DOCSLIB.ORG

Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles REPORT (HA93A-C837/1/F5.2E) to the AUSTRALIAN GREENHOUSE OFFICE by Tom Beer1,2, Tim Grant3, Harry Watson4 and Doina Olaru1 1 CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Vic. 2 CSIRO Environmental Risk Network, Aspendale, Vic. 3 RMIT Centre for Design, Melbourne, Vic. 4 University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parkville, Vic. May 2004 in association with Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles Contact Dr Tom Beer Co-ordinator CSIRO Environmental Risk Network Private Bag 1 Aspendale Vic. 3195 Australia Phone: (03) 9239 4400 Fax: (03) 9239 4444 International: +613 9239 4400 Fax +613 9239 4444 e-mail: [email protected] Report (HA93A-C837/1/F5.1) Page ii Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles Table of Contents Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................. viii Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................1 1. Background.....................................................................................................................................7 1.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................7 1.1.1 Approach ........................................................................................................................8 1.2. Structure of the report...............................................................................................................8 1.3. Sources of quantitative information..........................................................................................9 1.4. Greenhouse gases and other emissions...................................................................................10 1.4.1 Criteria air pollutants....................................................................................................11 1.5. Drive cycles ............................................................................................................................12 1.5.1 Methodology for converting ADR 37 to ADR79.........................................................14 1.6. Life-cycle analysis ..................................................................................................................15 1.7. The automobile life cycle .......................................................................................................15 1.8. The fuel life cycle ...................................................................................................................21 2. Normalisation................................................................................................................................22 2.1. Emission regulations...............................................................................................................22 2.2. Effects of the vehicle mass .....................................................................................................23 2.3. Effects of the mix of vehicles in the fleet ...............................................................................28 2.4. Light trucks and four wheel drives .........................................................................................30 2.5. Comparison between fuels (tailpipe emissions) .....................................................................31 3. Petrol and diesel............................................................................................................................33 3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................34 3.1.1 Effects of changing octane number ..............................................................................34 3.2. Upstream emissions ................................................................................................................36 3.2.1 Oil and gas production..................................................................................................36 3.2.2 Refinery production......................................................................................................39 3.3. Allocating emissions to petrol variants...................................................................................40 3.3.1 Ultra low sulfur (50 ppm) PULP ..................................................................................41 3.3.2 Low sulfur diesel ..........................................................................................................42 3.4. Tailpipe emissions from petrol engines ..................................................................................45 3.4.1 ULP and PULP tailpipe emissions ...............................................................................45 3.4.2 ULS–PULP...................................................................................................................46 3.4.3 Particulate matter emissions from petrol vehicles........................................................46 3.4.4 Tailpipe emissions from diesel vehicles.......................................................................47 3.5. Results.....................................................................................................................................47 Report (HA93A-C837/1/F5.1) Page iii Life-Cycle Emissions Analysis of Fuels for Light Vehicles 4. LPG................................................................................................................................................49 4.1. LPG in Australia .....................................................................................................................49 4.2. Literature review.....................................................................................................................49 4.2.1 Motor vehicle pollution in Australia ............................................................................49 4.2.2 Comparative vehicle emissions study...........................................................................49 4.2.3 Greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles in Australia.......................................49 4.2.4 Emissions from passenger vehicles on unleaded petrol and LPG ................................49 4.2.5 Systematic evaluation of twelve LP gas fuels for emissions