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Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St. -
Problems of Learning Languages
Министерство образования и науки кыргызской республики кыргызско-российский славянский университет кафедра теории и практики английского языка и межкультурной коммуникации о.Ю. Шубина, в.Ш. Хасанова, н.в. курганова PROBLEMS OF LEARNING LANGUAGES учебное пособие для студентов старших курсов языковых специальностей бишкек 2010 уДк 80/81 ббк 81 Ш 95 рецензенты: в.Д. асанов, доц., р.и. кузьмина, доц., г.а. вишневская, доц. рекомендовано к изданию кафедрой теории и практики английского языка и межкультурной коммуникации и ученым советом крсу Допущено Министерством образования и науки кыргызской республики в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений Шубина О.Ю и др. Ш 95 Problems of learning languages: учебное пособие для студентов страших курсов языковых специальностей / о.Ю. Шубина, в.Ш. Хасанова, н.в. курганова. – б.: крсу, 2010. – 118 с. isbn 978-9967-05-573-5 настоящее учебное пособие “Problems of learning languages” предназнача- ется для студентов старших курсов языковых специальностей. Цель пособия – совершенствование навыков чтения, развитие навыков ре- чевого общения, введение и закрепление лексики по изучаемой теме. пособие состоит из четырех разделов, в каждый из которых включены тематические тексты, определенные задания по различным видам чтения (по- исковое, просмотровое и др.), задания на лексику, задания, направленные на развитие навыков написания аннотаций и эссе. в пособие включены также ролевые игры и тестовые задания для контроля знаний студентов: лексические тесты, тесты к видеофильмам и аудиотесты. в пособие включен словарь-минимум, охватывающий лексику всего мате- риала пособия. задания, предлагаемые в сборнике, предполагают парный и групповой виды работ и предназначены как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы. Ш 4602000000-09 уДк 80/81 ББК 81 isbn 978-9967-05-573-5 © крсу, 2010 CONTENTS Unit I. -
A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. -
Ĉu Vi Konas Ĝian Agadon? | 254
EsperantoOficiala organo de Universala Esperanto-Asocio (en oficialaj rilatoj kun UN kaj Unesko) 113-a jaro . n-ro 1352 (12) | decembro 2020 La Rezolucio de MondaFest' | 243 Post Malapero de la Nova Koronviruso en Wuhan, Ĉinio | 250 E@I festas sian 15-jariĝon – ĉu vi konas ĝian agadon? | 254 ISSN 0014-0635 Kolofono Esperanto Enhavo Oficiala organo de Universala Esperanto-Asocio (en oficialaj rilatoj kun UN kaj Unesko) 243 Universala Kongreso 244 Fondita en 1905 de Paul Berthelot Donante esperon: (1881-1910). Establita kiel organo de UEA en 1908 La Rezolucio de MondaFest' memoraĵoj el 2020 de Hector Hodler (1887-1920). La Monda Festivalo de Esperanto deba- Oficiala Informilo 245 tis, notis, konstatis, insistas, reasertas, al- UEA Misio: vokas, rekomendas kaj atentigas. 246 Kvazaŭ anteno kaptanta la tendencojn, la ardon, Ne nur EKO, la aspirojn de la esperantoj ĉiulande, la revuo ankaŭ la daŭrigo Esperanto prezentu aktualan, interesan, inspiran 250 Alvoko al partopreno en 247 bildon pri la agado kaj strategio de UEA kaj pri la la 72-a okazigo evoluo de Esperanto en monda skalo. Post Malapero de la Nova de la Belartaj Konkursoj Koronviruso en Wuhan de UEA, en 2021 La Esperanto-Movado komencis aktivi- Fake, Science kaj 248 ĝi post nuligo de la nova koronviruso Profesie tra la mondo Redaktoroj: Dmitrij Ŝevĉenko, Anna Striganova en Wuhan, Ĉinio. Inter la 20-a kaj 22-a Ĉu reviviĝos ISAE? Korektisto: Rob Moerbeek de oktobro la urba asocio oka zigis in te- Persona invito al la IKU 249 ' resajn eventojn. en Belfasto Adreso de la Redakcio: MondaFest’ 252 Revuo Esperanto Revivigi la Virtualan Universala Esperanto-Asocio 254 Kongreson Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, 3015 BJ E@I festas sian 15-jariĝon – Afriko brilas 253 Rotterdam, Nederlando Ideo de senlima amikeco tel.: +31 10 436 1044 ĉu vi konas ĝian agadon? Eventoj 259 http://revuoesperanto.org Tio po vas ŝajni mallonga periodo, ta- [email protected] La Internacia «Retinario» men la organizo jam dum tiu mallonga TEJO Aperas: en ĉiu monato krom aŭgusto. -
Amerika Esperantisto V38n03 (Sep 1927)
