OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIS

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Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO I The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Officers Ray Tanner, Behringer-Crawford Museum Devou Park, Covington. Kentucky 41011 President—Dana L. Baker, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio West Taylor St., Mt. Victory Ohio Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona 86503 Vice President—Jan Sorgentrei, Ray Tanner, 4675 McNeil Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 7625 Maxtown Rd., Westerville, Ohio Wm. L. Jenkins, 3812 Laurel Lane, Anderson, Indiana Executive Secretary—Frank W. Otto, Leonard H. Brown, Rt. #3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1503 Hempwood Dr., Cols., Ohio Kenneth Goodman, 2528 Swansea Rd., Columbus, Treasurer—John J. Winsch, Ohio 6614 Summerdale Dr., Dayton, Ohio Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Recording Secretary—Dave Mielke, Box 389, Botkins, Ohio Editor—Robert N. Converse, Editorial Office and Business Office 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Trustees Membership and Dues Ensil Chadwick, 119 Rose Avenue, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1978 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Hgts., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Newcomerstown, Ohio 1978 bership $5.00; Husband and wife (one copy of publica­ Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, tion) $6.00; Sustaining $25.00. Funds are used for pub­ Fairborn, Ohio 1978 lishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological So­ Alva McGraw, Rt. 11 Box 23, Chillicothe, Ohio. . . . 1976 ciety of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization William C. Haney, 706 Buckhorn St., and has no paid officers or employees. Ironton, Ohio 1976 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Ernest G. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio . 1976 subscription is included in the membership dues.

Editorial Staff and Publishing Committee Back Issues Editor—Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist may be pur­ chased at the following prices: Associate Editor-Martha Potter Otto, The Ohio Historical Ohio Flint Types—$3.50 per copy Society, Columbus, Ohio 43211 Ohio Stone Tools-$2.50 per copy Regional Collaborators- All other back issues—$1.50 per copy Richard Patterson, 519 Front St., Marietta, Ohio David W. Kuhn, 3222 Scioto Trail, Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Slate Types-$5.00 per copy Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn Make all checks or money orders payable to the Ar­ Ohio chaeological Society of Ohio and send to 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064.

STANDING COMMITTEES

PROGRAM COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE EDUCATION & PUBLICITY COMMITTEE Dorothy Good, Chairman Frank Otto, Chairman Dave Mielke, Chairman Mike Kish Ken Black Kenneth Goodman Dr. John Blank Myers Campbell Charles Stout Robert Converse Victor Hiles Marilyn Harness Merle Guthrie Dean Majors Wayne Mortine Kenneth Goodman Vivien Marshall FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE NOMINATING COMMITTEE Jeff Carskadden Ernest Good, Co-Chairman Robert Converse, Co-Chairman Robert Converse, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE John Schatz Larry Wilson Summers A. Redick Jack Hooks Ken Goodman Frank Otto Dr. John Blank Don Morrow Don Kegg Douglas Hooks Mike Kish Carroll Welling Dr. Orrin Shane AUDITING COMMITTEE Paul Fritch Dick Johnson Jan Sorgenfrei Donn Buck, Chairman Ernest Sutten LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Mike Kish Ensil Chadwick Marvin King Robert Converse, Chairman Robert Harter Dwight Shipley Robert Cochran Alva McGraw Tom Stropki Gilbert Dilley John Vargo Kenneth Goodman Dr. Raymond S. Baby Dr. Norman Wright OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR S PAGE Everyone has heard the old Chinese adage that says one picture is worth a thousand TABLE OF CONTENTS words. Of course the Chinese didn't say any­ thing about whether the picture should be in color or black and white. In the belief that a Bone Artifacts 4 colored picture should be worth substantially A Piano Site 6 more than a black and white one, we are trying something new in this, the last issue of 1974. A Pennsylvania Birdstone 10 As you have probably already noticed both Preliminary Geological and our front and back covers are in full color as are the center pages. It has long been one Archaeological Survey 11 of the hopes of your editor to have full color The Collection of Samples 15 in at least one issue per year with the idea that it would not only appeal aesthetically to Some Fine Ohio Slate 19 our members, but also prove to be educa­ Paleo-lndian Artifacts 20 tional. Our back issues are full of pictures of artifacts of various kinds of flint and stone as Three Slate Pieces 22 well as a number of articles on the raw ma­ Some Ohio Artifacts in Indiana 23 terials used by the Ohio Indians. A black and white photograph, no matter how well taken, The Stringtown Site 24 or an article, no matter how lengthy or well Color Pages 26-27 written, cannot convey to the reader what one color picture portrays. We have made an Some Comments 31 attempt to show some of the flints found in The Late Paleo-lndian Occupation 34 Ohio artifacts in order that the reader can identify some of his own raw materials. Of The Brokaw Site 36 course, there was a temptation to picture Analysis of Fauna 42 nothing but Flint Ridge flint to depict the vast A Chronology of the North-Central 45 array and beautiful colors and hues of this unique stone, and to this end we devoted The Meigs Tablet 50 both the back and front covers. Few of these A Fayette Dovetail 51 pieces—which are from the Converse and Sorgenfrei collections — would command Kenneth C. Goodman 51 much attention shown in black and white, but the reader can understand their appeal when seen in full color. The two inside pages pic­ ture some of the more popular Ohio flints. Of course, not all variations and shades can be shown —it would take several pages alone to picture all the shades and textures of Co­ shocton flint alone. But at least it is a begin­ ning. Perhaps more can be done along this line in the future providing costs do not get too high, and we can stay within our budget.

Robert N. Converse Editor

FRONT COVER - BACK COVER Every shade of the rainbow is present in Flint Ridge flint as illustrated in the artifacts on the front and back covers. Delicate shades of pink and yellow blend with muted greens and blues. Combinations of almost limitless hues are found in this colorful stone. Not only did the Archaic people of Ohio know of the Flint Ridge deposits, as evidenced by the Archaic artifacts illustrated, but Adena and Hopewell had a passion for the most colorful of the flints found there.

3 Bone Artifacts from the Reeve Site, Lake County, Ohio

by James L. Murphy Department of Geology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106

During the course of the 1968 excavations Ancient, as it is not characteristic of Iro- at the Reeve site, Lake County, Ohio, several quoian . . . ." The bone beamer, according interesting bone artifacts were discovered. to Griffin, "is very common at Fort Ancient Subsequent work at the site by Greg and sites, but is not a determinant or diagnostic Gary Waselkov, Eastlake, Ohio, has provided trait, since it occurs at western Iroquoian, some additional bone artifacts that are worthy Fisher, and Aztalan sites." Greenman (1935: of note. 16) has described antler hoes or "gouges" Perhaps the most unusual item js the elk from the Reeve Site, but this article seems antler phallus illustrated in Figure 1. It was to be the first report of the bone beamer found at the very edge of the bluff on which from this site. the Reeve site lies during the Cleveland An antler flaker and a turkey metatarsal Natural Science Museum excavations of awl are also illustrated in Figure 1, but re­ 1968. Although similar objects of clay have quire little comment. Of greater interest are been described, (Ritchie 1947), I do not know the two turkey metatarsal awls illustrated in of any previously reported bone or antler Figure 2 from the Waselkov collection, rep­ phalli. It is this specimen, incidentally, that resenting as they do, both the notched and Brose (1973: 32) has erroneously ascribed unnotched forms. Griffin (1943: 200) has to his "intermediate component" at the South suggested that the notched metatarsal awl Parksite, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Apparently is "an endemic trait of the Fort Ancient As­ the specimen has been removed from the pect." Greenman has illustrated (1935: fig. 15) labelled tray in which it was left at the Mu­ a broken, notched metatarsal awl from the seum; while this mistake would explain the Reeve site. confusion about which site the artifact is Other types of bone awls recovered in the from, I am at a loss to explain how the artifact Museum excavations are enumerated in could be assigned to a particular component Table 1. It is of some interest that of all of the at the wrong site. many Ictalurus (catfish) spines recovered The elk antler hoe and deer bone beamer from the Reeve site, only one bore any trace are of interest because of their bearing upon of use as an awl. Bone awls appear to be the question of "Whittlesey Focus" relation­ slightly more common at the Reeve site than ships with the Fort Ancient material culture. at Fairport Harbor, to judge from their fre­ Griffin (1943: 199) has noted that the antler quency in the Museum excavations. hoe "does not occur commonly outside Fort The most common bone artifact found at

Table 1: Bone Artifacts from 1968 Excavations at the Reeve Site Unit 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-7 1-1 1-2 1-3 Antler phallus 1 Antler arrow point 1 1 Antler flaker 1 3 1 1 Antler drift 1 1 1 2 2 1 Antler chisel or hoe 1 Bone bead 1 5 9 9 4 13 13 1 Bone bead stock 1 Bird bone awl 1 2 1 Bone splinter awl 3 1 1 Raccoon baculum awl 1 Ictalurus awl 1 Hairpin fragment 1 1 1 Beaver incisor chisel 1 Drilled animal canine 1 the Reeve site is the bird bone bead. Mean Brose, David S. and median length of the 50 complete speci­ 1973 A preliminary analysis of recent exca­ mens are 26.1 mm and 26.2 mm respectively, vations at the South Park site, Cuyahoga not significantly different from the Fairport County, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeol­ ogist 43(1): 25-42. Harbor sample (Murphy 1971: 33). Bead Greenman, Emerson F. length ranges from 11.4 mm to 47.0 mm in 1935 Excavation of the Reeve village site, the Reeve sample. Animal teeth pendants Lake County, Ohio. Ohio State Archae­ appear to be less common at the Reeve site ological and Historical Quarterly 44: than at Fairport Harbor, though samples 2-64. from the two sites are so small that the dif­ Griffin, James B. ference in number may be fortuitous. 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect. University of The large bone fish hook (Fig. 3) was found Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. by the author in 1973 during the course of Murphy, James L. excavations made to obtain a charcoal sample 1971 The Fairport Harbor site (33-La-5), Lake suitable for radio-carbon-dating. The fish hook County, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeol­ is made of deer bone and has a very slight ogist 41(3): 26-43. Ritchie, William A. notch for attachment of the line. Greenman 1947 Archaeological evidence for ceremoni­ does not record any fish hooks from the alism in the Owasco culture. Researches Reeve site, and their rarity both at Reeve and and Transactions of the New York State Fairport Harbor is remarkable in view of the Archeological Association 11(2): 55-75. large amount of fish bone refuse found in the midden at these two sites.

Fig. 3 (Murphy) Deer bone fish hook found by the author in 1973. Fig. 1 (Murphy) Deer antler flaker, elk antler phallus, deer bone beamer, elk antler hoe or gouge, and turkey metatarsal awl. All artifacts from Cleveland Natural Sci­ ence Museum collections.

Fig. 2 (Murphy) Notched and unnotched turkey metatarsal awls from the Waselkov collection.

5 A Piano Site, Otsego, Ohio

by Jeff Carskadden and James Morton Zanesville, Ohio

The accompanying photographs (Figs. 1-4) show quite pronounced basil spurs (Fig. 1, illustrate Piano artifacts from a bottom land lower right) and may in fact represent the site along White Eyes Creek near Otsego, in typological transition to the later Archaic side- northeastern Muskingum County, Ohio. White notched point types, such as Big Sandy. Eyes Creek is a major tributary of Wills Creek Roughly half of the late lanceolate forms and drains much of the northeastern portion from the Otsego sites were finished; i.e. they of the county. These artifacts were collected differed from those classed as stage 4 by the over the last 35 years by William Buker of presence of lateral or basal grinding. The Pittsburgh. high proportion of grinding seen on the lan­ The site is interesting in several respects: ceolates fashioned from the low grade tan 1) it is the first Piano site to be reported from cherts may actually be the result of wear the Wills Creek drainage basin; 2) there is a rather than intentional grinding, since this wide variety of lanceolates represented rang­ material has low density and is very porous ing from the unstemmed narrow contracted compared to the harder, more resistant black base and shouldered lanceolates to the very flints (Table 1). late Piano Stringtown and stemmed forms: The remaining eight lanceolates from the and 3) it appears to represent a series of site are earlier forms—four McConnell lan­ intermittent seasonal hunting camps. The lo­ ceolate points which showed distinct shoul­ cation of the site is many miles from the ders, or, more aptly, "incipient stems" (Fig. 3). nearest flint outcrops and workshop debris As suggested by Morton (n.d.), these shoul­ is rare, resulting in a very high percentage of dered points may represent the typological- stage 4 and finished points. chronological transition to the stemmed lan­ Throughout this report comparisons will be ceolates in Ohio as they do in the West. In made with the Tri-Valley High School site, a addition to the Sawmill site in Erie County late Piano locus at Dresden, 12 miles west (Smith 1967:52, Fig. 5; Prufer and Baby 1963: along the Muskingum River (Carskadden 35) and the Mud Valley site in Holmes County 1972). With the exception of several addi­ (Prufer 1966: 71, Fig. 2), they have occurred tional small Piano components in the Otsego on Piano sites in the Muskingum County area area (to be reported at a later date) the Tri- (of. Donaldson and Morton 1972, Fig. 2; Mor­ Valley site is the closest Piano site from which ton n.d.). Of the four McConnell lanceolates, published data are available. In addition, with­ three have narrow contracted bases and are in the Piano complex, the two sites are quite similar in most respects to the earliest lan­ similar typologically and chronologically, as ceolates from Tri-Valley, though they lack the will be discussed in further detail. concave bases present on some of the Tri- Lanceolates Valley specimens. One of these early lanceo­ lates from the Otsego sites is made of the Of the total of 27 finished or stage 4 lanceo­ very porous, fossiliferous, dull black flint lates found by Buker at the Otsego site, 19 which outcrops on the east side of the Mus­ (70%) are the very late Piano stemmed and kingum River opposite the Tri-Valley site, the Stringtown lanceolate types (Figs. 1 and 2). same material represented in some of the (The reader is referred to Prufer 1963, and earliest lanceolate varieties at Tri-Valley Pi-Sunyer et al 1967 for a complete descrip­ (Carskadden 1972). tion of the various stages of lanceolate manu­ facture.) By comparison these late forms com­ The fourth McConnell point is a wide-base prise only 48% of the stage 4 and finished variety common at Tri-Valley. While Prufer point assemblage at the Tri-Valley site. Con­ lumps the wide and narrow base stemless sidering just these late varieties, however, lanceolates from the McConnell site into one the components from the two sites are quite typological category (1963: 15), Pi-Sunyer similar in terms of the flints utilized in their had divided the stemless specimens from the manufacture and in the typological variations Honey Run site into two sub-types: 1) con­ represented. At Otsego, however, there is tracted, narrow concave-base points, and 2) a slightly higher proportion of low grade tan wide, usually straight-base lanceolates. Pi- and mottled tan-grey cherts. Two or three of Sunyer points out that at the McConnell site the points classed as Stringtown lanceolates most of the stemless lanceolates are the

6 narrow-base variety, while at Honey Run both It should be pointed out that in the dis­ types are present in about equal numbers. cussion of lithic sources at the Tri-Valley site, Pi-Sunyer feels, however, that ". . . These tan flint, dull black unfossiliferous flints, and sample differences are unlikely to prove im­ grey banded Nellie chert were described as portant" (1967:236). These two varieties ob­ "imports" to the site, originating at the Co­ viously intergrade; at the Tri-Valley site, shocton County Upper Mercer quarries along however, though the sample was small there the Walhonding River. However, since the were subtle differences in the flint types used publication of the Tri-Valley report all these between these two lanceolate sub-varieties "imported" varieties have been found to out­ which may prove to be culturally/chronologi­ crop within a few miles of Dresden in Muskin­ cally significant. The detailed study of lanceo­ gum County (c.f. Morton and Carskadden late types by the various sub-varieties of 1972). For example, even banded grey flint Upper Mercer flints is an approach neglected indistinguishable from Nellie chert has been in these earlier studies. found to outcrop locally. Thus the Piano in­ In addition to the lanceolates, one square habitants of the Tri-Valley site did not have knife, usually attributed to Palaeo-Indians to travel the 19 miles to the Walhonding quar­ (Converse 1973: 16) was found at the site, as ries for these varieties of flint as suggested well as three resharpened lanceolates utilized in the initial report on the Tri-Valley site, but as knives, four end-scrapers on blades, and rather could secure most of the flint types five blades showing a minor amount of lateral within a few miles of the site itself. To facilitate retouch (Fig. 4). Because of Archaic and comparisons between the Otsego and Tri- Woodland components at the site it was diffi­ Valley sites, however, the descriptions of cult to isolate such artifacts as retouched "Coshocton Black", "Coshocton Tan", and flakes and miscellaneous bifacial knives and "Nellie Chert" used in the tables of the Tri- choppers as belonging to the Piano Valley report have been used in the tables component. here. As far as the immediate Otsego area and Lithic Material White Eyes Creek valley is concerned, how­ It has been our experience in the central ever, all the known flint-bearing strata are Muskingum valley that the major Piano sites below drainage. While there may be some as are usually located near flint outcrops. Of the yet undiscovered or unreported localized eight known Piano sites outside the Otsego flintdeposits in the vicinity, the nearest Upper area, seven are within a mile or two of re­ Mercer outcrops are located along stream corded outcrops and the last is 4 miles from a banks 9 miles to the west in Madison Town­ flint source. At all eight sites, the primary ship. Thus the Tri-Valley site, located in close lithic material utilized was that found at the proximity to readily available flint outcrops, nearest outcrop.