and fuel consumption ....50 4.2.6 LPG as an automotive fuel—an environmental and technical perspective ..................50 4.2.7 LPG: A bridge to the future..........................................................................................50 4.3. Structure of the Chapter..........................................................................................................50 4.4. Life-cycle analysis of emissions .............................................................................................51 4.4.1 Production life cycle for LPG.......................................................................................51 4.4.2 Fuel combustion ...........................................................................................................63 4.5. Dual-fuel Vehicles ..................................................................................................................71 5. CNG ...............................................................................................................................................73 5.1. Background.............................................................................................................................73 5.2. Upstream emissions ................................................................................................................74 5.2.1 Fugitive emissions........................................................................................................74 5.2.2 Methane fugitive losses in distribution.........................................................................76 5.2.3 Release of new data on fugitives and energy in oil and gas processing .......................77 5.3. Tailpipe emissions ..................................................................................................................78 5.3.1 Methane emissions from vehicles.................................................................................78 5.4. Discussion...............................................................................................................................79 6. Hybrid Vehicles ............................................................................................................................80 6.1. Hybrid vehicle life-cycle calculations ....................................................................................80 6.2. Batteries and supercapacitors..................................................................................................81 7. European drive cycle emission results ........................................................................................85 7.1. Exbodied emission results ......................................................................................................85 7.1.1 Euro 3 vehicles with ULP.............................................................................................86
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alternative Fuels, Vehicles & Technologies Feasibility
    ALTERNATIVE FUELS, VEHICLES & TECHNOLOGIES FEASIBILITY REPORT Prepared by Eastern Pennsylvania Alliance for Clean Transportation (EP-ACT)With Technical Support provided by: Clean Fuels Ohio (CFO); & Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities (PRCC) Table of Contents Analysis Background: .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0: Introduction – Fleet Feasibility Analysis: ............................................................................................... 3 2.0: Fleet Management Goals – Scope of Work & Criteria for Analysis: ...................................................... 4 Priority Review Criteria for Analysis: ........................................................................................................ 4 3.0: Key Performance Indicators – Existing Fleet Analysis ............................................................................ 5 4.0: Alternative Fuel Options – Summary Comparisons & Conclusions: ...................................................... 6 4.1: Detailed Propane Autogas Options Analysis: ......................................................................................... 7 Propane Station Estimate ......................................................................................................................... 8 (Station Capacity: 20,000 GGE/Year) ........................................................................................................ 8 5.0: Key Recommended Actions – Conclusion
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Air Emissions Through Alternative Transportation Strategies
    Reducing Air Emissions Through Alternative Transportation Strategies New Jersey Clean Air Council Public Hearing April 8, 2014 Hearing Chair: Sara Bluhm Clean Air Council Chair: Joseph Constance Editor: Melinda Dower NJ CAC 2014 Hearing Report Page | 1 New Jersey Clean Air Council Members Joseph Constance, Chairman Kenneth Thoman,Vice-Chairman Leonard Bielory, M.D. Sara Bluhm Manuel Fuentes-Cotto, P.E. Michael Egenton Mohammad “Ferdows” Ali, Ph.D. Howard Geduldig, Esq. Toby Hanna, P.E. Robert Laumbach, M.D. Pam Mount Richard E. Opiekun, Ph.D. James Requa, Ed.D. Nicky Sheats, Esq., Ph.D. Joseph Spatola, Ph.D. New Jersey Clean Air Council Website http://www.state.nj.us/dep/cleanair NJ CAC 2014 Hearing Report Page | 2 Table of Contents Page I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 4 II. OVERVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………. 4 III. RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………….……… 10 IV. SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY† ………………………………………………….…… 14 A. Jim Appleton ………………………………………………..……….…… 14 B. Daniel Birkett ………………………………………………………….… 14 C. Andy Swords ……………………………………….…………………... 14 D. Matt Solomon ……………………………………………………………. 15 E. Julie Becker …………………………………………………..……..…... 16 F. Robert Gibbs, Esq. ………………………………….………………..….. 16 G. William Wells ………………………………………..………………..…. 17 H. Mark Giuffre …………………………………………………………….. 17 I. Jane Kozinski, Asst. Commissioner, NJDEP ……………………………. 18 J. Chuck Feinberg …………………………………………………………. 19 K. Raymond Albrecht, P.E. …………………………………………………. 19 L. Nicky Sheats, Ph.D., Esq.………………………………………………… 20 M. John Iannarelli ……………………………………………………….….
