Freya Stark's Known Covert Activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943

Home , 14 July Revolution, Arab Bureau, Faysh Khabur, Freya Stark, Fritz Grobba, Golden Square (Iraq)

Appendix A: Freya Stark’s known covert activities in the Middle East, 1927–1943, compiled from various archival and published sources

From To Region Visited Objective/product Client

1927–10 1928 Levant Beirut; Unknown. Probably debriefed SIS/ Damascus; regarding the Jebel Druze WO? Jebel Druze; Palestine; Cairo 1930–04 1930–06 Persia Elburz Cartographic survey (Valley of WO Mountains the Assassins) 1931–08 1931–10 Persia Elburz Cartographic and WO/ Mountains; archaeological surveys (Valley RGS Luristan of the Assassins; Luri graves); RGS reports 1931–10 1933–03 Baghdad – Baghdad Times (mostly) ? 1932–09 1933–02 Persia Luristan Cartographic survey (Pusht-i- WO Kuh [uncharted]) 1934–12 1935–04 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence. RGS? Aborted (measles) 1937–10 1938–03 Yemen Hadhramaut Probably no intelligence; just RGS RGS reports. (Wakefield archaeological expedition leader) 1939–03 1939–07 Syria Hama, Probably no intelligence RGS? Orontes valley, Aleppo

From To Region Visited Objective/product Client

1939–10 1939–10 Cairo – Meetings in Cairo with various – intelligence personalities: Cawthorn (MEIC), Thornhill (SIS), Clayton (DDMI), et al. 1939–11 1940–02 Aden – Assistant Information Officer. MOI/ Ikhwan al-Hurriya. Bonzo FO scheme 1940–02 1940–03 Yemen Sana’a Political, military, economic MEIC/ intelligence. Persuasion FO 1940–07 1941–03 Cairo Ikhwan. Bonzo scheme MOI/ SOE 1941–03 1943–02 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI 1943–02 1943–03 Delhi Bonzo scheme GOC 1943–04 1943–08 Baghdad Ikhwan MOI

Periods between travels spent in the UK and/or Italy. The duration and nature of Stark’s association with SIS throughout this period remain obscure Appendix B: Cover names of OSS-SI agents in Iraq, 1943–1945, compiled from various archival sources

Operational Reporting Real Other Location

BUFFALO Walter Donor Arthur Dayton Art Baghdad BUNNY Henry Ibsen Dr Hans Hoff ‘Doc’ Baghdad KANGAROO Calvin Warne Rev Thomas Allen Tom Tabriz IBEX Robert Craig Unknown Real name? Mosul

© The Author(s) 2019 263 A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6 Appendix C: Covert initiatives targeting Iraq, 1941–1945, compiled from various archival and published sources

© The Author(s) 2019 265 A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6 266 APPENDIX C: COVERT INITIATIVES TARGETING IRAQ, 1941–1945, COMPILED… Turkish (14) DODGERS (15) SMUDGERS (16) TEL AFAR Arab Bureau (7) KINO Mil D (6) REISERNTE Abw II/SKL 9 KONO (8) Achat Khan (9) LIBERATORS (11) OMAR (10) Robert College (12) Nasret (13) Khidir & Co Abw II (1) RUVANDIZ-SCHLUCHT (4) Bedaux/Felmy (5) BASRA (2) MAMMUT (3) ASLAN 1941–00 1942–01 1942–09 1942–43 1943–01 1943–03 1943–06 1943–06 1943–09 1943–12 1944–01 1944–01 1944–06 1944–11 1945–02 1945–04 Date Numerals in parentheses indicate the relevant narrative in Chap. Appendix D: Organization of CICI in Iraq, ca. early 1944

© The Author(s) 2019 267 A. O’Sullivan, The Baghdad Set, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6 268 Appendix D: Organization of CICI in Iraq, ca. early 1944 Based on War Establishment (PAIC/1046/I), KV 4/223, The National Archives Establishment (PAIC/1046/I), Based on War Appendix E: Deployment of area liaison officers, other security-intelligence personnel, and political advisers in Iraq, ca. early 1944, according to War Establishment (PAIC/1046/I), KV 4/223, The National Archives

Abbreviations: ADSO = assistant defence security officer; ALO = area liaison officer; APA = assistant political adviser; DAPA = deputy assistant political adviser; DSO = defence security officer; PA = political adviser; PSO = port security officer; SCOPG = security control officer Persian Gulf; SO = security officer; Basemap: Distribution of towns and cities in Iraq, Iraq and the Persian Gulf: September 1944, B.R. 524 (Restricted), Geographical Handbook Series (London: Naval Intelligence Division, 1944), 356 Appendix F: Revised Charter of the Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), issued on 6 July 1941

1. (a) The Centre will be located as may be most convenient, having regard to the collection of information and the discharge of its responsibilities to the GOC and AOC Iraq as defined below. It will be accommodated and locally administered under arrange- ments to be made by the Headquarters Royal Air Force in Iraq. The necessary cipher and other facilities required will be provided by Army or RAF Headquarters as may be most convenient. (b) Under existing conditions it will be necessary to maintain a detachment of the Centre in southern Iraq, but as far as circum- stances allow the Head of the Centre should ensure that its activities and information are co-ordinated with those of the main Centre. This detachment will not issue separate summaries or appreciations, except in cases of urgency when it is necessary to avoid delay in informing local commanders, or on demand from them. 2. In general the Centre will act as an intelligence organization for the GOC and AOC in Iraq for all but operational intelligence matters, and will be responsible, under their direction, for executive tasks of an interservice nature, such as security, civil censorship, propaganda, and publicity. The area to be covered by the Centre will be that for which the GOC Iraq is responsible.

3. In detail, the tasks of the Centre will be: (a) to provide the GOC and AOC with collated political and security intelligence and such other natures of intelligence as they may require the Centre to deal with; (b) to co-operate, with the approval of the GOC and AOC, with the embassy publicity section in carrying out the general policy for propaganda as received in directives from the Jerusalem Bureau, or as ordered by the respective commanders in further- ance of local operations; (c) to take or arrange for executive action in connection with general security other than field security, and censorship other than field censorship; (d) to produce periodical intelligence summaries and appreciations, copies of which, in addition to local distribution, will be for- warded to C-in-C East Indies, GHQ India, GHQ Middle East, HQ RAF Middle East, MEIC, and the Jerusalem Bureau; (e) to maintain close liaison in intelligence matters with the British naval authorities in the Persian Gulf; (f) to afford all assistance to the local representative of MI6 and to distribute locally to all concerned information received from him. 4. The establishment of the Centre will include both Army and RAF personnel, and will be varied from time to time to meet the needs of the situation. It will include political advisers and assistant political advisers, who will work under the direct orders and control of HE The British Ambassador in Iraq, and area liaison officers who will work under the Head of the Centre. 5. The Centre will be provided with Secret Service funds by HMG in UK. Supervision over the expenditure will be exercised by GOC and AOC Iraq. Funds will be provided through the Jerusalem Bureau for the activities of the political advisers mentioned in paragraph 4. (Source: Appendix D, AIR 29/2504, The National Archives) Unpublished Works

Auswärtiges Amt (Berlin) [AA]

Politisches Archiv R 29539 R 67482

British Library (St Pancras, London) [BL]

India Office Records

IOR/L/MIL/17/15/24 IOR/L/PS/12/3528A IOR/L/PS/8/520 IOR/R/15/2/926

Bundesarchiv (Berlin-Lichterfelde) [BArch]

Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) R 58/38

Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (Freiburg im Breisgau) [BArch-MArch]

Kameradschaft 1. Regiment Brandenburg MSG 158/38

Deutsches Reich (1867/71–1945) R 2/1767

Reichsmarine RM 7/1074

Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas (Austin, TX) [HRC]

Freya Stark Collection Series I Works, 1916–1976 Container 1.3 Series II Correspondence, 1893–1985 Containers 11.1 12.2 12.5 13.1 13.10 20.5 20.7 23.5

Imperial War Museum (London) [IWM]

Documents Collection 4829 11631 15964 20694

National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, MD) [NARA]

Records of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

RG 226/E210/B261 RG 226/E215/B3 RG 226/E217/B1 RG 226/E210/B389 RG 226/E215/B7 UNPUBLISHED WORKS 275

Records of the US Nürnberg War Crimes Trials RG 238 Misc interrogations

Records of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

RG 263/EZZ17/B3 RG 263/EZZ18/B35 CIA Research Tool (CREST) Misc documents

Records of the Army Staff RG 319/E85/B958

The National Archives (Kew, Surrey) [TNA]

Records of the Air Ministry, Royal Air Force

AIR 23/5860 AIR 29/2506 AIR 29/2510 AIR 29/2514 AIR 23/5951 AIR 29/2507 AIR 29/2511 AIR 29/2515 AIR 29/2504 AIR 29/2508 AIR 29/2512 AIR 29/2505 AIR 29/2509 AIR 29/2513

