international.fnr.de
BIOENERGY IN GERMANY FACTS AND FIGURES 2020
WithWith suppor support tfrom from
byby decision decision of of the the GermanGerman Bundestag Bundestag bioenergie.fnr.de
RENEWABLE ENERGIES (BIOENERGY) Growth of renewable energies in relation to GROWTHfinal energy OF RENEWABLE consumption ENERGIES IN RELATION TO FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION Primary energyPRIMARY consumption ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2018 in % BIOENERGY
Petroleum . % Renewables . % Petroleum . % Renewables . % Natural gas . % Hydropower . % . Natural gas . % HydropowerWind energy . . % Wind energy . % Solar energy . % Solar energy . % Total USE LAND , Total PJ Biomass . % , PJ Biomass . % .
Other . % Other . % Biogenic waste . % BiogenicGeothermal waste .. % . Nuclear energy . % energyGeothermal . % NuclearLignite .energy % . % . % Coal energy CLIMATE Lignite . % . % Coal PROTECTION Gross electricity Heating and cooling Transport
Source: FNR based on ZSW/AGEB (March ) © FNR Source: FNR based on ZSW/AGEB (March ) © FNR Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR
Bioenergy – An essential pillar of climate protection FUELS SOLID PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLES BIOENERGY ESSENTIAL PILLAR OF CLIMATE PROTECTION AND „ENERGIEWENDE“ Primary energyPRIMARY ENERGYconsumption CONSUMPTION of OFrenewables RENEWABLES 2018 and energy transition (“Energiewende”)
Wind energy . % . % Hydropower Contribution of bioenergy to Wind energy . % . % Hydropower
… renewable mobility %
. % Solar energy
. % Solar energy BIOFUELS … renewable heating and cooling %
Total . % Geothermal … pecuniary impact of % Total . % Geothermal renewable energy plants , PJ energy , PJ energy … greenhouse gas emissions avoided % by renewable energies BIOGAS … renewable electricity supply % Biomass . % . % Biogenic waste Biomass . % . % Biogenic waste
Source: FNR based on ZSW/AGEB (March ) © FNR Source: FNR based on ZSW/AGEB (March ) © FNR Data for Germany
Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR APPENDIX
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ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM BIOMASS Gross electricity generation 2018 Electricity generation from biomass 2018 Gross electricity generation: 646.8 TWh – Renewables: 35 % . % Gross electricity consumption: 595.6 TWh – Renewables: 37.8 % Biogas . % Biomethane (Difference: 51.2 TWhGROSS electricity ELECTRICITY export GENERATION balance in 2018) BIOENERGY
Nuclear energy . % Renewables . %
Natural gas . % . % Sewage gas Photovoltaics . % . % Land ll gas Total Hydropower . % . TWh LAND USE LAND . % Biogenic Total Biomass . % fraction of waste (incl. biogenic . TWh waste)
Wind energy . % Biogenic . % . % Biogenic liquid fuels solid fuels
Lignite . % CLIMATE PROTECTION Coal . % . % Heating oil, pump storage and other Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR
Source: FNR based on AGEB (March ) © FNR
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE ENERGIES DIRECT MARKETING OF ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS FUELS SOLID Electricity generation from renewable energies 2018 Direct marketing of electricity from biomass
Geothermal energy . % . % Photovoltaics Installed electric capacity (MW)
,
, Total capacity of
biomass plants BIOFUELS ,
, Total . TWh , . % Bioenergy , thereof in the direct marketing
, BIOGAS
Wind energy . % . % Hydropower Source: Fraunhofer IWES, www.netztransparenz.de, AGEE-Stat () © FNR Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR APPENDIX
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INVESTMENTS IN PLANTS FOR RENEWABLE HEAT Heat from HEATrenewable FROM RENEWABLE energies: ENERGIES: Development DEVELOPMENT Investments in plants for renewable heat 171 TWh in 2018 – thereof 86.2 % or 147 TWh from Biomass in M
in GWh Biomass share . % in BIOENERGY
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, USE LAND
, ,
,
Biogenic solid fuels Biogenic liquid fuels Small-scale biomass plants Solar thermal energy CLIMATE
Biogenic gaseous fuels Biogenic fraction of waste Biomass heating plants Geothermal energy, Environmental heat PROTECTION Sewage and landll gas Geothermal energy Solar thermal energy Source: BMWI () © FNR
Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR
HEAT FROM RENEWABLE ENERGIES INVESTMENTS IN PLANTS FOR RENEWABLE HEAT FUELS SOLID Heat from renewable energies 2018 Investments 2017 in plants for renewable heat
Biogenic . % . % Biogenic Geothermal energy % % Biomass solid fuels solid fuels (CHP/HP) Environmental heat heating plants , M M (industry) . % Biogenic liquid fuels % Small-scale Biogenic . % biomass plants solid fuels . % Biogenic , M BIOFUELS (trade, commerce gaseous fuels and service)
Total . % Biogenic Total . TWh fraction of waste bn . % Sewage and land ll gas
. % Solar thermal BIOGAS energy Biogenic . % solid fuels . % Geothermal energy, % Solar thermal energy (households) Environmental heat M Source: BMWI () © FNR
Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR APPENDIX
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Trend of gross employment in Unused potentials from biogenic residual and TREND OF GROSS EMPLOYMENT IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR UNUSED POTENTIALS FROM BIOGENIC RESIDUAL AND WASTE MATERIALS the renewable energy sector wasteUNUSED materials POTENTIALS FROM BIOGENIC RESIDUAL AND WASTE MATERIALS
number of employees BIOENERGY LandscapeLandscape conservationconservation PJPJ PJPJ Municipal waste woodwood PJ Residual forest , PJ Residual forest woodwood Slurry/manureSlurry/manure PJPJ ,
, TotalTotal USE LAND PJPJ
,
PJ StrawStraw PJ CLIMATE CLIMATE
Biomass Wind energy onshore Wind energy oshore PROTECTION
Photovoltaics Hydropower Geothermal energy, Environmental heat Source:Source: DBFZDBFZ ()() ©© FNRFNR
Source: DIW/DLR ( ) © FNR
DomesticDOMESTIC bioenergy: BIOENERGY: Potential POTENTIAL 2050
GrossGROSS employment EMPLOYMENT in IN the THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR FUELS SOLID renewable energy sector 2017
Geothermal energy , , Biomass Environmental heat Energy from agriculture ⅔ currently being unused Hydropower , BIOFUELS Energy from wood ⅓ currently being unused Solar thermal , energy Total , Energy Employees from waste largely used
Rounded figures Wind energy , , Wind energy Source: FNR © FNR 2016 BIOGAS oshore onshore Source: FNR © FNR 2016
Domestic biomass will contribute substantially to the energy supply in Source: DIW/DLR () © FNR Germany. It can cover up to 26 % of the need for heat, electricity and fuels in 2050. Energy from agriculture, from wood and from waste offers the potential to generate energy to a large extent sustainably. APPENDIX
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Material flows in a bioenergy village Bioenergy communities in Germany 2017 Bioenergy communities in Germany
Satellite CHP-unit*
Satellite CHP-unit* Satellite CHP-unit* BIOENERGY
Biomass Heat and Biogas digester Biomass Heat PowerandBiomass Plant Heat and Biogas digesterBiogas digester Power Plant Power Plant Biomass bioler Village CHP-unit* Biomass bioler Biomass bioler Village Village CHP-unit* CHP-unit* CHP-unit Gas storage CHP-unit CHP-unit Gas storage Gas storage Gas processing
Gas processing Gas processing USE LAND
Gas storage Gas storage Gas storage
Biogas Straw Biogas BiomethaneBiogas Energy crops Straw WoodStraw Biomethane GasBiomethane grid Energy crops ManureEnergy crops Wood Wood Gas grid ElectricityGas grid Manure Manure
Energy crops Electricity Electricity Digestable residues CLIMATE Power grid * Combined heat and power unit Energy crops Energy crops Power grid DistrictPower gridheating Digestable residuesDigestable residues * Combined heat and* power Combined unit heat and power unit PROTECTION District heating District heating
Source: FNR (2012) © FNR 2018
Community added value by renewable energies COMMUNITY ADDED VALUE BY RENEWABLE ENERGIES
2012–2030 FUELS SOLID
in bn
.
