DOCSLIB.ORG

Strong Position : عوﺿوﻣﻟا مﺳا How Iran Dealt with Recent ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣوﺿوع

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Strong Position : عوﺿوﻣﻟا مﺳا How Iran Dealt with Recent ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣوﺿوع Strong Position : ωϭοϭϣϟ΍ϡγ΍ How Iran Dealt with Recent : ωϭοϭϣϟ΍ϥ΍ϭϧϋ Developments in Manbij 07/01/2019 : έηϧϟ΍ΦϳέΎΗ ΔϣΩϘΗϣϟ΍ΕΎγ΍έΩϟ΍ϭΙΎΣΑϸϟϝΑϘΗγϣϟ΍ίϛέϣ : ΏΗΎϛϟ΍ϡγ΍ : ωϭοϭϣϟ΍ 9/25/2021 8:27:42 AM 1 / 2 Iran quickly supported the advance of the Syrian regular forces towards the Kurdish militias-controlled town of Manbij on 28 December 2018, albeit some parties denied that, which indicate that it has begun to re-calibrate its strategies to deal with the new realities after the decision of the US president Donald Trump to withdraw his military forces from Syria on the 19th of the same month.Although the Iranian stance may affect its strong relations with Turkey, as was evident in the recent visit of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani to Ankara and the convening of the fifth meeting of the Iran-Turkey¶s Supreme Council for Strategic Relations, one day later. Iran believes that these developments are consistent with its interests in Syria and the possible escalation with the US and Israel.Numerous ReasonsThe Iranian support for the recent moves taken by the Syrian regime in coordination with the People¶s Protection Units of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) can be attributed to numerous reasons, which are not related only to its view of the developments on the Syrian front, but also to its internal calculations towards the Iranian Kurds and its relations with Turkey, with which it has bilateral and trilateral political and security understandings as part of the Astana talks with Russia. Here are the main reasons: 1- To bolster the Syrian regime¶s position: Tehran believes that the advance of Syrian regular forces towards Manbij, an area of a particular interest to the Kurds and Turkey, strengthens the negotiating position of the Syrian regime ahead of the new talks with the opposition, which are aimed to form the constitutional committee. It also coincides with the new missions of the UN envoy to Syria, Geir Pedersen.Accordingly, expanding the area controlled by the regime will reinforce its negotiating position with the opposition. Notably, the Syrian regime has exploited this development to demand the right to select members of the biggest part of (the civil society, clan and independent) group in the constitution committee, since the regime dominates about 60% of Syria, according to numerous estimates. Numerous parties are trying hard to overcome the obstacles standing in the way of forming this committee.2- To contain Kurdish movements: The entry of Syrian forces into Manbij may enhance the level of political and security coordination between the Syrian regime and the Kurds in the next period. This, in turn, would support the regime in any possible confrontations with opposition factions if the efforts aimed at launching the political process, by agreeing to form the constitutional committee, fail.The Iranian fears over the possible failure of the talks can be attributed to several reasons, the most important of which is that the unresolved differences between the parties are significant and cannot be easily settled. In addition, the US withdrawal from Syria may force the opposition to reassess its strategies in a way that might affect the possible paths of upcoming talks.Moreover, the difficult conditions set by the regime, based on the developments in recent months, may weaken the prospect of the upcoming talks yielding a positive outcome, to reach a political settlement to the crisis.3- To exert pressure on Turkey: Despite the ongoing coordination between Iran and Turkey, bilaterally through reciprocal visits by Iranian Presidents Hassan Rouhani and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and trilaterally through talks with Russia in Astana and the capitals of the three countries- which will continue with a trilateral summit in Russia at the beginning of next year- Iran decided to back the recent military moves of the Syrian army.Iran considers that the potential gains it may achieve, particularly from consolidating the regime¶s control over the largest part of Syrian territory, are significant and hence worth pursuing even if they lead to straining its relations with Ankara, an unlikely possibility but cannot be excluded, given the many factors that push the two parties together to contain their differences and continue collaboration