Records of the Cabinet CAB 102/610

Records of the Colonial Office

CO 725/52/5 CO 725/73/9 CO 725/74/15 CO 850/130/10 CO 725/68/2 CO 725/74/10 CO 732/85/7 CO 967/130

Records of the Foreign Office

FO 371/23213 FO 371/27098 FO 371/45337 FO 624/26/838 FO 371/23218 FO 371/27100 FO 371/45343 FO 624/28/195 FO 371/23251 FO 371/27103 FO 371/45350 FO 624/29/634 FO 371/24561 FO 371/27114 FO 371/52423 FO 624/32 FO 371/24562 FO 371/30149 FO 371/75145 FO 624/36/306 FO 371/24639 FO 371/35020 FO 395/663 FO 624/38/457 FO 371/24644 FO 371/40089 FO 624/24/448 FO 799/8 FO 371/27085 FO 371/40107 FO 624/26/567 FO 898/110 276 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Records of the German Foreign Ministry GFM 33/424

Records of the Special Operations Executive

HS 3/144 HS 3/195 HS 7/221 HS 7/270 HS 3/146 HS 3/197 HS 7/222 HS 7/271 HS 3/147 HS 3/198 HS 7/223 HS 7/273 HS 3/154 HS 3/199 HS 7/225 HS 7/286 HS 3/155 HS 7/86 HS 7/226 HS 8/896 HS 3/156 HS 7/211 HS 7/227 HS 8/971 HS 3/157 HS 7/213 HS 7/229 HS 8/984 HS 3/161 HS 7/214 HS 7/230 HS 9/157/8 HS 3/162 HS 7/215 HS 7/232 HS 9/931/3 HS 3/165 HS 7/216 HS 7/234 HS 9/971/2 HS 3/169 HS 7/217 HS 7/266 HS 9/980/2 HS 3/178 HS 7/218 HS 7/267 HS 9/1181/4 HS 3/189 HS 7/219 HS 7/268 HS 9/1189/2 HS 3/193 HS 7/220 HS 7/269

Records of the Government Code and Cypher School HW 14/52 HW 19/347

Records of the Security Service

KV 2/1482 KV 2/1734 KV 3/199 KV 4/234 KV 2/1484 KV 2/3015 KV 3/200 KV 4/384 KV 2/1485 KV 2/3658 KV 4/223 KV 2/1486 KV 3/195 KV 4/240

Records of the War Office

WO 106/3093 WO 201/1424 WO 208/1572 WO 208/4347 WO 106/5708 WO 201/2712 WO 208/1573 WO 208/4358 WO 193/1006 WO 201/2713 WO 208/1575 WO 208/4464 WO 201/844 WO 201/2714 WO 208/1581 WO 208/4558 WO 201/952 WO 201/2853 WO 208/1588B WO 208/5088 WO 201/1257 WO 201/2854 WO 208/1807 WO 252/870 WO 201/1291 WO 201/2866 WO 208/1808 WO 372/2/159264 WO 201/1402B WO 201/2867 WO 208/3095 WO 373/78/161 WO 201/1404 WO 208/1215 WO 208/3194 WO 201/1422 WO 208/1560 WO 208/3580 WO 201/1423 WO 208/1563 WO 208/4211 UNPUBLISHED WORKS 277

St Antony’s College (Oxford)

Middle East Centre Archive [MECA] GB165-0095 GB165-0118 GB165-0151 GB165-0228 GB165-0298

Whitman College and Northwest Archives (Walla Walla, WA) [WCNA]

Penrose Papers [PP] Section 8 (OSS) B5/F2 B5/F4 B5/F6 B5/F7 B5/F8 Published Works

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Nicolson, Harold. Diaries and Letters: 1930–1964. London: Collins, 1971. Paehler, Katrin. The Third Reich’s Intelligence Services: The Career of Walter Schellenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Papen, Franz von. Memoirs. Translated by Brian Connell. New York: Dutton, 1953. Parsons, Laila. The Commander: Fawzi Al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914–1948. London: Saqi, 2017. Philby, Kim. My Silent War. New York: Ballantine, 1968. Pierpoint, Claudia Roth. ‘East is West: Freya Stark’s Travels in Arabia’. The New Yorker, 18 April 2011. Pownall, Henry. Chief of Staff: The Diaries of Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pownall. Edited by Brian Bond. London: Cooper, 1972–74. Pryce-Jones, Alan. The Bonus of Laughter. London: Hamilton, 1987. Ranfurly, Hermione. To War with Whitaker: The Wartime Diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly, 1939–1945. London: Mandarin, 1995. Raugh, Harold E. Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship. London: Brassey’s, 1993. Richards, James Maude. Memoirs of an Unjust Fella. London: Faber and Faber, 2013. Riley, Morris. Philby: The Hidden Years. London: Janus, 1999. Roosevelt, Archie. For Lust of Knowing: Memoirs of an Intelligence Officer. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1988. Royle, Trevor. Glubb Pasha. London: Little, Brown, 1992. Ruthven, Malise. ‘A Subversive Imperialist: Reappraising Freya Stark’. Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics 26 (2006): 147–67. Schellenberg, Walter. The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg. New York: Harper, 1956. Schofield, Victoria. Wavell: Soldier and Statesman. London: John Murray, 2006. Slack, Tom. Happy Is the Day: A Spitfire Pilot’s Story. Penzance: United Writers, 1987. Slim, William. Unofficial History. 4th ed. London: Cassell, 1960. Stark, Freya. East is West. London: John Murray, 1945. ———. Arab Island: The Middle East, 1939–1943. New York: Knopf, 1945. ———. Dust in the Lion’s Paw: Autobiography, 1939–1946. London: Murray, 1961. ———. Letters of Freya Stark, 1914–1980. Edited by Lucy Moorehead and Caroline Moorehead. 8 vols. Salisbury: Compton Russell and Michael Russell, 1974–82. ———. The Southern Gates of Arabia: A Journey in the Hadramaut. London: Century, 1982. ———. A Winter in Arabia: A Journey through Yemen. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2002. Published Works 283

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Eichholtz, Dietrich. War for Oil: The Nazi Quest for an Oil Empire. Translated by John Broadwin. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2012. El-Solh, Raghid. Britain’s Two Wars with Iraq: 1941, 1991. Reading: Ithaca Press, 1996. Elliot, Matthew. ‘Independent Iraq’: The Monarchy and British Influence from 1941–1958. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996. Elliott, Clinton. Hidden: The Intimate Lives of Gay Men Past and Present. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2013. Eppel, Michael. The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq: The Dynamics of Involvement, 1928–1948. Ilford: Frank Cass, 1994. ———. Iraq from Monarchy to Tyranny: From the Hashemites to the Rise of Saddam. Gainsville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2004. Farago, Ladislas. Burn after Reading: The Espionage History of World War II. Los Angeles, CA: Pinnacle, 1978. Ferguson, Harry. Operation Kronstadt. London: Cornerstone, 2011. Fieldhouse, D.K. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914–1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Firchow, Peter Edgerley. Strange Meetings: Anglo-German Literary Encounters from 1910 to 1960. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008. Fitzsimons, Matthew A. Empire by Treaty: Britain and the Middle East in the Twentieth Century. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1964. Gat, Moshe. The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951. London: Frank Cass, 1997. Gellermann, Günther W. Tief im Hinterland des Gegners: Ausgewählte Unternehmen deutscher Geheimdienste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe, 1999. Gensicke, Klaus. The Mufti of Jerusalem and the Nazis: The Berlin Years. Translated by Alexander Fraser Gunn. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2011. Glass, Charles. Americans in Paris: Life and Death under Nazi Occupation 1940–44. London: Harper, 2009. Glubb, John Bagot. Britain and the Arabs: A Study of Fifty Years, 1908 to 1958. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1959. Gomaa, Ahmed M. The Foundation of the League of Arab States: Wartime Diplomacy and Inter-Arab Politics, 1941 to 1945. London: Longman, 1977. Guedalla, Philip. Middle East 1940–1942: A Study in Air Power. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1944. Hamdi, Walid Muhammad Said. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and the Nationalist Movement in Iraq, 1939–1941: A Political and Military Study of the British Campaign in Iraq and the National Revolution of May 1941. London: Darf, 1987. Hargreaves, Andrew L. Special Operations in World War II: British and American Irregular Warfare. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Hastings, Max. The Secret War: Spies, Codes, and Guerillas 1939–45. London: Collins, 2015. 286 Published Works

Heller, Joseph. The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics, and Terror, 1940–1949. London: Frank Cass, 1995. Herf, Jeffrey. Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. Higham, Charles. Trading with the Enemy: An Exposé of the Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933–1949. New York: Delacorte Press, 1983. Hillgruber, Andreas. ‘The Third Reich and the Near and Middle East, 1933–1939’. In The Great Powers in the Middle East 1919–1939, edited by Uriel Dann. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988. Hirszowicz, Lukasz. The Third Reich and the Arab East. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1966. ———. ‘The Course of German Foreign Policy in the Middle East between the World Wars’. In Germany and the Middle East, 1835–1939: International Symposium, April 1975, edited by Jehuda L. Wallach. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Faculty of Humanities, Aranne School of History, Institute of German History, 1975. Hoffmann, Hans-Albert. Die deutsche Heeresführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Fakten und Momente aus dem Hauptquartier des Oberkommandos des Heeres. Berlin: Köster, 2017. ———. Die Bunkeranlagen von Wünsdorf. Wünsdorf Waldstadt: Bücherstadt Tourismus, n.d. Holtz, Toby Berger. ‘The Hall Family and Ethiopia: A Century of Involvement’. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Svein Ege et al., 109–17. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2009. Hopkirk, Peter. On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire. London: John Murray, 2006. Howard, Michael. The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War. New York: Praeger, 1968. Jackson, Ashley. Persian Gulf Command: A History of the Second World War in Iran and Iraq. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Jakub, Jay. Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. Jasse, Robert L. ‘Albion Triumphant: The Rashid Ali Affair, 1941?’. In Culture: Unity and Diversity: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies 1994, the University of Manchester, 309–23. Durham: British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 1994. Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. Kahn, David. Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Da Capo Press, 1978. Published Works 287