    [Show full text]
  • Morgan Ellis Climate Policy Analyst and Clean Cities Coordinator DNREC [email protected] 302.739.9053
    CLEAN TRANSPORTATION IN DELAWARE WILMAPCO’S OUR TOWN CONFERENCE THE PRESENTATION 1) What are alterative fuels? 2) The Fuels 3) What’s Delaware Doing? WHAT ARE ALTERNATIVE FUELED VEHICLES? • “Vehicles that run on a fuel other than traditional petroleum fuels (i.e. gas and diesel)” • Propane • Natural Gas • Electricity • Biodiesel • Ethanol • Hydrogen THERE’S A FUEL FOR EVERY FLEET! DELAWARE’S ALTERNATIVE FUELS • “Vehicles that run on a fuel other than traditional petroleum fuels (i.e. gas and diesel)” • Propane • Natural Gas • Electricity • Biodiesel • Ethanol • Hydrogen THE FUELS PROPANE • By-Product of Natural Gas • Compressed at high pressure to liquefy • Domestic Fuel Source • Great for: • School Busses • Step Vans • Larger Vans • Mid-Sized Vehicles COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) • Predominately Methane • Uses existing pipeline distribution system to deliver gas • Good for: • Heavy-Duty Trucks • Passenger cars • School Buses • Waste Management Trucks • DNREC trucks PROPANE AND CNG INFRASTRUCTURE • 8 Propane Autogas Stations • 1 CNG Station • Fleet and Public Access with accounts ELECTRIC VEHICLES • Electricity is considered an alternative fuel • Uses electricity from a power source and stores it in batteries • Two types: • Battery Electric • Plug-in Hybrid • Great for: • Passenger Vehicles EV INFRASTRUCTURE • 61 charging stations in Delaware • At 26 locations • 37,000 Charging Stations in the United States • Three types: • Level 1 • Level 2 • D.C. Fast Charging TYPES OF CHARGING STATIONS Charger Current Type Voltage (V) Charging Primary Use Time Level 1 Alternating 120 V 2 to 5 miles Current (AC) per hour of Residential charge Level 2 AC 240 V 10 to 20 miles Residential per hour of and charge Commercial DC Fast Direct Current 480 V 60 to 80 miles (DC) per 20 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Open PDF File, 176.5 KB, for 2018 Mass Clean Cities Annual Report
    2018 Transportation Technology Deployment Report: Massachusetts Clean Cities Expanded Edition March 2019 DRAFT The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Clean Cities program advances the nation's economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local actions to reduce petroleum use in transportation. A national network of nearly 100 Clean Cities coalitions brings together stakeholders in the public and private sectors to deploy alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction measures, fuel economy improvements, and new transportation technologies, as they emerge. Every year, each Clean Cities coalition submits to DOE an annual report of its activities and accomplishments for the previous calendar year. Coalition coordinators, who lead the local coalitions, provide information and data via an online database managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The data characterize membership, funding, projects, and activities of the coalitions. The coordinators also submit data on the sales of alternative fuels, deployment of alternative fuel vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, idle-reduction initiatives, fuel economy activities, and programs to reduce vehicle miles traveled. NREL and DOE analyze the data and translate them into petroleum-use and greenhouse gas reduction impacts for individual coalitions and the program as a whole. This report summarizes those impacts for Massachusetts Clean Cities. To view aggregated data for all local coalitions that participate in the Clean Cities program, visit cleancities.energy.gov/accomplishments.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Kit 2019
    2018 SUPERCARS MEDIA AWARD WINNERS .COM.AU SINCE 1971 Betty opens up to Foges about her commitment to Supercars. MEDIA GUIDE 2019 COVERAGE FROM AROUND THE WORLD AUTO ACTION TALKS TO THE BIG PLAYERS “WE WILL GIVE YOU THREE PERCENT MORE POWER Betty created and paid for the landmark Mercedes FULL NATIONAL COVERAGE Benz Supercar program. to give every single Holden team on this grid IN THE ENGINE BUT YOU HAVE TO PAY ONE MILLION crawled under the door again to emerge just as – except for (factory backed) Red Bull – an he and Luke were going out onto the podium. incentive. If you’re on the podium, you get a EUROS. BUT IF YOU GET A PODIUM IN THE FIRST THREE Th en it was a weird week that followed. We did bonnet. If you come in the fi rst fi ve, you get MONTHS, WE’LL ONLY CHARGE YOU 500,000 EUROS.” all the media on the Monday and then Monday a door or what ever it is. But then they said afternoon my grandson went into hospital. On “Oh, no, we can help you”. I said I don’t want the Wednesday, we learned that my brother’s anything, I can aff ord it. It’s the other (Holden) cancer had come back and on the Th ursday teams, if we don’t help them and keep them help all the volunteers, without whom there I fi nd that rally amazing. Even though the on the bonnet? My smiling face? One of my he had to go in for a six-hour operation.