/ijjniifiTr.iiiiiiinm\uM\\#mw WMM September, 1927 Cheerful News ........................................................ A Resolution and a Pledge ............................... La Dek Devoj de la Esperantisto ................... From the Finance Committee ......................... Esperanto at the W. F. E. A. Conference . An Enthusiastic Letter ....................................... A Beginner in Esperanto ................................. The Birth of the Twin City Esperanto Club Domestic Esperanto N ew s ................................. Amuzaĵoj .................................................................. New E. A. N. A. Officers and Committees . i AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION of NORTH AMERICA, Inc. A propaganda organization for the furtherance of the study and use of the International Auxiliary Language, Esperanto. Yearly Memberships: Regular $1.00; Contributing $3.00; Sustaining $10.00; Life Members $100. CLUB DIRECTORY This department is conducted solely for the Groups are listed for 12 issues of the benefit of our organized groups throughout magazine, at a cost of only 25 cents for the the country. It furnishes a means of keeping two-lme insertion. Extra lines are 10 cents in close touch with the work in other cities, each additional. The heading,—name of city for the exchange of ideas and helpful sugges or town—is inserted free. T his matter war tions, and for the formation of valuable rants the immediate attention of every club friendships in a united field of endeavor. secretary. Group Charter—$1.00. BERKELEY, CALIF. DETROIT. MICH. Berkeleia Esperanto Rondo.—Hilda F. Mills, Detroit Esperanto Office, 2916 East Grand Secy., 18 Northampton Ave., Berkeley, Calif. Blvd.—Open daily. Library at disposal of Meets Saturdays 7.30 P. M., Meeting House everybody daily, 7 A. M. to 9 P. M. except of Society of Friends. -
Views on Esperanto in the Bahá'í Faith
Esperantologio / Esperanto Studies 7 (2015), 41 60 Views on Esperanto in the Bahá’í faith: A revised subchapter in Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era Leif Nordenstorm Contents 1. Studies about Esperanto in Bahá’í 2. Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era as authoritative text in Bahá’í 3. Esperanto in Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era 4. Analysis of the text in the editions of 1923 and 1927 5. The answer about the language to be chosen 6. Analysis of the text in the editions of 1937, 1950 and 1970 7. The reasons for the changes in the text 8. Conclusions Thanks References Abstract. The question about a universal language and particularly about Esperanto is treated in a subchapter in the book Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, which is an officially sanctioned presentation about Bahá’í religion. In the original edition of 1923 the support for Esperanto was clearly expressed, because the leader of the religion, ’Abdu’l-Bahá, supported the idea about Esperanto as a Universal Language, and several times urged Bahá’ís to learn it. The author of the book, J. E. Esslemont, learned it and even practiced Esperanto on his deathbed. Quotations, however, show that there was a discussion also about other planned languages among Bahá’ís. In the editions of 1937, 1950 and 1970, the final part of the presentation about Esperanto was modified. The author shows that the reason of the change is that Esperanto in Bahá’í is associated with millenarian expecta- tions of the “Most High Peace” and the “Coming of the Kingdom of God” in 1957. -
Esperanto, Civility, and the Politics of Fellowship: A
ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ana Velitchkova Omar Lizardo, Director Graduate Program in Peace Studies and Sociology Notre Dame, Indiana July 2014 © Copyright by ANA MILENOVA VELITCHKOVA 2014 All rights reserved ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY Abstract by Ana Velitchkova This dissertation examines global, regional, state-, group-, and person-level processes involved in the growth of the movement formed around the constructed international language Esperanto. The Esperanto movement emerged in the global arena in the late nineteenth century as a response to inequalities in the nation-state field. In the course of several decades, the movement established a new global field based on the logic of equal communication through Esperanto and on the accumulation of cultural capital. While the field gained autonomy from the nation-state field, it has not been recognized as its equal. Persons endowed with cultural capital but lacking political and economic capital have been particularly drawn to Esperanto. Ironically, while attempting to overcome established unfair distinctions based on differential accumulation of political and economic capital, the Esperanto movement creates and maintains new distinctions and inequalities based on cultural capital accumulation. Ana Velitchkova At the regional level, the Esperanto movement became prominent in state- socialist Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. The movement found unexpected allies among independent states in the Eastern European periphery. -