Kedourie, Elie. Arab Political Memoirs and Other Studies. London: Frank Cass, 1974. Keeling, Cecil. Pictures from Persia. London: Hale, 1947. Khadduri, Majid. Independent Iraq: A Study in Iraqi Politics since 1932. London: Oxford University Press, 1951. Kirk, George. The Middle East in the War. London: Oxford University Press, 1952. Knigge, Jobst. Deutsches Kriegsziel Irak: Der deutsche Griff auf den Nahen Osten im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Über Kaukasus und Kairo zum Öl des Orients: Pläne und Wirklichkeit. Hamburg: Kovac,̌ 2007. Kolinsky, Martin. Britain’s War in the Middle East: Strategy and Diplomacy, 1936–42. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999. Korn, Wolfgang. Schienen für den Sultan die Bagdadbahn: Wilhelm II., Abenteurer und Spione. Cologne: Fackelträger, 2009. Kurowski, Franz. The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany’s Elite Warrior Spies in World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2005. Lemke, Bernd. ‘Mandat—“Unabhängigkeit”—Besetzung: Konflikte, Aufstände und Krieg im Irak 1920 bis 1945’. In Assymetrische Konflikte im Spiegel der Zeit, edited by Sebastian Buciak et al., 299–331. Berlin: Köster, 2008. ———. ‘Kolonialgeschichte als Vorläufer für modernes “Nation-Building”? Britische Pazifikationsversuche in Kurdistan und der North-West Frontier Province 1918–1947’. In Imperialkriege von 1500 bis heute: Strukturen, Akteure, Lernprozesse, edited by Tanja Bührer et al. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2011. ———. Der Irak und Arabien aus der Sicht deutscher Kriegsteilnehmer und Orientreisender 1918 bis 1945: Aufstandsfantasien, Kriegserfahrungen, Zukunftshoffnungen, Enttäuschungen, Distanz. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2012. Lemke, Bernd, and Pherset Rosbeiani, ed. Unternehmen Mammut: Ein Kommandoeinsatz der Wehrmacht im Nordirak 1943. Bremen: Edition Falkenberg, 2018. Leverkuehn, Paul. German Military Intelligence. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1954. ———. Der geheime Nachrichtendienst der deutschen Wehrmacht im Kriege. Frankfurt: Athenäum, 1964. Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Iraq, 1900 to 1950: A Political, Social, and Economic History. London: Oxford University Press, 1953. Lukitz, Liora. ‘Axioms Reconsidered: The Rethinking of British Strategic Policy in Iraq during the 1930s’. In Britain and the Middle East in the 1930s: Security Problems, 1935–39, edited by Michael J. Cohen and Martin Kolinsky. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992. ———. Iraq: The Search for National Identity. London: Frank Cass, 1995. Lyman, Robert. First Victory: Britain’s Forgotten Struggle in the Middle East, 1941. London: Constable, 2006. 288 Published Works

Lyman, Robert, and Harold Gerrard. Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. Macintyre, Ben. For Your Eyes Only: Ian Fleming and James Bond. London: Bloomsbury, 2009. Mackenzie, W.J.M. The Secret History of SOE: The Special Operations Executive, 1940–1945. London: St Ermin’s Press, 2000. Mallmann, Klaus-Michael, and Martin Cüppers. Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina. Darmstadt: WBG, 2006. Marks, Leo. Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE’s Code War. London: HarperCollins, 1998. McCarthy, Helen. Women of the World: The Rise of the Female Diplomat. London: Bloomsbury, 2015. Mejcher, Helmut. ‘Hitler’s Route to Baghdad? Some Aspects of German Oil Policy and Political Thinking on the Middle East in the 1930s and Early 1940s’. In Germany and the Middle East: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Haim Goren, 71–83. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2003. Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971. London: Chatto & Windus, 1981. Moore, Bob, and Kent Fedorowich. ‘Intelligence, Propaganda and Political Warfare’. In The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. Motadel, David. Islam and Nazi Germany’s War. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Hitler’s Wehrmacht, 1935–1945. Translated by Janice W. Ancker. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2016. Nicosia, Francis R. ‘Fritz Grobba and the Middle East Policy of the Third Reich’. In National and International Politics in the Middle East: Essays in Honour of Elie Kedourie, edited by Edward Ingram. London: Frank Cass, 1986. ———. Nazi Germany and the Arab World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Nordbruch, Götz. Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945. London: Routledge, 2009. O’Brien, Terence. The Moonlight War: The Story of Clandestine Operations in Southeast Asia, 1944–1945. London: Collins, 1987. ———. Chasing after Danger: A Combat Pilot’s War over Europe and the Far East, 1939–42. London: Collins, 1990. O’Sullivan, Adrian. Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Failure of the German Intelligence Services, 1939–45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ———. Espionage and Counterintelligence in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Success of the Allied Secret Services, 1941–45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. O’Sullivan, Christopher D. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Published Works 289

O’Sullivan, Donal. Dealing with the Devil: Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation during the Second World War. New York: Lang, 2010. Ogden, Alan. Tigers Burning Bright: SOE Heroes in the Far East. New York: Bene Factum, 2013. Oliver, Kingsley M. Through Adversity: The History of the Royal Air Force Regiment, 1942–1992. Rushden: Forces & Corporate, 1997. Omissi, David E. Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. Özdemir, A. Kadir. Die Kurden—Ein Volk in drei Nationen: Die Geschichte und Entwicklung des Kurdenkonflikts. Marburg: Tectum, 2006. Peakman, Julie. Hitler’s Island War: The Men Who Fought for Leros. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. Raad, Abu. Blut und Öl: Englands Verrat am Irak. Dresden: Franz Müller, 1944. Reile, Oscar. Treff Lutetia Paris: Der Kampf der Geheimdienste im westlichen Operationsgebiet, in England und Nordafrika 1939–1945; im Dienst Gehlens 1949–1961. Munich: Welsermühl, 1973. Rejwan, Nissim. The Jews of Iraq: 3000 Years of History and Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985. ———. The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004. Reynolds, Quentin J. The Curtain Rises. London: Right Book Club, 1945. Rigge, Simon. War in the Outposts. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1980. Robson, Laura. Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2012. Rogge, O. John. The Official German Report: Nazi Penetration, 1924–1942; Pan- Arabism, 1939–Today. New York: Yoseloff, 1961. Roosevelt, Kermit. Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979. Roth, Karl-Heinz. ‘Berlin-Ankara-Baghdad: Franz von Papen and German Near East Policy during the Second World War’. In Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945, edited by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, 181–214. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2004. Rubin, Barry, and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz. Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1978. Satia, Priya. Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain’s Covert Empire in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Satloff, Robert. Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust’s Long Reach into Arab Lands. New York: Public Affairs, 2006. Schmokel, Wolfe W. Dream of Empire: German Colonialism, 1919–1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. 290 Published Works

Schröder, Bernd Philipp. Deutschland und der Mittlere Osten im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Göttingen: Musterschmidt, 1975. ———. Irak 1941. Freiburg: Rombach, 1980. Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. ‘The German Middle Eastern Policy, 1871–1945’. In Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945, edited by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, 1–23. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2004. Scott, L.V., and P.D. Jackson, eds. Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-first Century: Journeys in Shadows. London: Routledge, 2004. Shamir, Haim. ‘The Middle East in the Nazi Conception’. In Germany and the Middle East, 1835–1939: International Symposium, April 1975, edited by Jehuda L. Wallach. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Faculty of Humanities, Aranne School of History, Institute of German History, 1975. Sharfman, Daphna. Palestine in the Second World War: Strategic Plans and Political Dilemmas: The Emergence of a New Middle East. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2014. Shawkat, Sami. Hadhihi Ahdafuna: Majmu’ah muḥaḍarat wa-maqalat wa-Aḥadith qawmiyah. Baghdad: Majallah al-Mutalliṃ al-Jadid, 1939. Shenhav, Yehouda. The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Shores, Christopher F. Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42. London: Grub Street, 1996. Silverfarb, Daniel. Britain’s Informal Empire in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq, 1929–1941. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. ———. The Twilight of British Ascendancy in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq, 1941–1950. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1994. Simon, Reeva S. Iraq between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Simons, Geoff. Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996. Sluglett, Peter. Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914–1932. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Smith, J. Richard et al. On Special Missions: The Luftwaffe’s Research and Experimental Squadrons, 1923–1945. Hersham: Classic, 2003. Smith, Michael. The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage. London: Politico’s, 2003. Smith, R. Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005. Snow, Edgar. People on Our Side. New York: Random House, 1944. Spaeter, Helmuth. Die Brandenburger zbV 800: Eine deutsche Kommandotruppe. Munich: Angerer, 1978. Stoakes, Geoffrey. Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion. Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986. Tarbush, Mohammad A. The Role of the Military in Politics: A Case Study of Iraq to 1941. London: Kegan Paul International, 1982. Published Works 291