on various issues.From the Iranian perspective, these developments weaken Turkey¶s influence in Syria, and hence would give it an opportunity to exert pressure on Ankara to respond more positively to the new realities imposed by the regime¶s strengthening grip at home, as well as the emerging signs of an openness in its relations at the Arab level.4- To fortify the home front: Many analysts in Tehran argue that the recent steps taken by the Syrian Kurdish militias weaken the position of Kurdish nationalism in general, particularly in Iran. The relationship between the Iranian regime and the Kurds has reached an unprecedented tension, as evident in the attacks and counter attacks between the two sides, the latest of which were the missile strikes launched by the Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) on the base of the Iranian Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in the Koy Sanjaq, a town in Erbil governorate in Iraqi on September 9, 2018.According to that view, the strategic gains made by the Kurdish militias in Syria through their involvement in the fight against ISIS and the strong support of the US prior to its withdrawal have spurred other Kurdish nationalities, particularly in Iran, Iraq and Turkey. This emboldened them to up the ante and engage in political and military confrontations with the regular forces, a path that will likely change in light of the possible cooperation between the Syrian Kurds and the regime.Limited GainsHowever, there are limits to the positive outcomes of the future cooperation between the Syrian regime and the Kurdish militias on Iran¶s interests. The recent efforts of the latter to entrench its influence in Syria will face challenges that may grow increasingly difficult, given Israel¶s insistence on delivering stronger strikes to prove its ability to move in Syria and curtail the influence of its opponents, even after the recent US decision to withdraw from there.Moreover, the recent developments could prove unhelpful in easing the tensions with Iranian Kurds, especially since their demands are not directly related to what is happening in the areas inhabited by the Kurdish nationalities of other countries. The most important variables affecting the interactions between the two parties are the policies pursued by the regime, which rely on marginalization and exclusion, leading to widespread protests both in the Kurdish areas and in those inhabited by other nationalities, which suffer the same grievances.Finally, Iran¶s success in expanding its control on the ground will most likely unnerve Russia. Moscow may perceive the growing Iranian influence as a threat to its influence, being the main player, which has determined the course of military confrontations and political developments in Syria. 9/25/2021 8:27:42 AM 2 / 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EASO Rapport D'information Sur Les Pays D'origine Iraq Individus Pris
    European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 D’autres informations sur l’Union européenne sont disponibles sur l’internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9485-051-5 doi: 10.2847/95098 © European Asylum Support Office 2019 Sauf indication contraire, la reproduction est autorisée, moyennant mention de la source. Pour les contenus reproduits dans la présente publication et appartenant à des tierces parties, se référer aux mentions relatives aux droits d’auteur desdites tierces parties. Photo de couverture: © Joel Carillet, un drapeau iraquien flotte sur le toit de l’église syro- orthodoxe Saint-Ephrem de Mossoul (Iraq), qui a été fortement endommagée, quelques mois après que ce quartier de Mossoul a été repris à l’EIIL. L’emblème de l’EIIL était peint sur la façade du bâtiment durant l’occupation de Mossoul par l’EIIL. EASO RAPPORT D’INFORMATION SUR LES PAYS D’ORIGINE IRAQ: INDIVIDUS PRIS POUR CIBLE — 3 Remerciements Le présent rapport a été rédigé par des experts du centre de recherche et de documentation (Cedoca) du bureau belge du Commissariat général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides. Par ailleurs, les services nationaux d’asile et de migration suivants ont procédé à une relecture du présent rapport, en concertation avec l’EASO: Pays-Bas, Bureau des informations sur les pays et de l’analyse linguistique, ministère de la justice Danemark, service danois de l’immigration La révision apportée par les départements, experts ou organisations susmentionnés contribue à la qualité globale du rapport, mais ne suppose pas nécessairement leur approbation formelle du rapport final, qui relève pleinement de la responsabilité de l’EASO.
