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Roland E Na Chanson De Guillaume

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Roland E Na Chanson De Guillaume 1 LUCAS BITTENCOURT GOUVEIA Par penitence les cumandet a ferir: a legitimação do combate contra os pagãos na Chanson de Roland e na Chanson de Guillaume. São Paulo 2010 2 LUCAS BITTENCOURT GOUVEIA Par penitence les cumandet a ferir: a legitimação do combate contra os pagãos na Chanson de Roland e na Chanson de Guillaume. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Social Área de Concentração: História Medieval Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Cândido da Silva. São Paulo 2010 3 Nome: BITTENCOURT GOUVEIA, Lucas Título: Par penitence les cumandet a ferir: a legitimação do combate contra os pagãos na Chanson de Roland e na Chanson de Guillaume. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Social Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição:_________________________ Julgamento:______________________________ Assinatura:_________________________ Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição:_________________________ Julgamento:______________________________ Assinatura:_________________________ Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição:_________________________ Julgamento:______________________________ Assinatura:_________________________ 4 J’dédicace ceci à tous les miens. A tous les gens qui me connaissent bien, à tous mes potes et mes frangins. A toutes les personnes, même ceux que j’ai perdu de vue. A tous les individus qui peuplent ma Tribu. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS A Marcelo, pela compreensão, pelas oportunidades, pela confiança, pelas discordâncias, pelas cobranças e, sobretudo, paciência. A Christine, por tudo que me ensinou e por todo o carinho, sem a qual eu jamais teria a competência necessária para realizar este trabalho. A Pablo, pelas infindáveis horas de discussão e companhia. A Néri, pelas agradáveis conversas e sugestões. A Rossana, ao Milton, a Cláudia e ao André, pelas trocas enriquecedoras, das quais tenho a certeza de ter sido o maior beneficiário. 6 Etre médiéviste c’est, au plus vrai, prendre position sur la Chanson de Roland. Bernard Cerquiglini Quoniam et mendacia poetarum servirunt veritati. Johannes Parvus 7 RESUMO BITTENCOURT Gouveia, L. Par penitence les cumandet a ferir: a legitimação do combate contra os pagãos na Chanson de Roland e na Chanson de Guillaume. 2010. 113f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2010. A Chanson de Roland, obra construída no século XIX como fundadora da literatura francesa, foi bastante explorada ao longo dos últimos 150 anos, muitas vezes com usos políticos, nem sempre expressos. Apesar de exaustivamente trabalhada pelos estudos literários, são quase inexistentes as investigações históricas sobre o seu conteúdo cristão e suas possíveis relações com a legitimação do combate contra os pagãos. Este trabalho investiga de que forma os pagãos são representados na gestas do final do século XI, e como estas constroem uma alteridade através da religião, da moralidade, da territorialidade, e da etnicidade. Investiga também como os cristãos são representados dentro uma unidade pan-européia, numa sobreposição das noções de império e cristandade, e como sua luta contra os pagãos é legitimada, e mesmo santificada, pelas obras, através do martírio dos seus cavaleiros. Palavras-chave: Cristandade. Canção de Gesta. Cavalaria. Martírio. Islã. 8 ABSTRACT BITTENCOURT Gouveia, L. Par les penitence cumandet a ferir: the legitimacy of combat against the pagans in the Song of Roland and in the Song of William. 2010. 113f. Thesis (Mast) - Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2010. The Song of Roland, explored in the nineteenth century as the main text of French literature, was heavily exploited over the past 150 years, often with political uses, not always expressed. Despite extensive work by literary studies, there hardly any historical research on its Christian content and its possible association with the legitimacy of the combat against the pagans. This work investigates how the pagans are represented in the gestas of the late eleventh century, and how they build an otherness through religion, morality, territoriality, and ethnicity.It also investigates how Christians are represented in a pan-European unity, in a superposition of the notions of empire and Christianity, and how their fight against the heathen is legitimated and even sanctified through the martyrdom of their knights. Keywords: Christianity. Chanson de geste. Chivalry. Martyrdom. Islam. 9 Sumário 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................... 11 2. CAPÍTULO 1 – ROLAND: DAS ORIGENS ÀS INTERPRETAÇÕES .............................................. 20 2.1 Interfaces entre literatura e história ............................................................................ 20 2.2. Gesta: literatura ou história? ....................................................................................... 22 2.3. A querela, ou quimera, das origens ............................................................................ 25 2.4. Individualistas X (Neo)tradicionalistas ....................................................................... 34 2.5. A busca pelo sentido. .................................................................................................. 42 3. CAPITULO 2 - Quan Rollant veit la contredite gent: a representação dos pagãos. ............ 50 3.1. O ciclo épico de Guillaume ........................................................................................ 50 3.2 As gestas e seuas narrativas ........................................................................................ 58 3.2.1 Chanson de Roland: ............................................................................................ 58 3.2.2 Chanson de Guillaume: ...................................................................................... 62 3.3 Narcisismo ou xenofobia? Barthélemy e a negação da alteridade. ............................ 66 3.4. A imagem dos pagãos ................................................................................................. 69 3.5. Etnicidade e território ................................................................................................. 73 3.6. A falsa trindade. ......................................................................................................... 76 4. CAPÍTULO 3 – CHRESTIENTET AIDEZ A SUSTENIR: O IMPÉRIO E A CRISTANDADE. ................. 81 4.1 A Chanson de Roland e os normandos. ..................................................................... 81 4.2. A dupla figura do imperador. ..................................................................................... 84 4.3. A exemplaridade do conde Roland. ............................................................................ 87 4.3.1. Durendal e suas relíquias. ...................................................................................... 89 4.4. O arcebispo Turpin ..................................................................................................... 91 4.5. O martírio de Roland e Vivien ................................................................................... 93 4.6. A noção de Cristandade. ............................................................................................. 95 4.7. Entre o Império e o Reino. ......................................................................................... 97 10 4.8. Os pagãos convertidos .............................................................................................. 100 5. CONCLUSÃO: ................................................................................................................... 104 6. BIBLIOGRAFIA: ................................................................................................................ 108 5.1. Fontes primárias: ...................................................................................................... 108 5.2. Fontes secundárias: ................................................................................................... 108 11 1. INTRODUÇÃO Em agosto de 778, Charles recebeu a notícia de uma rebelião na Saxônia e que seu líder, o saxão Widuking, aproximava-se do Reno. Os saxões, cuja submissão ao rei era recente, ofereciam um perigo real, devido à sua proximidade com um dos palácios imperiais. Charles, que ainda não era Magno, decidiu retornar a Aix-la-Chapelle e lidar com a ameaça saxã. Estava então em campanha no nordeste da Península Ibérica, nos arredores de Pamplona. É o que nos informam os anais carolíngios. Os Annales Mettenses priores, que registram os fatos ocorridos desde a ascensão de Pepino de Herstal, por volta de 675, até o ano de 805, nos informam sobre a submissão dos povos que habitavam a região de Navarra, de alguns muçulmanos recebidos como reféns e da destruição de Pamplona pelos francos e do vitorioso retorno do rei. Outros anais carolíngios repetem as mesmas informações1. Apenas os Annales regni Francorum inde ab a. 741 usque ad a. 829 trazem detalhes sobre a campanha na Espanha. Primeiro, apresentam os adversários wascones, em seguida falam do assalto e conseqüente tomada de Pamplona, assim como da sua posterior destruição, além da entrega dos reféns muçulmanos. A principal informação, completamente ausente nos outros
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