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A History of French Literature from Chanson De Geste to Cinema

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A History of French Literature from Chanson De Geste to Cinema A History of French Literature From Chanson de geste to Cinema DAVID COWARD HH A History of French Literature For Olive A History of French Literature From Chanson de geste to Cinema DAVID COWARD © 2002, 2004 by David Coward 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of David Coward to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2002 First published in paperback 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coward, David. A history of French literature / David Coward. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–631–16758–7 (hardback); ISBN 1–4051–1736–2 (paperback) 1. French literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PQ103.C67 2002 840.9—dc21 2001004353 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. 1 Set in 10/13 /2pt Meridian by Graphicraft Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Preface xxii 1 THE MIDDLE AGES 1 Introduction 1 Language 2 Literature 2 Its diffusion 3 Authors 4 Hagiography 6 The chanson de geste 7 Lyric poetry to Rutebeuf 10 Romance 12 Comic realism 17 Le Roman de Renard 17 The fabliau 18 The literature of devotion, moral reflection and information 19 Learning and ideas 22 Theatre 23 Later lyric poetry 25 Fifteenth-century ‘modernism’ 26 Chartier 27 Charles d’Orléans 27 The anti-courtly reaction 28 ‘Rhétoriqueurs’ 29 Villon 29 Conclusion 30 vi CONTENTS 2 THE RENAISSANCE 32 The Age of François I 32 The restitution of letters and the renewal of faith 34 The impact of Italy 34 Philology 35 Neoplatonism 36 Neo-stoicism 36 The new learning 37 Erasmus 37 The Evangelical movement 38 Poetry 39 The ‘rhétoriqueurs’ 39 Marot 40 Latin verse 41 Scève 42 The Lyons poets 42 The defence of women 43 The querelle des Amyes 43 Conclusion 44 Prose 44 The rise of French 45 Chronicle, epic, romance 45 Fiction 46 Rabelais 47 The Generation of the Pléiade 50 The defence of the language 50 Royal intervention 51 Standardization 51 The role of translation 52 Which French? 52 The new poetics and the Pléiade 53 The Défense et illustration 54 The Pléiade 54 Its aesthetic 54 The hierarchy of genres 55 Its themes 55 Love and the court 56 Nature 56 The impact of the Pléiade 57 CONTENTS vii Pléiade poets 57 Du Bellay 58 Ronsard 59 Theatre 61 The Hôtel de Bourgogne 61 Humanist drama 61 Growth of tragedy 62 Neo-classical tragedy 63 Garnier 63 Comedy 64 Literature during the Wars of Religion 65 Introduction 65 The Wars of Religion 66 Henri IV 66 Counter-Reformation 67 Literature 67 Poetry 67 After the Pléiade 68 Poetry and religion 68 Epic 68 The personal meditation 69 Prose 70 Chronicles 71 Political writing 71 Pamphlet literature 72 Prose narrative 72 Moral reflection 73 Montaigne 74 Conclusion 77 3 THE CLASSICAL AGE 79 Writers and Their Public 80 Rewards and favour 80 The status of authors 81 The socialization of literature 82 Taste 82 Preciosity 83 The Précieuses 84 The evolution of taste 84 viii CONTENTS The Elaboration of the Classical Ideal 85 Malherbe 85 The classical doctrine 86 Language 87 The language of classicism 88 Principles and rules 89 Honnêteté 89 The Rise of Rationalism 90 Jesuits and Jansenists 90 The new science 93 The libertins 93 Descartes 94 Pascal 95 Literature 96 Poetry 96 Boileau 99 La Fontaine 99 Fiction 100 The pastoral novel 101 The heroic novel 101 The roman d’analyse 102 The roman réaliste 103 The philosophical novel 104 The conte de fée 105 First-person narrators 105 Fictitious memoirs 106 Theatre 106 The theatres 107 The players 108 The staging of plays 108 Audiences 109 Tragicomedy 109 Comedy 110 Molière 112 Tragedy 115 Corneille 117 Racine 119 The Crisis of Confidence 122 Moral reflection 122 CONTENTS ix The critical spirit 123 The press 123 History 124 Quietism 124 Fénelon 125 Bossuet 125 Malebranche 126 Relativism 126 The new ideas 126 Bayle 127 The spread of science 127 The querelle des anciens et des modernes 128 The Legacy of Classicism 129 4 THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 131 Introduction 131 Writers and Their Public 133 Language 133 Education 133 The reading public 133 The book trade 134 Censorship 135 The status of authors 136 The Rise of the ‘Philosophic’ Spirit 138 The knowledge revolution 139 The cosmopolitan connection 141 Science, religion and the material world 142 Nature 142 Scientific optimism 142 Le Bonheur 143 Pure and applied reason 143 Philosophical optimism 143 Materialism 144 Determinism 144 The Social Programme of the Enlightenment 