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Family, Lineage and Kinship in the Cycle De Guillaume D'orange

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Family, Lineage and Kinship in the Cycle De Guillaume D'orange FAMILY, LINEAGE AND KINSHIP IN THE CYCLE DE GUILLAUME D ' ORANGE By RONALD GENE KOSS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1988 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES Copyright 1988 by Ronald Gene Koss ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a number of people, all of whom con- tributed, either directly or indirectly, to both this dis- sertation and to my general intellectual development. My undergraduate mentor, Dr. Sandra Soares, inspired, helped and guided me, sparked my interest in the Middle Ages, and above all encouraged me to read, to think, and to imagine. I owe considerable thanks to Dr. George Diller, my disser- tation committee chairman, for his assistance with the me- chanical elements, particularly for helping me refine my expository style, as well as for letting me find my own way while still making sure I didn't get lost. The other mem- bers of my committee also deserve recognition. To Dr. J. Wayne Conner, I am indebted for his assistance in honing my rhetoric, and particularly for his guidance in preparing for my future career. And Dr. Partick Geary's suggestion of the cycle de Guillaume as an area of study, as well as his help with with the historical and social aspects of this study, were invaluable. Finally, and most importantly, I thank my wife Mary, without whose encouragement, motivation, and the sacrifice of a great deal of time and companionship, I could never have accomplished my goals. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS OF TEXT TITLES vii ABSTRACT viii CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of Topic 1 Selection of Texts 9 II LES ENFANCES GUILLAUME 13 Summary 13 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . .15 Characters 18 Relationships 22 Kinship - Re 1 a ted Motives 30 III LE COURONNEMENT DE LOUIS 34 Summary 34 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . .36 Charac ters 38 Relationships 41 Kinship - Re 1 ated Motives 55 IV LE CHARROI DE NIMES 59 Summary 5 9 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . .61 Characters 63 IV CHAPTER Page Relationships 65 Kinship -Related Motives 69 V LA PRISE D ' ORANGE 72 Summary 7 2 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . .74 Characters 77 Relationships 78 Kinship -Related Motives 90 VI LES ENFANCES VIVIEN 92 Summary 9 2 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . .95 Character s 98 Relationships 101 Kinship -Related Motives 121 VII LA CHANSON DE GUILLAUME 125 Summary 125 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . 126 Characters 130 Relationships 135 Kinsh ip - Re la t ed Motives 154 VIII LA CHEVALERIE VIVIEN 158 Summary 158 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . 160 Characters 162 Relationships 165 Kinship - Re 1 a ted Motives 171 IX ALISCANS 176 Summary 176 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . 178 Characters 180 Relationships 181 v CHAPTER Page X LA BATAILLE LOOUIFER - 197 Summary 197 Date, Manuscript Distribution, and Edition . 199 Characters 201 Relationships 204 Kinship-Related Motives 216 XI CONCLUSION 218 APPENDIX I - NARBONNAI S GENEALOGY 245 APPENDIX II - SARACEN GENEALOGY 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY 248 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 255 vi KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS OF TEXT TITLES A 1 i s . Al i s c ans BL La Bataille Loquifer CG La Chanson de Guillaume CL Le Couronnement de Louis CN Le Charroi de Nimes CV La Chevalerie Vivien EG Le s Enfances Guillaume EV Le s Enfances Vivien MG Le Moniaee Guillaume MR Le Moniaee Rainouart PO La Prise d ' Oranee vi i Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FAMILY, LINEAGE AND KINSHIP IN THE CYCLE DE GUILLAUME D' ORANGE By RONALD GENE KOSS April 1988 Chairman: Dr. George T. Diller Major Department: Romance Languages and Literatures This study examines the various roles played by family and kinship bonds in nine poems of the Old French epic cycle of Guillaume d'Orange. The kinship relations in each chanson are first enumerated and described, then we examine the motivations these interactions contribute to the narration. The poets devote particular attention to the bond between uncle and nephew, but other relationships such husband/ wife, as father/son, mother/son, brother/brother , and husband/brother-in-law, also figure prominently in various portions of the cycle. The poets illustrate motivational forces of vengeance and concern for both personal and lineal reputation. We then measure the influence of kinship on the literary goals of the cycle, how kinship contributes to the immortalization of the hero's renown, and how the kin group viii serves as the