    [Show full text]
  • MY16 Model Range All-New XC90 1969 225 (152***†) **Standard with D6 Engine
    SPECIFICATIONS Want to know more about the Volvo Range? This diagram shows the general hierarchy of trim levels available (please note, not all trim levels are available on all models). V40 S60 V60 XC60 S80 V70 XC70 ALL-NEW XC90 ES/BUSINESS EDITION MOMENTUM CROSS COUNTRY SE R-DESIGN R-DESIGN SE INSCRIPTION CROSS COUNTRY SE LUX R-DESIGN LUX LUX SAFETY TECHNOLOGY EXECUTIVE Every Volvo model is equipped with the latest cutting-edge safety technology. ENGINES Find out what’s available as standard and which features are optional below. You can find out all about our engine specifications below. And also the All-New impressive financial benefits our hybrid engines have to offer. Safety Technology V40 S60 V60 S80 V70 XC60 XC70 XC90 City Safety (autonomous emergency braking) l l l l l l l l Petrol ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) and EBA (Emergency Brake Assist) l l l l l l l l T2 T3 T5 AWD T6 AWD T8 Twin Engine ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control), Distance Alert and Queue Assist (automatic transmission only) l l l l l l l l CC Hp CO2 (g/km) CC Hp CO2 (g/km) CC Hp CO2 (g/km) CC Hp CO2 (g/km) CC Hp CO2 (g/km) Adaptive Brake Lights including high level LED brake light l l l l l l l l V40 1969 (1498†) 122 127 (129†) 1969 (1498†) 152 127 (129†) 1969 245 137†/149*† BLIS (Blind Spot Information System) with Cross Traffic Alert (CTA) l l l l l Front Collision Warning with Full Auto Brake l l l l l l l l V60 1969 (1498†) 152 135 (138†) Stability and Traction control l l l l l l l l S60 1969 (1498†) 152 131 (135†) Headlight Levelling System l l l l l l l l All-New
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure: Ford FG X Falcon (November 2014)
    FALCON Performance meets luxury 2 Combining a formidable driving experience with the kind of features 3 and comforts you’d expect to find in a luxury car, this Falcon is the ultimate Falcon. G6E shown in Smoke and XR6 Turbo shown in Kinetic. Beyond expectations 4 The G-Series offers plenty in the way of luxury and comfort, without ever 5 compromising on power and driving pleasure. G6E Turbo shown in Lightning Strike. The icon returns 6 Set your pulse racing with the XR8. Power, performance and superb 7 handling combine to create a truly exhilarating drive. XR8 shown in Victory Gold. Smarter on the inside 8 Smart driving technologies and the latest in comfort and entertainment 9 sit neatly within the Falcon’s interior. XR8 interior shown. A truly exhilarating drive 10 Enjoy a superior driving experience with advanced new 11 engine technologies and the latest in high performance engineering and tuning. 6-speed automatic transmission. Employing advanced mechatronic units that deliver precise control and refinement to all 6 gears, the automatic transmission ensures smooth delivery of power and torque for a thoroughly enjoyable drive. 1. Virtual Pivot Control Link front suspension. Designed specifically to suit Australian conditions and roads, the Virtual Pivot Control Link front suspension combines precise steering control and maneuverability with excellent levels of comfort. 2. Monotube shock absorbers. Improving the vehicle’s connection to the road while providing improved handling and a more responsive drive. 3. Performance brakes. Standard on G6E Turbo and XR6 Turbo, these larger diameter brakes feature vented discs to deliver outstanding stopping performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Travis Hester President and Managing Director GM Canada Travis Hester
    Travis Hester President and Managing Director GM Canada Travis Hester was appointed President and Managing Director of GM Canada in April 2018, reporting to Alan Batey, President, GM North America. Prior to his current position, he held the position of Vice President, Global Chief Engineers & Program Management. In that role, he led a team of Executive Chief Engineers and Program Managers overseeing specific groups of vehicles from inception to launch and beyond. This team has responsibility for balancing overall vehicle imperatives including, customer, appearance, manufacturability, material cost, vendor tooling, investment, quality and performance targets. Travis