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Serial Publications and Web-based Contributions ‘German Ideas on Iraq, 1937–1938’. Middle East Journal 12, no. 2 (Spring 1958): 195–204. ‘“One of Our Finest Tacticians”: General Wilson’s Record’. The Times, 12 April 1941. ‘Persia-Iraq Command: Tenth Army’s New Importance: The Caucasus Threat’. The Times, 25 August 1942. Al-Qazzaz, Ayad. ‘The Iraqi-British War of 1941: A Review Article’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 7 (1976): 591–6. Albert, Simon. ‘The Wartime “Special Relationship”, 1941–45: Isaiah Berlin, Freya Stark and Mandate Palestine’. Jewish Historical Studies 45 (2013): 103–30. Aldrich, Richard J. ‘Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service in Asia during the Second World War’. Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 1 (1998): 179–217. ———. ‘British Intelligence and the Anglo-American “Special Relationship” during the Cold War’. Review of International Studies 24 (1998): 331–51. Arditti, Roger. ‘Security Intelligence in the Middle East (SIME): Joint Security Intelligence Operations in the Middle East, c. 1939–58’. Intelligence and National Security 31, no. 3 (2016): 369–96. Arsenian, Seth. ‘Wartime Propaganda in the Middle East’. The Middle East Journal 2 (1948): 417–29. Biddiscombe, Perry. ‘Unternehmen Zeppelin: The Deployment of SS Saboteurs and Spies in the Soviet Union, 1942–1945’. Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 6 (September 2000): 1115–42. Brenner, Y.S. ‘The Stern Gang, 1940–48’. Middle Eastern Studies 2, no. 1 (1965): 2–30. Browne, J. Gilbert. ‘Iraq Levies, 1915–1932’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies.info/1915-1932.html. Carleton, Alford. ‘“Near East” versus “Middle East”’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 6, no. 2 (April 1975): 237–8. Clive, Nigel. ‘From War to Peace in SIS’. Intelligence and National Security 10, no. 3 (July 1995): 512–13. Cohen, Edy. ‘The Farhoud Remembered’. BESA Perspectives, no. 484 (2 June 2017). Cohen, Hayyim J. ‘The Anti-Jewish Farhud in Baghdad, 1941’. Middle Eastern Studies 3, no. 1 (1966): 2–17. 294 Published Works

Cole, Juan. ‘Iraq in 1939: British Alliance or Nationalist Neutrality toward the Axis?’. Britain and the World 5, no. 2 (2012): 204–22. Cox, Jafna L. ‘A Splendid Training Ground: The Importance to the Royal Air Force of Its Role in Iraq, 1919–32’. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13, no. 2 (January 1985): 157–84. Darwin, John. ‘An Undeclared Empire: The British in the Middle East, 1918–39’. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 27, no. 2 (1999): 159–76. Dieterich, R. ‘Rasid Ali al-Kaylani in Berlin: Ein irakischer Nationalist in NS-Deutschland’. Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Kultur des Modernen Iraq 3 (1995): 47–79. Douglas, R.M. ‘Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?’. The Journal of Modern History 81, no. 4 (December 2009): 859–87. Dovey, H.O. ‘The Middle East Intelligence Centre’. Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 4 (1989): 800–12. Eppel, Michael. ‘The Elite, the Effendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921–1958’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 2 (May 1998): 227–50. Fedorowich, Kent. ‘“Toughs and Thugs”: The Mazzini Society and Political Warfare among Italian POWs in India, 1941–43’. Intelligence and National Security 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 147–72. Friling, Tuvia. ‘A Blatant Oversight?: The Right Wing in Israeli Holocaust Historiography’. Israel Studies 14, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 123–69. Goodman, Michael S. ‘The Foundations of Anglo-American Intelligence Sharing’. Studies in Intelligence 59, no. 2 (June 2015): 1–12. Gunkel, Christof. ‘Nazis über Bagdad: Hitlers vergessene Irak-Mission’. Einestages: Zeitgeschichten auf Spiegel-Online, 11 May 2011. Hamdi, Walid Muhammad Said. ‘Iraq in the Aftermath of the Rashid Ali Revolt, 1941’. Arab Researcher/Al-Bahith al-Arabi 7 (1986): 33–5. Heller, Mark. ‘Politics and the Military in Iraq and Jordan, 1920–1958: The British Influence’.Armed Forces and Society 4 (1977): 75–99. Hoffman, Bruce. ‘The Rationality of Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence’. Small Wars and Insurgencies 22, no. 2 (2011): 258–72. Holme, Christopher. ‘The Reporter at Guernica’. British Journalism Review 6, no. 2 (1995): 46–51. Höpp, Gerhard. ‘Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947’. Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Kultur des Modernen Iraq 3 (1995): 19–46. Hubbard-Hall, Claire M., and Adrian O’Sullivan. ‘Landscapes of Intelligence in the Third Reich: Visualizing Abwehr Operations and “Covert Space” during the Second World War’ (forthcoming in 2019). Jones, Edgar M. ‘Desert Travel—Modern Style’. Modern Mechanix (October 1937): 64–6. Published Works 295

Keddie, Nikki R. ‘Is There a Middle East?’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 4, no. 3 (July 1973): 255–71. Kedourie, Elie. ‘Wavell and Iraq, April–May 1941’. Middle Eastern Studies 2, no. 4 (July 1966): 373–86. Kelly, Saul. ‘A Succession of Crises: SOE in the Middle East, 1940–45’. Intelligence and National Security 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 121–46. Khadduri, Majid. ‘General Nuri’s Flirtations with the Axis Powers’. Middle East Journal 16, no. 3 (Summer 1963): 328–36. Kirk, Grayson. ‘Strategic Communications in the Middle East’. Foreign Affairs 20, no. 4 (July 1942): 762–6. Knightley, Philip. ‘So What’s New about Gay Spies?’. The Independent, 1 June 1997. Landis, James M. ‘Anglo-American Cooperation in the Middle East’. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 240 (July 1945): 64–72. Lemke, Bernd. ‘Aufstandsversuche an der Oberfläche: Das Unternehmen “Mammut” (Irak) von 1943’. Krieg und Heimat, 14 February 2011. Macfie, A.L. ‘British Intelligence and the Causes of Unrest in Mesopotamia, 1919–21’. Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 1 (January 1999): 165–77. Mattar, Philip. ‘Amin Al-Husayni and Iraq’s Quest for Independence, 1939–41’. Arab Studies Quarterly 6, no. 4 (Fall 1984): 267–81. Munro, John M., and Martin Love. ‘The Nairn Way’. Aramco World (July–August 1981): 19–24. Nafi, Basheer M. ‘The Arabs and the Axis: 1933–1940’.Arab Studies Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1997): 1–24. Nicosia, Francis R. ‘Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939: Ideological and Strategic Incompatibility’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 3 (November 1980): 351–72. O’Sullivan, Adrian. ‘British Security Intelligence in Occupied Persia, 1942–44’. Global War Studies: The Journal for the Study of Warfare and Weapons, 1919–1945 12, no. 1 (March 2015): 38–56. ———. ‘Joe Spencer’s Ratcatchers: British Security Intelligence in Occupied Persia’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs 48, no. 2 (July 2017): 296–312. ———. ‘Neglected Narratives of Nazi Subversion’. Journal of The Iran Society 2, no. 16 (September 2017): 7–19. O’Sullivan, Joe. ‘The RAF Levies’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies. info/grp-cpt-joe-osullivan.html. Pankhurst, Richard. ‘A History of Early Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Mussolini and Ethiopia’. Link Ethiopia. http://web.linkethiopia.org/guide-to-ethiopia/ the-pankhurst-history-library/mussolini-and-ethiopia/. Paschasius, W. ‘Der Irak am Kreuzweg nach Indien’. Abhandlungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für Wehrpolitik und Wehrwissenschaften 9, no. 5 (December 1941): 225–32. 296 Published Works