primary source of characters, plot elements, and thematic content. Finally, these poems are examined as indices of the poet's view of his society, consequently as a form of so- cial commentary, and as an indication of societal transfor- mation. We can observe these in texts family and kinship bonds which produce both cohesive and disruptive forces, especially in the case of marital and affinal ties. Religious profession influences intra- and inter - famil ial relationships, creating on the one hand artificial kinship through common belief, while on the other dividing kin of opposing faiths. The poets also portray the changing roles of women, the development of the concept of the individual apart from his role in a collective unit, and the process of the gradual domination of a patrilineal and patriarchal social system despite the persistent vestiges of matriliny. In summation, the cycle de Guillaume offers a poetic biography, a family history, and a contemporary insight into the structure and evolution of kinship and familial interaction. IX CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Scope of Topic ' "On sait 1 importance d ' un theme comme celui du lignage dans les chan- sons de geste en general et dans le cycle de Guillaume en particulier. Le sentiment du lignage constitue ce qu'on pourrait appeler la conscience collec- tive du heros medieval. Sa honte ou sa gloire r e j a i 1 1 i s s e n t sur sa parente. Ses ancetres lui leguent un heritage de prouesse et d'honneur qu'il doit con- server et augmenter. Rester digne de cette tradition, c'est ’ traire au lig- " nage', lui r e s s emb le r . The concept of kinship is one of the strongest forces of medieval society. The individual relied on family or line- age, as much as on any personal or individual trait, to supply a sense of social identity. This kin-group often comprised several generations and numerous degrees of con- sanguinity, as well as relatives by marriage. It was to this group that loyalty was due, and which stood as a source of comfort, assistance, protection, and of justice (as primitive as it may have been) or the exaction of ven- geance . Jean Frappier, Les chansons de geste du cycle de Guillaume d'Orange . vol. II, 2nd ed. rev. (Paris: SEDES, 1967) 166. 1 : 2 Indeed, it seems quite possible, and especially in the case of the geste de Guillaume , probable, that the family unit served as the breeding ground for the chansons them- selves. In the words of Jeanne Wa the 1 e t - Wi 1 1 em Cette premiere chanson que nous avons supposee [the precursor of the extant written version(s) on peut penser ] , avec vr a i s e mb 1 anc e qu'elle a d'abord vecu dans le cercle restreint de la f a m i 1 i a . des amis charnels . des intimes. Aux slogans successifs, batis sur le modele de celui de Joseph Bedier "Au commencement etait la route", " Au commencement etait le poete", "Au com- mencement etait l'Histoire", "Au com- mencement etait la caste", je preferer- ais pour la geste de Guillaume "Au com- mencement etait la famille". I c i , comme en tout proces il faut demander , "cui prodest? qui avait interet a " , conserver le souvenir d'un ancetre glo- rieux? qui, sinon la famille?^ Basing her deductions on a number of similarities between the fictional Guillaume d'Orange and the historical Guil- laume de Toulouse of the late eighth and early ninth cen- turies, Wathelet-Willem proposes that the legends which constitute the basis of the cycle had their origin with "un 1 poete de ' entourage de Bernard de Septimanie," Guillaume de Toulouse's son. Inevitably, this simple tribute, re- peatedly embellished and expanded by successive generations of poets, became the chans ons we know today: o Jeanne Wathelet-Willem, "Encore et toujours 1'ori- gine des chansons de geste," Societe Rencesvals, Proceed- ings of the Fifth International Conference CO x ford, 1970) (Salford: Salford University Press, 1977) 10. 3 Wathelet-Willem, Encore" 6-9. 3 Les generations succedent aux genera- tions, les poetes reprennent la matiere de leurs ils veulent predecesseurs ; rester fideles aux faits- -parce qu'il s'agit dans leur esprit de faits reels--mais chacun en erabellit la pre- sentation. Ainsi, peu a peu, impercep- tiblement la matiere se deforme. , Chaque chanson reprend la matiere d'une chanson anterieure, parfois pour abre- ger, mais le plus souvent pour amplifi- er. Nous le savons pour les auteurs du XII e siecle et, a ce propos, la compar- aison d' Aliscans avec la Chans on de Gu i 1 1 a urn e offre le meme enseignement que celle des versions rimees avec le Ro 1 and d'Oxford. Pourquoi ne pas ad- mettre avant les plus anciennes chan- sons conservees ce qui s'est passe- nous en avons la preuve - - apres elles?^ Not surprisingly, then, the themes of lineage and kin- ship, and of intra- familial inter-personal relationships, appear in nearly every chanson de geste .
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