145 Deism 145 The problem of evil 146 Natural morality 147 Tolerance 147 x CONTENTS Politics 147 Limits of reform 148 The ‘philosophic’ programme 148 L’Encyclopédie 149 Montesquieu 150 Voltaire 151 Rousseau 154 Diderot 156 Philosophie and literature 159 Literature 160 Neo-classicism 160 Anglomania 161 Poetry 161 Theatre 164 Theatres and staging 165 The theatre debate 166 Théâtre de société 166 Tragedy 167 Comedy 168 Marivaux 169 The drame bourgeois 170 Beaumarchais 171 Prose writing 173 Observation 174 Historiography 174 Biography 177 Autobiography 178 Fiction 179 Defence of the novel 180 Public demand 180 Literary strategies 181 Narrative modes 181 Narrative genres 182 Romans d’éducation 182 The roman libertin 183 Realism 185 Nouvelle and conte 186 Beyond Enlightenment 188 Mercier 188 CONTENTS xi Restif 189 Laclos 190 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre 190 Sade 191 Conclusion 192 Enlightenment and Revolution 192 Pre-Romanticism 193 Literature and the Revolution (1789–99) 194 5 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 198 Introduction 198 Writers and Their Public 199 Language 199 Literacy 200 The reading public 200 Censorship 201 Rights and rewards 202 Market forces 204 Status of authors 205 Movements and Schools 206 Intellectual currents 206 Pure and applied science 206 Literature and ideas 207 Digesting the Revolution 208 Throne and altar 208 History 209 Catholicism and the Right 210 Positivism 212 Socialism and the Left 213 Ideas and literature 215 Aesthetic doctrines 216 The growth of schools 216 Chateaubriand 216 Madame de Staël 217 Romanticism 218 Schools of poetry 220 The Parnassian school 220 Baudelaire 221 Symbolism: the first phase 221 xii CONTENTS Décadisme 222 The Symbolist movement 223 The evolution of Symbolism 224 Post-Symbolism 224 The Symbolist revolution 225 Schools of fiction 226 Balzac 227 Realism 227 Naturalism 228 Literary criticism 230 The press 231 Foreign influences 231 Literature 232 Poetry 232 Lamartine 233 Vigny 233 Hugo 234 Other Romantic poets 235 Gautier 236 Leconte de Lisle 237 Parnassian poets 237 Baudelaire 238 Verlaine 239 Rebels of the 1870s 240 Rimbaud 240 Mallarmé 241 Laforgue 242 Poetry to 1914 243 Conclusion 244 Theatre 244 1800–50 245 Tragedy 245 Comedy 246 Romantic drama (1827–43) 247 Musset 249 Vaudeville 250 Scribe 250 Melodrama 251 The classical revival 253 CONTENTS xiii 1850–1914 253 The moralizing school of manners 254 Boulevard theatre of the Belle Époque 256 Naturalist theatre 258 Symbolist theatre 260 Melodrama 262 Conclusion 264 The novel 264 1800–30 265 The ‘personal’ novel 266 Mainstream fiction 267 Romantic fiction to 1830 268 1830–48 269 The roman libertin 270 Colonial fiction 270 Foreign imports 270 Stendhal 271 Balzac 273 Mérimée 274 Sand 275 1848–90 276 The Goncourts 276 Flaubert 277 Zola 278 Maupassant 280 The retreat from Naturalism 280 1890–1914 281 Les psychologues 282 Le roman de l’enfance 283 Decadents 284 Le roman de moeurs 284 Short fiction 285 Conclusion 287 The roman feuilleton and the growth of popular fiction 288 1836–48 288 1848–70 290 1870–1900 293 1900–20 294 Conclusion 296 xiv CONTENTS 6 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 298 Writers and Their Public 299 French in the world 299 Language 300 The public 301 The book trade 302 Censorship 304 Writers’ rewards 305 The status of authors 306 From Literary Doctrine to Critical Theory 307 To 1914 307 Between the wars 308 Surrealism 308 The ‘Collège de Sociologie’ 309 The Catholic revival 310 Since 1940 310 The Aesthetic rump 311 Literary theory 312 La nouvelle critique and Structuralism 313 Post-Structuralism 313 Deconstruction 314 Postmodernism 314 The concept of ‘literature’ 315 The Rise of the Intellectual 316 From Dreyfus to the Great War 316 Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards 317 Ideas to 1914 318 The intellectual in 1914 318 The interwar years 319 Benda 319 Capitalism 320 Fascism v. communism 320 The Front Populaire 321 Realignments 321 Defeat, Occupation and Liberation 322 ‘L’Épuration’ and after 322 Épuration 322 Engagement 323 Sartre and Camus 323 CONTENTS xv Existentialism 323 Sartre 324 Camus 324 ‘Resistentialism’ 325 The 1950s 325 The recovery of the liberal Right 326 Doubts about the USSR 326 Colonialism 326 1962–68 327 A new intellectual order 327 Structuralism 328 Alienation 329 1968–80 329 A new intellectual equation 330 The soixante-huitard spirit 330 A new ‘Resistance’ 330 Post-Structuralism 331 Feminism 331 The retreat from revolution 333 The right-wing reaction 333 The nouveaux philosophes 334 Since 1980 334 An intellectual
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