Porch, Douglas. ‘The Other “Gulf War”: The British Invasion of Iraq in 1941’. Naval Postgraduate School, 2 December 2002. https://calhoun.nps.edu/han- dle/10945/25458. Rejwan, Nissim. ‘The Last Days of Iraqi Jewry’. Midstream 29, no. 1 (1983): 37–42. ———. ‘Rashid Ali’s Month of War’. Midstream 30, no. 9 (1984): 42–5. Riecken, Nils. ‘National Socialism, Islam, and the Middle East: Questioning Intellectual Continuities, Conceptual Stakes, and Methodology’. German Historical Institute London Bulletin 38, no. 2 (November 2016): 63–76. Röseke, Erich. ‘Die Bandenburger und ihre Ritterkreuzträger’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 25–26 (1 October 1973): 36–9. Rudolph, William E. ‘Strategic Roads of the World: Notes on Recent Developments’. Geographical Review 33, no. 1 (January 1943): 110–31. Satia, Priya. ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia’. American Historical Review 3, no. 1 (February 2006): 16–52. Schaub, Harry Carl. ‘General Lahousen and the Abwehr Resistance’. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 19, no. 3 (2006): 538–58. Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. ‘Nahostpolitische Retrospektive Dr Fritz Grobbas: Das Supplement zum Manuskript P-207’. DAVO-Nachrichten 14, no. 8 (2001): 53–6. ———. ‘“Der Geist aus der Lampe”: Fritz Grobba und Berlins Politik im Nahen und Mittleren Orient’. Comparativ 14, no. 1 (2004): 126–50. Scott, Len. ‘Secret Intelligence, Covert Action, and Clandestine Diplomacy’. Intelligence and National Security 19, no. 2 (2004): 322–41. Seubert, Franz. ‘Männer und Mächte im Vorderen Orient: Stellungnahme zu einem Buch des Gesandten a. D. Grobba’. Die Nachhut: Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen militärischen Abwehr 5 (15 June 1968): 11–13. Sinclair, Georgina. ‘“Get into a Crack Force and Earn £20 a Month and All Found …”: The Influence of the Palestine Police upon Colonial Policing 1922–1948’. European Review of History 13, no. 1 (2006): 49–65. Smith, C.G. ‘The Emergence of the Middle East’. Journal of Contemporary History 3, no. 3 (July 1968): 3–17. Smyth, J.G. ‘The Indian Army in the Present War’. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 30, no. 3 (September 1943): 298–310. Sorby, Karol. ‘Iraq on the Eve of the Second World War’. Asian and African Studies 17, no. 2 (2008): 240–60. Stoil, Jacob A. ‘The Haganah and SOE: Allies and Enemies: Irregular Warfare and Politics in Mandatory Palestine’ (unpublished paper given at SMH, 2012). Stratton, Morton B. ‘British Railways and Motor Roads in the Middle East, 1918–1930’. Economic Geography 20, no. 2 (April 1944): 116–29. ‘The Battle for Habbaniya 1941’. Assyrian RAF Levies. http://assyrianlevies. info/battle%2D%2D-habbaniya.html. Published Works 297

Thorpe, James A. ‘The United States and the 1940–1941 Anglo-Iraqi Crisis: American Policy in Transition’. Middle East Journal 25, no. 1 (Winter 1971): 79–89. Trentow, Bernd, and Werner Kranhold. ‘Im Dienst imperialistischer Weltherrschaftspläne: Zum Orient-Einsatz des faschistischen Rundfunks im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Beiräge zur Geschichte des Rundfunks 7, no. 4 (1973): 22–50. United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. ‘Notes on the British General Staff, Arms and Services’. Tactical and Technical Trends no. 11 (5 November 1942). Usuki, A. ‘Zionism, Communism and Emigration of the Iraqi Jews: A Brief Survey of an Ancient Community in Crisis, 1941–1951’. JAMES: Annals of the Japan Association for Middle East Studies 9 (1994): 1–35. Weinberg, Gerhard L. ‘Aspects of World War II German Intelligence’. Journal of Intelligence History 4, no. 1 (Summer 2004): 1–6. Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘A “New Deal” for the Kurds: Britain’s Kurdish Policy in Iraq, 1941–45’. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 5 (December 2011): 815–31. ———. ‘Selling Democracy during the Second British Occupation of Iraq, 1941–5’. Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 3 (July 2013): 509–36. Wild, Stefan. ‘National Socialism in the Arab Near East between 1933 and 1939’. Die Welt des Islams 25, no. 1/4 (1985): 126–73. Witzel, Dietrich F. ‘Kommandoverbände der Abwehr II im Zweiten Weltkrieg’. Militärgeschichtliches Beiheft zur Europäischen Wehrkunde, no. 5 (October 1990). Zubaida, Sami. ‘The Fragments Imagine the Nation: The Case of Iraq’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2002): 205–15.

Obituaries Bassett, Richard. ‘Erich Vermehren: German Defector to the British, 1944 (Obituary)’. The Independent, 3 May 2005. Burton, H.M. ‘Wing Commander Robert Jope-Slade (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 28, no. 3 (1941): 386. ‘Field-Marshal Lord Wilson: The War in the Middle East and Mediterranean (Obituary)’. The Times, 1 January 1965. ‘Gen. Sir Edward Quinan: Commands in India and Iran (Obituary)’. The Times, 15 November 1960. ‘In Memoriam: Colonel William G. Elphinston, MC (Obituary)’. Asian Affairs: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 40, no. 2 (1953): 174–6. ‘Professor Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd (Obituary)’. Iraq 58 (1996): v–viii. ‘Prof Terence Mitford: Classical Archaeologist and Explorer (Obituary)’. The Times, 25 November 1978. Smith, Janet Adam. ‘Dame Freya Stark (Obituary)’. The Independent, 14 May 1993. 298 Published Works

Published Documentation and Documents Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Vols. 9–13. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1956–64. Germany. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Kriegstagebuch (Wehrmacht führungsstab) 1940–1945. Frankfurt: Bernard und Graefe, 1961–65. Bülow, Bernhard von. Fürst Bülows Reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik: III. Band, 1907–1909 mit dem Bildnis des Fürsten und einem ausführli- chen Namen- und Sachregister. Berlin: Reimer, 1909. Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. Iraq: Defence Intelligence 1920–1973. Slough: Archive Editions, 2005. Committee, American Christian Palestine. The Arab War Effort: A Documented Account. New York: American Christian Palestine Committee, 1946. Hurewitz, J.C., ed. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975. Jarman, Robert L., ed. Foreign Office Annual Reports from Arabia 1930–1960: Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Vol. 3 (1938–53). Slough: Archive Editions, 1993. ———, ed. Political Diaries of the Arab World: Iraq. Vol. 6 (1932–47). Slough: Archive Editions, 1998. Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie, ed. ‘A Small Room in Clarges Street’: Secret War-Time Lectures at the Royal Central Asian Society, 1942–1944. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2014. Mader, Julius. Hitlers Spionagegenerale sagen aus: Ein Dokumentarbericht über Aufbau, Struktur und Operationen des OKW-Geheimdienstamtes Ausland/ Abwehr mit einer Chronologie seiner Einsätze von 1933 bis 1944. Berlin: Verlag der Nationen, 1972. Müller, Norbert, et al., ed. Das Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht: Eine Dokumentation, Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv 16. Koblenz: Bundesarchiv, 2007. Trevor-Roper, Hugh R., ed. Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2004. Wavell, Archibald. ‘Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37685 (13 August 1946). ———. Speaking Generally: Broadcasts, Orders and Addresses in Time of War, 1939–43. London: Macmillan, 1946. West, Nigel, and Oleg Tsarev, ed. TRIPLEX: Secrets from the Cambridge Spies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. Wilson, Henry Maitland. ‘Despatch on the Persia and Iraq Command Covering the Period 21st August, 1942 to 17th February, 1943’. Supplement to The London Gazette, no. 37703 (27 August 1946). Published Works 299

Bibliographical and Reference Works Atherton, Louise. SOE Operations in Africa and the Middle East: A Guide to the Records in the Public Record Office. Kew: PRO, 1998. Bidwell, Robin Leonard. Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. London: Routledge, 1998. Bleaney, C.H., and G.J. Roper, ed. Iraq: A Bibliographical Guide. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Cantwell, John D. The Second World War: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office. Public Record Office Handbooks 15. Revised 3rd ed. Kew: Public Record Office, 1998. ‘Chronology’. Bulletin of International News 18, nos. 2–4, 7–10, 12–13, 17, 21, 23–25, 1941. Dear, I.C.B., ed. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Foot, M.R.D., ed. Secret Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Grehan, John, and Martin Mace. Unearthing Churchill’s Secret Army: The Official List of SOE Casualties and Their Stories. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2012. Irak/Kuwait, 1:850 000. World Mapping Project. Bielefeld: Verlag Peter Rump, 2003. Keipert, Maria, and Peter Grupp, ed. Biographisches Handbuch des Deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945. 3 vols. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2000–08. Kent, George O. A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1920–1945. 4 vols. Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution, 1962–72. Kimmich, Christopher M. German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981. Klee, Ernst. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war Was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007. Kopietz, H.H. ‘The Use of German and British Archives in the Study of the Middle East: The Iraqi Coup d’état of 1936’. In The Integration of Modern Iraq, edited by Abbas Kelidar, 46–62. London: Croom Helm, 1979. Lenczowski, George. ‘Literature on the Clandestine Activities of the Great Powers in the Middle East’. Middle East Journal 8, no. 2 (Spring 1954): 205–11. Rademacher, Michael. Abkürzungen des Dritten Reiches: Ein Handbuch für deutsche und englische Historiker. Vechta: M. Rademacher, 2000. Sluglett, Peter. ‘British Archival Sources for the History of the Middle Eastern Mandates’. In The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Nadine Méouchy and Peter Sluglett, 55–61. Leiden: Brill, 2004. The Third Reich at War: A Historical Bibliography. ABC-Clio Research Guides, 11. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984. United Kingdom. Naval Intelligence Division. Iraq and the Persian Gulf. B.R. 524 (Restricted). Geographical Handbook Series. London: NID, 1944. 300 Published Works

‘United Kingdom Official Histories of the Second World War: A Progress Report and a Bibliography’. Military Affairs 13, no. 3 (Autumn 1949): 170–6. United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division. German Military Intelligence, 1939–1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984. West, Nigel. Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005. Wistrich, Robert S. Who’s Who in Nazi Germany. London: Routledge, 2002. Young, Peter, ed. The World Almanac of World War II. London: Bison, 1987. Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bedürftig, ed. The Encyclopaedia of the Third Reich. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991.

