Aging and Safe Mobility Session Infrastructure and Vehicle Technology
Age-specific Contact Analogue Head-up Displays: Will They Be Accepted By Older Drivers?
Franziska Hartwich, Claudia Witzlack, Josef F. Krems Technische Universität Chemnitz Cognitive & Engineering Psychology
Contact: Franziska Hartwich [email protected] Tel.: +49-371-531-39689
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich Introduction
Assistance of Older Drivers by Augmented Reality (AR)
Traffic-related changes due to aging Negative impact on driving processes concerning… performance, especially in complex, ° Perception - dynamic traffic situations ° Cognition (Buld, Hoffmann, & Krüger, 2006; Clarke, ° (Motor reaction) Ward, Bartle, & Truman, 2010) + + Compensation by augmented reality displays (ARD) ° No unnecessary glances away from the street (Medenica, Kun, Paek, & Palinko, 2011) ° No additional need to focus on different sources of information (Kim & Dey, 2009) ° Facilitated information processing due to intuitive presentation (Kim & Dey, 2009)
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 2 Introduction
Acceptance of New Technologies among Older Drivers
° Age-specific acceptance barriers ˛ Reduced willingness to use new in-vehicle information systems, compared to younger drivers (Lerner, Singer, & Huey, 2008) ˛ Mismatch between the current older generation’s mechanical understanding of technology and restricted influence possibilities of electronic systems (Jakobs, Lehnen, & Ziefle, 2008)
° Older drivers‘ acceptance of a system depends on its perceived usefulness (Jakobs et al., 2008) ° Perceived usefulness is affected by design aspects (Ziefle, Pappachan, Jakobs, Christen, & Wallentowitz, 2007)
‹ Requirements of older drivers’ acceptance of an ARD: ˛ Compensation of age-related driving difficulties ˛ Information design in consideration of age-specific changes in perception and cognition
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 3 Introduction
Concept for an Age-specific Augmented Reality Display (ARD)
° Use case: intersection as most difficult traffic situation (Kocherscheid & Rudinger, 2005) ° Displaying the upcoming priority regulation to solve age-specific reasons for priority errors, e.g.: ˛ Difficulties with perceiving traffic signs (Bayam, Liebowitz, & Agresti, 2005) ˛ Difficulties with decision-making under time pressure (Kocherscheid & Rudinger, 2005 ), e.g. regarding right of way (Staplin & Fisk, 1991)
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 4 Introduction
Research Questions
° Are older drivers willing to use an ARD with an age-specific content and design? ˛ If necessary: Which aspects need to be improved to increase their acceptance?
° As younger drivers could also benefit (to a lesser degree) from this ARD: Would they accept an age-specific system or refuse to use it?
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 5 Method
Experimental Design
Age Group Independent Variables Younger Drivers Older Drivers (25 – 45 years old) (65 – 80 years old) No ARD (control group)
ARD short (experimental group 1)
ARD Condition ARD ARD long (experimental group 2)
150 m 75 m 0 m
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 6 Method
Participants (N = 117)
Age Group Age Distribution Younger Drivers Older Drivers
NMage SD age NMage SD age No ARD 18 28.7 5.2 21 70.3 4.3 (control group) ARD short 15 28.7 4.5 25 71.2 5.2 (experimental group 1)
ARD Condition ARD ARD long 19 30.0 6.0 19 69.7 5.3 (experimental group 2) Total 52 29.2 5.3 65 70.5 4.9
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 7 Method
Apparatus and Driving Scenario
° Driving simulator study ˛ Fixed-base driving simulator ˛ 180° field of view ˛ SILAB simulation software
° Urban test track ˛ 9 km long ˛ 13 intersections with different priority regulation, course of the lanes and traffic density ˛ Simulated ARD for experimental group 1 (ARD short ) and 2 (ARD long )
° Driving task: driving towards the city of Chemnitz (following directions signs)
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 8 Method
Assessment of Drivers’ Acceptance
Van der Laan acceptance scale (Van der Laan, Heino, & De Waard, 1997)
° Attitudes towards the age-specific ARD ° Nine items, for example:
I think the ARD is… (please tick a box in every line) useful c c c c c useless
° Presented after the test drive to all three ARD groups
˛ Experimental group 1 (ARD short ) and 2 (ARD long ): Evaluation of system experience ˛ Control group (no ARD): evaluation of system concept without actual experience
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 9 Method
Assessment of Drivers’ Acceptance
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) questionnaire (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) (German adaptation)
° Eight scales to predict expected use behaviour Facilitating conditions Performance expectancy [direct] Behavioural Use [direct] [direct] Effort expectancy intention to use behaviour Social influence [indirect] Anxiety Self-efficacy Attitude towards using ° Thirty-one items, for example: Completely disagree neutral Completely agree I feel apprehensive about using the system. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
° Presented after the test drive to experimental group 1 (ARD short ) and 2 (ARD long ) Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 10 Results
Van der Laan Acceptance Scale
older drivers 2,0 younger drivers
° Cronbach’s α = .93 (nine items) 1,0
° Positive evaluation by both age groups in all ARD conditions 0,0
° Significant higher ratings of Van derder VanVanLaanLaan acceptanceacceptance scale scale -1,0 older drivers, F (1, 107) = 4.04, p = .047, η² p = .04.
-2,0
NoARD ARD short ARD long
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 11 Results
UTAUT Questionnaire ° Significant higher ratings of older drivers, Pillai’s trace criterion = .36, F (8, 66) = 4.69, p < .001, η² p = .36.
ARD short ARD long Behavioural intention to use * Facilitating conditions ** Performance expectancy ***
Effort expectancy
Social influence
Attitude towards using *
Self-efficacy *
Anxiety
older drivers 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 younger drivers Agreement Agreement Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 12 Discussion
Evaluation of an Age-specific ARD by different Age Groups
° Positive Evaluation of the ARD among both age groups
° Older drivers showed a significant… ˛ Better attitude towards the ARD and its usage ˛ Higher believe that their driving performance will benefit from using the ARD ˛ Higher intention to use the ARD
° Significant lower ratings of older drivers concerned other usage aspects than system characteristics ˛ Facilitating conditions ‰ environmental factors ˛ Self-efficacy ‰ intrapersonal factors
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 13 Discussion
Conclusions
° Older drivers are willing to use new technologies like ARD, if they are adapted to their requirements ‰ Necessary precondition of usage given ° Age-specific systems are not rejected by younger drivers, who could also benefit from their usage
Recommendations
° To increase drivers’ willingness to use age-specific assistance systems: ˛ Consider specific design requirements ˛ Take account of environmental and intrapersonal acceptance barriers (e.g. training) ˛ Involve younger drivers via adaptive driver assistance systems ° For a better understanding of older drivers’ preferences: research on age-specific determinants of acceptance of driver assistance systems Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 14 Acknowledgements
This research is supported by funds of the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Free State of Saxony.
Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 15 References
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Ageing and Safe Mobility · Bergisch-Gladbach · 27 th November 2014 · Franziska Hartwich 16 References
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