. BIOFUELS . . Bioenergy community in development
. Source:Source: GeoBasis-DE/BKG GeoBasis-DE /BKG 2013, FNR 2018 © FNR © FNR 2018
. .
. . . BIOGAS
Aggregate community Electricity Heat Biofuels Energy wood added value
Source: IÖW (September ) © FNR APPENDIX
10 11 LANDbioenergie.fnr.de USE IN GERMANY LAND USE IN GERMANY
Total area GermanyCULTIVATIONTotal area OF Germany RENEWABLEAgricultural area RESOURCESAgricultural area Cultivation of renewable resources in Germany 2016–2018 (in ha) Land use in Germany 2017 LAND USE IN GERMANY BIOENERGY Plants Feedstock 2016 2017* 2018** Settlement area, Settlement area, trac area, trac area, Feed Feed Industrial starch 128,000 132,000 129,000 water area, Total areawater Germany area, Agricultural area % % wasteland wasteland Industrial sugar 12,800 11,600 12,000 . M ha Agricultural . M ha Agricultural area Settlement area, area trac area, Feed Technical rapeseed oil 132,000 117,000 109,000 water area, % USE LAND . M hawasteland . M ha Technical sunflower oil 7,740 7,210 7,210 . M ha Agricultural area Food Food Forst area Forst area . M ha % % Technical linseed oil 3,500 3,500 3,500 . M ha . M ha Food Forst area % crops Industrial Plant fibres 1,520 2,200 2,200 . M ha Energy crops Energy cropsPlant-based drugs Energy crops 12,000 12,000 12,000 CLIMATE
% % PROTECTION % and dyes Industrial crops Industrial crops Industrial crops % ∑ . M ha % % Industrial crops total 298,000 286,000 275,000 ∑ . M ha ∑ . M ha Fallow & land set aside Fallow & land set % aside Fallow & land set aside Source: FNR based on Statistisches Bundesamt, BMEL () © FNR Rapeseed oil for biodiesel/ % % 720,000 598,000 560,000 Source: FNR based on Statistisches Bundesamt, BMEL () Source: FNR based on Statistisches Bundesamt, BMEL () © FNR vegetable© FNR oil
Crops for bioethanol 259,000 248,000 246,000 SOLID FUELS SOLID Cultivation of renewable resources in Germany Crops for biogas 1,390,000 1,320,000 1,350,000
in , ha Crops for solid fuels , crops Energy e.g. farmed wood, 11,000 11,000 11,000 , miscanthus ,
Energy crops total 2,380,000 2,180,000 2,170,000 BIOFUELS ,
, Total acreage of renewable resources 2,678,000 2,466,000 2,445,000
, Source: FNR, BMEL (2019) *preliminary values; **estimated values Values rounded to significant digits, deviations in the sums result from rounding of the numbers ,
,
, BIOGAS
Source: FNR, BMEL (2019) © FNR 2019 APPENDIX
12 13 bioenergie.fnr.de Cultivation of maize in Germany DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY CROP CULTIVATION FOR BIOFUELS Cultivation of maize (cropCROP year YEAR 2018) Development of energy crop cultivation for biofuels
in ha BIOGAS . M ha ) BIOENERGY 35% , ,
, FEED OTHERS ) . M ha 65% ,
, USE LAND
,
Rapeseed Sugar beets Wheat
MAIZE CULTIVATION TOTAL Rye Grain maize Other grains CLIMATE . M ha PROTECTION Source: FNR, BMEL ( ) © FNR
Source:Source: 1)) Statistisches Statistisches Bundesamt Bundesamt , ) FNR (2019), 2) FNR e. V. © FNR © FNR 2019
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTIVATION AREA OF MAIZE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY CROP CULTIVATION FOR BIOGAS DevelopmentDEVELOPMENT of the cultivationOF THE CULTIVATION area AREA of OFmaize MAIZE Development of energy crop cultivation for biogas
in , ha in ha FUELS SOLID in , ha
, , , ,
, , , , , BIOFUELS , , ,
,
* ** * **
BIOGAS Grain maize Silage maize (feed, other) Silage maize (biogas) Grain maize Silage maize (feed, other) Silage maize (biogas) Maize (silage) Grain (corn utilization) Grain (whole crop silage) * Temporarily, ** Outlook * Temporarily, ** Outlook Grasses, legumes, etc. Sugar beets Cup plant Source: FNR based on Stat. Bundesamt, DMK, BDBe, BLE, VDGS © FNR Source: FNR based on Stat. Bundesamt, DMK, BDBe, BLE, VDGS © FNR Source: FNR, BMEL ( ) © FNR APPENDIX
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CLIMATECLIMATE GAS GAS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS OF OF HEAT HEAT SUPPLY SUPPLY CLIMATE PROTECTION Greenhouse gasCLIMATE emissions GAS EMISSIONS of heat OF HEAT supply SUPPLY GHG SAVINGS BY RENEWABLE ENERGIES COCO-equivalent-emissions-equivalent-emissions (g (g CO CO equiv. equiv./kWh/kWhthth)) CO -equivalent-emissions (g CO equiv./kWhth) GHG savings by renewable energies 2018 BIOENERGY
GHG reduction (M t CO equiv.)
. M t . M t Fuels . * . M t . M t Total . M t
USE LAND Heat .