Theses and Dissertations El-Dessouki, Mohamed-Kamal. ‘Hitler und der Nahe Osten’. Dr phil diss., Berlin, 1963. Flacker, Edgar. ‘Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942’. PhD diss., London, 1998. Melka, Robert Lewis. ‘The Axis and the Arab Middle East, 1930–1945’. PhD diss., Minnesota, 1966. O’Sullivan, Adrian. ‘German Covert Initiatives and British Intelligence in Persia (Iran), 1939–1945’. DLitt et Phil diss., UNISA, 2013. Paehler, Katrin. ‘Espionage, Ideology, and Personal Politics: The Making and Unmaking of a Nazi Foreign Intelligence Service’. PhD diss., American, 2004. Rosbeiani, Pherset. ‘Das Unternehmen “Mammut”: Ein politisch-militärisches Geheimdienstunternehmen in Südkurdistan in den Jahren 1942/43 und seine Vorgeschichte’. Dr phil diss., Humboldt-Berlin, 2011. Sawyer, Lynn Massie. ‘Orientalism and Three British Dames: De-essentialization of the Other in the Work of Gertrude Bell, Freya Stark, and E.S. Drower’. MA thesis, Liberty, 2012. Shelley, Adam. ‘Empire of Shadows: British Intelligence in the Middle East 1939–1946’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2007. Wichhart, Stefanie K. ‘Intervention: Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II’. PhD diss., Texas, 2007. Wilson, Emily. ‘The War in the Dark: The Security Service and the Abwehr 1940–1944’. PhD diss., Cambridge, 2003.

Fictional Works Pumphrey, Arthur [Alan Pryce-Jones]. Pink Danube. London: Martin Secker, 1939. Sykes, Christopher. High Minded Murder. London: Home & Van Thal, 1944. ———. A Song of a Shirt. London: Verschoyle, 1953. Index1

A Frontaufklärungstruppe 202 (FAT Abadan, xv, 48, 50, 90n46, 110n8, 202), 191 128, 147n34, 162, 166n28, Kriegsorganisation; 191–194, 211n32 Kriegsorganisation Nahost Abdulillah of Hejaz, Emir (Regent of (KONO), 135, 158, 185, 186, Iraq), 35, 36, 63, 64, 173 189, 191, 195–200, 224 Abwehr (Amt Ausland/Abwehr) Adana, 202 Abwehr I (active intelligence/ Addis Ababa, 124, 125 espionage); Abw I Luft, 109n2 Aden, 15, 20, 26n40, 68–70, 96 Abwehr II (sabotage/subversion); Administrator(s), 66, 115, 116, 133, Abw II Orient, 181; 152, 223, 234, 239n8, 256 Brandenburgers (Lehrregiment Aerial insertion, 188, 203, 216n74 Brandenburg zbV 800), Afghanistan, 5, 182, 220 Dolmetscherschule Africa, 73, 221 (Interpreters’ Training Unit), Agent(s), 2, 3, 5, 6, 19, 32, 34, 223; Brandenburgers 44n16, 50, 54, 55, 69, 73, 81, (Lehrregiment Brandenburg 85, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, zbV 800), 2nd Battalion, 52; 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 139, Freikorps Iran, 193; Kurfürsters 154–156, 158, 162, 163, (Lehrregiment Kurfürst), 59n10 167n32, 170, 175, 176, 185, Abwehr III (counterintelligence/ 188, 191, 193, 195–197, counterespionage), 259n23 199–201, 203, 204, 213n44, Abwehrstelle (AST); AST Athens, 220–222, 225–228, 230, 232, 185 235, 237, 238n7

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Ahmed, Abdullah, 196, 197 Amt IV, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt Ah-Tenuah, 82 (RSHA), RSHA IV Aircraft Amt VI, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt Heinkel He-111, 52 (RSHA), RSHA VI Messerschmitt Me-110, 52 Andriassian, Hamparson, 156, 157 Northrop A-17 ‘Nomad,’ 53, 54 Anglo-American relations, 233, 235, Air intelligence, see Royal Air Force 239n16 (RAF) Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), Air Ministry, 54 28n51, 95, 110n8, 110n13, 128, Air Officer Commanding (AOC),see 146n25, 160, 191, 211n32 Royal Air Force (RAF) Anglo-Iraqi joint frontier control, 127 Air policing, xv, 43n7 Anglo-Iraqi Security Board (AISB), Albania, 235 129, 148n48 Aleppo, 155, 156, 167n34, 198 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 32 See also Centre d’Examination des Anglo-Iraqi War, xiii, 53, 56n2, 95, Voyageurs (CEV) 170, 174, 196, 205 Al-Faw, see Fao Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), Al-Futuwwa (Iraqi Youth Movement), 17, 27n49, 28n51, 29n64, 43n5, 133 249 Allen, Thomas B.W. ‘Tom,’ 220, Anglophilia, Anglophile(s), 147n36, 230–233, 235–237, 238n7, 252 242n51, 242n53–55, 243n56 Anglo-Polish relations, 193 Allied, Allies, xvi, xviiin4, 48, 54, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia, 115 60n24, 73, 81, 82, 84, 85, 106, Anglo-Soviet-Persian Censorship, 127 120, 122, 126, 131, 135, Anhalt, 182 149n50, 161, 164, 174, 187, Anhalt, Joachim Ernst von (Duke of 188, 193–195, 200, 206, Anhalt), 182, 208n3 216n68, 216n74, 222, 227, 233, Ankara, 185 234, 237, 242n53, 252 Antakya, 202 Allied Control Commission, 176 Antibolshevism, 48, 253 Al-Majalla, 75 Antifascist, 68, 69, 80–82 Al-Rai al-Am, 75 Antisemitism, 45n19, 48, 77, 253, 254 Al-Ubra, see Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra) Arabia, 32, 70 Alwiyah, 252 Arabian Sea, 162 Amara, 84, 153, 197, 198 Arabisches Büro (AB), 185, 202 Ambassador(s), 7, 27n47, 37, 41, 42, Arabist(s), xviiin4, 11, 45n19, 139, 56, 66, 105, 107, 108, 119, 120, 140 139, 140, 142, 185, 247, 248, Arab News Bureau, 109 257n6 Arab ‘street,’ 35, 64, 106 American-Iraqi Trading Company, 226 Archaeology, archaeologist(s), 9, 16, Amman, 175 29n64, 34, 96, 167n34, 241n42, Amt Ausland/Abwehr, see Abwehr 249 INDEX 303

Archives Australasia, 32, 48 British, xiv, 192 Austria, Austrian(s), 28n53, 35, German, 185, 192 88n15, 185, 208n7, 217n76, US, 194, 227 221, 229, 242n47, 252 Area Liaison Officer (ALO), xv, 4, 39, Auswärtiges Amt, 44n16, 48, 66, 105, 117, 118, 126, 128, 57n3 129, 137–139, 143, 149n56, Aviation fuel, 52, 54, 60n16 196, 205 Axis, xv, xviiin4, 33, 34, 40, 50, 52, Armavir, 192 72–74, 76, 83–85, 96, 99, 107, Armenia, Armenian(s), 76, 85, 102, 120, 128, 132, 135, 162–164, 121, 140, 142, 162, 202, 216n68 184, 193, 195, 197, 200, 225, Armistice, xvii, xixn9, 37, 64, 68, 74, 233, 234 77, 79, 83, 127, 130, 132, 133, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 112n30, 141, 152 140 Armoured car(s) ‘Tatanagar,’ 115 Arrest(s), 20, 75, 83, 84, 123, 129, B 152, 163, 190, 195, 198, 199, Babacan, Zahra, 202 201, 202, 223, 254 Bad Elster, 183 Asia, 32, 195, 211n32, 246 Baden-Powell, Robert S.S. (Lord Al-Askari, Bakr Sidqi, 191 Baden-Powell), 5–7, 115 Asolo, 10, 251 Baghdad, Baghdadi(s) As-Said, Nuri (Nuri Pasha), 35, 71, ex-pat opinions of, 9 75, 89n23, 106, 134, 227, insane asylum, 223 243n60, 247, 254 Baghdad Railway, 154, 218n82 Assassination, xi, 18, 54, 191 Bahoshy, Robert, 197, 198 As-Sharara (The Spark), 74 Bahrein, 117, 128, 192 Assistant Defence Security Officer Bahri, Younis, 33, 85 (ADSO), 4, 128, 155, 160 Baker Street, see Special Operations Assistant Political Advisor (APA), 4, Executive (SOE) 66, 67, 105, 112n29, 138 Bakos, Louis, 197, 198 Assyrian(s), xi, 84–86, 121, 140, 142, Balfour Declaration, 253, 255 160, 230, 231, 235, 254, 255 Balkans, 17, 106, 107, 186, 191, 192, Assyrian Levies, see Royal Air Force 203, 204, 235, 254 (RAF) Bandar Abbas, 161, 162, 167n32 Asymmetrical warfare, 253 Bandar Shahpur, 128 Athens, 158, 191 Barbados, 251 Atrocities, 72, 77, 85, 254 Al-Barzani, Mustafa (Mulla Mustafa), Auslands amt, 57n3, 148n44 86 Auslandsnachrichtendienst, see Al-Barzanji, Mahmud (Sheikh Reichssicherheitshauptamt Mahmud), 86, 141, 186, 187, (RSHA), RSHA VI 196 304 INDEX