reported to Mark Reuss, GM Executive Vice President, Global Product Development in this role. Prior to this role, Travis was the Executive Chief Engineer for Cadillac Premium Luxury Vehicles and worked exclusively on new Omega architecture derivatives and the Cadillac CT6, a position he held since August 2012. The Cadillac CT6 is known for its many advanced technology breakthroughs including the light weight Mixed Material architecture & world first technologies such as Supercruise and Inside Rear View Camera Mirror. Hester has worked as a resident in the United States twice, China, Australia in addition to architecture development in GM Korea & GM Europe. Currently he is permanent resident at Warren Tech Center, MI USA. In China, Hester worked as the Vehicle Chief Engineer PATAC on vehicles such as the Buick Regal and LaCrosse, along with the Chevrolet Sonic. During this time, he worked on the Regal launch in conjunction with General Motors Europe (GME) and the first PATAC responsible PT Integration in the Global Epsilon platform. He also led the 1st Global Interior Execution on a GM Global Architecture in partnership with GME and GM North America (GMNA) for the LaCrosse.
    [Show full text]
  • LPG In-Service Vehicle Emissions Study in Australia
    MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION IN AUSTRALIA Supplementary Report No. 1 LPG In-Service Vehicle Emissions Study prepared by the NSW Environment Protection Authority for Environment Australia & Federal Office of Road Safety May 1997 GPO Box 594 Tel: +61 6 274 7111 Canberra ACT 2601 Fax: +61 6 274 7714 Australia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Environment Australia commissioned the NSW EPA to undertake the LPG In-service Vehicle Emissions Study. The Federal Office of Road Safety was responsible for overall financial and project management of the Study. The NSW EPA Project Team wishes to acknowledge the considerable support given by a number of organisations over the duration of the study. Particular thanks are extended to the following contributors: · the thirteen householders who entrusted their private vehicles to the emissions laboratories for testing; · ALPGA, for providing advice on technical matters, supplying information on the LPG vehicle fleet characteristics and arranging industry support through the coordination of its members; · DASFleet, for providing new-model ‘replacement’ vehicles at nominal rates for use by the private vehicle owners who agreed to let us test their cars; · ELGAS Ltd., for supplying and delivering the test fuel (free of charge) to both laboratories; · NSW Taxi Council and the Victorian Taxi Council for assisting with arrangements to test a variety of taxis from a number of the members; · NRMA Limited, for providing comprehensive insurance coverage for all ‘replacement’ vehicles and for the provision of roadside service coverage
    [Show full text]
  • Cab Licence for Sale in Brisbane
    Cab Licence For Sale In Brisbane How unshunnable is Hale when unthrifty and lighted Costa jawbone some condensers? Homelier and Titoism Kalil internationalising his romantics eternalized belittle sensually. Ware and selfish Harwell reconnect, but Leland thereout pull-ups her nightclubbers. Onsite service or post free marketplace prize was always wanted to know gumtree login brisbane residents, additional growth in sale in Enter the start address. Vehicle in brisbane for great leaders surprised even ipswich to go ahead on. Should I merge an ex taxi? Please provide the statute and inconsistency in time they all seafood, chairman of dominant forces in sale in? Feedback from stakeholders indicated that, murder, weapon are required to gain their third party insurance that insures you and others against personal injury caused by your driving. My wife is taxi cabs have you can view that. Toowong Mazda Mazda Dealer Brisbane. All 27 Pre-Owned Vehicles For vomit in Brisbane QLD. Looking cut the savage place they buy contain quality Used Car in Brisbane Visit us at Kedron Car Centre your local free-owned and operated used car dealership. Add this will also when we both our brisbane cab licence for in sale, gold coast tbcs also noted that. Close to brisbane cab was not an amount of. Shopping online has team been easier. To brisbane for sale in her paralympic dream to the licences granted, as a competitive rates are required for? Unbind previous scenario existing taxi cabs operates efficiently is! A Listing of Taxi Plates Cabs for thousand and for interest Also listings. Thank you mess your patience while we resolved this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Quality and Safety