Table 1: Analysis of lanceolate point fragments from the Otsego site by raw material. The cate­ gories of "Coshocton Black", "Nellie Chert", and "Coshocton Tan" have also been found to out­ crop locally in the Dresden area, Muskingum County, 12 miles to the west of Otsego. These terms are used here and in Table II merely to facilitate comparison with artifacts from the Tri-Valley site. Coshocton Nellie Coshocton Local Flint Black Chert Tan Upper Mercer Unidentifiable Ridge Stage 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stage 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stage 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 Stage 4 12 0 1 1 0 0 Finished 4 0 8 0 1 0

Table II: Analysis of stage 4 and finished lanceolate point fragments by style and raw material Coshoctornehni*lnn MolliNellieo P.r»chrt/*trtCoshocton LocaI nrall FlinFlintt Black Chert Tan Upper Mercer Unidentifiable Ridge Total McConnell 3 0 0 1 0 0 4 15% Shouldered 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 15% Stemmed 1 0 3 0 0 0 4 15% Stringtown 8 0 6 0 1 0 15 55% 27 1 00%

7 yielded only 41.5% stage 4 or finished lan­ best exploitable, allowing for the possibility ceolate points, the remaining lanceolates of the utilization of riverine resources as early being stage 1 through stage 3 preforms. This as Piano times. All these items are conjec­ percentage is comparable to 35.0% at the tural, however, yet the possibility of recon­ McConnell site (Prufer 1963) and 30.0% at structing subsistance patterns of the Piano Honey Run (Pi-Sunyer et al.1967), both Piano inhabitants in the central Muskingum Valley workshops located near Upper Mercer out­ is an extremely interesting and intriguing crops. At the Otsego site, on the other hand, problem that awaits much further study. stage 4 or finished points comprised 90% of Summary the lanceolate assemblage; only three lan­ No fluted points are known to have been ceolate preforms were found. It should be found in the northeastern part of Muskingum pointed out here that Buker's surface hunting County. With the exception of one parallel- of the site was very thorough—all lithic ma­ flaked lanceolate, a stray found by Buker at terial was saved. In fact, so intensive was his another site, the four McConnell lanceolates collecting over the last 35 years that it pro­ and four shouldered lanceolates and possi­ duced the matching halves of three lanceo­ bly the square knife from the Otsego site are lates and a knife. the earliest indications of Palaeo-lndian Pene­ Thus the high proportion of stage 4 and tration into the White Eyes Creek valley. Late completed lanceolates at Otsego and the dis­ Piano stemmed and Stringtown lanceolates tance of 9 miles from the nearest known out­ predominate on this site, however, as well as crop of flint is suggestive of a hunting (and on two smaller sites in the area. collecting) camp rather than a workshop There are no known flint outcrops in the locus. Buker also notes that much of the valley, so it appears that the chief attraction lanceolate material was scattered over a of the Otsego area to Piano peoples was rather wide area of cultivated bottom land hunting and collecting. The similarities in lithic along White Eyes Creek, and may in fact rep­ material and typology suggest strong con­ resent a series of small seasonal camps or the nections with the late Piano components at accumulation of stray points lost while hunt­ the Tri-Valley site at Dresden on the Muskin­ ing. At the Tri-Valley site, on the other hand, gum River 12 miles to the west where work­ Piano artifacts were concentrated in one shop and quarrying activity took place. small area. Utilization of the White Eyes Creek valley for seasonal hunting and gathering in Woodland times has recently been discussed by Carskadden (1973); and Buker (personal communication, Carskadden 1973) has sug­ gested a number of times that the reasonably Carskadden, Jeff 1972 The piano component of the Tri-Valley wide bottom land along White Eyes Creek High School site. Ohio Archaeologist, may have offered ", . . something of special 22(3):23-27. interest to transients . . ." He points out that 1973 Adena-Hopewell transition and the prob­ all periods, from Palaeo-lndian to Late Wood­ lem of regionalism in the Wills Creek land, are well represented in the White Eyes Valley. Ohio Archaeologist, 23(3):26-27. Creek valley. However, the individual occu­ Converse, Robert N. pations are scattered and appear to lack any 1973 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological So­ time depth. ciety of Ohio. Donaldson, Gerald, and James Morton The close similarity in the late forms of 1972 A flooded Piano Complex site, Dillon lanceolates and particularly the lithic material Reservoir. Ohio Archaeologist, 22(4):14. utilized is suggestive of a close relationship Morton, James between Tri-Valley and Otsego—one a work­ n.d. Piano complex material from the Gali- shop locus, the other a hunting camp or series gher farm, Zanesville, Ohio. Ohio Ar­ of camps. We suggest that the quarry sites chaeologist, in preparation. may have been visited annually with work­ , and Jeff Carskadden shop and quarrying activity scheduled into 1972 Aboriginal flint quarrying activities in the subsistance round. For example, quarry the Muskingum County area. Ohio Ar­ sites were visited at a time when the natural chaeologist, 22(2):15-21. Pi-Sunyer, Oriol, John Edward Blank, and Robert resources —game or plant food —was the Williams most productive in the area of the outcrop. 1967 The Honey Run site. In Studies in Ohio The TriValley site is located along the Mus­ Archaeology, Olaf H. Prufer and Doug­ kingum River; perhaps it was occupied in the las H. McKenzie (eds.), Western Reserve warm season when river resources would be University, Cleveland. Prufer, Olaf H. Prufer, Olaf H., and Raymond S. Baby 1963 The McConnell site. Scientific Publica­ 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio His­ tions of the Cleveland Museum of torical Society, Columbus, Ohio. Natural History, 2(1), Cleveland. Smith, Arthur George 1966 The Mud Valley site: A late Palaeo- 1967 The Sawmill site. Ohio Archaeologist, lndian locality in Holmes County, Ohio. 17(1):46-52. The Ohio Journal of Science, 66(1): 68-75.

Fig. 1 (Carskadden and Morton) Very late Piano stemmed Fig. 3 (Carskadden and Morton) Early Piano lanceolates and Stringtown lanceolates from the Otsego site. The two from the Otsego site. McConnell lanceolates are repre­ specimens in the bottom row, right side, show very pro­ sented in the top row; the specimen on the left and the three nounced basal spurs and may be transitional to later in the bottom row have been described in the text as Archaic side-notched points. "incipient stemmed" or shouldered lanceolates. fill

Fig. 2 (Carskadden and Morton) Late Piano stemmed and Fig. 4 (Carskadden and Morton) Piano knives from the Stringtown lanceolates from the Otsego site. Otsego site.

9 A Pennsylvania Birdstone

by Steve Fuller Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio

Bust birdstonesare found sporadically with­ softer materials such as slate, sandstone, in the entire distribution range of all bird- and pipestone. stones as set forth by Townsend. (1959) They The classic example pictured was found are, however, much more scarce than their two miles from the shore of Lake Erie in Erie elongated counterparts. They are usually Co., Pennsylvania prior to 1910. It is made attributed to the Early-Middle Woodland pe­ from tan and black, porphyrytic syenite. It riod and have been listed, with some caution, measures 2" high with the oval base being as an Adena trait by Dragoo. (1963) Speci­ 2" x 2-1/4". This remarkably beautiful bird- mens have been recovered from Adena stone is a tribute to the patience and stone- mounds in at least three states —Ohio, Ken­ working ability of the prehistoric artisan. tucky, and West Virginia. (1959) The majority of these interesting artifacts are fashioned from igneous materials includ­ ing granite, syenite, porphyry, gneiss, and References Townsend, Earl C. Jr., Birdstones of the North quartzite. The late Dr. Gordon Meuser had American Indian, privately printed, Indianapolis, in his possession one made of hematite which Ind., 1959. should be regarded as extremely rare. A Dragoo, Don W., Mounds For The Dead, Car­ very small number found have been made of negie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1963.

;

M^^^r

^jJPW^. 1 iw^b V" •••MM (^•jf'*

Fig. I (Fuller) A bust type birdstone made of prophyry. Found in Erie County. Pennsylvanit

10 Preliminary Geological and Archaeological Survey: Willard Marsh Area, Huron County, Ohio by R. Alan Falquet, Department of Anthropology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

The geographic position of what is now the in Huron County. Due to its lateral extent state of Ohio enabled large expanses of ice and initial elevation, a series of proglacial to advance and retreat over its earlier topog­ lakes was formed. However, the formation of raphy. Glacial ice fluctuations were the re­ proglacial lakes is not an individual charac­ sult of oscillations in climatological zones teristic of Huron County as a chain of extinct and varying processes of wasting (Bryson and lake beds can be traced across the north- Wendland 1967). The most recent advance central region of Ohio. Creation of these of northern ice during Wisconsin time is of lakes is the result of dammed river drainage prime concern to this preliminary study. and accumulation of glacial melt water. Where Significance of the Wisconsin glacial advance lakes formed they resulted in lacustrine de­ is twofold: First, it is the most dominant gla­ posits which can be located and mapped cial stage in the state because it transcended according to their extent during various lake previous glacial topography, making it easily level fluctuations (Hubbard and Rockwood accessible for study. Secondly, the latest 1942). stages of Wisconsin glaciation directly af­ Located in southwestern Huron County fected the presence of early man in northern and southeastern Seneca County, the De­ Ohio (Prufer and Baby 1963). fiance Moraine formed a glacial lake which Fluctuations of glacial ice fronts affected bordered its southern margin. The geology not only paleo-climatological conditions but of this proglacial lake bed was first mapped also vegetative zones (Cleland 1966). As the by Frank Leverett (1902) and the most recent glacial ice of Late Wisconsin time retreated work was performed by L.J. Campbell (1955). north from the state of Ohio the effects of This lake is one of the largest proglacial lakes large ice fronts on vegetation and climate in north-central Ohio, and has been named were reduced. This recession of ice permitted Glacial Lake Willard, due to its proximity to changes in climate and weather in addition Willard, Ohio. A small portion of the extinct to the proliferation of renovative vegetation lake bed is now a state hunting reserve and where periglacial flora had existed previously is covered by a 12-to-13 square mile peat (Ogden 1965). Floral communities gradually bog (Hubbard and Rockwood 1942). This peat migrated north as post-glacial land became bog was initially more extensive but the sur­ available and environmental limits were ex­ face has been reduced as a result of truck panded. Floral changes or successions during farming and organic oxidation that followed post-glacial time resulted in faunal varia­ drainage of the bog area (Campbell 1955). tions through the exploitation of new envi­ Glacial Lake Willard drained to the west ronmental niches by migrating animals. This at a very early time leaving behind a large movement of flora and fauna can be seen expanse of swamp (Campbell 1955). Surface developing over a period of many years as collections from the marsh vicinity and the the climates of post-glacial time approached Willard area to the north establish the fact their modern boundaries. that early man utilizing the fluted point tra­ Movements of glacial ice in Ohio are in­ dition was in this region. Various surface dicated by a series of depositional remnants finds classified as Paleo-lndian (Mason 1962) termed moraines. When classified as end (Prufer and Baby 1963) (Converse 1970), moraines these features are demonstrative which includes the fluted point tradition and of maximum glacial advances during any one the Piano complex, have been located in the glacial stage. A sequence of moraines across Willard area (Fig. 1) Recreation of paleo- north-central Ohio marks the recession of environmental conditions via the utilization glacial ice during Late Wisconsin time. The of pollen analysis techniques have resulted Defiance Moraine is representative of this in a more concise understanding of early late glacial recession and is traceable through aboriginal ecology (Blank 1970). Fluctuation north-central Ohio into the northeast. of environmental conditions resulted in dif­ The Defiance Moraine is quite prominent fering tool technologies; these variations are exemplified in the Willard Marsh area by height of the frontal ice enabled water to the occurrence of later developmental stages accumulate to the 980 foot elevation level i.e. the Archaic (Fig. 2). Surface collections (Hubbard and Rockwood 1942). Outlet trib­ indicate that Archaic-age implements are utaries to the west were downcutting to a followed in time succession by various divi­ level of Maumee Lake Stage I and as this sions of Woodland (Fig. 3) and the most re­ level was attained the drainage of Lake cent, Fort Ancient material. Willard was complete. Formation of Lake In summary, early hunters followed their Maumee Stage I was initiated when the ice game north as the effect of glaciation de­ front had receeded north, allowing a basin creased and lake level fluctuations allowed to form. Boundaries of this basin were the additional land to become inhabitable. Animal ice front on the north and the Ohio divide migrations across north-central Ohio were on the south (Forsyth 1959). Draining of the not impeded by the existence of natural Lake Willard bed resulted in the formation of barriers (Blank 1970). Exclusive barriers to a large expanse of swamp and bog area which earlier movements were the glaciers them­ had been previously described (Campbell selves and the surrounding peri-glacial en­ 1955). vironment. Migrations of early men and ani­ The modern extent of the peat area was mals was not an expedient affair since studies mapped by Hubbard and Rockwood (1942) have shown it took many years before vege­ and lacustrine sediment studies were done tative succession had produced new envi­ by Alfred Dachnowski (1912). These sediment ronments rich enough to provide subsistence studies demonstrated the thickness of peat for larger animals. The Willard Marsh area to be approximately 17 feet in the central demonstrates, by the use of surface collec­ region of the marsh. Movement away from tions, thousands of years of aboriginal ex­ this central area resulted in a lensing effect ploitation, and the Defiance Moraine has toward the outer boundaries, but a definite shown preliminary indications of being an line of peat expanse was not drawn. Hubbard excellent vantage point for prehistoric as well and Rockwood (1942) attempted a line of as historic populations. Research concerning demarcation for the peat area but the scale the geological formation of the Defiance used is too large and inadequate for corre­ Moraine in addition to paleo-environmental lation to prehistoric aboriginal studies. This reconstructions can be used in conjunction general lack of knowledge concerning the with technological manifestation studies for peat area makes it necessary to take a closer an overall representation of paleo-ecological look at this region in an attempt to better conditions. explain the position of the Defiance Moraine Geologic study of the Willard Marsh area and resulting lake bed and marsh area. A was done initially by Frank Leverett (1902). thorough investigation of the modern peat Leverett was aware of the Defiance Moraine expanse may assist interpolative theories and the presence of a large, featureless plain about the size of the original peat area. This south of this high morainal ridge. Contained interpolative data can then be applied to in his early monograph are statements con­ provenience studies involving a large number cerning the extreme height of the Defiance of surface collections. Knowledge of the Moraine; due to its slope toward the Lake original peat expanse would allow the author Erie Basin, he explains, the drainage had to to determine, by the use of surface collec­ be southerly through areas of lower elevation tions, whether early aboriginies were merely or westerly along the ice front. Leverett also exploiting the margins or were involved in assumed the formation of a series of lakes direct utilization of the entire marsh area. as a result of this drainage pattern. Studies by Olaf Prufer and Raymond S. Frontal ice had retreated to the position Baby (1963) have been concerned with the of the Defiance Moraine at approximately distribution of fluted points throughout Ohio. 14,000 B.P. or during Woodfordian of the They have demonstrated that early man could Wisconsin glaciation (Prufer and Baby 1963). possibly have penetrated southern Ohio as Drainage was to the west through tributaries early as 17,000 years ago. Human penetra­ of the Sandusky River, and Honey Creek tion would have been from the south or south­ served as an outlet in the immediate region west due to the position of frontal ice, which of Glacial Lake Willard. Lake formation was at that date would have been at glacial maxi­ the result of this drainage pattern in addition mum and moving toward the onset of glacial to the accumulation of glacial melt water. recession. Previously the Lake Willard region was a Geochronological evidence indicates gla­ topographically-low area and the extreme cial retreat to the Wabash Moraine by ap-

