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Home , Autogas, Compact car, Electric vehicle

National Alternative Training Consortium Alternative – The Rest of the Story September 21, 2016 Presenter: Bill Davis, Director National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium

Headquartered at West Virginia University, the NAFTC is the only nationwide curricula development and training organization that focuses on and advanced technology vehicles. Nationwide NAFTC Member Schools NAFTC Mission Statement

“To improve air quality and decrease U.S. dependence on foreign oil by promoting, supporting, and expanding the use of advanced technology alternative fuel vehicles.” What the NAFTC Does

• Initiates Strategic Partnerships – For Project Development & Execution – With Industry, Government & Other Organizations • Manages a Nationwide Training Consortium • Develops Curricula • Develops and Conducts Training & Workshops • Develops and Conducts Outreach & Education NAFTC Classroom Training

Classroom Study

Lab Activities

Hands-on Shop Applications NAFTC Course Manuals NAFTC Training Audiences

• The NAFTC has delivered over 1,100 courses, training over 16,500 individuals from the following audiences: – Instructors (Train-the-Trainer) – Pre-Service and In-Service Technicians – Fleet Managers – Government & Industry Representatives – Students – Consumers – Others

• The NAFTC has conducted over 1,300 workshops and education/awareness events with over 350,000 attendees. Technician Courses Available For: • Vehicles • Vehicles • Electric Drive Vehicles • ( and ) Vehicles • Vehicles • Electric Infrastructure • Awareness Training • First Responder Safety Training for Alternative Fuel Vehicles: – Firefighters – Law Enforcement – Emergency Medical Services Why Alternative Fuels

• Reduce Greenhouse Gases • Reduce Dependence on Foreign Oil • Reduce Cost of Ownership • Health • Economy • 2025 CAFE Standards

EPA’s standards apply to passenger , light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles, in MYs 2017 through 2025. The final standards are projected to result in an average industry fleetwide level of 163 grams/mile of (CO2) in model year 2025, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) if achieved exclusively through fuel economy improvements. Light-duty vehicles are currently responsible for nearly 60 percent of U.S. transportation-related use and GHG emissions.

-US Environmental Protection Agency - OTAQ CAFE 2025

• Table 2 Model Year 2025 CO2 and Fuel Economy Targets for Representative MY 2012 Vehicles Vehicle Type • Example Passenger Cars • Compact Fit 131 61.1 • Mid-size car 147 54.9 • Full-size car 300 170 48.0 • Example Light-duty Trucks • Small SUV 4WD 170 47.5 • Midsize Murano 188 43.4 • Sienna 209 39.2 • Large Chevy Silverado (extended cab,6.5 foot base) 252 33.0 Incentives

• Air Conditioning Improvement • Off Cycle Credits • Electric Vehicles (EVs) • Plug-in Hybrid (PHEVs) • Vehicles (FCEVs) • Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) • Mild and Strong Full-size Pickup Hybrid Electric Vehicles

1-18 Are EVs the Future??

• Short Term – 10-20 Years • Combination of Fuels • Dependent Upon Technology • Unless Another Fuel Rises

1-18 Electric Vehicles

• Types of EVs – Battery Electric Vehicles – Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles • Increasing With Each Model Year • All Major Manufacturers have EVs

1-18 Challenges for Creating a Sustained Electric Drive Vehicle Market

• Educate new EV drivers – Responsibilities of owning, maintaining, and charging vehicles • Develop EV infrastructure supplied with grid – Home – Work – Community – Interstates for traveling • Collaborate with services for installation of EV infrastructure

1-18 Infrastructure

• Drivers need EV infrastructure to “refuel” vehicles • Essential component for sustainability of electric vehicle market • Allows EVs to “recharge” by transferring electricity to vehicle • Relies on electric distribution system 1-14 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)

Defined • Equipment installed for the purpose of delivering energy from premise wiring to plug-in vehicles for charging Purpose • Transferring electric energy to a battery or other device in a plug-in electric vehicle • Designed to connect safely to the BEV/PHEV • Safety - EVSE interlock limits the amount of branch circuit electricity Includes • Conductors, underground conductors, grounded conductors, equipment grounded conductors • Electric vehicle connectors • Attachment plugs

• All other fittings, devices, power outlets, apparatuses 5-2 Three Different Levels of Charge

• EVSE classified into three different levels by rate at which the equipment charges the electric vehicle’s battery. – Level 1 AC – Level 2 AC – DC Fast Charging or Quick Charging • Rate – EVSE charging adds range/miles to electric vehicle among 3 levels depends on: – Electric vehicle – Battery type – EVSE level of charge