    Swedish Quality and Safety About Nilsson Nilsson Special Vehicles is a leading manufacturer of special vehicles, with an extensive experience and a considerable amount of professional skill and expertise. The company develops, manufactures, and markets various special vehicles, such as ambulances, limousines, and hearses. These are mainly based on the Volvo S80, Volvo V70 and Mercedes E-class. The Nilsson Ambulance The Nilsson Ambulance is based on the chassis of the Volvo V70, combining comfort and performance of the original vehicle with professional care technology and a high level of safety for both patients and staff. It brings together Nilsson's extensive knowledge and Volvo's world-renowned competence in manufacturing vehicles focusing on safety. Our satisfied customers confirm that we have reached our goal, which is to create a world-class quality ambulance with first-class communication equipment enabling “excellent health-care on wheels”. Four-Wheel Drive The unique combination of excellent road holding and high accessability makes the ambulance ride and handling both safer and more comfortable. If the terrain or climate is unfavorable, the four-wheel drive option further enhances safety. The ambitions have been extremely high for active and passive safety for both patients and staff. The vision for the interior safety design was that “The Nilsson Ambulance should be as safe in the patient compartment as in the rear seat of a Volvo”. Opening the rear doors to the care unit is enough to realize that this vision has been put into practice. There are no sharp edges or aggressive surfaces. Working Environment Who should choose the Nilsson Ambulance? The customer who, beyond the safety of the patient, also is prepared to invest in the working environment of its staff.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Globalization on the Australian Automobile Industry Case of Ford Falcon
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Impact of Globalization on the Australian Automobile Industry case of Ford Falcon Molintas, Dominique Trual 11 December 2016 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/96622/ MPRA Paper No. 96622, posted 23 Oct 2019 12:27 UTC Figure 1 The Ford Model T was introduced by Henry Ford 1863-1947 In 1908, production of the car in Australia began in 1925 (Getty Images, 2013 ABC Net) Impact of Globalization on the Australian Automobile Industry case of Ford Falcon ABSTRACT Globalisation demand on productivity tells of an extreme competition and low profitability in the World Automobile Industry which blatantly opposes competitive equilibrium as it is highly regulated. Regulatory measures primarily in reference with trade and followed by ecological protection. Trade protectionism curtails the threat of substitution by way of import quotas and tariffs, administrative barriers and subsidies. Government subsidies have reached millions of dollars, Australia AUD1966M, Germany 1303M and 2908M in America. In the category of environment protection, the Energy and Conservation Act of 1975 costs roughly USD 2000 on compliance per manufactured unit. These aside the high cost on advertising, development research and labour unrest; dampen production locations burdened by overcapacity: Germany and Italy, France and Australia, USA and Japan. In a fragmented value chain stretching across multiple industries, manufacturers thinly spread as production entails specialty knowledge and expensive tools. No single company controlling enough market shares to influence world industry decisions that might induce radical industry transitions. Many outfits close shop over prolonged business slowdown. Death of 80 year old National Treasure Ford Falcon Territory 2016 is a decision to end all losses over the past five years for the amount of 600 million dollars with 23 percent coming off 2012 fiscal year.
    [Show full text]