12 proximately 14,500 years ago, allowing for Bryson, R.A. and W.M. Wendland additional land to be inhabitable (Prufer and 1967 Tentative climatic patterns for some Baby 1963). Similar dating techniques make late glacial and post glacial episodes in it possible to estimate the amount of land central North America. Occasional Pa­ pers, Department of Anthropology, Uni­ available or ice-free in northwestern Ohio. versity of Manitoba, Vol. 1. This northern region of Ohio was under the Blank, John E. influence of post-glacial lake fluctuations 1970 The Ohio Archaic: A study in culture and, therefore, was not open to the migration history. Unpublished doctoral disserta­ of man and animals until approximately tion, University of Massachusetts. 12,500 years ago (Prufer and Baby 1963). Campbell, L.J. Absence of Paleo-lndian artifacts in this north­ 1955 The late glacial and lacustrine deposits western lake bed area serves as evidence of Erie and Huron counties, Ohio. Un­ for this assumption: however, Prufer and published doctoral dissertation. The Baby have reported the existence of water- Ohio State University. worn artifacts that date to the Paleo-lndian Cleland, C.E. time period in this region, making them transi­ 1966 The prehistoric animal ecology and eth- tional between lake levels. nozoology of the upper Great Lakes region. Museum of Anthropology, Uni­ Glacial ice had receeded to the Defiance versity of Michigan Anthropological Pa­ Moraine approximately 14,000 B.P. This re­ pers, No. 29. treat had commenced 4000 years previous Converse, R.N. and was not an even withdrawal as evidenced 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological by sporadic readvances (Goldthwait 1965). Society of Ohio. Columbus. This 14,000 year date for the Defiance Dachnowski, A. Moraine can be applied to the study of early 1912 Peat deposits of Ohio. Ohio Geological man in this region. Therefore, it can be as­ Survey, 4th series, Bulletin 14. Co­ lumbus. sumed the entrance of aboriginal populations Forsyth, J.L. into the region of Huron County, Ohio, post­ 1959 The beach ridges of northern Ohio. dated 14,000 years ago. Ohio Geological Survey, Information Preliminary studies have indicated that a Circular No. 25, Columbus, Ohio. majority of surface finds in the Willard area Goldthwait, R.P. is restricted to higher remnant elevations 1965 Pleistocene deposits in the Erie lobe. In of the Defiance Moraine. Recent permission The quaternary of the United States, from the Ohio Historical Society will allow edited by H.E. Wright and D.G. Frey. this study to expand and include actual survey Princeton University Press, Princeton. work in the Willard Marsh area, directly south Hubbard, G.D. and R. Rockwood of the Defiance Moraine. Archaeological data 1942 Tilted post glacial lake beds in Ohio. from this new survey will be used in conjunc­ Geological Society of American Bulle­ tin, 53:227-266. tion with private collections and geological Leverett, F. fieldwork to formulate an hypothesis con­ 1902 Glacial formations and drainage features cerning the exploitation and utilization of of the Erie and Ohio basins, U.S. Geo­ this region by early man. logical Survey Monograph 41. I would like to thank Dr. J. V. Emery of Mason, R.J. Willard, Ohio, for the use of his private col­ 1962 The Paleo-lndian tradition in eastern lection of aboriginal artifacts, and the fol­ North America. Current Anthropology, lowing people who agreed to review this 3(3). preliminary study: Dr. David S. Brose, De­ Ogden, J.G. partment of Anthropology, Case Western 1965 Pleistocene pollen records from eastern North America. Botanical Review, 31, Reserve University; Dr. John F. Hall, De­ Lancaster, Pennsylvania. partment of Geology, Case Western Reserve Prufer, OH. and R. Baby University; Mr. Thomas M. Zastudil, biology 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical graduate student, The Cleveland State Uni­ Society, Columbus, Ohio. versity. Thanks to Dr. Raymond S. Baby of the Ohio Historical Society for permission to continue this study on state property.

13 Fig. 1 (Falquct) Paleo-lndian projectile points. Surface collection from the Willard area.

Fig. 2 (Falquet) Early Archaic projectile points. Surface collection from the Willard area.

Fig. 3 (Falquet) Woodland projectile points. Surface collection from the Willard area.

14 The Collection of Samples for Radiocarbon Dating by Wm. Jack Hranicky Box 4211, Arlington, VA 22204

Abstract any organic material can be dated by the carbon-14 method. Organic samples have two This article discusses the techniques and major requirements. Firstly, the sample must types of samples that can be submitted to a be younger than 60,000 years (70,000 years radiocarbon laboratory for dating. It includes is a possible range), and secondly, the sam­ a list of materials and amounts of the sub­ ple must be large enough so that the labora­ stance needed for dating and discusses the tory can clean and extract enough of the field techniques for acquiring the sample. material for the dating process. Organic ma­ The tools needed for removal, storage, and terials containing a high carbon content are, transportation of samples, as well as a brief of course, the most reliable. Some of them discussion of an acceptable geochronology are: 1) charcoal, 2) wood, 3) bone, 4) shell, laboratory are also presented. 5) peat, 6) paper, 7) parchment, 8) cloth, 9) animal tissue, 10) leaves, 11) pollen, 12) nuts, 13) carbonaceous soils, 14) the organic tem­ Few techniques in archeology have found per in pottery sherds and 15) prehistoric soot such universal application as that of the radio­ from the ceiling of caves. If the material con­ carbon dating method. This method has tains a low level of carbon, a large quantity achieved a high degree of accuracy and has of the material must be used to obtain a re­ become a paramount technique for establish­ liable date. For materials with a high carbon ing historical chronologies. It gained accept­ content such as charcoal, smaller quantities ance among archeologists during the late will suffice. 1950s and is now used so frequently that A drawback to the carbon-14 process is commercial dating laboratories have sprung that the sample must be oxidized (burned) in up around the world. The volume of datable an oxygen atmosphere to produce a carbon samples is increasing, the range of materials dioxide gas (CO2) and, therefore, the sample that can be dated is increasing, and the actual is destroyed in the dating process. In the physical method of dating is constantly being case of charcoal, a few exceptions will arise refined. These developments have created a that will prevent the archeologist from using "need-to-know" situation among amateurs as this method, whereas in the case of bone, well as professional archeologists concern­ paper, cloth, or parchment, these materials ing how and what kinds of samples should may constitute major artifacts and will have be collected from an archaeological site. to be dated by other techniques. An arche­ Rather than discuss the actual mechanics ologist who is studying an ancient map prob­ of carbon-14 dating, I will confine this paper ably has the desire to know the age of the to the types, amounts, and the techniques of document, but certainly would not destroy collecting materials that are to be dated. it to date it by the radiocarbon process. In These elements are essentially the areas that this respect, it would be safe to say that affect the quality of field work and, within this nearly any material containing carbon is po­ dating process, are the factors with which the tentially suitable for radiocarbon dating, but archeologist comes in contact most fre­ the decision to use this process lies in the quently. The final date that comes back from hands of the archeologist. the geochronology laboratory is only as re­ One of the major focuses of field arche­ liable and accurate as field techniques in ology is the collection of charcoal samples collecting the sample will permit. The labora­ from a site. A real charcoal sample is, for the tory cannot compensate for poor field work, most part, pure carbon but it could be better or provide a date if the archeologist has not described as a condensation of organic mat­ performed his work properly. ter. There is a tendency for many field arche­ For most people, the notion of radiocarbon ologists to assume that any black substances dating involves the chemical analysis and found on a site are charcoal. This assump­ measurement of the substance—charcoal. Al­ tion may not necessarily be the case as the though charcoal has acquired the primary im­ black substances have basically two sources portance as a source of radioactive carbon, of origin. One type consists of carbonized or

15 charred organic matter produced by fire and they will yield three different dates—oldest, is essentially the correct sample to be sub­ older, and old, respectively. As a tree grows mitted to the dating laboratory. The other older and adds more rings, the center rings type consists of organic compounds manu­ will lose their metabolism, that is stop the factured initially by local vegetation or is the process known as photosynthesis. If various deposition of materials by human activities sections of a tree are radiocarbon dated, they which do not involve burning. The process can give different dates—each correspond­ creates the general consequence of the for­ ing to the cessation of metabolic activity in mulation and accumulation of a highly vari­ that particular section. In addition, the date able substance known as humus. Over a of a particular piece of wood is the average period of time, humus will turn black and may of all the rings of the sample being dated. be mistaken for charcoal. The chemical trans­ Add this situation to the fact that wood pre­ formation of humus involves a considerable servation in certain parts of the world is un­ length of time during which some of the old usually good, and the problem is compounded carbon is lost and some new carbon is added. further. If a particular piece of wood lies The process, therefore, contaminates the around for thirty or forty years and the tree sample and, should humus be dated, a vari­ was thirty years old at the time of its death, ation of three to four hundred years could it would be easy to have a sample sixty or result. Although humus is datable, it cannot seventy years older than the time that the be assigned to a specific time in the past with prehistoric population actually used the wood any degree of certainty. for a fire or made a tool of it. Humus is usually present in top soils or The archeologists can, to some degree, get plow zones. Most soils will leach out major around this problem by determining if the concentrations of humus after 300 years, but sample comes from the center or peripheral this leaching will still leave a black soil. Com­ location of the former tree. The more central, plete leaching of humus may take a thousand nonfunctioning portion of the tree is called years. The deeper a carbon sample is buried, heartwood, whereas the more external por­ the more secure a sample is from external tion of the trunk is known as sapwood. In contamination, such a root growth or ground terms of archeological problems, dating the waters. sapwood will come closer to producing a date After the charcoal sample has been de­ that will indicate the time when the prehis­ livered to the dating laboratory, contaminants, toric people cut the limb for their use. such as roots and dirt, are removed mechani­ In terms of historic archeology, artifacts cally or chemically. Other forms of contami­ made from iron, an inorganic material, can nants that will frequently be found are car­ be dated by the radiocarbon method. In some bonates, salts, and humic acids. They are in­ respects, an iron implement can provide a troduced to the sample by ground water and better date than its organic counterparts in can be removed with dilute hydrochloric acid that the carbon in iron is virtually sealed from and sodium hydroxide and by washing the contamination by roots, carbonates, and sample with distilled water. humic acids. However, since iron readily cor­ Wood samples are often discovered on rodes and this corrosion will absorb atmos­ sites in acid areas such as the Near East, pheric carbon dioxide, the surface must be Sahara Africa, and the American Southwest cleaned and the corrosion layer removed. where preservation is good. Essentially, wood The carbon which is added by the ore smel­ is an ideal substance if the material has been ter can be extracted either by dissolving the burned, but in either case, burned or not, iron in an acid which will not react with car­ wood does present a problem. A cross- bon or by burning the iron in high oxygen section of a tree can be dated by a method atmospheres which will produce the CO2 gas known as dendrochronology (tree-ring) needed for the dating process. This tech­ method. Each year a tree adds another ring nique is relatively new, and at present the and by counting these rings and comparing Yale Radiocarbon Laboratory, which pio­ the cross-section to other trees, a calendar neered this application, is the only laboratory of tree rings can be established. It is through that is dating iron. the use of the tree-ring method that the Bone and shell are two materials that are earliest correction factors were added to the also found on archeological sites. Bone con­ carbon-14 calendar (half-lives). tains a substance known as collagen which A normal tree can yield different radiocar­ is extracted to date these materials. Collagen bon dates. If samples are extracted from the does not suffer from the problems of contami­ center, middle, and outside of the same tree, nation while being buried and, therefore, does

16 II. Use clean tools for the excavation and not bias the sample date. It does, however, removal. present problems in attempting to extract it for dating purposes. The buildup of collagen III. Treat this material in the same way as in the bones decreases with age, and so it any key artifact. is difficult to obtain sufficient quantities for IV. Store the sample in new containers- radiocarbon dating. In addition, environmen­ glass or metal bottles or plastic con­ tal factors influence the collagen contents. tainers. As a result, there is usually a geographic devi­ I have found that when working on a site, ation in the sample's collagen contents. it is a good idea to keep a set of special tools for the purpose of collecting special speci­ The bone is disolved in hydrochloric acid mens, such as carbon samples or soil samples and the collagen which remains (insoluble) for pollen analysis. These tools should all be behind is filtered off, dried, and dated by the of metal construction, should be cleaned standard method. Shell also contains an or­ after each use, and free of contamination ganic protein constituent called conchiolin (Fig. 1). The containers which work very well with characteristics similar to collagen. The for storage of samples are heavy-duty plastic same technique is used to date shell. Both bags with wire tops for secure closing or bone and shell can then be dated simply by sealing. treating them in the same way as any char­ coal sample. Dates by this method are known Once the sample has been located with the as carbonate dates and are not as reliable, trowel, a metal spatula can be used to remove but smaller quantities of the original sample as much of the surrounding dirt as possible. can be used. The sample should be picked up with a pair of forceps or with a metal scoop—never with The amount of original material, before the hands. It can be placed on a sheet of laboratory cleaning, varies with the type of aluminum foil and allowed to air dry before sample that is to be dated. As a general rule, placing it in its final container for storage and try to obtain as large a sample as possible shipment to the radiocarbon laboratory. The and give all of it to the laboratory for their exact location of any carbon sample must be dating processes. The charcoal sample offers recorded on the site map and in the field the best date for two reasons. One, it is notes. This location (horizontally as well as usually fairly pure in carbon content, and vertically) will have to be converted into lati­ secondly, small samples, such as 10 grams, tude and longitude measurements, and this will suffice for the dating technique. The fol­ information is given to the dating laboratory lowing material/quantity guide can be used along with the sample. to determine how much of a sample is needed for a radiocarbon date. Additional information is also required by the laboratory, such as: Amount in Grams I. Who dug the sample and when. Material (Dry Weight) II. What is associated with the sample. Charcoal 8-12 III. The date that is expected. Wood 10-30 IV. Site name and number. Shell (carbonate date) 30-100 V. Site director and site location. Shell (conchiolin date) 500-2500 Each laboratory has a standard form that Bone(carbonate date) 100-500 will be supplied upon request. Always give Bone (collagen date less the laboratory all the information possible than 5000 years old) 200-500 about the sample. In this way, the laboratory Bone (collagen date, more technicians can process the sample with some than 5000 years old) 400-1000 idea about what it represents. Depending on Iron 100-150 the laboratory, the cost of dating a charcoal sample is usually $100. There are probably These are desirable weights, but in some about 75-100 organizations that are process­ cases a lesser amount can be used for dating. ing archeological samples; I would recom­ Once a potential sample has been discov­ mend the Geochronology Laboratory at the ered on a site, as much care as is humanly University of Georgia, Athens. possible should be given in removing it from The radiocarbon dates that the various lab­ its original environment. This sample may oratories produce each year are published in very well be the key to the final interpre­ two journals. Radiocarbon is published by tation of the site. Several basic rules should the American Journal of Science. The other, be followed in the removal of a carbon sample: Radiocarbon Dates, Inc., is in the form of punch cards and is sponsored by the Peabody I. Collect all of the sample that is available. Museum. Each sample that is analyzed is Cosk, S. F. published along with its date, number, and 1964 The nature of charcoal excavated at a brief description of its significance. archaeological sites. American Antiquity The radiocarbon dating method is as much 29(4):514-517. Haring, A., A. D. de Vries and H. de Vries a part of archeology as is the scientific 1958 Radiocarbon dating up to 70,000 years method. The radiocarbon technician is di­ by isotopic enrichment. Science 128: rectly associated with one of the major goals 472-473. in archeology—that of developing historical Kerby, M. Dale and W. Jack Hranicky chronologies. Although both are concerned 1973 Archaeological dating techniques. The with events past, the archeologist using Chesopiean 11(1 ):12-22. Norfolk. sound logic and empirical techniques has Libby, W. F. made monumental use of the radiocarbon 1961 Radiocarbon dating. Science 133:621- method and has come to depend on the radio­ 629. carbon technician. Michels, Joseph W. 1973 Dating methods in archaeology Seminar Press. New York. Ralph, E. K. 1971 Carbon 14 dating. In Dating techniques for the archaeologist, edited by H. N. Michael & E. K. Ralph, M.I.T. Press. Cambridge. Suggested References Willis, E H. Aitken, M. J. 1970 Radiocarbon dating. In Science in arch­ 1961 Physics and archaeology. Wiley & Sons. aeology, edited by D. Brothwell and E. New York. Higgs, Praeger. New York.