. M t . M t
-condensing boiler boiler / ) -condensing boiler / ) -condensing Wood pellets Wood pellets Wood District heating District heating District Ground source Ground source Ground pump heat pump heat Air heat pump heat Air pump heat Air Wood logs Wood logs Wood LPG condensing boiler condensing LPG boiler condensing LPG Solar thermal Solar thermal Solar NaturalCHP gas NaturalCHP gas Wood chips Wood chips Wood Natural gas condensing gas Natural condensing gas Natural boiler boiler Heating oil condensing boiler condensing oil Heating boiler condensing oil Heating
. gas Biomethane/Natural gas Biomethane/Natural ( ( -condensing boiler boiler / ) -condensing Wood pellets Wood District heating District Ground source Ground pump heat Air heat pump heat Air
Electricity logs Wood LPG condensing boiler condensing LPG Solar thermal Solar NaturalCHP gas Wood chips Wood Natural gas condensing gas Natural boiler Heating oil condensing boiler condensing oil Heating Biomethane/Natural gas Biomethane/Natural ( HeatingHeating system/Boiler system/Boiler Heating system/Boiler CLIMATE CLIMATE
Hydro- Wind Photovoltaics Biomass Solar thermal Geothermal Source:Source: IER IER Universität Universität Stuttgart Stuttgart (based (based on on GEMIS, GEMIS, Version Version ., ., IFEU) IFEU) ©© FNR FNR PROTECTION power energy energy energy Source: IER Universität Stuttgart (based on GEMIS, Version ., IFEU) © FNR GHG: Greenhouse gas * Excl. agriculture, construction, military
Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR
GreenhouseGREENHOUSE gas emissions GAS EMISSIONS of biogas OF BIOGAS plants PLANTS in comparisonIN COMPARISONto the German TO THE GERMAN electricity ELECTRICITY mix MIX
GHG savings by bioenergy 2018 FUELS SOLID
in kg CO equiv./kWhel
GHG savings in 1,000 t CO2 equiv. .
Coal power plant (. kg/kWhel ) Electricity Heat Fuels Total .
Solid biofuels 12,064 27,726 n/a 39,790 . BIOFUELS
. Electricity mix (. kg/kWhel, Share of RE: . %) Liquid biofuels 245 510 7,628 8,383 .
Biogas 13,002 3,044 89 16,135 . . . – . –. Total 25,311 31,280 7,717 64,308 BIOGAS
Source: FNR based on AGEE-Stat (February 2019) kW kW kW MW Balance total emissions Plant construction Substrate supply and transport Plant operation Credit for compensation of fossil heat energy Credit for use of manure
Source: KTBL (), UBA, AGEE-Stat () © FNR
For further information visit “Grafiken Biogas” at mediathek.fnr.de APPENDIX
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SOLID FUELS CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD RAW MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD RAW MATERIALS USE OF WOOD IN LARGE BIOMASS COMBUSTION PLANTS* Classification of wood raw materials 2016 Use of wood in large biomass combustion plants* BIOENERGY Wood waste . % . % Wood pellets and wood briquettes Wood waste . % . % Wood pellets and wood briquettes Sawmill byproducts , % . % Wood waste . % Wood from .unknown % Wood sources from Black liquor . % Other . % unknown sources Black liquor . % industrial wood residues Other . % industrialOther . wood % residues Forest wood . % industrial wood residues Sawmill . % residues Sawmillbyproducts . % LAND USE LAND byproducts Total . Total M m Wood stems . % Total . M m . M t Wood from . % Woodlandscape from maintenace . %
. % Saw logs landscape maintenace Bark . % . % Saw logs Wood from . % Bark . % Forest wood . % landscape maintenance residuesForest wood . % . % Other logs residues . % Other logs Bark . % CLIMATE PROTECTION Other . % * > MW Source: INFRO e.K. ( ) © FNR Source: INFRO e.K. ( ) © FNR Source: INFRO e.K. ( ) © FNR
Use of wood raw materials according to USE OF WOOD RAW MATERIALS ACCORDING TO USER GROUPS USE OF WOOD IN SMALL BIOMASS COMBUSTION PLANTS*
user groups 2016 Use of wood in small biomass combustion plants* FUELS SOLID
Private households . % . % Wood pellet and Wood residues (forest) . % . % Wood stems wood briquette producers
. % Wood residues (industry) BIOFUELS Biomass . % combustion plants Total Total < MW . M m . M t
Biomass . % . % Sawmills . % Wood residues combustion plants (sawmill) ≥ MW Landscape . % maintenance wood BIOGAS . % Wood composite industry . % Other Other material use . % . % Pulp industry Pellets and briquettes . % * to kW, Without biomass boilers in private households
Source: INFRO e.K. ( ) © FNR Source: INFRO e.K. ( ) © FNR APPENDIX
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QUANTITY AND ELECTRIC CAPACITY OF WOOD POWER PLANTS INSTALLED PELLET BOILERS IN GERMANY Quantity and electric capacity of wood power plants Installed pelletINSTALLED boilers PELLET BOILERS IN GERMANY
Number of plants Installed electric capacity (MWel) Number Number BIOENERGY , , , , , , Total , Total , ,* , , ,*in in , , , , , LAND USE LAND , , , ,
*
* CLIMATE Installations > MW Installations > . ≤ MW Installations > . ≤ . MW el el el Pellet boilers > kW Pellet boilers ≤ kW Pellet stoves * Outlook PROTECTION Pellet boilers > kW Pellet boilers ≤ kW Pellet stoves * Outlook Installations ≤ . MWel installed electric capacity (MW ) el Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut (February ) © FNR Source: DBFZ () based on EEG monitoring © FNR Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut (February ) © FNR
USE OF ENERGY WOOD IN PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS WOOD PELLETS – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION USE OF ENERGY WOOD IN PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS Use of energy wood in private households Wood pellets – Production and consumption FUELS SOLID
Wood logs (forest) . . Wood briquettes in , t Wood logs (forest) . . Wood briquettes , ,
. Wood pellets . Wood pellets , . Wood chips . Wood chips , BIOFUELS . Wood waste Total . Wood waste , . MTotal solid m³ . Timber , . M solid m³ . residues Timber . Woodresidues logs . Wood(garden) logs , (garden) . Landscape conservation . Landscape wood BIOGAS conservation wood in M solid m³ < . Kindling wood in M solid m³ < . Kindling wood * Source: Thünen-Institut für Internationale Waldwirtschaft und Forstökonomie ( ) © FNR Source: Thünen-Institut für Internationale Waldwirtschaft und Forstökonomie ( ) © FNR Production capacity Production Consumption * Outlook
Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut ( ) © FNR APPENDIX
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Single room heating units – Equivalent prices of wood fuels with regard to the percentageSINGLE ROOM by HEATING construction UNITS PERCENTAGE period BY CONSTRUCTION PERIOD heating value
. M ( %) ( %) . M BIOENERGY Wood pellets Beech logs Spruce chips before from .. Heating oil (Entry into force of (w < 10 %) (w = 15 %) (w = 30 %) in €/litre the amendment in €/t in €/stacked m3 in €/loose m3 . M ( %) . BImSchV) to 0.4 200 76 30
Total 0.5 250 95 37 . M ( %) . M USE LAND to plants 0.6 300 114 45 in 0.7 350 133 52 0.8 400 152 60 . M ( %) ( %) . M to to .. 0.9 450 172 67
1.0 500 191 75 CLIMATE PROTECTION Source: ZIV Bundesverband des Schornsteinfegerhandwerks () © FNR 1.1 550 210 82 1.2 600 229 89
Source: FNR (2016) Fuel prices are compared with regard to the lower heating value.