5-11 Levels of Charge; Level 1 AC Charging

Level 1 AC Electrical Requirements • 120 volt, AC receptacle, 15 to 20 amperes • Dedicated 20 to 25 amp circuit for overcurrent protection – EVSE requires 125% overcurrent protection (continuous electric charge/load 3 hours + )

PHEVs and BEVs come with a Level 1 EVSE portable cord set • kept with the vehicle at all times • used when the driver is running low on charge

Rate of charge adds about 2 to 5 miles of range to the vehicle per 5-12 hour of charging time. Levels of Charge; Level 2 AC Charging

Level 2 AC Electrical Requirements • 240 volts of AC, 30amps to 80amps • Dedicated circuit and separate manual service disconnect • Enclosure – (EVSE unit may be hardwired or plugged into a dedicated circuit) NEMA Type 3R

How to Use the Level 2 AC EVSE • Charging unit may be either plugged into 240V receptacle or hardwired to dedicated circuit • Level 2 AC typically used for charging at home and public locations

Rate of charge adds 10-20 miles of range to vehicle per hour of charging time (depends on vehicle; PHEV or BEV) 5-13 Levels of Charge; DC Fast Charging

DC Fast Charging Electrical Requirements • 240 to 600 volts of (DC) from off- board charger, 150 to 400amps • Dedicated circuit (require separate manual service disconnect) • Enclosure – EVSE unit will be hardwired

Electric Vehicle’s Equivalence to Commercial Gas Station • Primarily commercial charging

How to Use the DC Fast Charging EVSE • Uses CHAdeMO or SAE J1772 Combo connector and plug into electric vehicle inlet

Provide nearly (80%) 60 to 80 miles of range to the vehicle in 5-14 20 to 30 minutes of time Charge Method Electrical Rating

Overview and comparison of the different levels of charge.

5-17 EVSE Mounting Styles

Floor Mount or Pedestal Mount • Securely mounted onto ground • Common for Level 1, 2, & DC fast charging • Parking lots • Parking garages • Street • Protective bollards & stops used to prevent vehicle impact

5-21 EVSE Mounting Styles

Wall Mount or Pole Mount • Mounted onto a wall or securely attached to a pole • Flexible placement options

5-22 Services Involved in the Installation of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

Professional Service Roles and Responsibilities Automotive Manufacturers Produce and place EVs on the market. Automotive Dealers Informs customers about EVs for sale. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Manufacture and supply equipment. Manufacturers Consumers & Fleet Owners Adopt new methods of refueling EVs. Electricians Provide expertise to install charging equipment in different locations. Utility Companies Provide electricity and power to the charging stations. Municipalities Provide authority for infrastructure design and placement. Government Provide policies focused on economic, environmental improvement.

1-15 EV Charging Costs

• Various utility rate options for charging EVs may be available • EV customers will add vehicle usage to existing rate schedule – Same as any other additional appliance to home • Rate pricing – Dependent upon utility • Information utility company and customer need to discuss – Discounted rates for EV charging – Demand-Response programs – Meter Options

– Electricity cost assessment for added EV 5-25 charging load On Peak Charging versus Off Peak Charging

On Peak Charging / 14-26₵ kWh Off Peak Charging / 4-11₵ kWh • Charging that occurs during the day • Charging that occurs during the night

• Greater strain on electric grid • Less strain on electric grid • People, businesses, factories, • Preferred by utility companies schools, stores all using electricity • Common time for EV charging • Electric rates more expensive during day • People return home from work & plug in EV to recharge for morning **Rates for charging EV during day will be more expensive also **Rates for charging EV are cheaper On Peak cost range - 14-26₵ kWh Off Peak cost range - 4-11₵ kWh

Drivers Can Make Informed EV Charging Decisions • Location and access to charging station (home, work, public) • Time of day availability to charge (day or night) • Level of charge at charging station (Level 1, 2 or DC fast charging) • Length of time needed to recharge the battery

5-26 Costs of EVSE

SAFETY

• Electricity common source of energy essential to everyday life • Electricity is used without much thought to electrical work hazards • Electrical injury more likely to be fatal than other types of injury • Estimated that one worker is electrocuted every day on the job • Qualified electrician is needed for installing, maintaining, and repairing different types of electrical systems

7-1 17 Steps for EVSE Installation Process

1. Overview 2. Identify Location 3. Communication 4. EVSE Site Area Analysis 5. EVSE Placement Area Analysis 6. EVSE Mounting Style 7. Desired Level of Charge 8. Electrical Load Analysis 9. EVSE Load Analysis

9-2 17 Steps for EVSE Installation Process

10.Rate Plan Decisions 11.Installation Cost Estimate 12.Permit 13.Electrical Service Upgrade 14.Electrical Panel Upgrade 15.Installation Process 16.Test the EV Charging Station 17.Charge the Electric Vehicle 9-2