Basra, xvii, 37, 50, 66, 68, 79, 85, British Broadcasting Corporation 100, 117, 118, 126, 128, 134, (BBC), 42 152, 153, 160, 161, 192–194, British Commonwealth, 234 198, 201, 202 British Council, 71, 142 Bathgate, Paul, 100 British Empire, 255 Bavaria, 183 British military mission, 41, 143 Bayer, A.G., 34, 44n16 British Security Intelligence Liaison Bedaux, Charles E., 192, 193, Officer (BSILO), 164, 168n40 211–212n33, 213n41 British Security Mission (BSM), Bedouin, 170, 171, 174, 175, 205, 159 226 Broadway Buildings, 175 Belgian Congo, 96 Bronze Star Medal (BSM), 236 Bell, Gertrude, 11, 25n28, 87n11, 97, Bruce-Mitford, see Mitford, Terence 149n57, 220 Bruce Benisilauya, 188 ‘Brylcreem boys,’ 32 Bentivegni, Franz Eccard von, 252, Bulgaria, 185, 191 259n23 Bullard, Reader, 7, 121, 257n6 Berlin, 18, 21, 28n56, 29n67, 32, 37, Bülow, Bernhard von, 206 52, 57n3, 85, 94, 97, 135, 181, Bundestag (West German parliament), 182, 184–186, 188, 189, 191, 253 192, 195, 196, 202, 204, 205, Burma, 53, 234 210n22, 223, 227, 252 Bushire, 66, 162 Berlin, Isaiah, 2 Byelorussia, 122 Betjeman, John, 2 Bishop, Herbert Francis ‘Adrian,’ 1, 17 Bletchley Park, 28n53, 196, 219 C Boer War, 6, 115 Cabinet minister(s), 33, 71, 132, Bologna, 10 225 Bolsheviks, 76 Cairo, xiv, 3, 4, 13, 16, 19–21, 23n10, Bombing, 41, 55, 87n10, 192 28n63, 54, 60n23, 68–71, 81, ‘Bonzo(s),’ 69 83, 95, 96, 98–104, 106, 108, Border(s), see Frontier(s) 109, 111n29, 113n45, 116, 120, Bowra, C. Maurice, 2, 18, 28n53, 130, 137, 140, 152, 155, 156, 29n64, 94, 248 168n40, 175, 177, 220, Brady, John, 39 224–226, 228, 230, 232–235, Braham, Noel, 35 240n27, 247 Bribery, 71, 97, 99, 106, 108 California, 220 Brigade intelligence officer, 170 Cambridge spies, 255 British Army, 127, 145n12, 164, Camouflage, 3, 6, 96 178n6 Camp(s), 36, 45n29, 84, 139, 183, See also Formations and units 184, 208n3, 223 (Allied) Canada, 9 INDEX 305

Canaris, Wilhelm, 48, 52, 57n3, Middle East Department, 174 59n10, 148n44, 195, 203, 248, Colt machine guns, 53 252, 259n22 Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq Cape of Good Hope, 162, 194 and Persia (CICI) Caporetto, 10 censorship section, 127 Card index, carding, 123 charter, xiv, 56, 118–120, 123, 137 Cartographer, cartography, 11, 12, 20 frontier-control section, 122, 127, Caucasus, 5, 84, 85, 122, 135, 206 153, 158 Cawthorn, Walter ‘Bill,’ 20 port-security section, 122, 127, Cell system, 70 128, 152 Censorship, 84, 119, 122, 127, 156, records section (registry), 122, 123, 258n14 130, 131 Central Asia, 246 T&P section, 122, 138, 139 Centre d’Examination des Voyageurs visa-control section, 122, 126 (CEV), 155, 165–166n11 Combined Services Detailed Chaldean(s), 230 Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), Chamberlain, Neville, 36 Maadi, 190 Chapman, A.J.B. ‘John,’ 39, 97, Communism, communist(s), 5, 70, 100–104, 108, 258n14 73–77, 82, 86, 142, 143, 176, Chekhovian, 247 177, 182 China, Chinese, 75, 234 Compagnie Internationale des Christian Democrat, 253 Wagons-Lits (CIWL), 154–158, Christianity, 70 160 Christ’s Hospital, 66 Concentration camp(s), 182, 208n3, Churchill, Winston S., xvi, 7, 16, 54, 259n22 231, 234 Dachau, 83, 182, 208n3, 223 Cipher(s), see Code(s) Contact agents, 50 Clark, T.H., 155 Contopoulos, Lazaros, 191 Clayton, Iltyd, 20, 22, 88n15, 140 Convoy(s), 161, 236 Clearing-house (for communications), Cornwall, 10, 250 xiv, 120, 127, 137, 146n21, 220, Cornwallis, Kinahan ‘Ken,’ 8, 15, 16, 232 22, 27n47, 37–42, 56, 63, Clive, Nigel, xiii, 16, 98, 116, 175, 66–68, 71, 79, 83, 89n38, 247–250 95–97, 105, 106, 111n25, Code(s), 124, 156, 159, 186, 190, 112n29, 120, 138–140, 149n57, 196, 211n27, 225, 238n7 176, 247, 248 Codebreaker(s), 2 Corriere d’Italia, 81 Codenames, see Cryptonyms Counterintelligence (CI), xii, xiii, xv, Code numbers, 177 32, 56, 120, 137, 138, 144, 164, Colonial administrator(s), 152, 256 177, 178, 195, 197, 200, Colonialism, xii 211n31, 219, 220, 222, 225, Colonial Office (CO), 174 232, 237, 256 306 INDEX

Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 3, PANTHER, 188 243n61, 244n65 QUHU, 188 Counterpropaganda, 70, 72 RICHARD, 203 Countersabotage, xiii, 96, 137, SEEHUND, 188 149n50, 186, 192 TEDDY BEAR, 237 Courier(s), 50, 79, 88n15, 101, 154, TIMBER WOLF, 237 155, 158, 199 TIMUR, 228 Cousins, 35, 36, 109n6, 188, 221, ZULU, 196, 197, 214n50 227, 230, 233, 235, 236, 245, Cyprus, 250 247, 249, 257n4, 259n25 Cover blown, 227 D commercial, 4, 44n16, 220 Dalton, E. Hugh J.N. (Lord Dalton), cover-within-cover, 16, 99, 175 97 diplomatic, 3–7, 19, 24n11, 34, 67, Darband, 94 95, 96, 185 Dawson-Shepherd, Hanbury K., thin, 231 xixn12, 66, 72, 105, 106, unbreakable, 20, 81, 82 116–118, 120, 121, 129–132, Covert initiative(s), 181, 185, 195 134–136, 142–144, 144n4, 152, Covert role(s), xvii, 10, 90n47, 246 159, 162, 163, 206, 221, 222, Covert space, xii, 4, 21, 146n20, 246, 224, 236, 241n39, 248, 250, 247, 256 253, 258n11, 258n17 Cowardesque, 247 Dayton, Arthur R., 220 Craig, Robert, 220, 230, 232, 233, De Chair, Somerset S., 45n23, 236, 238n7, 243n57, 243n59 145n10, 170 Crawford, Archie S., 225–228, 232, De Gaury, Gerald, 35–36, 64 235 Death sentence, 79, 213n38 Crawford, J. Forrest, 232 Decrypts Crete, 23–24n10, 52, 60n16 ENIGMA, 196 Crimea, 188 ISK, 195 Crime prevention, 152 ISOS, 195 Croats, 18 TRIANGLE, 135, 195 Cryptography, 248 ULTRA, 28n53, 178, 219, 237n1, Cryptonyms 256 BABYLON, 221 Defence Committee, 106, 134 BAER, 188 Defence Security Office(r) BUFFALO, 220 DSO Iraq, xv, 83, 117, 121, 127, BUNNY, 220 128, 142, 156, 158, 189, 195, DOLEFUL, 196 196, 199–201, 215n60 IBEX, 220 DSO Persia, xv, 121, 146n25 KANGAROO, 220 DSO Syria, 200 MAKI, 188 DSO Turkey, 195–197, 199, 200 INDEX 307