Retrofitting of dust filters or decommissioning DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL PRICES DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL PRICES
of single room heating units for solid fuels Development of fuel prices FUELS SOLID (as per transitional regulation §26, 1. BImSchV) Euro Cents/l HEL (in heating oil equivalent, incl. VAT) Euro Cents/l HEL (in heating oil equivalent, incl. VAT) Jan. Jan. Date of retrofitting or Date on type plate decommissioning 1 January 1985 to Cent/l Cent/l Euro/
31 December 2020 BIOFUELS 31 December 1994 stacked Euro/ m³ stacked Euro/t m³ 1 January 1995 to Euro/t 31 December 2024 21 March 2010 Euro/t Euro/t Euro/t Euro/t
BIOGAS Heating oil Firewood Woods pellets Wood chips Straw bales Heating oil Firewood Woods pellets Wood chips Straw bales
Source: FNR based on TFZ, AMI ( ) © FNR Source: FNR based on TFZ, AMI ( ) © FNR APPENDIX
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General conversion factors for wood quantities Water content and wood moisture
t Solid m³ Stacked m³ Loose m³ abs dry Weight of water [kg] BIOENERGY Water content w [%] = • 100 Weight of moist wood [kg] 1 tabs dry 1.0 1.3–2.5 2.9 4.9 Weight of water [kg] 1 Solid m³ 0.4–0.7 1.0 1.4 2.5 Wood moisture u [%] = • 100 Weight of dry wood [kg] 1 Stacked m³ 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.8
1 Loose m³ 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 Water content in % 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 USE LAND
Wood moisture in % 11 18 25 33 43 67 100 Note
The undimensioned edge length amounts to 1 m each.
Heating value of wood depending on the water content Abbreviations Heating value of wood depending on the water content CLIMATE PROTECTION abs dry: Absolutely dry (0 % water content) Heating value H (kWh/kg) Solid m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry for i one cubic metre of solid wood without gaps. Stacked m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry for
one cubic metre of stacked wood including air spaces. Loose m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry for FUELS SOLID one cubic metre of poured wood parts (e. g. wood chips, bulk material). Source: Handbuch Bioenergie Kleinanlagen, FNR (2013) and own calculations Softwood Hardwood Water content (%)
Source: Bayerisches Landesanstalt für Forstwirtschaft (Merkblatt ) © FNR Wood pellets storage volume calculation for a new BIOFUELS residential building (150 m²)
Ultimate energy demand space heating: 100 kWh/m2/a
Ultimate energy demand BIOGAS domestic hot water: 50 kWh/m2/a Heat demand in kWh/year: (100 + 50) • 150 = 22,500 Wood pellets demand in kg: 22,500 : 4 = 5,625 (= 5.625 t) Storage volume in m³: 5.625 • 2 = 11.25
Source: DEPI (2015) APPENDIX
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Typical mass and energy yields in Biofuels in comparison with heating oil agriculture and forestry Heating values and densities of selected fuels in comparison BIOENERGY Average Energy content in Oil equivalent in Mass yield heating Gross annual Heating oil Fuel Density (w = 15 %) value H fuel yield equivalent i kWh/kg kWh/l l/lOE kg/kgOE in (w = 15 %) in in t/(ha • a) in GJ/(ha • a) l/(ha • a) Heating oil 0.85 kg/l 11.83 10.06 1.00 0.98 MJ/kg
Residual materials Rapeseed oil 0.92 kg/l 10.44 9.61 1.04 1.14 USE LAND
Residual Ethanol 0.79 kg/l 7.41 5.85 1.70 1.35 1.0 15.6 15.6 433 forest wood
Wood pellets 664 kg/m3 5.00 3.32 3.00 1.99 Grain straw 6.0 14.3 85.8 2,383 (w = 10 %) CLIMATE CLIMATE
Rapeseed straw 4.5 14.2 63.9 1,775 Straw pellets PROTECTION 603 kg/m3 4.90 2.95 3.37 2.03 (w = 10 %) Hay from landscape 4.5 14.4 64.8 1,800 Beech logs 33 cm 445 kg/ 4.15 1.85 5.40 2.40 conservation (w = 15 %) stacked m³ Energy crops Spruce logs 33 cm 304 kg/ 4.33 1.32 7.56 2.30 (w = 15 %) stacked m³ FUELS SOLID Short rotation 12.0 15.4 185.0 5,133 plantations Pine chips 203 kg/m³ 4.33 0.88 11.33 2.30 (w = 15 %) Cereal whole 13.0 14.1 183.0 5,092 plants Spruce sawdust 160 kg/m3 4.33 0.69 14.37 2.30 (w = 15 %)
Forage grasses 8.0 13.6 109.0 3,022 BIOFUELS Cerale whole plants Miscanthus 15.0 14.6 219.0 6,083 150 kg/m3 3.92 0.59 16.96 2.54 (w = 15 %) Source: Leitfaden Feste Biobrennstoffe, FNR (2014) Cereal straw, big bales 140 kg/m3 3.96 0.55 17.98 2.52 (w = 15 %) BIOGAS Miscanthus, chopped 130 kg/m3 4.07 0.53 18.85 2.45 (w = 15 %)
Source: FNR w: Water content; l: Litre; OE: Oil equivalent APPENDIX
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Combustion data for solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels
Quantity of fuel in
Mass Heating value BIOENERGY Quantity/ Water content w Fuel (incl. water) (at w) Heating oil equivalent Unit in % MJ kWh in kg in MJ/kg (l) Firewood logs (stacked)* Beech 33 cm, air-dry 1 stacked m3 15 445 15.3 6,797 1,888 189 Beech 33 cm, surface dry 1 stacked m3 30 495 12.1 6,018 1,672 167 LAND USE LAND Spruce 33 cm, air-dry 1 stacked m3 15 304 15.6 4,753 1,320 132 Spruce 33 cm, surface dry 1 stacked m3 30 349 12.4 4,339 1,205 121
Wood chips* Beech, dry m3 15 295 15.3 4,503 1,251 125
Beech, limitedly storable m3 30 328 12.1 3,987 1,107 111 CLIMATE PROTECTION Spruce, dry m3 15 194 15.6 3,032 842 84 Spruce, limitedly storable m3 30 223 12.4 2,768 769 77 Wood pellets Wood pellets, by volume m3 8 650 17.1 11,115 3,088 309
Wood pellets, by weight 1 t 8 1,000 17.1 17,101 4,750 475 FUELS SOLID Solid biofuels by weight Beech, air-dry 1 t 15 1,000 15.3 15,274 4,243 424 Beech, surface dry 1 t 30 1,000 12.1 12,148 3,374 337 Spruce, air-dry 1 t 15 1,000 15.6 15,614 4,337 434 BIOFUELS Spruce, surface dry 1 t 30 1,000 12.4 12,428 3,452 345 Stalk-type biomass (e. g. straw) 1 t 15 1,000 14.3 14,254 3,959 396 Liquid and gaseous biofuels Rapeseed oil m3 < 0.1 920 37.6 34,590 9,609 961
Biodiesel BIOGAS m3 < 0.03 880 37.1 32,650 9,093 909 (Rapeseed oil methyl ester) Bioethanol m3 < 0.3 789 26.8 21,140 5,870 588.9 Biogas m3 2–7 1.2 15–22.5 18–27 5–7.5 0.6 Biomethane m3 0 0.72 50 38.9 10.8 1
Source: KTBL (2013), FNR (2013) and own calculations * The occurring change of volume below 25 % water content was considered. APPENDIX
28 29 biokraftstoffe.fnr.de
BIOFUELS ENTWICKLUNGDEVELOPMENT BIOKRAFTSTOFFVERBRAUCH OF BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION IN DEUTSCHLAND Fuel consumption in the transport sector 2018 DevelopmentENTWICKLUNGDEVELOPMENT of biofuelBIOKRAFTSTOFFVERBRAUCH OF consumption BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION IN DEUTSCHLAND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN GERMANY BIOENERGY Biofuel share 5.0 % (by energy) in M t Diesel . % , , t Biofuel . % . . . . . . . . Biomethane . % . . . . . . . . , t . . Bioethanol % . . % . % USE LAND , , t . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % Hydrogenated . % . % . % . % . % Total vegetable oils (HVO)* . . M t , t Biodiesel . % , , t .