    [Show full text]
  • The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology
    Durham E-Theses The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN How to cite: AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN (2019) The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13290/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology Zhwan Othman Ahmed A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages and Cultures Durham University 2019 Abstract This thesis investigates phonological processes in Sorani Kurdish within the framework of Element Theory. It studies two main varieties of Sorani spoken in Iraq which are Slemani and Hawler. Since the phonology of SK is one of the least studied areas in Kurdish linguistics and the available studies provide different accounts of its segments, I start by introducing the segmental system of the SK dialect group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonology of Pharyngeals and Pharyngealization in Pre-Modern Aramaic
    The Phonology of Pharyngeals and Pharyngealization in Pre-Modern Aramaic Robert D. Hoberman Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 105, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1985), pp. 221-231. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28198504%2F06%29105%3A2%3C221%3ATPOPAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O Journal of the American Oriental Society is currently published by American Oriental Society. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aos.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • TERRORIST ATTACK at the HEADQUARTER of the KURDISTAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY العربیە English
    Kurdistan Democratic Party KDP-Iran TERRORIST ATTACK AT THE HEADQUARTER OF THE KURDISTAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY العربیە English An announcement about Additionally, two Peshmerga of Party the terrorist attack at the and two security guards were injured as a result of this terrorist explosion. headquarter of Kurdistan We condemn this terrorist attack and Democratic Party express our condolence and sympathy to the families of those who murdered Kurdistan Democratic Party Democratic Kurdistan KDP-Iran For the Public Information in this attack. We wish quick recovery A terrorist explosion happened close to the for those injured. 4 Kurdistan Democratic Party’s headquarter, at We add that the investigation process which 6 persons were killed and 4 injured. has already initiated and the investigation Tonight December 20th, 2016, two explosions forces and related officials are in place happened in the front of Kurdistan Democratic right now accomplishing their job. 21 Des. 2016 Party headquarter at 10 PM (Erbil local time). We will provide more information in While people who were leaving the headquarter following announcements later when after being attending the memorial ceremony we have access to more details. Terror not our answer Terror honoring Dr. Ghassemlou the Party headquarter was targeted by two explosions at which 6 Kurdistan Democratic Party persons were killed and 4 were injured during (KDP-Iran) this terrorist attack. Political Bureau December 20th, 2016 Here is the name of those killed: 1. Ali Qoitasi, (KDP-Iran) member 2. Vahab Mirkhezri, (KDP-Iran) member 3. Salar Bagheri, (KDP-Iran) Peshmerga 4. Arsalan Abbasnia, (KDP-Iran) Peshmerga 5. Naser Karimi, Kurdistan Democratic youth organization member 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ZENODO Bulletin of SOAS, 71, 3 (2008), 409–431. E School of Oriental and African Studies. Printed in the United Kingdom. Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic1 Hezy Mutzafi Tel Aviv University [email protected] Abstract The present article seeks to describe a major group of Jewish North- Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects located across the Great Zab river in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the dialectological map of NENA, hence the term ‘‘Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic’’ (‘‘Trans-Zab’’, for short) chosen for this dialect group. A large set of phonological, morphophonological, morphological and lexical innova- tions, shared by all members of this group, is presented. Each of the Trans-Zab features is compared with contrastive parallel features in other, selected NENA varieties. Finally, an internal classification of Trans-Zab into three subdivisions is proposed, based on a comparison of three respective paradigms of the positive present copula. I. Introduction North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) is an extremely diverse group of Christian and Jewish Aramaic varieties exhibiting an intricate maze of crisscrossing isoglosses that render its subgrouping a very difficult task indeed. One major difficulty in this regard is distinguishing between shared innovations, which are the result of genetic inheritance from a common ancestor, and other common innovations which are irrelevant to genetic classification, being the result of parallel independent developments or areal diffusion across various dialect clusters. An attempt at a comprehensive subgrouping of NENA would be, to my mind, premature at the present stage of imperfect knowledge of this group’s 1 Note the following abbreviations: Ar.
    [Show full text]
  • Clans, Tribes and Their Locality in Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