How to Implement Natural Gas . Get buy-in . Create long-term objectives . Avoid setting reduction goals in absolute numbers . Anticipate obstacles . Move slowly . Improve vehicle use . Track and report progress

38 Tax Incentives . Tax incentives for natural gas fuel, vehicles, and infrastructure have been provided through federal law . In addition to federal incentives, 25 states currently offer to help in the development of the market

39 Natural Gas Availability and Cost . Currently, there are 300,000 miles of natural gas pipelines in U.S. . Most public fueling stations are CNG because fleets using LNG have dedicated infrastructure . Consumption has increased 145% nationwide since 2005

40 Natural Gas Advantages . Reduced and particulate matter emissions . Reduced long term operating costs . Domestically produced . Higher compression ratios

41 Things to Consider . Limited vehicle availability and initial cost . Shorter driving range . Limited public fueling stations

42 Natural Gas Performance and Safety . Performance . Conversions have similar performance . May sacrifice some power . Dedicated and purposed built may have better performance . Can utilize higher compression ratio for increased efficiency

43 Safety . NGVs have excellent safety record: . Integrity of the NGV’s fuel storage and delivery system . Properties of the fuel itself . Natural gas is highly flammable . Excellent for combustion . Should be handled with same care given to other combustible fuels

44 PROPANE AUTOGAS Propane Autogas

• Lower total cost-of-ownership. • Quieter engine for a safer ride. • Buses from all major OEMs. • Cleaner operation compared with older diesel buses. • Lower cost of infrastructure. Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• For long-term savings, think beyond the pump. • Propane autogas eliminates the costs associated with diesel over a vehicle’s lifetime.

Fluids Fuel Filters Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• Diesel repairs and replacement parts drain funds one problem at a time. Common areas of concern: – Injectors. – EGR valves and coolers. – Turbochargers. – CCV (closed crankcase ventilation) filters. • After-treatment systems add complexity to diesel engines, ensuring that the engine’s fuel, fluids, cooling, and emissions systems will require extra attention down the road. Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• Propane autogas performs in the coldest climates.

• Every issue means more downtime due to increased maintenance requirements and repair expenses.

• Propane’s lowest total cost-of-ownership allows districts to put more money back into the classroom — where it matters most. Buses from All Major Manufacturers

• Proven OEM-backed performance for school districts and private contractors across the country. – Blue Bird Type A Micro Bird and Type C Vision in partnership with Ford and Roush CleanTech. – Collins Type A NexBus in partnership with and CleanFuel USA. – IC Bus CE Series powered by the Power Solutions International LP propane engine. – Thomas Built Type A Minotaur in partnership with General Motors and CleanFuel USA and Type C Saf-T-Liner in partnership with Freightliner Custom Chassis Corp., Powertrain Integration, and CleanFuel USA. Cleaner Operation

Schools can switch to propane autogas buses to protect students from dangerous diesel exhaust, a known carcinogen identified by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency. – The shorter height of younger students puts them face-to-face with a black cloud of diesel smoke every school day. – Children in are especially vulnerable to inhaling diesel exhaust. – Propane autogas buses do not aggravate the symptoms of students with asthma or other breathing-related issues.

Districts that choose propane autogas buses are making a smarter decision for students and the neighborhoods they live in. Quieter Engine for a Safer Ride

• Compared with diesel engines, propane autogas engines are noticeably quieter when operating, which has a big impact on safety. • Bus drivers are responsible for students’ safety during transportation. – On a noisy diesel bus, the driver may not be able to hear important situations happening in the rear of the bus or outside. – A quieter bus allows bus drivers to perform their jobs in a much less chaotic environment. Question 1/5

Can you hear what’s happening in or around this diesel bus? • What did you hear? A. Children singing in the back. B. An emergency vehicle passing by. C. A student talking on their cell phone. D. A busy construction site near the bus. Correct answer: B, an emergency vehicle passing by.

Because propane buses are significantly quieter than diesel buses, drivers can stay better aware of busy traffic outside and in the rear of the bus.

Hear the difference on a propane bus. Other Alternative Fuels • Biodiesel – Used in heavy duty market – Numerous methods of production • Ethanol – Significant quantity used in standard – Used in racing series • Hydrogen – Production is still the issue – Most effective use is in fuel cells What is the best reason to make the switch to alternative fuel vehicles?

Contact Information

William A. (Bill) Davis, Director [email protected]

National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium Ridgeview Business Park 1100 Frederick Lane Morgantown, WV 26508 Phone: 304-293-7882 www.naftc.wvu.edu