Vegetable oil < . % , t Natural gas . % . % Petrol CLIMATE PROTECTION , t ,, t Liqueed petroleum gas (LPG) . % *Estimate based on previous year's gures Biomethane Ethanol Hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO)* Biodiesel , t Percentages in relation to energy content Vegetable oil Share of biofuels * Estimate based on previous year's gures Source: BAFA, BMF, AGEE-Stat, FNR () © FNR Source: FNR based on BAFA, Destatis, DVFG, BDEW, BLE () © FNR Source: BAFA, BMF, AGEE-Stat, FNR () © FNR
BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN GERMANY : RAW MATERIALS FUELS SOLID RenewableRENEWABLE energies ENERGIES in the IN THE transport TRANSPORT sectorSECTOR 2018 Biofuel production 2017: raw materials Share of renewable energies 5.6 % (energetically) in , t
Electricity consumption . % . % Biomethane , Transport sector* ,
. % Bioethanol BIOFUELS ,
, , Total . TWh BIOGAS Biodiesel** . % < . % Vegetable oil Bioethanol Biodiesel (FAME) Biomethane Hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO) Palm oil Rapeseed Sunflower Soybean Grain (wheat, rye, * Mainly RES share railway; Corn Sugar cane Sugar beet Waste/residue barley, triticale) ** incl. hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO) Source: BLE () © FNR
Source: FNR based on AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR APPENDIX
30 31 biokraftstoffe.fnr.de
Biodiesel (raw materials for production) Bioethanol (raw materials for production)
Biomass Required biomass Biomass Required biomass Biodiesel yield Bioethanol yield BIOENERGY Raw materials yield (FM) per litre of fuel Raw materials yield (FM) per litre of fuel [t/ha] [l/t BM] [l/ha] [kg/l] [t/ha] [l/t BM] [l/ha] [kg/l] Rapeseed 3.9 455 1,775 2.2 Grain maize 9.9 400 3,960 2.5 Palm oil 20.0 222 4,440 4.5 Wheat 7.7 380 2,926 2.6 Rye 5.4 420 2,268 2.4 Soy 2.9 222 644 4.5 Sugar beets 70.0 110 7,700 9.1 USE LAND Jatropha 2.5 244 610 4.1 Sugar cane 73.0 88 6,424 11.4 Source: Meo, FNR FM: Fresh matter; BM: Biomass Straw 7.0 342 2,394 2.9
Source: Meo, FNR, BDBe FM: Fresh matter; BM: Biomass Sales of biodiesel Sales of bioethanol CLIMATE CLIMATE PROTECTION Sales (in 1,000 t) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Sales (in 1,000 t) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Admixture 1,741 1,970 1,978 1,987 2,183 2,292 E 85 (ethanol share) 14 (11) 10 (8) 7 (6) n/a n/a n/a Pure biofuels 30 5 3 < 1 < 1 < 1 Ethanol* 1,041 1,082 1,054 1,047 1,045 1,077 Total sales 1,772 1,975 1,981 1,987 2,183 2,292 ETBE** 154 139 119 129 111 110 Total sales 1,206 1,229 1,179 1,175 1,157 1,187 Source: BAFA, BMF, FNR (2019)
Source: FNR nach BAFA (2019) * as admixture in gasoline; ** ETBE: Ethyl tert-butyl ether; FUELS SOLID Bioethanol share by volume of ETBE = 47 % BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND SALES IN GERMANY BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION AND SALES IN GERMANY Biodiesel production and sales Bioethanol production and sales in , t inin , , tt , , , BIOFUELS , , , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
BIOGAS ,
Capacity Production Sales Without hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO) ProductionProduction SalesSales
Source: FNR, BLE, BAFA, UFOP, AGQM, VDB () © FNR Source:Source: BAFA,BAFA, BDBeBDBe ( )( ) ©© FNRFNR APPENDIX
32 33 biokraftstoffe.fnr.de
Fuel comparison: Characteristics of biofuels
Heating Heating Viscosity at Octane Fuel Density Cetane Flash point BIOENERGY Fuel value value 20 °C number equivalenceh [kg/l ] number [°C ] [MJ/kg ] [MJ/l ] [mm2/s] (RON) [ l ] Diesel 0.83 43.1 35.87 5.0 50 – 80 1 Rapeseed oil fuel 0.92 37.6 34.59 74.0 40 – 317 0.96 Biodiesel 0.88 37.1 32.65 7.5 56 – 120 0.91 LAND USE LAND Hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO)f 0.78 44.1 34.30 > 3.5g > 70 – 60 – Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL)a 0.76 43.9 33.45 4.0 > 70 – 88 0.97 Petrol 0.74 43.9 32.48 0.6 – 92 < 21 1
Bioethanol 0.79 26.7 21.06 1.5 8 > 100 < 21 0.65 Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) 0.74 36.4 26.93 1.5 – 102 < 22 0.83 CLIMATE CLIMATE
Biomethanol 0.79 19.7 15.56 – 3 > 110 – 0.48 PROTECTION Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 0.74 35.0 25.90 0.7 – 102 –28 0.80 Dimetyl ether (DME) 0.67 b 28.4 19.03 – 60 – – 0.59 Biomethane 0.72 e 50.0 36.00 c – – 130 – 1.5 d Biohydrogen 0.09 e 120.0 10.80 c – – < 88 – 3.6 d
a b c d e f g Source: FNR Basis Fischer-Tropsch-Fuels; at 20 °C; [MJ/m3]; [kg]; [kg/m3]; Source: VTT; at 40 °C; FUELS SOLID hExample: 1 l Biodiesel corresponds to 0.91 l Diesel · 1 kg Biohydrogen corresponds to 3.6 l petrol (when used by fuel cell 7 l) Vegetable oils (fuel characteristics)
Heating Density (15 °C) Kinetic viscosity (40 °C) Pour point Flash point Vegetable oil value Iodine value in kg/l in mm2/s in °C in °C
in MJ/kg BIOFUELS Requirements DIN 51605 0.910–0.925 min. 36.0 max. 36.0 n/a min. 101 max. 125 (rapeseed oil fuel) Requirements DIN 51623 0.900–0.930 min. 36.0 max. 35.0* n/a min. 101 max. 140 (vegetable oil fuel) Rapeseed oil 0.92 37.6 34.0 –2 to –10 > 220 94 to 113
Sunflower oil 0.92 37.1 29.5 –16 to –18 > 220 118 to 144 BIOGAS Soya oil 0.92 37.1 30.8 –8 to –18 > 220 114 to 138 Jatropha oil 0.92 36.8 30.5 2 to –3 > 220 102 Palm oil 0.92 37.0 26.9 27 to 43 > 220 34 to 61 Palm kernel oil 0.93 35.5 n/a 20 to 24 > 220 14 to 22
Source: TFZ, ASG, FNR (2015) *Kinematical viscosity at 50 °C APPENDIX
34 35 biokraftstoffe.fnr.de
Biomethane as biofuel in German transport sector GHG savings in transport sector – EU-requirements