    Appendix Clans, Tribes and Their Locality in Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq While compiling the lists with clans the author found that in some cases lists do not (completely) overlap. Since the sources are trustworthy, they are indicated here. This shows the importance of correct knowledge of clans and their influence in the areas they are inhabiting. 1 Clans in Chechnya1 Confederation Clans Localisation A’kkhiï Bartchakhoï, J’evoï, Ziogoï, In the east of Chechnya, Pkhiartchoï, Pkhiartchakhoï, near Daghestan; North of Nokkhoï, Va’ppiï Daghestan Malkhiï Amkhoï, Bia’stiï, Bienastkhoï, In the south west of Italtchkhoï, Kamalkhoï, Chechnya, along the frontier Kkhoratkhoï, Kiegankhoï, with Ingushetia and Georgia Mechiï, Sakankhoï, Teratkhoï, Tchiarkhoï, Erkhoï, Yamkhoï Nokhtchmakhkoï Aïtkhaloï, Belguiatoï, Benoï, East, Southeast and part of Biltoï, Guandarguenoï, central Chechnya Guiordaloï, Gouonoï, Zandak’oï, Ikhiiroï, Ichkhoï, Kourchaloï, Sessankhoï, Tchermoï, Tsientaroï, Tchartoï, Eguiachbatoï, Enakkhaloï, Enganoï, Chouonoï, Yalkhoï, Yaliroï Terloï Nik’aroï, O’chniï, Cho’ndiï, Along the Tchanty-Argun Eltpkh’arkhoï 1 M.A. Mamakaev. Le taipe (lignee) tchétchène dans la période de sa désintégration (Grozny: Maison d’édition tchétchéno-ingouche, 1973), 18–19 in Viacheslav Avioutskii, 54. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���� | doi:10.1163/9789004415485_013 Charlotte Hille - 9789004415485 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 01:32:57AM via free access <UN> �36 APPENDIX: CLANS, TRIBES AND THEIR LOCALITY Confederation Clans Localisation
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK
    Deconstructing Ethnic Conflict and Sovereignty in Explanatory International Relations: The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK Submitted by Johannes Černy to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Ethno-Political Studies in September 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: _____Johannes Cerny_____________________ 1 2 Abstract: This study is essentially a critique of how the three dominant paradigms of explanatory international relations theory – (neo-)realism, liberalism, and systemic constructivism – conceive of, analytically deal with, and explain ethnic conflict and sovereignty. By deconstructing their approaches to ethnic identity formation in general and ethnic conflict in particular it argues that all three paradigms, in their epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies through reification and by analytically equating ethnic groups with states, tend to essentialise and substantialise the ethnic lines of division and strategic essentialisms of ethnic and ethno-nationalist elites they set out to describe, and, all too often, even write them into existence. Particular attention, both at the theoretical and empirical level, will be given to the three explanatory frameworks explanatory IR has contributed to the study of ethnic conflict: the ‘ethnic security dilemma’, the ‘ethnic alliance model’, and, drawing on other disciplines, instrumentalist approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century
    Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Qadir Muhammad Muhammad School of History, Politics & International Relations University of Leicester 2017 Abstract Qadir Muhammad Muhammad This thesis is the first critical study of British travel writing on Kurdistan in the nineteenth century based upon travellers‟ accounts and unpublished reports of diplomats. The principal aim is to identify which aspects of Kurdish society and culture were highlighted by the British and to analyse what factors influenced British representations of the region and its people. The travellers‟ emphasis upon Kurdish culture and the Kurds‟ tribal culture, for example, is discussed in terms of contemporary interest in enlightenment sociology and the emergence of anthropology. A second key aim is to establish how far the British understood Kurds from their perspective on people in the East, whether they saw them as part of a homogeneous group of people, and the extent to which they recognised Kurds as culturally, socially, politically, and geographically. Finally, this thesis examines the importance of the Kurdish regions to the British imperial agenda. This research has made some important findings: firstly, it has confirmed that the British travellers were inclined to represent the Kurds as different from the other Muslim societies and therefore complicates our understanding of British views of the Ottoman and Persian empires in the nineteenth century. It shows that although the British depicted the Kurds as barbarous and quarrelsome, their accounts of Kurdistan did not fit a straightforward „Orientalist‟ model, particularly with regard to their observations on Kurdish women and the decline of the nomadic lifestyle.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Neuaramäische Dialekt Von ʾaṛmoṭa
    Der neuaramäische Dialekt von ʾAṛmoṭa Untersuchung zur Phonologie und Morphologie Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von: Kawther Najeeb Askar aus Erbil-ʿAnkawa (Irak) Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Shabo Talay (Freie Universität Berlin) Heidelberg, im September, 2020 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 ʾAṛmoṭa, Geographie und Geschichte ............................................................................ 3 1.2 Informationen zu den Christen in ʾAṛmoṭa .................................................................... 5 1.3 Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ................................................................. 6 1.4 Zur Methodik ................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Vom Altsyrischen zum neuaramäischen Dialekt von ʾAṛmoṭa ........................................ 7 1.6 Einflüsse anderer Sprachen ......................................................................................... 10 2 PHONOLOGIE...................................................................................... 13 2.1 Das Konsonantensystem .............................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Die Entwicklung der begadkefat ........................................................................... 13 2.1.1.1
