know we will have a noteworthy program. Sincerely Yours, George B. DeMuth, President of the Sandusky Bay Chapter of the A.S.O., Vice President Elect of the Ohio Academy of Science 16th ANNUAL SPRING WORKSHOP April 21, 1990 Focusing On: Archaeology In Indiana Sponsored By The Indianapolis Amateur Archaeological Association A Member of: The Affiliation of Indiana Archaeological Associations

Registration 8:30 -9:00 a.m. Welcome - George King, President IAAA 9:00 -9:15 a.m. Guest Speaker 9:15-10:15 a.m. Break 10:15-10:30 a.m. Future Plans At Glenn Black Labs - Dr. Christopher Peebles 10:30-11:00 a.m. Future Plans At Indiana State U. - Dr. Russell Stafford 11:00-11:30 p.m. Summer Activities 11:30- Noon Informal Session With Announcements By Workshop Attendees Of Summer Plans Lunch Break Noon - 1:15 p.m. Regulation Of Archaeology In Indiana and Its Impact on the Professional and Amateur 1:15-2:00 p.m. Dr. Gary Ellis, Senior Archaeologist, Div. of Historic Preservation and Archaeology Tribal Attitudes Toward Archaeology - Mr. Raymond White, Miami Nation 2:00 - 2:45 p.m. Break 2:45 - 3:00 p.m. Who's Are These Bones? - Mr. Ronald Richard, Indiana State Museum 3:00-4:00 p.m. LOCATION: IVY TECH, 26TH AND MERIDIAN, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Back Cover A large Ashtabula point from the collection of Bob Myers, Urbana, Ohio. It is made of Coshocton flint and clearly shows the two varieties of that material.

51 I

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non­ professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.