• 100,000 CNG (compressed natural gas) fueled vehicles Options for implementation Share to count towards the targets BIOENERGY according Directive 2009/28/EC • 900 CNG fuel stations (in terms of energy content) and 2015/1513a • of which ~ 150 fuel stations offer 100 % biomethane as Bio-CNG and more than 300 fuel stationsSALES OF offer BIOMETHANE a mixture AS of FUELbiomethane and natural gas Biofuels from cultivated biomass (from grain, starch, sugar or Limitation to max. 7 % oil plants) Sales of biomethane as fuel “propspective biofuel options” 0.5 % (non-binding target) LAND USE LAND in GWh Electromobility – rail transport: 2.5-fold counting – road transport: 5-fold counting EU target 2020 CLIMATE PROTECTION The European directive on the promotion of the use of energy from re- a newable sources (Directive 2009/28/EC) defines binding targets for biofuels and regulates their sustainability. • 10 % renewable energies in final energy consumption Source: AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR The “Fuel Quality Directive” (98/70/EC)b defines binding targets for SOLID FUELS SOLID GHG savings of fuels as well as sustainability criteria. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION SAVINGS OF BIOFUELS Greenhouse gas emission savings of biofuels • 6 % GHG savings of marketed fuels
GHG Savings* Germany – Target 2020 . % . % 6 % GHG savings in transport sector in 2020 to reference value with % . % introduced biofuels und other compliance options (§37a BImSchG, BIOFUELS . % 38. BImSchV)C. % Statutory requirements of greenhouse gas emission reduction from ..** GHG: Greenhouse gas; a Directive 2009/28/EG on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources from 23 April 2009 and % Directive 2015/1513/EU from 9 September 2015; b Directive 98/70/EG relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and Directive 2015/1513/EU from 9 September 2015; c 38. Bundes-Immissionsschutz-Verordnung (BImSchV) from 8 December 2017: Directive on the Definition of further provisions on GHG savings for fuels
% BIOGAS
Bioethanol Biodiesel (FAME) Biomethane Hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO)
* Average greenhouse gas emission reduction compared to reference of fossil fuels ( . g CO equiv./MJ). ** Applies to biofuel plants that started operation after October ( % for previously implemented plants).
Source: BLE () © FNR APPENDIX
36 37 biokraftstoffe.fnr.de
Sustainability of biofuels Fuel standardisation
Since 2011, sustainability requirements apply for biofuels and electricity The quality of fuels and its labelling is defined in the Regulation of the BIOENERGY from liquid biomass. The criteria are defined in the Condition and the Labelling of the Quality of Fuels and Combustibles • Ordinance on the requirements for sustainable production of liquid (10. BImSchV). biomass for electricity production (Biomass-electricity-sustainability ordinance – BioSt-NachV) and the Fuel Standard Notes • Ordinance on the requirements for sustainable production of DIN EN Diesel with up to 7 vol% Biodiesel
Diesel (B 7) USE LAND biofuels (Biofuel-sustainability ordinance – Biokraft-NachV). 590 (Status: 10/2017)
Biofuels must meet sustainability criteria along the entire manufacturing Biodiesel DIN EN Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines (B 100) 14214 (Status: 05/2019) and supply chain. For plants producing biofuels, a GHG saving towards Rapeseed oil fuel for engines suitable for fossil fuels applies: Rapeseed oil DIN vegetable oils • 50 % from 2018 for plants with first operation before 5 October 2015 fuel 51605 (Status: 01/2016) • 60 % for plants with first operation after 5 October 2015 CLIMATE Fuels for engines suitable for vegetable oils PROTECTION Directive EU 2015/1513 with amendments to Directives 98/70/EG and 2009/28/EG Vegetable oil DIN “Vegetable oil fuel” fuel 51623 Requirements and test methods (Status: 12/2015) Energy tax for transport fuels 2019 Unleaded petrol with up to 5 vol% ethanol or DIN EN Petrol (E 5) rather 15 vol% ETBE 228 Fuel Energy tax (Status: 08/2017) FUELS SOLID Diesel (incl. Biodiesel) 47.04 Cent/l DIN EN Petrol E 10 – with up to 10 vol% ethanol Petrol (E 10) 228 (Status: 08/2017) Gasoline 65.45 Cent/l DIN EN Ethanol as blend component in petrol Ethanol Ethanol/E85 65.45 Cent/l 15376 (Status: 12/2014) Natural gas/biomethane (CNG: Compressed 13.90 Euro/MWh or
– min. 75 to max. 86 vol% ethanol – BIOFUELS Natural Gas, LNG: Liquified Natural Gas) 17.79 Cent/kg Ethanol DIN class A (summer) Autogas (LPG: Liquified Petroleum Gas) 22.6 Cent/kg (E 85) 51625 – min. 70 to 80 vol% ethanol – class B (winter) (Status: 08/2008) Biomethane must fulfill the standard for natural Tax relief for companies of agriculture and forestry Natural gas & DIN EN gas as fuel – a mixture of biomethane and (agricultural diesel) Biomethane 16723-2 natural gas is possible in any proportion (Status: 10/2017) BIOGAS
Fuel Rate of exemption Source: FNR (July 2019) vol%: Percentage by volume
Diesel 21.48 Cent/l Vegetable oil 45.03 Cent/l Biodiesel 45.00 Cent/l APPENDIX
38 39 biogas.fnr.de
BIOGAS
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS CHP PLANTS IN GERMANY DevelopmentDEVELOPMENT of biogas OF BIOGAS CHP CHP plants PLANTS IN GERMANY Energy supply fromENERGY biogas SUPPLY FROM BIOGAS BIOENERGY
CHP plants Installed electric capacity (GW) in GWh CHP plants Installed electric capacity (GW)
, . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . . USE LAND . , . , . . , . . . . . , . . . ,
, . , , .