Fig. 1 (Hranicky) Basic tools for excavating carbon samples.

18 Some Fine Ohio Slate Pieces by Jan Sorgenfrei 7625 Maxtown Road, Westerville, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Sorgenfrei) This butterfly bannerstone is made from black and gray banded slate. It was formerly in the late Dr. Meuser collection. It was found 2 miles east of Tiffin in Seneca County, Ohio. It measures 5-1/8 by 4-5/8 inches.

Fig. 3 (Sorgenfrei) This large Glacial Kame type gorget was found near Zanesfield in Logan County, Ohio. It is made from a dark banded slate and is 7-1/2 inches long Fig. 2 (Sorgenfrei) A quadri-concave Adena gorget made and 2-1/8 inches wide. from greenish, red, and gray slate. It measures 4-5/8 by 2-3/4 inches. It was found in southern Delaware County.

Fig. 4 (Sorgenfrei) This butterfly bannerstone is the largest I have seen made of red slate. It is 6-1/2 inches wide and 3-7/8 inches wide. The piece was formerly in the H. C. Wachtel collection in Dayton, Ohio. It is from Marion Fig. 5 (Sorgenfrei) A fine quadri-concave Adena gorget County, Ohio, and is pictured in Who's Who Number 1, from the Meuser Collection, The material an unusual red page 209. I would enjoy hearing from any of our members and green and maroon banded slate. It was found in Van who have seen a larger butterfly of this material. Wert County and measures 4-1/8 by 3-3/16 inches.

19 Paleo-lndian Artifacts from the Ada Area by Russe II J. Long Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

Paleo-lndian material is thinly scattered Piece g is the base of a stemmed Piano over the area around Ada in northwestern point found by the late Oscar Fisher on the Hardin County. Careful hunting and collecting Mathewson site. Actually it was across the over a period of more than 50 years has fence on his own land but I do not believe broughtsurprising results. The accompanying fences mattered much to the Indians. It has photograph (Fig. 1) shows eight pieces in the same workmanship as points found on the this series. All are illustrated in their natural Gallant site and ties the two together. The size and are in the writer's collection. material is a chalky, mottled dull gray Upper Mercer stone. The break is fresh and shows When Prufer and Baby published their a darker core. It is uniformly oxidized about Palaeo-lndians of Ohio (1963), they used my 1/16 inch all around the edge. Mrs. Fisher material from three sites: Gallant, southeast graciously gave this artifact to me. of Ada on Grass Run; Turner, northwest of Ada on Hog Creek; and Mathewson, north­ Fragment d is my latest discovery on the east of Ada on Hog Creek. All three are mul- Gallant site; It is bluish gray Warsaw, flint. ticomponent. I had previously mentioned two The piece had a concave base. The edge on of them in the literature, Gallant in connec­ the lower right was reworked into a tool sur­ tion with a birdstone (Long 1952) and a slate face. The left side has a burin scar running point (Long 1953), and Mathewson in con­ the length of it. Epstein (1963:200) mentions nection with celts (Long 1963). In discussing that he had not seen any burin scars on arti­ these sites, Rrufer and Baby pointed out that facts in Ohio Paleo-lndian collections. there were some differences among the Piece e is a Piano point made of Warsaw collections of artifacts they yielded. Since flint. It was found by Carl Sleesman on the then I have obtained material that shows Pumphrey farm, about a mile upstream from that they are related. the Gallant site. It is exceedingly thin and the Piece b, a finely-made fragment of mottled basal end shows some grinding. Specimen h gray Upper Mercer flint, is from the Turner is another concave base of a Paleo-lndian site. It is illustrated by a line drawing in Palaeo- point made of Warsaw flint. It was found by lndians of Ohio (Fig. 22 g). Artifact a is of the Carl Sleesman on the south rim of the Scioto same material and workmanship and was marsh. found on the Gallant site by Carl Sleesman. Point f is a stemmed Paleo-lndian point It had been broken and then worked into a made of black Coshocton flint. It was found tool. It is basally thinned and ground on both by Frank Miller on the Homer Elwood farm the base and the sides. The retouch on the east of Ada on a knoll bordering Lord's Ditch. edges is unbelievable fine. Piece b has the This area is less than a mile from the point same basal treatment and retouch. where the ditch flows into Hog Creek. The Specimen c is another of the same material workmanship is the same as that on the bases and workmanship as a and b. It was found found on the Gallant site. It has a flake scar on the Grant Tressell farm, now owned by on the base, again at slightly less than a the Robert Cole family, midway between the 90 degree angle. Turner and Mathewson sites which are about Grass Run and Lord's Ditch are both part of a mile apart. My notes credit it to the late the Hog Creek drainage system. The three Forest Mertz, a longtime hunting companion. main sites mentioned in this paper form a Residents of Bucyrus will remember him as triangle. Mathewson is 3 miles north of Gal­ a high school science teacher. There is a lant as the crow flies and Turner is 1-1/4 flake scar on the base at slightly less than miles west of Mathewson downstream on a 90-degree angle. The apparently broken Hog Creek. edge on the lower right has had unusual treatment. It is blunted and polished and the Epstein, J.K. opposite edge used as a knife. This angle is 1963 The burin-facated projectile point. the opposite of that on a Cody knife (Wor- American Antiquity, 29(2) mington 1964:128), characteristic of the Cody Long, Russell J. 1952 It's a bird. Ohio Archaeologist, 2(3): knives appear to have been hafted. 16-17. 1953 Glacial drift artifacts. Ohio Archaeolo­ Wormington, H.M. gist, 3(4):24-26. 1964 Ancient man in North America. Denver 1963 Variation in celts. Ohio Archaeologist, Museum of Natural History, Popular 13(1):26-28. Series No. 4. Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Long) Palaeo-lndian artifacts from the Ada, Ohio, area. Photographs by Steven Lewis.

21 Three Slate Pieces by Steve Fuller 2046 11th St., Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Fuller) This panel banner was collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser. His catalogue describes it as a "Rare find tapered tube banner of green banded slate with deep tally notches. 5 miles west of Pioneer, Williams, Co., Ohio". It is 3-1/16 inches long.

Fig. 3 (Fuller) A birdstone of gray banded slate found in Butler County, Ohio. It is 5-1/2 inches long.

Fig. 2 (Fuller) 'Three-hole slate sandal sole gorget found 3 miles north of Celina, Mercer County, Ohio. Collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser. 7-1/4 inches long.

22 Some Ohio Artifacts in Indiana by John Baldwin Angola, Indiana

Fig. 1 (Baldwin) A steatite pipe from Ross County, Ohio, formerly in the Wachtel collection in Dayton. It is the effigy of a flying bird, the head and wings were broken by farm implements. It is 9 inches long and 2-3/4 inches high.

Fig. 2 (Baldwin) Four colorful points of Flint Ridge ma­ terial Left to right, Michigan, Michigan. Licking Co. and Ross Co. Point on right is 4-3/8 inches long.

Fig. 3 (Baldwin) A bust type birdstone of brown and tan gneiss from Clinton Co., Ohio. It is 1-5/8 inches high and 2-9/26 inches long. Formerly in the Whaley collection.

23 The Stringtown Site and Stringtown Points by Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio and Ernest Good, Grove City, Ohio

The Stringtown site, discovered by Ernie varieties. Little or no basal grinding will be and Dorothy Good in 1952, is located in south­ found. western Franklin County, Ohio. During nearly The third type, Stringtown III (Fig. 2) is also twenty years of surface hunting a large num­ a minor one and either rare or unrecognized ber of artifacts has been found. Today the at other Piano locations. It has a somewhat site lies fallow, not having been farmed for less broad blade than most Piano points but five years. At last report there is little chance its chief characteristic is the long and narrow that it will ever again be cultivated and will stem which, because of its narrow design, probably fall prey to residential or industrial seems to be longer than that of the other development. Although no formal report has types. No basal spurs are present and indeed been published on Stringtown, minor com­ the corners of the stem are intentionally ponents were reported by Prufer and Baby rounded. Basal grinding is more common in (1963) and by Potter (1968). Although the this variety than in the other two. preponderance of material is from the Piano Individual examples of types II and III may period, other cultures are also represented. not be identified as Piano. However, both are But unquestionably, the most important phase clearly part of the Stringtown assemblage of the site's occupation was during the Piano and gradations between all three types can period; indeed, a point type has been named be recognized. for the location. It is the purpose of this re­ An interesting thought comes to mind when port to further stress the Piano occupation of considering the type variations found in the the site and particularly to further define the Stringtown collections. Types II and III may Stringtown point types. represent a transition from the classic Piano The Piano Component designs to a local or regional expression of It must be pointed out that not all projectile new Archaic type concepts. Such a transition points from Stringtown are of the classic has not been noted elsewhere in Ohio at types. In the collection of over 250 points Piano locations, but whether a shift between and fragments, all variants of lanceolate and Piano and Archaic indeed ever occurred has stemmed lanceolates are represented. How­ been speculative. These type variations may ever, it is possible to isolate three distinct provide the first clue that such a changeover types from the assemblage (Fig. 12). The first, took place. the classic Stringtown stemmed lanceolate, As with most Piano specimens, the ma­ is characterized by a fairly broad blade and a terials used for points at the Stringtown site parallel-sided stem. The shoulders are slightly were predominately from local sources or, pronounced. At one or both corners of the when from distant flint quarries, were of a stem is a basal projection or spur giving the dull or cherty nature. Tan, earth-colored Dela­ type its distinctive appearance. Little or no ware chert was used for most projectile points basal grinding is present. This classic String- (Fig. 3). Delaware chert formed in the Colum­ town type has been found on other Piano bus limestone and much of it outcrops or is sites in the state but none have produced found as eroded cobbles in stream beds or them in the same concentration. gravel hills from central Ohio northward to The second type, which may be called the Lake Erie. Coshocton (Upper Mercer) flint Stringtown II variety (Figs. 1 and 2) is a minor was used in equal proportions but the bulk type at the site but is extremely rare else­ of it at Stringtown is fossiliferous or cherty where in Ohio. Typically, it is somewhat less (Fig. 1). A few samples of Nellie chert are broad-bladed with a narrower stem and pro­ also included. Nine pieces—fragments and nounced shoulders. The stem is usually bases—are made of Flint Ridge flint (Fig. 4) parallel-sided but not always. Greatly exag­ which is not commonly found on Piano sites gerated basal spurs are present on each cor­ but does, nevertheless, demonstrate Piano ner of the stem, a characteristic which easily knowledge of the Flint Ridge deposits. Even sets specimens of this type apart from other this flint material, however, is not glossy or

24 of the classic texture—it is dull and heavily finished and another, of a chalk-like porous patinated. stone, is crudely made. A fine granite cone is probably also Adena. Archaic and Woodland Occupation of Middle Woodland is represented by a por­ Stringtown tion of a Hopewell platform pipe (Fig. 11). The Archaic occupation of the site is typi­ Hopewell pipes of this type are rarely found fied by a number of projectile points as well on the surface but nearly always in mounds. as celts, hammerstones (both grooved and The last year the site was under cultivation ungrooved), and pitted milling stones. Rare a scattering of mica on the ground surface prismoidal atlatl weights were also found in may have indicated a disturbed Hopewell finished as well as unfinished stages (Fig. 7). burial. Most of the atlatl weights are made of color­ ful gneiss, a stone which is difficult to work Summary because of its hardness. Prismoidal weights The Stringtown site was a favorite prehis­ are not at all common in Ohio and are more toric Indian campsite from Paleo-lndian until frequently found south and west of the Ohio Middle Woodland times. The most intense River where they are considered to be Early occupation occurred during the Piano period Archaic. End scrapers which are commonly at which time an apparent diversification of found on many Archaic sites are scarce at Piano point styles developed. Quite probably Stringtown where only three examples were this period of occupation by Piano peoples found. covered a long span of time since point styles An unusual assemblage marks the Early from earliest to Late Piano can be identified. Woodland occupation. A broken modified tu­ The variation of Piano point design has not bular Adena pipe of fine-grained sandstone been noted at other similar locations and may was collected (Fig. 8). A remarkable feature mark the beginning of a transition from Late of this pipe is that it is engraved—a rare oc­ Piano to Early Archaic. Since it is apparently currence on Adena pipes—and is the only destined for residential or commercial de­ one of this type ever seen by the authors. The velopment, it is doubtful whether further design consists of triangular elements encirc­ knowledge can be derived from the String- ling the stem. Pieces of five gorgets or pen­ town site. dants (Fig. 9) are not diagnostic and may be either Early or Middle Woodland with the ex­ ception of one fragment which appears to be Potter, Martha A. 1968 Ohio's prehistoric peoples. Ohio His­ an Adena keyhole pendant. Four plummets, torical Society, Columbus. two of them hematite and exceptionally well Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby made, may be Late Archaic or Early Wood­ 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical land (Fig. 10). One hematite plummet is un­ Society, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Converse-Good) Bases of lanceolate points from Stringtown. Note examples of type II in top row, number 4 and bottom row number 4. All examples of Upper Mercer flint.

25 Top Row — Coshocton flint of the Upper Mercer deposits. One of the most exploited flint sources in Ohio. The Ashtabula point is of Nellie Chert, a variety of this stone. Second Row — Zaleski flint — also of the Upper Mercer formation. The - Logan County chert. The pinpoint gray-brown inclusions and splotches are characteristic Second Row - glossy Black flint from these southeastern Ohio deposits was highly prized by Archaic and Paleo flint knappers. Third The glossy grays of Indiana Homstone are found in the two Adena points, the fractured base point, and the fluted point. Row — A soft earth colored tan and brown is found in Delaware chert, a strata of flint which runs from central Ohio to Third Row - The tell-tale soft green stripes on a cherty cream background are typical of Indiana green. Fourth Row - Lake Erie and which was a major source of raw material. Fourth Row — Plum Run flint. The quarries where this stone The high quality and color of Carter Cave flint from Kentucky is shown in these pieces. was dug are now obliterated. Not a major flint source for most Ohio Indians, it was primarily used in northeastern Ohio.

27 26 Fig. 2 (Converse-Good) Lanceolate and stemmed lanceolate points. Specimens of type II with exaggerated basal spurs in top row, number 4 and bottom row, numbers I, 2, 4. Type III, narrow stemmed, unspurred examples are top row. number 1 and middle row. number 6.

Fig. 3 (Converse-Good) Stemmed lan­ ceolates of Delaware chert. Both narrow and wide stemmed types are included. Note basal spurs on points of type I.

Fig. 4 (Converse-Good) Examples of stemmed lanceolates of Flint Ridge flint found at Stringtown. Note heavy Fig. 5 (Converse-Good) Stemmed lanceolates and Paleo- patination. like points.

28 Fig. 6 (Converse-Good) Basal fragment which appears to be an attempt to work an unspurred type into a spurred one. Obverse and reverse views.

Fig. 7 (Converse-Good) Prismoidal atlatl weights both finished and unfinished. All are of gneiss except bottom center weight of banded slate.

Fig. 8 (Converse-Good) Lower part of modified Adena tubular pipe. Elements of triangular design can be seen faintly on lower portion.

Fig. 9 (Converse-Good) Fragments of pendants and gor­ gets. Pieces on right may be parts of same Adena keyhole pendant.