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Oil & Gas Report Q2 2011
    Q2 2011 www.businessmonitor.com IRAQ OIL & GAS REPORT INCLUDES BMI'S FORECASTS ISSN 1748-4030 Published by Business Monitor International Ltd. IRAQ OIL & GAS REPORT Q2 2011 INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2020 Part of BMI's Industry Report & Forecasts Series Published by: Business Monitor International Copy deadline: February 2011 Business Monitor International © 2011 Business Monitor International. Mermaid House, All rights reserved. 2 Puddle Dock, London, EC4V 3DS, All information contained in this publication is UK copyrighted in the name of Business Monitor Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 0468 International, and as such no part of this publication Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 0467 may be reproduced, repackaged, redistributed, resold in Email: [email protected] whole or in any part, or used in any form or by any Web: http://www.businessmonitor.com means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by information storage or retrieval, or by any other means, without the express written consent of the publisher. DISCLAIMER All information contained in this publication has been researched and compiled from sources believed to be accurate and reliable at the time of publishing. However, in view of the natural scope for human and/or mechanical error, either at source or during production, Business Monitor International accepts no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage resulting from errors, inaccuracies or omissions affecting any part of the publication. All information is provided without warranty, and Business Monitor International makes no representation of warranty of any kind as to the accuracy or completeness of any information hereto contained. Iraq Oil & Gas Report Q2 2011 © Business Monitor International Ltd Page 2 Iraq Oil & Gas Report Q2 2011 CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • KAS International Reports 08/2013
    50 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 8|2013 THE TERRITORIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CENTRAL IRAQI GOVERNMENT AND THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT Dr. Awat Asadi is a political scientist, freelance journalist and translator based Awat Asadi in Bonn. Ten years ago, on 9 April 2003, live TV pictures docu- mented an act symbolising the collapse of a dictatorship. Using an armoured recovery vehicle, the soldiers of a bri- gade of the 3rd Infantry Division of the U.S. Army toppled a six metre bronze statue of Saddam Hussein. In December 2011 U.S. troops left the country. Yet, all these years later, the political situation in Iraq remains unstable. Although the level of violence has decreased in relative terms, the situation has been exacerbated even further by increasing power struggles. The Kurdish issue has been and remains particularly controversial. The matter has been increas- ingly affecting development and restructuring processes in the country in many areas. THE ORIGIN OF THE CONFLICT The territorial disputes between Iraqi governments and the ethnic Kurds living in the north and northeast of the country (Fig. 1) go back a long way. During the past few decades, these frequently resulted in crises and violent clashes with devastating consequences. Directly after the First World War, this conflict ran its course from 1919 to 1925. During this period, the political landscape in the region underwent a fundamental change. In Paris, the site of the peace negotiations between the victorious powers and the vanquished, the Allies agreed right from the start of the consultations to separate Armenia, Syria, Mesopo- tamia, Kurdistan, Palestine and Arabia from the Ottoman 8|2013 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 51 Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Freya Stark's Known Covert Activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943
    Appendix A: Freya Stark’s known covert activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943, compiled from various archival and published sources From To Region Visited Objective/product Client 1927–10 1928 Levant Beirut; Unknown. Probably debriefed SIS/ Damascus; regarding the Jebel Druze WO? Jebel Druze; Palestine; Cairo 1930–04 1930–06 Persia Elburz Cartographic survey (Valley of WO Mountains the Assassins) 1931–08 1931–10 Persia Elburz Cartographic and WO/ Mountains; archaeological surveys (Valley RGS Luristan of the Assassins; Luri graves); RGS reports 1931–10 1933–03 Baghdad – Baghdad Times (mostly) ? 1932–09 1933–02 Persia Luristan Cartographic survey (Pusht-i-­ WO Kuh [uncharted]) 1934–12 1935–04 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence. RGS? Aborted (measles) 1937–10 1938–03 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence; just RGS RGS reports. (Wakefield archaeological expedition leader) 1939–03 1939–07 Syria Hama, Probably no intelligence RGS? Orontes valley, Aleppo © The Author(s) 2019 261 A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6 262 APPENDIX A: FREYA STARK’S KNOWN COVERT ACTIVITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST… From To Region Visited Objective/product Client 1939–10 1939–10 Cairo – Meetings in Cairo with various – intelligence personalities: Cawthorn (MEIC), Thornhill (SIS), Clayton (DDMI), et al. 1939–11 1940–02 Aden – Assistant Information Officer. MOI/ Ikhwan al-Hurriya. Bonzo FO scheme 1940–02 1940–03 Yemen Sana’a Political, military, economic MEIC/ intelligence. Persuasion FO 1940–07 1941–03 Cairo Ikhwan. Bonzo scheme MOI/ SOE 1941–03 1943–02 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI 1943–02 1943–03 Delhi Bonzo scheme GOC 1943–04 1943–08 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI Periods between travels spent in the UK and/or Italy.
    [Show full text]