, , . , . CLIMATE PROTECTION Electricity generation Heat generation * * Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat (February ) © FNR CHP plants (Biogas combined heat and power plants, Installed electric capacity * Estimate CHP plants (Biogas combined heat and power plants, Installed electric capacity * Estimate including satellite units) including satellite units) Source: FNR based on DBFZ, Fachverband Biogas e.V. () © FNR Source: FNR based on DBFZ, Fachverband Biogas e.V. () © FNR
PLANTS FOR BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION DIRECT MARKETING AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUELS SOLID Plants for biomethane production Direct marketingDIRECT MARKETING and AND flexible FLEXIBLE electricity ELECTRICITY GENERATION generation
Number of plants Upgrading capacity biomethane (Nm /h) Power (MW) Power (MW) , Total installed , , Total installed , electrical power , electrical power , BIOFUELS , , , , , Share of electrical , , Share of electrical , power in direct , power in direct , marketing , , marketing , , , Flexible system , , Flexible system performance in , performance in , the frame of , the frame of direct marketing , direct marketing BIOGAS , , ,
, * Source: Fraunhofer IEE based on BNetzA and www.netztransparenz.de () © FNR Number of plants Upgrading capacity * Outlook Source: Fraunhofer IEE based on BNetzA and www.netztransparenz.de () © FNR
Source: FNR based on dena ( ) © FNR APPENDIX
40 41 biogas.fnr.de
BIOGAS YIELDS OF SELECTED SUBSTRATES Biogas yields of selected substrates Farm manureFARM in MANURE biogas IN BIOGAS plants PLANTS – MASS RELATED mass related substrateSUBSTRAT input INPUT 2016 Substrate
Pig manure % Pig manure % % Poultry manure BIOENERGY Cattle slurry % % Unspecied Potatoe slop % < % Dry poultry manure Methane content in % Solid pig dung < % Distillers grain % Landscape conservation material* % Solid cattle dung % Fodder beet silage % Cattle manure % LAND USE LAND Food leftovers* % Sunflower silage % Forage rye silage %
Clover/alfalfa grass % Sorghum silage % Sugar beet silage % Cattle slurry %
Poultry manure % CLIMATE Biowaste* % PROTECTION Grass silage % Source: DBFZ Betreiberbefragung Biogas () © FNR Whole crop cereal % silage (WCCS) Maize silage % * Varies widely Biogas yield (in Nm³/t FM)
Source: KTBL ( ) © FNR FUELS SOLID
RENEWABLEMASSEBEZOGENER RESOURCE SUBSTRATEINSATZ IN BIOGAS PLANTS SUBSTRATE INPUT IN BIOGAS PLANTS MASS RELATED Renewable resourceMASS RELATED in biogas SUBSTRATE plants INPUT – Substrate input in biogas plants 2016 (mass related) mass relatedNACHWACHSENDER substrate ROHSTOFFE input IN2016 BIOGASANLAGEN
Renewable resources . % . % Municipal biowaste Maize silage % % Grass silage BIOFUELS . % Residues from industry, trade, agriculture < % Landscape conservation material % Whole crop cereal silage (WCCS) % Grain
% Sugar beets BIOGAS % Catch crops
% Other
. % Excrements (slurry, manure)
Source: DBFZ Betreiberbefragung Biogas ( ) © FNR Source: DBFZ Betreiberbefragung Biogas ( ) © FNR APPENDIX 42 43 biogas.fnr.de
TYPES OF BIOMETHANE UPGRADING PROCESSES IN GERMANY MARKETING OF BIOMETHANE Types of biomethane upgrading processes in Germany Marketing of biomethane 2015
Pressure swing adsorption % % Polyglycol scrubbing Cogeneration . % . % Fuel
BIOENERGY
% Membrane separation
% Membrane and . % Heat market cryogenic split technique . % Export % Not stated
Total
, GWh USE LAND
Pressure swing scrubbing % % Amine scrubbing
CLIMATE CLIMATE PROTECTION Source: FNR based on DBFZ () © FNR Source: DBFZ Report Nr () © FNR
Characteristic values of different biogas treatment processes SOLID FUELS SOLID Pressure swing Pressure water Physical Chemical Membrane Cryogenic adsorption scrubbing absorption** absorption*** (with organic (with organic processes*** processes (PSA) (PWS)* solvents) solvents) Electricity requirement (kWh/Nm3) 0.20–0.25 0.18–0.21 0.15–0.24 0.06–0.15 0.18–0.29 0.18–0.33
3 Heat requirement (kWh/Nm ) 0 0 0 0.5–0.7 0 0 BIOFUELS Temperature process heat (°C) – – 55–80 110–140 0 – Process pressure (bar) 4–7 5–10 4–6 0.1–0.25 9.5–16 – Methane loss (%) 1–5 1 0.5–1.5 0.1 0.5–1 – After-treatment of exhaust gases yes yes yes no yes yes required? (legislation: EEG & GasNZV) BIOGAS Fine desulphurisation of the yes no yes yes yes yes raw gas required? Water demand no yes no yes no no Demand for chemicals no no yes yes no no
Source: Fraunhofer-IWES based on DWA (2011), Manufacturer specifications (2018) Manufacturer information from * Malmberg Bioerdgastech GmbH, ** BMF Haase Energietechnik GmbH, *** Hitachi Zosen Inova Biomethan GmbH APPENDIX
44 45 biogas.fnr.de
TECHNICAL PRIMARY ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR BIOGAS Technical primary energy potential for biogas Rules of thumb
Year The following figures can be used as guide values for general calculations BIOENERGY of agricultural biogas plants. General conversion biogas and biomethane 1 m3 biogas 5.0–7.5 kWh energy content 3
1 m biogas 50–75 % methane content USE LAND
3 , , 1 m biogas approx. 0.6 l heating oil equivalent Technical primary energy potential (PJ/a) 1 m3 methane 9.97 kWh energy content Municipal residuals Industrial residuals Animal excrements (organic waste, green cuttings, (milk processing, rapeseed oil (manure, solid dung) heating value 36 MJ/m3 food waste etc.) production, slaughterhouse waste etc.) 1 m3 methane Straw Energy crops Grassland or 50 MJ/kg CLIMATE CLIMATE PROTECTION 3 Source: FNR based on DBFZ ( ) © FNR 1 m methane 1 l heating oil equivalent
Average composition of biogas Theoretical electricity potential of different Component Concentration