Fig. 11 (Converse-Good) Portion of Hopewell platform pipe of ma­ roon Ohio pipestone.

Fig. 10 (Converse-Good) Cones and plummets from Stringtown.

29 B

E

H

Fig. 12 (Converse-Good) Bases of Piano points from the Stringtown site. Specimens A, B, C, D and G are classic Stringtown points (type I). E and H are type II points. F and ] are type III.

30 Some Comments on Ohio Blade Core*

by L. W. Patterson 418 Wycliffe, Houston, 1

Although the existence of prepared cores 1955:147) that Hopewell blade technology to produce prismatic blades has been known is derived from the Poverty Point culture. for some time in relation to the Hopewell Aside from technological reasons, chronology culture, as Sanger (1970:109) notes, there and the distribution of Poverty Point type is little published literature on this subject. sites up the Mississippi River lend support Communication with the Ohio Historical to this hypothesis (Webb 1968: Fig. 1). A Society (Liz Scheurer, personal communica­ more basic question is what is the ultimate tion, 1972) confirms this fact. The situation source of the Poverty Point blade technology. is to be somewhat lamented, as blade tech­ The writer differs from Ford on this problem. nology might provide valuable clues on som^ Ford (1969:48) sees Poverty Point blade of the cultural trait origins of the Hopewell technology coming from Mesoamerica, while manifestation. \Js the writer (Patterson 1973a,b) proposes a While cylindrical^goTyFTedral corey are far northern origin. This question is mainly known in connection with tTie" Hopewell cul­ one of the exact diffusion route to Poverty ture (Ford 1969:48), it is the writer's impres­ Point, however. Ultimately, blade technology sion that semi-conical cores with acute angle using semi-conical cores seems to be de­ striking platforms of approximately 50 rived from the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic degrees are the dominant type. Four updated period. This type of blade core is also known examples from the Flint Ridge area that have in the Mesolithic, (Clark 1971), and continues been obtained from a collector for compara­ into the early Neolithic period in Siberia tive studies conform to the typical semi- (Derevianko 1969:119), where it is found conical type description. Site 33-No-1 has together with wedge-shaped blade cores. produced one possible example of this core In the New World, the semi-conical blade type in southeastern Ohio. These cores gen­ core is known from possibly before 7000 erally have multifaceted striking platforms, BC (Anderson 1970). Anderson refers to this and show some pecking of the fluted surface general type as "face-faceted". Later, in the at the striking platform edge. Further com­ period of 2000 to 4000 BC, this type of core ments will be confined to this core type. appears in the Tuktu complex in Alaska Some illustrations of Ohio blade cores (Campbell 1962:4), where it overlaps more (Prufer 1967a: Fig. 7-P.Q; 1967b: Fig. 5) tabular shaped forms. Possibly as early as use the rather curious convention of showing 3500 BC, the semi-conical core appears these semi-conical artifacts upsidedown, and farther south in Colorado (Irwin-Williams and calling them "bee-hive or hay-stack shape." Irwin 1966:55) associated with small blades. One also receives the impression that some In this same general time period, the semi- of the references to reuse of blade cores conical blade core starts even farther south as scrapers is actually based on the retouch in northern Mexico (MacNeish 1958:81), and of the fluted surface at the striking platform in Texas (Patterson 1973a). At approximately edge to remove overhang during blade manu­ 1800 BC, The Poverty Point culture makes its facture (Sanger 1968: 169; Semenov 1964: appearance using this same general blade 46). Another comment on Ohio blade tech­ core. nology is that one wonders if all of the trim­ Figures 1 to 3 show some semi-conical ming flakes mentioned by Prufer (1967a: blade cores from Ohio and Texas. Figure 1 37) are really from trimming the striking plat­ illustrates two cores from the Ohio Flint Ridge form edge, or perhaps some of them are area. Figure 2 shows two cores from site secondary ridge flakes like examples shown 41HR188in Harris County, Texas near Hous­ by Sanger (1968: Fig. 3b). Prufer (1967a) ton. Figure 3 compares an Ohio core (3-B) describes the Chesser Cave site as Late at right (also shown as Figure 1-A) with a Woodland, which could mean a duration of Texas core (3-A) at left (shown also as Figure blade technology in some areas of Ohio be­ 2-A). Another good example of this core yond the Hopewell period. type has been found on site 41 ML46 in Mc­ Based on the semi-conical core type, it Lennan County, Texas, during the 1973 Texas has beyn previously proposed (Ford, et al Archaeological Society field school.

31 The case for Mesoamerican influence on conclude (Cook 1971) that a more repre­ Poverty Point blade technology cannot be sentative situation in Alaska is for sites to ruled out entirely. Crude semi-conical blade have several blade core types. This variety cores do occur fairly early (5000 to 6800 also applies to sites on the upper Texas Gulf BC) in the El Riego phase in the Tehuacan Coast (Patterson 1973a,b), and is a correlat­ Valley (Mac Neish et al 1967:27). These cores ing point used by the writer in examining are associated with rather wide crude blades, far northern influences on Texas. however, while northern Mexico, Texas, and The main purpose of this discussion has Poverty Point blades are the small and micro- been to attempt to stimulate more interest blade varieties. The writer feels that while in the study of Ohio blade technology as a blade technology arrived as far south as potentially important area for cross-cultural Mexico with the Paleo-lndian, there was studies. another movement from the far north with small blade technology during the Middle Archaic period (2000 to 4000 BC). Gulf Coast Anderson, D.D. examples have a good representation of 1970 Akmak, Acta Arctica, Fasc. 16, Copen­ microblades (less than 11 mm. width). The hagen. Borden, C.E. Texas blade technology correlates with Arc­ 1969 SYESIS, 2(1,2):1-13. tic examples as to functional use of smaller Campbell, J.M. blades, to produce microliths for end and side 1962 Cultural succession at Anaktuvik Pass. blade use (Patterson 1973b:6). Colorado blade Technical Papers 11, Arctic Institute of technology, on the diffusion route proposed America. by the writer, also has an assortment of mi­ Clark, J.G.D. croliths. Borden (1969) gives an excellent 1971 Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge summary of small blade diffusion from the University Press. far north. Cook, J. P. 1971 Summary, archaeological survey and In summary, it would appear that Hopewell excavations along the Alyeska Pipeline. blade technology may be derived from Gulf Final Report, Task Order No. 9, Uni­ Coast blade technology, with ultimate Eura­ versity of Alaska, Department of An­ sian Mesolithic origin, as with other small thropology. blade technology found in North America. An Derevianko, A.P. example is available that Ohio Hopewell 1969 The Novopetrovka blade culture on the blade technology can be classified in the Middle Amur. Arctic Anthropology, 6(1). small blade category. The mean width of Ford, J.A. blades from the McGraw site is 10.7 mm. 1969 A comparison of formative cultures in the Americas. Smithsonian Contribu­ (Sanger 1970: Table 1). In contrast, the early tions to Anthropology, 11. Washington, examples shown by MacNeish (1967: Fig. 4) D.C. for Mesoamerica are much wider (20 mm. Ford, J.A., Phillips, P. and Haag, W.G. average), and seem to be close to the de­ 1955 The Jaketown site, Anthropological Pa­ scription of Paleo-lndian blades given by pers of the American Museum of Na­ Jennings (1968: Fig. 3.15). Some of the tural History 45(1). New York. blades from the Chesser Cave site in southern Griffin, J.B. Ohio (Prufer 1967:29) also fall within the mi- 1966 Some prehistoric connections between croblade category, with a mean width of 9.35 Siberia and America.' New Roads to mm. The interpretation, therefore, is that dif­ Yesterday, Thames and Hudson. fusion of blade technology to the Gulf Coast Irwin-Williams, C. and Irwin, H.J. and then to the midwest Hopewell is an 1966 Excavations at Magic Mountain. Pro­ Archaic activity from the far north, rather ceedings 12, Denver Museum of Na­ tural History. than a sequence with Paleo-lndian origin Jennings, J.D. from Mesoamerica. This idea is consistant 1968 Prehistory of North America. McGraw- with the outline presented by Griffin (1966: Hill. 285), and the Jaketown site discussion (Ford MacNeish, R.S. et al 1955:145-150), with a Mesolithic origin 1958 Preliminary archaeological investi­ for small blade technology. gations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Transactions of the American Philoso­ While discussion has been confined to the phical Society, 48(6). semi-conical blade core type, it would appear MacNeish, R.S., et al likely thatthistype is a specialized case within 1967 The prehistory of the Tehuacan valley. a more general small blade technology. Re­ Patterson, L.W. cent studies on the Alyeska Pipeline route 1973a Some Texas blade technology. Manu-

32 script for 1973 issue of the Bulletin of edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas the Texas Archeological Society. H. McKenzie. Western Reserve Press. Patterson, L.W. Sanger, D. 1973b Far northern influences on the upper 1968 The High River microblade industry. Texas coast, Paper for the 1973 annual Plains Anthropologist, 13-41. meeting, Texas Archeological Society. Sanger, D. Prufer, OH. 1970 Mid-latitude core and blade traditions. 1967a Chesser Cave. In Studies in Ohio Ar­ Arctic Anthropology, 7(2). cheology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Semenov, S.A. Douglas MacKenzie. Western Reserve 1964 Prehistoric technology, Adams and Dart. Press, Cleveland. Webb, C.H. Prufer, OH. 1968 The extent and content of Poverty Point 1967b The Scioto valley archaeological sur­ culture. American Antiquity, (3). vey. In Studies in Ohio Archaeology,

Fig. 1 (Patterson) Flint Ridge Blade Cores. Fig. 2 (Patterson) Texas Blade Cores, Site 41HR188.

/I - TEXStS 3 -OHIO

Fig. 3 (Patterson) Comparison of Blade Cores. A-Texas; B-Ohio.

33 The Late Paleo-lndian Occupation of the Burrill Site by Dan R. Cragin 220 Chestnut St., Elyria, Ohio

The Burrill site is located on Route 301, One basal fragment was found at the site 1/8 mile south of Route 611 in Sheffield (Fig. 2 d). It is parallel pressure flaked, re­ Township, Lorain County, Ohio. The site is touched on the stem edges, and slightly located on a peninsula-like bluff formed by ground on the base. the Black River and French Creek Valleys. Drills The surface of the site is level and covers All of the drills from the Burrill site are an area of approximately 1 acre. Only half like examples from the Sawmill assemblages of the site is open to surface collecting be­ cause a peach orchard is located at the (Smith 1960; Prufer and Baby 1963: Fig. northern end. 22 c,d), with the exception of one (Fig. 3 a). It is similar in stem and base design to the The Burrill site is quite popular among Stemmed Lanceolates. It is a well-executed local collectors for its variety of artifacts ranging from Late Paleo-lndian to Late Wood­ piece, exhibiting parallel pressure flaking on land times. Late Paleo-lndian specimens are the bit with percussion on the stem. Whether dominant at the site and are the basis of this this specimen was intentionally made in this report. Nevertheless, many hundreds of manner or is an alteration of a broken pro­ pieces have been found at Burrill, but it has jectile point is a matter of conjecture. only been reported upon once by Eugene Square Knife Ochsner (1970) of Michigan. I feel the site is One knife which falls into this category being wasted by selfish collectors when much was found (Fig. 3 d). The type is described by could be learned from the artifacts they have Converse (1966: 93) as being Palaeo-lndian. found. It is percussion flaked and has minute se­ condary retouch on all four edges. Lanceolate Points Lanceolate points are dominant at the site, Summary being represented by 23 basal fragments The artifacts discussed in this report can be (Fig. 1). Six of the specimens show careful compared to artifacts described from the parallel percussion flaking with minute re­ Sawmill site (Smith 1960; Prufer and Baby touch on the blade edges. All six are laterally 1963:32-36) and the Paleo-lndian component ground. The remaining pieces are percussion of the Mixter site (Shane 1967: 121-186) in flaked but lack retouch and lateral grinding. Erie County, Ohio, inasmuch as they are only These projectiles are similar to specimens 30 miles west of the Burrill site. Sawmill and described by Smith from the Sawmill site in Mixter are assumed to date from approxi­ Erie County, Ohio (Smith 1960; Prufer and mately 5000-6000 B.C., so I am assuming Baby 1963: 32-36). the same time period for the Burrill site. Stemmed Lanceolate Points It is now owned and maintained by the This category includes one complete ex­ Lorain County Metropolitan Park District and ample, one finished basal fragment, and one is no longer available for surface hunting. unfinished basal fragment (Fig. 2 a,b,c). The two finished examples are parallel percussion flaked with secondary retouch on the blade Converse, Robert N. edges. Both are ground on the base and stem 1966 Ohio flint types. Ohio Archaeologist edges. The unfinished piece is thicker than 13(4). the other two and lacks thinning at the stem. Ochsner, Eugene E. These specimens correspond to Sawmill ex­ 1970 A Lorain County site. Ohio Archaeolo­ amples. gist 20(3): 227-228. Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby Steubenville Stemmed 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio His­ I am including this type in this report be­ torical Society, Columbus. cause it is similar in appearance to the Ritchie, William A. Stemmed Lanceolates from the site and be­ 1961 A typology and nomenclature for New York projectile points. New York State cause this type is considered by Ritchie as Museum and Science Service Bulletin being Early Archaic (Ritchie 1961: 51-52). No. 384. Albany.

34 Shane, Orrin C. Smith, A.G. 1967 The Mixter site (33Er-4). In Studies in 1960 The Sawmill site, Erie County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeology, edited by O. H. Pru­ Ohio Archaeologist, 10(3): 84-97. fer and D. H. McKenzie, Western Re­ serve University Press, Cleveland.

Table I: Mean Measurements of Artifacts (Inches) No. L. Max. W. Basal W. Haft W. Max. T Lanceolate 23 — 53/64 3/4 — .229 Stemmed Lanceolate 3 2-3/4 1 13/16 3/4 .287 Steubenville Stemmed 1 — — 15/16 — .212 Drills 3 — 3/4 3/4 3/4 .350 Square Knife 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 — .279

Table II: Raw Materials Lanceolate: 16 Upper Mercer, 2 Flint Ridge, 1 Onondaga, 3 Nellie, 1 Local Chert Stemmed Lanceolate: 2 Upper Mercer, 1 Nellie Steubenville Stemmed: 1 Upper Mercer Drills: 2 Upper Mercer, 1 Onondaga Knife: 1 Upper Mercer

Fig. 1 (Cragin) Examples of Lanceolate Points from the Fig. 2 (Cragin) Stemmed Lanceolate Points. Photograph Burrill Site. Photograph by Richard Cragin. by Richard Cragin.

iM BL

• "K« (52*3

Fig. 3 (Cragin) Drills and Square Knife from the Burrill Site. Photograph by Richard Cragin.