Language Attitudes Among Esperanto Speakers Varia
146 VARIA / MISCellANEOUS Język. Komunikacja. Informacja Ilona Koutny, Ida Stria (red./ed.) 12/2017: 146–158 Ida Stria Language attitudes among Esperanto speakers Abstrakt (Postawy językowe użytkowników esperanto). Esperanto jest planowym mię- dzynarodowym językiem pomocniczym, skonstruowanym przez L.L. Zamenhofa i wydanym w 1887 r. Mimo że został stworzony, aby ułatwić komunikację międzynarodową, stał się narzędziem samoidentyfikacji. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu opisanie postaw językowych, które formują się w esperanckiej wspólnocie językowej oraz wykazanie, że te postawy kształtują tę społeczność. Abstract. Esperanto is a planned international auxiliary language, constructed by L.L. Za- menhof and published in 1887. Although created to facilitate international communication, it has become a tool of self-identification. This paper aims to describe language attitudes formed in the Esperanto speech community and to demonstrate that these attitudes shape the community. Introduction Esperanto is an international auxiliary language initiated in 1887. Over the years it has developed into a full-fledged language with a robust speech community (see Blanke 2001; Duličenko 2001; Stria 2015). Esperanto speakers use it not only as a simple mode of intercultural communication; they develop the language and form their identity through it. This paper deals with some aspects of this community, discussing language attitu- des and their consequences for the speakers. It is argued that Esperanto, in the begin- ning meant to serve as a language to ease international communication, is no longer primarily so used. Although Esperanto speakers very often boast knowledge of more than one native and various foreign languages, Esperanto itself is usually not counted among “foreign” languages, but rather as a means of self-identification. -
Topological Evolution of Networks: Case Studies in the US Airlines and Language Wikipedias By
Topological Evolution of Networks: Case Studies in the US Airlines and Language Wikipedias by Gergana Assenova Bounova B.S., Theoretical Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003) B.S., Aeronautics & Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003) S.M., Aeronautics & Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2005) Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2009 c 2009 Gergana A. Bounova, All rights reserved. ... The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Author.......................................................................................... Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics February 27, 2009 Certified by..................................................................................... Prof. Olivier L. de Weck Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Thesis Supervisor Certified by..................................................................................... Prof. Christopher L. Magee Professor of the Practice of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Systems Certified by..................................................................................... Dr. Daniel E. Whitney Senior Research Scientist, Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development, Senior Lecturer in -
Langmag July06 14-17.Qxd (Page 1)
Methodology Robert L. Read and Steven D. Brewer explain how Esperanto acts as a springboard for the acquisition of other languages Who Knows Where Esperanto Might Lead? In 1887, an obscure eye doctor in ly attain a competency that eluded them in Esperanto, or any language, provides a Poland self-published a little book in Russian. learning an ethnic language or report that they propaedeutic effect in learning a next lan- Over the next several years Lingvo Internacia1 reached a given level of competency in a frac- guage which is similar. appeared in English, French, German, tion of the time required by a national lan- Several factors may contribute to the Hebrew, and Polish. This