energy crops (in ha) Methane (CH4) 50–75 vol% FUELS SOLID
Carbon dioxide (CO ) 25–45 vol% Harvest Methane Electricity Number of 2 Energy crop yield yield yield households Water vapour (H2O) 2–7 vol% [t FM ] [Nm3 ] [kWh ] supplied
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 20–20,000 ppm Maize 50 4,945 18,731 5.2 BIOFUELS Oxygen (O2) < 2 vol% Sugar beets 65 4,163 15,769 4.4
Nitrogen (N2) < 2 vol% Whole crop
cereal silage 40 3,846 14,568 4.0 Ammonia (NH3) < 1 vol% (WCCS)
Hydrogen (H2) < 1 vol%
Cup plant 55 3,509 13,291 3.7 BIOGAS Trace gases < 2 vol% Grassland 29 2,521 9,549 2.7
Source: FNR based on KTBL (2014) Assumptions: average yields, 12 % storage losses, for sugar beets 15 % (lagoon); CHP efficiency rate 38 %; Electricity consumption 3,600 kWh/a · household APPENDIX
46 47 biogas.fnr.de
Biogas yield of Process parameters Dairy cow (17 m3 manure/ 289 Nm3 methane mesophilic 32–34 °C
space per animal • a) 1,095 kWh /space per animal • a* Temperature BIOENERGY el thermophilic 50–57 °C Fattening pig (1.6 m3 manure/ 19 Nm3 methane ≙ hydrolysis/ space per animal • a) 73 kWh /space per animal • a* 4.5–7 el acidogenesis
3 pH value Fattening cattle (2.8 t solid manure/ ≙185 Nm methane acetogenesis/ 6.8–8.2 space per animal • a) 562 kWhel /space per animal • a* methanogenesis LAND USE LAND Riding horse (11.1 t solid manure/ ≙388 Nm3 methane Digester load Ø 3.2 kg ODM/(m3 • d); (from 1.1–9.3)
space per animal • a) 1,472 kWhel /space per animal • a* Average single-stage 22–88 days (Ø 58) 3 3 hydraulic
Chicken (2.0 m rotting manure/ ≙164 Nm methane multistage 37–210 days (Ø 101) 100 animal spaces • a) 621 kWhel /100 animal spaces • a* retention time
≙3,956–5,934 Nm3 methane VOA/TIC value < 0.6 1 ha silage maize (40–60 t FM**) CLIMATE 14,985–22,477 kWhel /ha* Gas permeability of biogas tanks 1–5 ‰ biogas/day PROTECTION ≙3,523–4,803 Nm3 methane 1 ha sugar beets (55–75 t FM**) Electricity demand BGP Ø 7.6 % 13,343–18,195 kWhel /ha* Heat demand BGP Ø 27 % 1 ha whole crop cereal silage (WCCS) ≙2,884–4,807 Nm3 methane Workload BGP per year 1.15–8.5 MHr/(kWel • a) (30–50 t FM**) 10,926–18,210 kWhel /ha*
Breakdowns BGP per year 1.2 /10 kWel FUELS SOLID 1 ha cup plant ≙2,871–3,828 Nm3 methane
(45–60 t FM**) 10,874–14,499 kWhel /ha* Key figures gas utilisation ≙2,392–3,759 Nm3 methane 1 ha sudangrass (35–55 t FM**) 9,061–14,238 kWhel /ha* CHP efficiency rateel 28–47 %
3 ≙2,001–3,808 Nm methane CHP efficiency rateth 34–55 % 1 ha grassland (23–43 t FM**) BIOFUELS 7,579–14,424 kWhel /ha* CHP efficiency ratetotal approx. 85–90 % 1 ha grain rye ≙1,390–2,179 Nm3 methane CHP extent of use 60,000 operating hours (4.3–6.8 t FM**) 5,264–8,255 kWhel /ha* Micro gas turbine efficiency rate 26–33 % ≙ el
Micro gas turbine efficiency rateth 40–55 % BIOGAS
Fuel cell efficiency rateel 40–60 %
ORC system efficiency rateel 6–16 % APPENDIX
48 49 biogas.fnr.de
Economic figures APPENDIX Specific investment costs Market reports and prices for fuels and biomass BIOENERGY BGP 75 kWel approx. 9,000 €/kWel
BGP 150 kWel approx. 6,500 €/kWel Biodiesel www.ufop.de
BGP 250 kWel approx. 6,000 €/kWel Oilseeds and vegetable oils www.oilworld.biz
BGP 500 kWel approx. 4,600 €/kWel Wood chips and pellets www.carmen-ev.de
BGP 750 kWel approx. 4,000 €/kWel Wood logs www.tfz.bayern.de LAND USE LAND BGP 1,000 kWel approx. 3,500 €/kWel Pellets www.depi.de BGP with gas upgrading 400 Nm3/h approx. 9,600 €/Nm3 • h Agricultural sector www.ami-informiert.de BGP with gas upgrading 700 Nm3/h approx. 9,100 €/Nm3 • h Federal Statistical Office www.destatis.de
ORC system 13–375 kWel approx. 5,000–7,700 €/kWel Electricity generation costs CLIMATE CLIMATE BGP 75 kWel approx. 30 ct/kWh Conversion of units PROTECTION BGP 500 kW approx. 17 ct/kWh el MJ kWh m3 natural gas BGP 1,000 kW approx. 15 ct/kWh el 1 MJ 1 0.278 0.032 Production costs biomethane 1 kWh 3.6 1 0.113 400 Nm3/h 7–9 ct/kWh 1 m3 natural gas 31.74 8.82 1 700 Nm3/h 6–8 ct/kWh m3 l Barrel FUELS SOLID 1 m3 1 1,000 6.3 Example: annual need for substrate of a biogas plant 75 kWel 3,300 t cattle slurry (194 dairy cows; with Ø 8,000 milk yield/a) 1 l 0.001 1 0.0063 790 t maize silage (18 ha; with Ø 50 t FM/ha yield**) 1 barrel 0.159 159 1 BIOFUELS Example: annual need for substrate of a biogas plant 500 kWel 2,200 t cattle slurry (129 dairy cows; with Ø 8,000 l milk yield/a) 6,500 t maize silage (148 ha; with Ø 50 t FM/ha yield**) Signs for units 1,100 t Whole crop cereal silage (31 ha; with Ø 40 t FM/ha yield**) 1,100 t grass silage of permanent grassland Prefix Sign Factor Numeral (42 ha; with Ø 30 t FM/ha yield**) Kilo k 103 thousand BIOGAS 6 * CHP efficiency rate 38 %el Mega M 10 million ** 12 % silage losses considered, for sugar beets 15 % (lagoon), for grain rye 1.4 % Giga G 109 billion Source: Biomasse-Verordnung (2012); Faustzahlen Biogas (KTBL, 2013); Leitfaden Biogas (FNR, 2013); Tera T 1012 trillion Leitfaden Biogasaufbereitung und -einspeisung (FNR, 2014); Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse (DBFZ, 2014) and own calculations Peta P 1015 quadrillion Exa E 1018 quintillion APPENDIX
50 51 The latest data available at the time of going to press (December 2019) were processed to produce the figures and graphics. Underfactsand figures.fnr.de the figures and graphics are continuously updated.
Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR) Agency for Renewable Resources OT Gülzow, Hofplatz 1 18276 Gülzow-Prüzen Tel: +49 03843/6930-0 [email protected] international.fnr.de
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