35 The Brokaw Site (33-B1-6)—A Preliminary Report by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh, Department of Sociology Wheeling College, Wheeling, West Virginia

Introduction immediate vicinity of the site but four springs A preliminary report on the Brokaw site begin within a quarter of a mile of it. A spring has been initiated in order to draw attention appears in each valley adjacent to the flanks to its existence and to note its cultural af­ of the site and the resultant streams come finities. This paper represents the results together 500 feet southeast of the site. The obtained from a partial excavation of the larger stream, in combination with others site and analysis of the remains recovered. close by, empties into the St. Clairsville Re­ Included in the report are a description and servoir where the water flowing over the dam location of the site, the problem of strati­ combines with a small stream to form Little graphy, and the excavating technique em­ McMahon Creek. This creek, in turn, joins ployed. Also included are the features noted, McMahon Creek and the combined waters a description of the ceramics, and the pro­ empty into the Ohio River 4 miles east. jectile point types present. A discussion of the evidence for the presence of particular Excavation and the Problem of Stratigraphy cultures follows. There can be little doubt that among the The author would like to thank the owner reasons this locale was selected for occupa­ of the property, Mr. John W. Brokaw, for tion are the flat surface facilitating dwelling granting permission to excavate the site. construction and movement of peoples within Thanks are also due to the students of Ohio the site, the presence of a stream on either University-Belmont County Branch and side of the site, and a fairly good view in all Wheeling College for their assistance in ex­ directions except to the west where the hill cavating the site. rises and peaks. The total site covers in ex­ cess of 2 acres. The middle of the natural Location and Description of Site southeast to northwest orientation of the The Brokaw site (33-B1-6), an archaeologi­ site was selected as the reference point. cal site of Middle and Late Woodland affini­ Thus, 250 feet appear on either side of the ties, is located on the property of Mr. John middle of the base line. At the reference W. Brokaw in Section 15 of Richland Town­ point a second line perpendicular to and in­ ship, Belmont County, Ohio. The coordinates tersecting the base line was established. On for the site are 40° 04' 00" North Latitude the basis of these reference points a grid and 80° 55' 57" West Longitude (St. Clairs- system of 5-foot units was laid out. The units ville 7.5 minute quadrangle map). St. Clairs- to the right of the reference point were given ville is located approximately 2 miles east- letter and number designations. The numbers northeast of the excavated area. The site, move along the northeast line and the letters based on surface collecting and limited ex­ along the southeast line. This method was cavation by the author and students from reversed for the units to the left of the ref­ Ohio University-Belmont County Branch erence point (Fig. 2). Strictly for purposes (summer 1972) and Wheeling College (spring of convenience, the units have been exca­ 1973), appears to be confined to an essen­ vated by 4 inch levels. tially flat hilltop some 500 feet in length and its northwest, east, and southwest flanks The field in which the site is located has (Fig. 1). Beyond the west and northwest been under intensive cultivation for many edges of the site, the land begins to rise and years. Consequently, there is no stratigraphy, reaches an elevation of 1317 feet approxi­ except in a few places, for the plow zone mately 750 feet away. The elevation of the extends through the topsoil to the clay zone. site itself ranges from 1200 feet on the flanks Beneath the plow level, however, stratified to 1225 feet on the flat hilltop. It is oriented refuse pits, hearths, and post holes have southeast to northwest. been noted. The area surrounding the site is under Features cultivation, in pastureland, and a small de­ As time does not permit fuller treatment, ciduous woods where wild cherry, locust, only four of the numerous features will be ash, beech, and maple predominate. The described. The first is a fireplace of nearly area in general may be described as being rectangular form located at the 0.7-foot level quite hilly. There are no large streams in the of units 42-T, 43-T, 42-S (Fig. 2). Eighty-one

36 pieces of sandstone of various sizes form this the other. The lower fireplace occurred at roughly 2.0 feet by 2.6 feet hearth. Ashes, the bottom of a circular pit 1.9 feet deep. charcoal, and small fragments of fire-cracked The pit had obviously been excavated, for the rock were noted while excavating. Recovered walls were nearly vertical halfway around it from the fireplace proper were 26 shell- and sloped in steeply around much of the tempered sherds. Four sherds show evidence remainder except along the west side. The of cordmarking although it is quite light. In diameter was 2.7 feet. The ground on which addition, eight pieces of tan and gray river the hearth rested was heavily burned and pebble chert, a mid-section of an antler, one discolored and a considerable amount of ash fragment of a mussel shell, two pieces of and charcoal was intermixed with the soil. turtle shell which articulate, and 69 bone Three small pieces of fire-cracked sandstone fragments were noted. Identifiable as deer were noted in the hearth; however, due to bones were a mandible fragment, a rib bone, their small size and location, they do not a second phalanx, and a long leg bone. appear to have served any function. The Twenty-five pieces of bone displayed evi­ fireplace contained two pieces of river pebble dence of charring. chert, two shell-tempered sherds (one cord- The second feature is another hearth lo­ marked and one plain), and 71 bones. Fifty- cated 10 feet away in unit 45-T at the 0.7 four bones exhibited extensive charring. The foot level. This fireplace is much less im­ hearth was apparently used over a consider­ pressive than the one just described. It is able duration of time, because great quan­ composed of 19 pieces of sandstone laid tities of ash and charcoal were present from down roughly in the form of a circle 12 inches a depth of 1.3 feet to the bottom, and the in diameter. This feature appears to have soil showed evidence of discoloration due to been undisturbed by the plow, for all of the heat. stones expose a flat surface. Remains re­ Overlying this hearth, but confined to the moved from the hearth were seven small eastern sector of unit 28-U, was a second plain shell-tempered sherds, three fresh­ smaller fireplace that appeared at the 0.9 water clam shells, four chips of gray river foot level. It was composed of eight pieces pebble chert, and 60 bone fragments. Six of of sandstone of various sizes laid so that them are identifiable as bird bones. It is in­ the flat surfaces were exposed. The diameter teresting to note that none of the remains of the near circular fireplace was 1.0 foot. display any sign of charring. Since a con­ Recovered from the hearth were four pieces siderable amount of ash and charcoal was of gray river pebble chert, 14 shell-tempered present, possibly the surrounding midden sherds (nine cordmarked and five too small was thrown on the fire to extinguish it. A to identify), and 66 pieces of bone, 20 ex­ similar hypothesis was set forth by Shane hibiting various degrees of charring. The (1967:103) when attempting to explain the midden between the two hearths suggested presence of a few sherds in feature 1 of the that the pit had also been used for purposes Leimbach site. In close association with the of refuse since quantities of pottery, river hearth at the same level were noted a single pebble chert, clam shells, small pieces of freshwater clam shell, a turkey bone head, sandstone displaying no evidence of exposure five small bone fragments, and three shell- to fire, and bone were retrieved. In addition, tempered sherds. Two of them are cord- nine straight rim sherds, three turkey bone marked. beads, a piece of dolomite, and numerous snails were noted. Feature Three consists of two postmolds located in units 49-T and 50-T. Using the wall of the squares as a guideline, they appear Ceramics to form a straight line 4 feet 9 inches apart. Only a sample of the total ceramic assem­ Both molds extend to a depth of 1.1 feet. blage is reported here, including Middle The postmold in unit 49-T is circular in form, Woodland pottery from 31-K to 40-K and whereas the mold in 50-T is D-shaped. At the 11-J to 20-J, and Late Woodland pottery 0.7 foot level it measures 0.8 foot across in from 21-T to 30-T. The two ceramic types one direction and 0.5 foot in the other. The will be considered separately. A total of 2192 mold in 49-T is 0.9 foot in diameter. A single sherds has been recorded for the 30 squares bone fragment appeared at the bottom of considered. Of these 830 are either split and this post hole. mutilated or are too small to be identified. Feature Four was located in units 27-U, This relatively high number of unidentifiable 28-U, 27-V, and 28-V (Fig. 2), and consisted sherds may be attributed to intensive cul­ of two fireplaces, one superimposed upon tivation of the field for many years. With each

37 successive preparation for planting, the hues of brown on the surface. Various hues sherds have become smaller and smaller. of brown, tan, and black were noted on the A total of 1819 Late Woodland sherds was interior. Black was the predominate color and noted in the 21-T to 30-T unit series. Of these tan the minority. Core colors were medium specimens, 583 are either split and mutilated gray, black, and orange. Black clearly pre­ or are too small to be identified. Body sherds dominated. Thirty-three cordmarked and 45 numbered 1202 and rim sherds 34. All but 16 plain body sherds were noted. Metric data sherds are shell-tempered. With regard to the were determined for 31 cordmarked and 45 rims, all 34 are straight and shell-tempered. plain sherds. There appeared to be no cor­ Nine display diagonal notches across the rim relation between color and temper, color surfaces. Rim thickness over the diagonal and surface finish, or between temper and ranged from 5.5 to 8.5 mm. and from 5.5 to surface finish. Thus the type of surface finish 7.2 mm. away from the diagonals. Thus a was used as the primary basis for the classi­ difference of .0 to 1.3 mm. in thickness. Ten fication of the body sherds. A mean of 6.2 of the rim sherds display evidence of cord- mm. and a range from 3.9 to 8.1 mm. was marking up to the rim (Fig. 3). noted for the cordmarked sherds and a mean The thickness of 285 shell-tempered body of 6.1 mm. and a range from 4.2 to 10.1 mm. sherds was determined. Of these 185 were for the plain. cordmarked and 100 plain. A mean of 6.03 Eleven rim sherds were noted; three are mm. and a range from 3.2 to 11.1 mm. was quite small. No correlation was observed noted for the cordmarked sherds and a mean between rim form, lip form, temper type, of 5.95 and a range from 3.5 to 11.1 mm. thickness, color, or surface finish. Seem­ for the plain. It is suggested that more of ingly no two characteristics could be observed the ceramic remains may be cordmarked in two rim sherds. Temper types and their than analysis would indicate because, in frequencies include three with hematite, one general, the cord impressions are quite light with hematite and limestone, four with chert and the wiping, which occurs on a few sherds, and hematite, and three with chert. Rim forms may have obliterated it. This condition in­ and their frequencies are as follows: Five are hibited the classification of some sherds straight; three are slightly everted; and two since certainty of the cordmarking could not are clearly everted. Lip forms and their fre­ be determined. With regard to color, various quencies are: two rounded; four flat to hues of tan, brown, gray, and orange are to rounded; two flat; one flat on top with rounded be noted on the outside surfaces and tan, sides; and one lip protrudes well over the orange, brown, gray, and black are to be outside of the rim. Colors occur in the follow­ observed on the inside of the vessels. The ing combinations; One is salmon-orange; six latter color clearly predominates. Core colors are from light to dark brown; and four are are tan, black, orange, gray, and red. A few light to medium tan. Four rim sherds were sherds have an inner lamination of orange cordmarked up to the lip. The mean thickness beneath the outer surface over a predomi­ of these sherds was 5.3 mm. and a range nately tan or gray inner core. Rims are gray, from 4.1 to 6.2 mm. was noted. Six rim sherds orange, and brown. A single appendage displayed no evidence of cordmarking. A fragment is light gray. mean of 7.9 mm. and a range from 6.1 to 10.4 Ceramic evidence suggesting occupation mm. was recorded. by Middle Woodland peoples was noted in A single rim sherd is of sufficient size to the 11-J to 20-J and 31-K to 40-K unit series suggest vessel form. The vessel appears to (Figs. 3 and 4). A total of 336 sherds was have been a small bowl with a depth of ap­ found. Of these 247 are either split and mu­ proximately 4.2 cms. and an outside diameter tilated or are too small to be identified. Body of 12 cms. The lip is flat and rounded and sherds numbered 78 and rim sherds, 11. the rim is straight. The thickness is 6.0 mm. Many of them, in contrast to the shell- at a point 5 mm. below the lip surface. Small tempered sherds noted on the site, show near-vertical and vertical cordmarks occur signs of erosion on their surfaces. The fol­ up to the lip. The vessel begins to curve lowing temper types and temper combina­ slightly outwards 1.5 cm. below the lip sur­ tions were observed in the sherds excavated: face. The point of maximum bow is the middle hematite, hematite and limestone, hematite of the bowl. It then curves inwardly to meet and chert, chert, quartz, limestone, an un­ what would be the bottom of the vessel. It identifiable type, and in a few sherds no is speculated that the bottom of the bowl was temper was observed. Body sherd colors a flat piece with hematite temper with a par­ were salmon-orange, ferruginous and various ticle range from 1-3 mm. was noted. The

38 dimensions of the hematite particles forming measurements (Fig. 5F-H). The metric at­ the temper in this sherd suggest that it was tributes are: added to the clay; however, in numerous Length Width Thickness sherds the small size of the particles indicates N= 3 N= 9 N= 10 Range: 24.0-24.6 Range: 14.3-22.0 Range: 3.0-6.3 that it may have been a natural inclusion in Mean: 24.3 Mean: 16.7 Mean: 4.3 the clay. An analysis of the clay deposits of Eight Straight-based Triangles were re­ the area will be undertaken in order to deter­ corded. Three specimens proved to be un­ mine its composition. In addition to the Mid­ broken (Fig. 5, l-K). The metric attributes are: dle Woodland sherds found in the 11-J to 20-J Length Width Thickness and 31-K to 40-K unit series, 37 shell- N= 3 N= 8 N= 8 tempered sherds were noted. Fifteen cord­ Range: 20.4-23.4 Range: 13.0-22.0 Range: 3.7-6.2 marked, nine plain, and 13 split and frag­ Mean: 21.8 Mean: 16.3 Mean: 4.5 mentary sherds were recorded. A single Concave based Triangle was noted (Fig. 5L). The maximum length is 23.5 mm., Projectile Point Types the maximum width is 20.3 mm., and the A total of 54 projectile points and point maximum thickness is 4.6 mm. Five Bird- fragments have been collected from the site points (Converse 1970:64) were recorded surface and excavated units. In all, ten pro­ (Fig. 5M-0). The metric attributes are: jectile point types are identifiable. Three Length Width Thickness point types suggest that the area was in­ N= 4 N- 8 N= 5 habited by Archaic peoples. A single Newton Range: 28.1-34.0 Range: 15.0-24.0 Range: 5.2-6.2 Falls Side-Notched (Prufer and Sofsky 1965: Mean: 31.6 Mean: 19.6 Mean: 5.5 In addition, six antler projectile points were 23) (Fig. 5A), and a single Brewerton Eared- found (Fig. 5P-R). Although antler projectile Notched point (Ritchie 1961:17) (Fig. 5B) points have been discovered in other cul­ were noted. In addition, a projectile point tural contexts and time periods, it is suggested with the morphology and metrics of the Vos- that these may be affiliated with the Late burg point was observed (Ritchie 1961:55) Woodland occupants of the site because of (Fig. 5C), however, it was found at the bottom their association with the shell-tempered of the plow zone directly over a Late Wood­ ceramics. Their metric data are: land refuse pit. The very nature of the con­ Length Base Width text makes its identification provisional. The N= 6 N= 6 metric data are as follow (all measurements Range: 25.5-41.8 Range: 8.4-11.1 are in millimeters): Mean: 30.3 Mean: 9.7 Length Width Thickness A total of sixteen projectile point fragments Newton Falls Side-Notched 35.0 22.9 7.2 are in the collection. Their fragmentary state Brewerton Eared-Notched 44.5 18.7 5.2 precludes classification; however, several Vosburg 39.2 28.5 5.2 appear to be triangles. Three fragmentary stemmed points attest Discussion either to further evidence of Archaic or Early The Brokaw site has been only partially Woodland peoples in the area. They are, excavated. Nevertheless, it has yielded a however, too fragmentary to type and there­ considerable amount of cultural remains. A fore cannot be assigned to a culture. The partial analysis of the recovered cultural only Middle Woodland point recovered was materials suggests that the site was visited a single Snyders point (Fig. 5D) basal frag- by Archaic and perhaps Early Woodland ment(Converse 1970:54). The maximum body peoples, and that site was occupied during width is 2.7 mm. and the maximum thickness Middle and Late Woodland times. Evidence is 6.2 mm. which may be cited for the presence of the Projectile point types which may be cited Archaic are single specimens of Newton Falls for the presence of Late Woodland peoples Side-Notched, Brewerton Eared-Notched, occupying the site are Chesser Notched, and Vosburg projectile point types. The pres­ Convex-based Triangles, and Birdpoints. All ence of three fragmentary stemmed points except Birdpoints were recorded by Prufer may attest to either further evidence of Ar­ at the Chesser Cave site (Prufer 1967:18-2 I). chaic peoples in the area or Early Woodland. A single basal fragment of a Chesser Notched It must be added that the suggested presence point (Fig. 5E) was noted (Converse 1970: of Archaic and possibly Early Woodland 57). The maximum body width is 19.5 mm. peoples rests solely on the identification of and the maximum thickness is 8.0 mm. Ten a few projectile points. Admittedly the evi­ Convex-based Triangles were found. Three dence is meager and due caution must be specimensare sufficiently complete for length

39 observed when "typing" projectile points. dial lip impressions, and two lug-type handles. However, the morphology and metrics of the Again, in the absence of C-14 tests, absolute points conform to that in the archaeological dates cannot be assigned. However, on the literature. Also, given the geographical lo­ basis of the cultural remains noted, it is sug­ cation, the presence of such point types gested that the occupation occurred between does not seem unrealistic. A.D. 1300 and 1600. It will be necessary to Middle and Late Woodland projectile point continue excavating and analyzing the re­ and ceramic types may be cited as evidence covered materials in order to learn more for the occupation of the site by these cul­ about the cultures occupying the site. After tures. Evidence for the presence of Middle C-14 tests have been conducted, it will be Woodland peoples appears to be essentially possible to know more specifically when the confined to the flat hilltop. A single Snyders site was occupied. point, 11 rim sherds, 78 body sherds, and 247 split and mutilated sherd fragments con­ Converse, Robert N. stitute the evidence for this culture. The 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological sparsity of such remains suggests that the Society of Ohio. Columbus. site was occupied for only a short period. Prufer, Olaf H., and Charles Sofsky As C-14 tests have not yet been conducted, 1965 The McKibben site (33Tr-57), Trumbull an absolute date cannot be assigned. How­ County, Ohio: A contribution to the ever, on the basis of the archaeological Late Paleo-lndian and Archaic phases record, it is suggested that the site was oc­ of Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist, 11(1):23-25. cupied after A.D. 100 and before A.D. 500. Prufer, Olaf H. In sharp contrast to the small amount of 1967 Chesser Cave: a Late Woodland phase evidence for the presence of Middle Wood­ in Southeastern Ohio. In Studies in land peoples, much may be cited for the Ohio archaeology edited by Olaf H. presence of a Late Woodland culture on the Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie, Wes­ tern Reserve University Press, Cleve­ flanks of the site. Shell-tempered ceramic land. evidence consists of 1186 body sherds, 583 Ritchie, William A. split and mutilated sherds, and 34 straight 1961 A typology and nomenclature for New rim sherds. Of the ceramics analyzed from York projectile points. New York State the flank area, 99.2% is shell-tempered. A Museum and Science Service Bulletin single Chesser Notched point, one Concave- No. 384:17-55. based, eight Straight-based, ten Convex- Shane, Orrin C. Ill based Triangles and five "Birdpoints" attest 1967 The Leimbach site: an Early Woodland to the presence of Late Woodland peoples. village in Lorain County, Ohio. In Studies Other Late Woodland (Fort Ancient) charac­ in Ohio archaeology edited by Olaf H. teristics noted in the as yet incompletely Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie, Wes­ analyzed cultural remains are an animal ef­ tern Reserve University Press, Cleve­ figy fragment, three strap handle fragments, land. a few rim sherds displaying cordwrapped

Fig. 1 (Pickenpaugh) Map showing location of the Brokaw site and environs.