book, written under guage. Early success creates a virtuous cycle Corder effect, including similarities in vocabu- the pen name Doctor Esperanto, laid the which encourages more study and often leads lary, grammatical structure, and word order. foundation for a new language that would to genuine fluency. Achievement yields positive Similarity of vocabulary has been shown to achieve what no other language project had effects on student self-confidence, insight into be an effective metric for predicting how ever done: establish a living community that the nature of languages in general, and the much knowing one language will help with would go on to survive the death of its cre- structure of their native language in particular. learning another.5 Since Esperanto was ator. Even conservative estimates place the Barry Farber writes in his book How to designed to have a widely recognized vocab- number of active speakers in the tens of Learn Any Language:2 “It’s said that once you ulary and grammatical features broadly thousands, with the number who have master one foreign language, all others come shared across language families, it takes learned Esperanto at some time in their lives much more easily. -
The Story of Ludwik Zamenhof and Esperanto
Is It P ossible for A ll P eople to Speak th e Sam e Language? The Story of Ludw ik Zamenhof and Esperanto Federico Gobbo (Am sterdam / Torino) PO LIN Museum , 14 Decem ber ( ursday), 6 PM, free adm ission Abstract First, we will see the pillars of Zam enhof's thinking and why his linguistic project a$racted the Esperanto pioneers. Then, we will move on the contem porary days, looking to the m otivations of today’s speakers and their aspirations for the present and future of Esperanto. About the lecturer Lecture by Professor Federico Gobbo from University of Am sterdam . Federico Gobbo is Full Professor at the University of Amsterdam, holding the Special Chair in Interlinguistics and Esperanto, and teaching fellow in Language Planning and Planned Language at the University of Torino (Italy). He is a leading scholar in the analysis of the Esperanto phenom enon and language, including Zam enhof’s heritage in th e E s p e ra n to c o m m u n ity o f p ra c tic e . About the lecture Lecture delivered in English with simultaneous translation into Polish. The lecture is organized within the Global Education Outreach Program . The lecture was made possible thanks to the support of the Taube Foundation for Jew ish L ife & C u ltu re, th e W illia m K . B o w es, Jr. F o u n d a tio n , a n d th e A sso cia tio n o f th e Jew ish H isto rica l In stitu te of P o lan d . -
Phonological Recoverability in Dialects of Dutch
Phonological recoverability in dialects of Dutch Marc van Oostendorp First draft, February 13, 2004 Comments welcome 1 Introduction One of the fundamental problems for constraint-based theories of phonology is the issue of opacity: a phonological process applies where it should not, or does not apply where it should, if we look at the phonological context on the surface. Since well-formedness constraints in a theory such as Optimal- ity Theory typically refer to surface structure only, it is a puzzle how to deal with such phenomena within this theory. Various solutions have been pro- posed, all of them necessarily requiring some level of abstraction. Most of these involve some mechanism to introduce an extra representational level; an example of this is Sympathy Theory (McCarthy, 1999), in which one of the non-winning candidate representations can still influence the form of the output because it does contain the relevant phonological context, and the ac- tual output form is bound to this candidate by faithfulness relations. This representation is abstract in the sense that it is not pronounced; but it can influence the shape of the surface form; the solution is highly reminiscent of derivational theories, in which the abstract representation is a separate step in the derivation. Leaving aside the question whether this level of abstractness is required for other cases, I argue that one class of cases of phonological opacity can be handled without stipulating an extra level of representation, but by taking into account the morphological structure of the forms in question. In par- ticular, deleted segments sometimes still seem to influence the surface rep- resentation of morphologically complex words, since without this influence a whole morpheme would be lost.