40 200 230

O SO IOO ISO ' '

Fig. 2 (Pickenpaugh) Plan of the Brokaw site excavations.

Fig. 3 (Pickenpaugh) Shell-tempered cordmarked and Fig. 4 (Pickenpaugh) Bowl fragment and rim sherds. diagonally notched pottery.

•P fH Ql ffB Mm. J^

Fig. 5 (Pickenpaugh) Projectile Points.

41 Analysis of Fauna from the Riker Site

by Michael B. Barber 1315 Anita G. #101, Kent, Ohio

The Site carbon date of 1480 + 175 A.D. (Prufer and The Riker site is located approximately 1 Shane 1970). The faunal material dealt with mile south of New Philadelphia, Ohio, and was obtained from the excavations carried on lies on the banks of the Tuscarawas River. by the Sugar Creek Chapter of the Archae­ This palisaded village is of particular interest ological Society of Ohio and, more par­ as it represents a cultural blend of Fort An­ ticularly, through the interest of Dr. William cient elements from the south and Iroquoian Bush and Dr. Orrin Shane. elements from the north. This mixture is re­ The Fauna flected in the archaeological remains by the Identification of faunal material yielded a presence of Madisonville cord-marked pot­ total of 28 identifiable species. In reality, as tery from the Fort Ancient Tradition (Shane the soil from the site was not screened, it is 1974) and by porcupine remains from the possible that some of the smaller remains north, a species of the Canadian biotic prov­ were overlooked. The distribution is ex­ ince (Cleland 1966). The site has a radio­ pressed in Table 1.

Table 1: Species identified from the Riker site

Species tt of Elements % Minimum Individuals % Mammals Cottontail 1 .05 1 .78 Fox squirrel 1 .05 1 .78 Gray squirrel 2 .11 1 .78 Vole 1 .05 1 .78 Beaver 28 1.48 7 5.42 Muskrat 1 .05 1 78 Dog 5 .26 1 .78 Gray wolf 9 .48 4 3.10 Gray fox 8 .43 3 2.33 Red fox 4 .21 2 1.54 Raccoon 47 2.49 12 9.30 Woodchuck 6 .33 3 2.32 Porcupine 12 .63 4 3.10 Striped skunk 1 .05 1 .78 Bobcat 5 .27 2 1.54 Bear 18 .96 2 1.54 White-tailed deer 1357 71.91 47 36.42 Elk 74 3.92 4 3 10 1580 83.73 97 75.17 Aves Wild turkey 221 11.71 22 17.05 Duck 2 .11 1 .78 Trumpeter swan 2 .11 1 .78 Passenger pigeon 1 .05 1 .78 226 11.98 ~26~ 19.39 Turtle Box turtle 24 1.27 1.54 Painted turtle 2 .11 .78 Map turtle 1 .05 .78 27 1.43 3.10 Fish Channel catfish 51 2.70 1 .78 Bass 2 .11 1 .78 Largemouth buffalo 1 .05 J_ .78 54 286 3 2.34 Total 1887 100.00 129 100.00

42 Although acalculation of the minimum num­ when encountered as opposed to being ac­ ber of individuals relates the frequency of tively hunted. hunting and/or trapping each species, it be­ White-tailed deer comes necessary to calculate the pounds of Of the species taken at the Riker site, the usable meat obtained per species to deter­ white-tailed deer was the most numerous and mine the actual economic importance. This most important economically supplying information is presented in Table 2. 71.91% of the identified elements, 36.42% of the minimum number of individuals, and 64.49% of the usable meat. This species is Table 2: Pounds of usable meat per species of increased importance as it can lend in­ at the Riker site (pounds per individ­ sight into the seasonality of hunting activities ual after Cleland (1966) and Guilday (1971). and, indirectly, seasonality of site occupation. The age distribution of white-tailed deer was Pounds of calculated through differential dental erup­ Species Usable Meat % of Total tion and attrition after the model proposed by Mammals Severinghaus (1949). Cottontail 1.5 .02 Fox squirrel 1 .01 Table 3: Age distribution of white-tailed deer Gray squirrel 1.5 .02 (Odocoileus virginianus). Beaver 140 1.92 Muskrat 2 .03 Right Left Dog 8 .11 Age Mandible Mandible ft % Gray wolf 120 1.64 Fetal 0 0 Gray fox 15 .22 2-4 weeks 0 0 Red fox 14 .19 7-10 weeks 0 0 Raccoon 180 2.47 7-9 months 1 4 4 11.77 Woodchuck 15 .21 9-11 months 1 1 1 2.94 Porcupine 40 .55 11-13 months 0 2 2 5.88 Striped skunk 5 .07 13-17 months 1 1 1 2.94 Bobcat 30 .41 17-20 months 3 1 3 8.82 Bear 400 5.49 20-24 months 1 3 3 8.82 64.49 1 1 White-tailed deer 4700 2 /2-3 /2 years 5 7 7 20.59 19.21 1 1 Elk 1400 3 /2-4 /2 years 3 3 3 8.82 1 7073 97.06 4 /2-5y2 years 3 5 5 14.72 51/2-61/2 years 3 2 3 8.82 1 1 0 1 2.94 Aves 6 /2-7 /2 years 1 1 1 1 2.94 Wild turkey 187 2.56 7 /2 plus 0 Duck 3 .04 22 30 34 100.00 Trumpeter swan 17 .23 207 2.83 Since some individuals were represented Turtle by both right and left mandibles, the total Box turtle .5 — number of deer in the sample was reduced Map turtle 2 .03 to 34. When the distribution was further ex­ 2.5 .03 amined in categories of approximately one year, it was found not to conform to a bi- Fish modial graphing. As Cleland (1965) points Channel catfish 2 .03 out, a bimodial distribution is indicative of a Bass 1.5 .02 Largemouth buffalo 2 .03 stalking hunting technique where the very young and very old prove the easiest marks. ~5~? ~08 The distribution at Riker, however, is repre­ sentative of the age groupings within a natural 7288 100.00 Total population, thus indicating a drive or sur­ round technique of communal, as opposed to individual, hunting. From these tables it becomes apparent that the primary hunting focus consists of deer, The seasonality of the hunt can be calcu­ elk, bear, and wild turkey with raccoon, bea­ lated through a consideration of the deer ver, and gray wolf as additional items of im­ population under tha age of two years. By means of dental eruption, the age of these portance. The remaining species added animals can be calculated in three or four variety to the diet and were probably taken

43 month periods. In addition, as the fawns are Conclusion born at the end of May or beginning of June, If one is allowed the luxury of speculation, June 1 can be considered an accurate work­ it would appear that Riker was a year-round ing average. From this data a kill date can occupation site. Due to its large size, and the be calculated. presence of a palisade, it is apparent that the community was semipermanent and seden­ Table 4: Seasonality of kill of deer under two tary in nature. In essence, the site was occu­ years of age. pied by at least a portion of the population throughout the year. Such a pattern is ethno­ Age in months Kill Date Season # % graphically documented from the more 0-3 June 1 —Sept 1 fall 0 — northerly Huron of Montreal Island (Kinietz 3-6 Sept 1—Dec 1 winter 0 — 1940). Given the environmental and geogra­ 6-9 Dec 1—Marl spring 4 28.57 phic proximity of the areas, the patterns ap­ 9-13 Marl—July 1 summer 3 21.43 pear consistant. 13-17 July 1-Nov 1 fall 1 7.14 17-20 Nov 1—Feb 1 winter 3 21.43 20-24 Feb 1—June 1 spring 3 21.43 Cleland, Charles E. 1965 Faunal remains from bluff shelters in From these results, it would seem that the northwest Arkansas. Arkansas Archae­ main hunting activity took place in the spring. ologist 6(2-3). Fayetteville. As the summer estimate is probably too low 1966 The prehistoric animal ecology and due to the nature of the data, the season is ethnozoology of the Upper Great Lakes assumed to have extended into summer. The Region. Anthropological Papers, Mu­ male frontals are almost evenly distributed: seum of Anthropology, #29, University eight were antler-bearing, seven were not. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Guilday, John E. This fact suggests that the hunting activity 1971 Biological and archaeological analysis was year round, but reveals little about in­ of bones from a 17th century Indian tense activity periods. village (46 Pu 31), Putnam County, West Bear Virginia, Report of Archaeological In­ vestigations #4, Bettye Broyles (ed), The presence of bear on the site is interest­ West Virginia Geological and Economic ing because the elements recovered were Survey, Morgantown. either cranial or from the paw area. Parmalee Kinietz, W. Vernon (1959) has pointed out that the odd distri­ 1940 The Indians of the western Great Lakes. bution of bear bones in the prehistoric sites Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of the eastern United States is indicative of of Michigan Press. bear ceremonialism. If that is the case, this Parmalee, P. W. ceremonialism is present at Riker. 1959 Use of mammalian skulls and mandibles by prehistoric Indians of Illinois. Illinois Porcupine Academy of Science, Transactions, 52' All elements recovered from the porcupine 85-95. were cranial in context (7 mandibles, 4 maxil­ Prufer, Olaf and Orrin Shane III lary fragments, and 1 frontal portion). It sug­ 1970 Blain village and the Fort Ancient tra­ gests a non-food utilization, possibly using dition in Ohio. The Kent University the quills for ornamentation, a pattern ex­ Press, Kent, Ohio. pressed ethnographically by the Huron and Severinghaus, C. W. Miami Indians (Kinietz 1940). As the porcu­ 1949 Tooth development and wear as criteria pine is an inhabitant of the Canadian biotic of age in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management, 13(2). province (Cleland 1966), pelts were probably Shane, Orrin III traded in from the north. 1974 Personal communication.

44 A Chronology of the North-Central Ohio Archaic

by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh, Department of Sociology Wheeling College, Wheeling, West Virginia

Introduction and the Rocky River (Fig. 1,1). Nearby towns The Archaic chronology of north-central were Parkview and Fairview Park, which were Ohio is based on an analysis of 17 sites con­ about 1.6 kilometers from the site. The ap­ taining Archaic projectile points. Nine sites proximate distance from Lake Erie is 5.5 kilo­ are located in Cuyahoga County, three each meters. The altitude of the area is 222 meters in Huron and Sandusky, and one each in Erie above sea level. and Seneca counties. A single Newton Falls Side-Notched point Because little was known heretofore about of the Middle Archaic was found at the Mas- the Archaic of the area, it is the purpose of tick Road site. This variety has been recorded this report to reconstruct the Archaic chro­ at the McKibben site (Prufer and Sofsky 1965) nology by analyzing those sites in the Arthur and the Mixter site (Shane 1967). One Ash­ G. Smith collection containing known varie­ tabula point of the Late Archaic, similar to ties of Archaic projectile points. On typologi­ ones reported at the McKibben site (Prufer cal grounds, it was possible to identify the and Sofsky 1965), the Mixter site (Shane Early, Middle, and Late Archaic periods. How­ 1967), and the Welling site (Blank 1970), was ever, because the projectile points gener­ noted. ally camefrom specific locations and because Queenstown Road Site (33Cy-2) the evidence suggested that differing tem­ The exact location of the Queenstown Road poral divisions of the Archaic were present at site is not known, but information regarding each locality, the sites were analyzed separ­ its position indicates that it was near Queens­ ately. Information regarding the location of town Road in Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga the sites has been provided when known (Fig. County (Fig. 1, 2). The elevation of the area 1). In the analysis, a comparison with the ranges from 287 to 322 meters above sea McKibben (Prufer and Sofsky 1965), Mixter level. The distance from Lake Erie is 6.5 (Shane 1967), and Welling (Blank 1970) sites kilometers. Single specimens of Brewerton has been made. Eared-Triangle (Fig. 2, G), Genesee, and La- moka points represent the Middle Archaic. Methodological Comments Each type was noted by Prufer and Sofsky The projectile points analyzed were not at the McKibben site (1965). Shane recorded from excavated sites. Consequently, in the Genesee and Lamoka points at the Mixter absence of tight archaeological context, their site (1967). One Ashtabula point of the Late identification depended entirely upon pre­ Archaic was recovered (Fig. 2, K). viously-defined projectile point typologies in Rocky River—Lake Lorain Avenues the archaeological literature. In the main, re­ lying upon established typologies does not (33Cy-3) present major difficulty because many The artifacts collected from the east and classes of projectile points manifest distinct west banks of the Rocky River near Lake- attributes and form. They are, therefore, easily wood, Cuyahoga County (Fig. 1, 3), do not recognized. Some projectile points can how­ represent the remains of a site. They are re­ ever, on the basis of their morphology, be corded as coming from various locations near placed in more than one classification, pos­ the mouth of the Rocky River between Lake sibly even of different time periods and/or Avenue on the north and Lorain on the south. cultural affinities. For example, some of the The elevation of the Rocky River at the mouth Archaic Stemmed points removed from their is 193 meters and the nearby hills are 220 cultural contexts would be indistinguishable meters above sea level. The distance from from Adena Stemmed points. Lake Erie is 0.8 kilometers. Early Archaic projectile points collected Analyzed Sites from the area include two Bifurcated Base Mastick Road Site (33Cy-1) Stemmed. Four Newton Falls Side-Notched The exact location of the Mastick Road site (Fig. 2, D), five Brewerton Side-Notched, is not known, but it was near Mastick Road three Archaic Corner-Notched, one Archaic

45 Stemmed, and two Concave Base Corner- the junction of Hilliard and Indianola Notched points represent the Middle Archaic. Avenues, though artifacts were found Brewerton Side-Notched points have been fairly frequent as far east along Hilliard recorded at the McKibben site by Prufer and to Atkins Avenue. Its northern extent Sofsky (1965), the Mixter site (Shane 1967), is bounded by the present Indianola and the Welling site (Blank 1970). Archaic Avenue. Home building, grading and Stemmed points were noted at the Mixter site the relocation of Hilliard Avenue with (Shane 1967) and the McKibben site (Prufer the bridge approaches have destroyed and Sofsky 1965). all traces of the site .... (Smith 1953- Late Archaic projectile points noted were 18). two Bottleneck, four Snook Kill, two Ross- It is located approximately 2.4 kilometers ville (Fig. 2, J), two Ashtabula, and one Un­ from Lake Erie at an elevation of 194 meters. typed Pentagonal. Bottleneck points were A single Weak-Stemmed specimen repre­ recorded in the Mixter site (Shane 1967). sented the Early Archaic. One Concave Base Snook Kill points were noted at the McKibben Corner-Notched point (Fig. 2, H) of the Mid­ site by Prufer and Sofsky (1965). Untyped dle Archaic was found at the Hilliard site, in Pentagonal projectile points were reported addition to five Ashtabula points of the Late at the Welling site (Blank 1970) and the Archaic. McKibben site (Prufer and Sofsky 1965). Nicholson Site (33Cy-7) Clague Creek Site (33Cy-4) The Nicholson site was located in the vi­ The Clague Creek site was located near cinity of Waterbury Road, Chesterland Clague and Camden Roads and Clague Creek Avenue, and Lewis Road near Nicholson in the vicinity of Parkview Park and Rocky Creek, Lakewood, Cuyahoga County (Fig. 1, River, Cuyahoga County (Fig. 1, 4). Lake Erie 7). The elevation ranges from 238 to 241 and the Rocky River are approximately 4.8 meters. The distance from Lake Erie is 2.4 and 3.2 kilometers distant, respectively. The kilometers. altitude ranges from 233 to 243 meters above One Bifurcated Base Stemmed point (Fig. sea level. 2, B) of the Early Archaic was noted. Three A single Bifurcated Base Stemmed point Newton Falls Side-Notched (Fig. 2, C), one of the Early Archaic was noted. Three Brew­ Brewerton Side-Notched, one Brewerton erton Sid-Notched, one Brewerton Eared- Eared-Triangle, one Genesee, and four La- Notched, and one Archaic Stemmed point moka points of the Middle Archaic are in the represent the Middle Archaic. Brewerton Nicholson site collection. Eared-Notched points were also noted at the Strongsville (33Cy-8) McKibben site (Prufer and Sofsky 1965) and The artifacts from the Strongsville area are the Mixtersite(Shane 1967). Five Bottleneck, not from an archaeological site, but were col­ one Ashtabula, and one Untyped Pentagonal lected from various locations near Strongs­ point (Fig. 2, L) were Late Archaic point types ville, Cuyahoga County (Fig. 1, 8). The altitude noted at the Clague Creek site. ranges from 272 to 308 meters. The distance Brown Site (33Cy-5) from Lake Erie is about 18 kilometers. The Brown site is reportedly on West Boule­ The projectile points in the Strongsville vard in Cleveland, Cuyahoga County (Fig. 1, collection indicate that the area was occupied 5). The Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie are by more than one cultural period. A single approximately 1.6 and 3.2 kilometers distant, Ashtabula point of the Late Archaic repre­ respectively, from the site. The elevation is sented the only evidence for the presence of about 220 meters above sea level. Archaic peoples. Late Archaic Bottleneck and Ashtabula Berea and Olmsted Falls (33Cy-10) points were noted. One specimen of the first The Berea and Olmsted Falls collection type (Fig. 2, I) and three of the later were does not compose the remains of a single present. site, but is comprised of a number of pro­ jectile points from the adjacent areas sur­ Hilliard Site (33Cy-6) rounding the two towns (Fig. 1, 9). This area The Hilliard Site (Fig. 1, 6) is approximately 12.8 kilometers from Lake . . . was located on the east bluff of the Erie and lies within 1.6 kilometers of the Rocky River, and on the fossil beach of Rocky River and its west branch. The eleva­ Lake Whittlesey at the point where it tion ranges from 230 meters in the Rocky crosses the Valley. The site was bound­ River valley to 253 meters in the Berea and ed on the west by the river bluff and Puritas Springs Road area. extended eastwards along the ridge to A single Bifurcated Base Stemmed point

46 of the Early Archaic was noted. Two Newton vation ranges from 211 to 252 meters. The Falls Side-Notched and a single Genesee distance from Lake Erie is approximately 40 point represented the Middle Archaic. kilometers. Huron River Valley (no code number) A single Weak Stemmed point (Fig. 2, A) of The artifacts from the Huron River valley the Early Archaic was noted. Two Newton represent the remains of both archaeological Falls Side-Notched, two Brewerton Side- sites and stray discoveries from a stretch ap­ Notched (Fig. 2, E), two Brewerton Corner- proximately 19 kilometers along the Huron Notched, one Vosburg (Fig. 2, F), and two River and its East and West branches. One Lake Erie Bifurcated Base points represented site is located near the St. Joseph's Ceme­ the Middle Archaic. Brewerton Corner- tery in Monroeville, Huron County (Fig. 1, Notched points were also found at the Well­ 10). The elevation is 230 meters. The dis­ ing site (Blank 1970), the Mixter site (Shane tance from Lake Erie is 20.8 kilometers. 1967), and the McKibben site (Prufer and A single Kirk Corner-Notched projec­ Sofsky 1965). Vosburg points were noted at tile point represented the Early Archaic. This the Mixter site (Shane 1967) and the type was recorded at the Welling site (Blank McKibben site (Prufer and Sofsky 1965). A 1970) and the St. Albans site in West Virginia single Ashtabula point of the Late Archaic (Broyles 1966). A single Archaic Stemmed was collected. specimen of the Middle Archaic was recorded. Cherry Orchard Site (33Sa-3) One Snook Kill and three Ashtabula points The Cherry Orchard site is located in San­ of the Late Archaic were reported. dusky County; however, data regarding a Reynold's Site (33Hu-1) more precise designation are lacking. Data regarding the location of Reynold's Middle Archaic projectile points noted at site are lacking. It is only known that it was the Cherry Orchard site were Brewerton located in Huron County. Corner-Notched, Archaic Stemmed, and Ar­ Early Archaic projectile-point types noted chaic Triangle. A single projectile point of were one LeCroy and two Bifurcated Base each type was reported. Stemmed points. A single Newton Falls Side- Morrow Site (33Er-3) Notched, one Brewerton Side-Notched, and The artifacts comprising this site are from two Lake Erie Bifurcated Base points com­ Erie County. posed the evidence for the Middle Archaic A single Bifurcated Base Stemmed point at the Reynold's site. Lake Erie Bifurcated comprised the evidence for the Early Archaic Base points were also recorded at the Mckib- at Morrow. Middle Archaic types noted were ben site (Prufer and Sofsky 1965), the Well­ single examples of Brewerton Eared- ing site (Blank 1970), and the Mixter site Notched, Lamoka, and Archaic Stemmed. (Shane 1967). Three Ashtabula points of the Price Site (33Se-1) Late Archaic were noted. The Price site is located somewhere in North Fairfield (33Hu-4) Seneca County. Two Newton Falls Side- The projectile points from the North Fair­ Notched points represented the Middle Ar­ field area are not from a particular site, but chaic and a single Ashtabula is evidence for were found near the banks of the Huron the Late Archaic at the site. River. Single examples of Late Archaic Bottle­ Discussion neck and Untyped Pentagonals were noted. On the basis of the chrdnologies estab­ Muskellonge Site (33Sa-1) lished for the projectile point types noted, The Muskellonge site was located near the it is possible to reconstruct the Archaic chro­ Muskellonge Creek, Sandusky County. How­ nology of north-central Ohio from approxi­ ever, its precise location is unknown. Three mately 8000 to 700 B.C. With few exceptions, Snook Kill points of the Late Archaic were the projectile point types noted in the sites found there. analyzed were similar to those in three other Sandusky River Valley (33Sa-2) northern Ohio sites. The projectile points from the Sandusky The Archaic of the Eastern Woodlands is River valley are not from an archaeological divided into the Early, Middle, and Late. The site, rather the artifacts come from various Early Archaic is characterized by "initial cul­ spots along the river valley. Fremont, Tiffin, tural changes and adaptations to the food and and Ballville are towns in close proximity to industrial resources of the varied postglacial the locations where the artifacts were found environments of Eastern North America . . ." (Fig. 1,11). The topography may be described (Griffin 1967:178). The dates suggested for as being flat with small rolling hills. The ele­ this period are from 8000 to 4000 B.C. The

47 evidence for this early occupation rests on Bell, Robert E. the presence of Kirk Corner-Notched (Con­ 1958 A guide to the identification of certain verse 1970), LeCroy (Broyles 1966), Kirk American Indian projectile points. Okla­ Stemmed (Bell 1958), Weak Stemmed (Con­ homa Anthropological Society, Special verse 1970), and Bifurcated Base Stemmed Bulletin No. 1. (Fitting 1964) projectile points. Blank, John E. The Middle Archaic, which dates from ap­ 1970 The Archaic component of the Welling proximately 4000 to 2000 B.C., is character­ site, 33 CO-3, Coshocton County, Ohio, Ohio Archaeologist, 20(4)272-281. ized by "a marked increase in ground and Broyles, Bettye J. polished stone tools. These ranged from 1966 The St, Albans site (46 Ka-27) Kanawha grinding stones, grooved axes, and pendants County, West Virginia. West Virginia to the early bannerstone forms . . ." (Griffin Archaeologist 19:21-55. 1967:178). Evidence which may be cited for Converse, Robert N. this period are the following point-types: 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological So­ Newton Falls Side-Notched (Prufer and Sof­ ciety of Ohio. Columbus. sky 1965), Brewerton Side-Notched (Ritchie Fitting, James E. 1971), Brewerton Corner-Notched (Ritchie 1964 Bifurcate-stemmed projectile points in 1971), Vosburg (Ritchie 1971), Brewerton the eastern United States. American An­ Eared-Notched (Ritchie 1971) Genesee (Rit­ tiquity 30(1):92-94. chie 1971), Lake Erie Bifurcated Base (Pru­ Griffin, James B. fer and Sofsky 1965), Lamoka (Ritchie 1971), 1967 Eastern North American archaeology: a summary. Science 156(3772):178-180. Archaic Corner-Notched (Converse 1970), Prufer, Olaf H., and Charles Sofsky Archaic Stemmed (Converse 1970), Archaic 1965 The McKibben site (33Tr-57), Trumbull Triangle, and Concave Base Corner-Notched County, Ohio: a contribution to the Late (Converse 1970). Paleo-lndian and Archaic phases of The third period is the Late Archaic. It has Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist 11(1):19- many similarities with Witthoft's (1953) Transi­ 34. tional Period in that it "was a time of con­ Ritchie, William A. siderable population growth, clear regional 1971 A typology and nomenclature for New adaptations, and interregional exchange of York projectile points. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin raw materials'' (Griffin 1967:178). Projectile No. 384. Albany. point types composing the evidence for this Shane, Orrin C. period are the Bottleneck (Converse 1970), 1967 The Mixter site, a multicomponent lo­ Snook Kill (Ritchie 1971), Ashtabula (Con­ cality in Erie County, Ohio. In Studies verse 1970), Rossville (Ritchie 1971), and in Ohio archaeology, edited by O. H. Untyped Pentagonal (Converse 1970). The Prufer and D. H. McKenzie, Western Re­ dates suggested are from 2000 to 700 B.C. serve University Press, Cleveland, A terminal date of 700 B.C. for the Late Ar­ Smith, Arthur G. chaic may be justified on the grounds that 1953 The Hilliard site, Lakewood, Ohio. Ohio the Great Lakes area did not participate in Archaeologist, 3(3) 18-21. "the cultural additions and changes known to Witthoft, John W. have occurred about 1000 B.C.'' (Griffin 1953 Broad spearpoints and the transitional period cultures. Pennsylvania Archae­ 1967:180) in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, ologist 32(1):4-31. but remained at an essentially Archaic level until 700 B.C.

48 vW W^

-v v. \ \ \ -. - ^ - "• "vv^ : /?!

; \ VN. N. """- y^^ "l7Bj®/Tl-^f "EIGHTS ^^%^- ~ I pa vVr'v^ H^^>> \ Fig. 1 (Pickenpaugh) Map showing loca­ JL f'jf FREMONT 3J t tion of sites: 1. Mastick Road site; 2. s *> Queenstown Road site; 3. Rocky River % '"""' iff V' •»(. -'•V' W — Lake-Lorain avenues; 4. Clague Creek S Mc,r..„ill. A3j site; 5. Brown site; 6. Hilliard site; 7. / * *Xf (* Nicholson site: 8. Strongsville: 9. Berea r1* > ( f v / and Olmsted Falls; 10. Huron River ( TIFFIN \4- \*S -. r * tf>* \e- Valley: 11. Sandusky River Valley. \3" \* ^f >^ AKRON h \-f 14 0 14 21 _| 1 1 SCALE KILOMETERS

Fig. 2 (Pickenpaugh) Early. Middle, and Late Archaic projectile points from North-central Ohio. Early Archaic: A, Weak Stemmed: B, Bifurcated Base Stemmed. Middle Archaic: C and D, Newton Falls Side-Notched; E, Brewer­ ton Side-Notched; F. Vosburg: G, Brewerton Eared-'Triangle: H, Concave Base Corner-Notched. Late Archaic: I, Bottleneck: J, Rossville; K. Ashtabula (Susquehanna Broad); L, Untyped Pentagonal.

49 The Meigs Tablet

By Robert N. Converse

There are probably less than a dozen en­ unless compared with other tablets. Pictured graved Adena tablets. All of them display is the so-called Meigs Tablet. It was found in incised elements of a raptorial bird, sometime Meigs County, Ohio. The notation which ap­ in combination with human faces or detached pears on the back of the photograph reads human heads. These tablets are always made "Oliver Hayman's Farm, Saxon, Meigs County, of sandstone and usually have the reverse Ohio." The tablet is in the collection of the side grooved as if they were used to sharpen Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foun­ bone awls. The designs in some of them are dation, of New York, who generously furn­ highly conventionalized and unrecognizable ished the line drawing and the photograph.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Incised sandstone tablet from Meigs Fig. 2 (Converse) Line drawing of the Meigs tablet. Note County, Ohio. elements of head, body, wings, feet, and tail on each side of tablet. Also note attempt at mirror image by incising and excising portions of the tablet.

50 A Fayette County Dovetail

by Dr. Robert D. Woodmansee Washington Court House, Ohio

While surface hunting on May 9, 1974, I blue streaks. It is 4-3/4 inches long and found this dovetail sticking upright in the 1-3/4 inches wide and shown full size in the ground with only the base showing. It is made illustration. from cream colored Flint Ridge flint with

Fig. 1 (Woodmansee) Dovetail found in the surface in southern Fayette County. Both obverse and reverse are shown. KENNETH C. GOODMAN

Ken Goodman passed away suddenly of a a regular contributor to our publication and heart attack Thursday, September 26, at his had served as Treasurer and on the Board of home in Columbus, Ohio. Our heartfelt sym­ Directors. One of his most important contri­ pathies go to his wife, Mary and his family. butions had been the recent revision of our Not only will Ken's death be a personal loss constitution which had been almost solely but a loss to our Society and archaeology. It his own work. One page is not sufficient to was Ken Goodman who used his knowledge list his accomplishments and the help he had of archaeology, engineering and electronics given our Society. His absence will be greatly in developing an instrument to measure soil felt. resistance to electrical impulses. Using the Kenneth Goodman was a retired Senior differences in resistance, he could plot such Project Engineer for the Ranco Corp. and a features as refuse and burial pits, post molds, veteran of World War II. He was a Colonel in and other remains. These techniques were the U. S. Army Reserve as well as a member used by professional archaeologists on a of the Ohio Historical Society and the Indiana number of sites in Ohio with outstanding re­ and Michigan archaeological societies. He sults. Prufer, Shane, and Blank all used the had been decorated during the war and had Goodman resistometer in their excavations. served as a war photographer. He is survived He had recently been working on an instru­ by his wife Mary and his mother Mrs. Ethel ment to measure sound impulses through Goodman of Columbus and a daughter Mrs. archaeological sites and he had experimented Carol Gray of Columbus. He was buried in with infrared and black light photography to Prairie View Cemetery at Whisler, Ohio. locate archaeological features. Ken had been

51