Delhi, 69 Drower, Margaret S. ‘Peggy,’ 16, Demolition, 96, 98, 101, 186 27n46, 248, 249 Department EH, see Electra House Druze(s), 11–13 Deportation, 65, 157 DSO, see Defence Security Office(r) Deputy assistant political advisor Dubois, Art, 237 (DAPA), 4, 66, 105, 138, 205 Durrell, Lawrence, 249, 258n14 Deputy director of military intelligence (DDMI), 20 Deputy head of station (SIS), 16 E Deputy head of station [SIS], 175 Eden, Anthony, 37 De Salis, John, 81 Edmonds, Cecil. J. ‘CJ,’ 66, 67, Desert, 3, 9, 49, 53, 55, 63, 100, 139–141, 150n62, 251, 254 166n21, 170, 171, 174, Edmunds, Francis, 11 205–207, 245, 246, 249 Education, 5, 10, 11, 33, 71, 76, 78, Dessau, 182 133, 134, 141, 245 Deutsche Akademie (Munich), 33 Edwardian, 246 Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP), 182 Egypt, Egyptian(s), 67–71, 74, 80, 81, Devon, 10 116, 124, 133, 144n4, 179n15, Diplomat(s), xiii, 14, 16, 26n37, 35, 190, 220, 223, 254 64, 66, 88n15, 109, 119, 123, Eisenberg, Werner, 182–186, 193, 129, 155, 177, 227, 232, 236, 196, 198, 207, 207n2, 208n4, 257n9 208n6, 209n10 Diplomatic bag, 50, 155, 230, El Alamein, 106, 144n1, 163, 192, 236 206 Director General of Education [Iraqi], Electra House, 15 see Al-Jamali, Fadhil El-Katib, Said, 191 Diyarbakir, 196, 200, 202 Elphinston, William G., 56, 117, 118, Documentaries, 19, 194, 207, 248 120, 145n10 Dollfuss, Engelbert (Chancellor of Embassies/legations/consulates Austria), 18 British, xvi, 36–38, 126, 136, Domvile, J. Patrick ‘Pat,’ 3, 24n11, 231 26n39, 98, 100–104, 106–109, German, 33, 34, 96, 134 114n58, 249, 259n17 Hungarian, 158 Donetsk, see Stalino Italian, 34, 50, 65 Donor, Walter, see Dayton, Arthur R. Japanese, 158 Donovan, William J. ‘Wild Bill,’ 220, Swiss, 223 221, 237, 238n3, 238n5, 239n8, US, 38, 45n29, 123, 129, 235, 236 239n9, 243n60, 244n63, 252 Emir of Transjordan, see Abdullah bin Double agent, 196 al-Hussein Drama, 247, 248 Emissary, emissaries, 80, 82, 122 Dronero, 10 Erbil, 84, 85, 153, 186, 188, 189, Dropzone, 188, 190, 203 218n81 308 INDEX

Espionage, xiii, 5, 12, 14, 15, 19, 52, Field commander (SOE), 17, 21, 127, 136, 156, 158, 165, 93–95, 98, 99, 102–104, 108, 168n40, 177, 184, 185, 188, 109, 171 190, 195, 197, 198, 200–202, Field officer(s), 54, 176 218n84, 219, 222–226, 232, Field reconnaissance, see 233, 237, 246 Reconnaissance Estonia(n), 176, 179n15 Field security, xiv, 152 Ethiopia, 124, 125, 147n30 Field security officer(s) (FSO), 118, Eton College, 22n2, 29n64 151, 153, 159–161 Euphrates, 101, 171–173 Field Security Section(s) (Intelligence European Parliament, 253 Corps) Europe, European, 2, 7, 8, 12, 17, 18, 35 FSS, 153 32, 34, 50, 53, 77, 78, 82, 83, 71 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n25 116, 143, 157, 164, 195, 221 72 FSS, 153 Evand, D., 153 265 FSS, 153 Execution(s), 193, 195, 236, 256 266 FSS, 153 Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem, see Al-Husayni, 281 FSS, 153 Mohammed Amin 401 FSS, 153, 159–161, 166n25 Expatriate(s), ex-pat(s), 9, 39, 81, 402 FSS, 153, 159 195, 224, 246, 247, 250, 255 403 FSS, 153, 159 Explosives, 100, 102, 194 404 FSS, 153, 159 External liaison, 3, 129, 221 405 FSS, 153 406 FSS, 153 407 FSS, 153 F 408 FSS, 153 Faisal, Ghazi bin (King of Iraq), 34–36 Field Security Wing (FSW), 151, Faisal II (King of Iraq), 35, 98 152 Falluja, 38, 52, 55, 63, 171 Fifth column, 55, 65, 73, 75, 93 Fao (al-Faw), 128, 161 Fikri, Gaydan, 200–202 Far East, 32, 48, 75, 119, 162, 221, 234 Film(s), 36, 225, 247, 257n5 Farhud (pogrom), 64, 65, 72, 77–79 Finland, 185 Farrashband, 163 First World War, xii, 6, 7, 66, 174 Fascist(s), fascism, 2, 5, 35, 37, 42, Flanders, 17, 179n15, 248 52, 68, 74–76, 78–81, 132, 134, Flashing lights, 162 158, 211n30, 245, 246, 252, 255 Fleet Street, 251 Faw, 128 Fleming, Ian, 23n5, 88n16, 221 Faysh Khabur, 160 Fleming, Peter, 69, 88n16 Fellah, Ahmed Humaid, 204–206, Foreign Office (FO), 3, 14, 15, 19, 216n74 38, 41, 42, 54, 56, 88n15, Felmy, Hellmuth, 192, 193, 212n35 89n38, 96, 104–107, 113n44, Ferneinsätze (long-range operations), 116, 118–120, 132, 138, 225, 184, 194, 216n74 229, 236, 238n5 INDEX 309

Foreign Office policy (see Policy) Middle East Command (MEC), xiv, Political Intelligence Department 5, 102 (PID), 15, 19 Pacific Gulf Command (PGC), 237 Formations and units (Allied) Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC), 8th Army, 70, 144n1, 153 xiv, 5, 102, 103, 121 10th Army, 96, 101, 112n35, 116, Persia and Iraq Force (PAIFORCE), 119, 137, 138, 192 xiv–xvi, 4, 65, 66, 103, 106, 10th Indian Division, 37, 50 119, 123, 128, 129, 131, 152, 13th Lancers, IA, 259n21 153, 161, 164, 166n28, 199, 18th Indian Infantry Brigade, 203, 233, 237, 241n39 115 Pioneer Corps, 83 114th/117th Mahrattas, IA, 118 Poona Horse, IA, 117 Arab Legion Desert Force, 171, RAF units and formations (see Royal 173, 174 Air Force (RAF)) Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), 249 249 Corps of Guides (Cavalry), IA, 115, Royal Artillery, 174 146n19 Royal Engineers, 154, 174 DUNSTERFORCE, 27n50 Special Air Service (SAS), 26n37, G(R), 5, 54 164, 167n34 General Staff Intelligence (GSI), Wellington Cadet College, IA, 115 131, 137, 149n50, 164 Formations and units (Axis) GHQ India, 56, 121, 125 6th Army, 193 GHQ Middle East, 54 845 Deutsch-Arabische Infanterie- GHQ PAIFORCE, 139, 166n20 Bataillon (see Formations and HABFORCE, xvi, 37, 42, 58n9, units (Axis), Deutsch-Arabische 171, 173, 174, 205 Legion (DAL)) Home Guard, 18 Afrika Korps, 53 Indian Army Reserve of Officers Deutsch-Arabische Legion (DAL), (IARO), 102 192, 204, 213n38, 217n76, Intelligence Corps (see Field Security 217n77 Section(s)) Gartenfeld Squadron, 203 IRAQFORCE, 37 Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Jewish Infantry Brigade Group (OKW), 148n44 (‘Jewish Brigade’), 83 Seekriegsleitung (SKL), 186, Jewish Parachutists of Mandate 193–194 Palestine, 83 Sonderstab F (Felmy), 192 KINGCOL, 37, 52, 79, 89n38, Waffen-SS, 135, 192, 254, 260n26 170, 171, 246 Wehrmachtführungsstab, 183 Life Guards, 171, 174, 178n3 Wüstensonderverband 287 (see M(R), 5 Formations and units (Axis), MERCOL, 205 Sonderstab F (Felmy)) 310 INDEX

France, French, 10, 11, 18, 27n49, Gestapo, see Reichssicherheitshauptamt 28n53, 43n5, 122, 142, 154, (RSHA), RSHA IV 155, 184, 191, 208n4, 254 Giesing, 224 Frascati, 204 Giffey, Anni, 176, 252 Free French, 155 Giffey, C.K.O. Brian, 175–177, Free Polish 179n15, 221, 249, 252 Field security sections (FSS), Giornale d’Italia, 80, 81 126–129, 131, 151, 152, 164 Givat Brenner, 80, 81 liaison, 164 Glubb, John B. (Glubb Pasha), 16, military police, 130, 151 165n2, 170–175, 178n6 security forces, 66, 153, 189, 205 Glubb’s Girls’ (Arab Legion Desert Fritze, Hans, 193 Force), see Formations and units Frogmen, 194 (Allied) Frontier(s), xv, 56, 65, 86, 126, 127, Golden Square, 37, 42, 67, 140, 253 129, 153–156, 158–161, Götterdämmerung, 207 165n11, 166n20, 171, 181, 186, Great Game, 234 188, 189, 237 Great War, see First World War Frontier closure, 159 Greece, Greek(s), 27n49, 81, 158, Frontier control, 122, 127, 153, 158 164, 175, 191–193, 204, 217n76 Fuel dumps, 55, 194 Grobba, Fritz, xvi, 32, 33, 35, 37, 49–52, 57n4, 59n12, 122, 125, 133, 134, 247 G Guerrilla warfare, 54, 172, 235 Al-Gamabi, Mahmud Salman, 202 Guide/interpreter, see Interpreter(s) Gardaneh-ye-Shinak Pass, 186, 188 Gulf of Oman, 163, 164 Gare de Baghdad (Aleppo), 155 Gwynn, E.H., 100 Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali, 36, 37, 47, 49, 52, 57n3, 72, 74, 76–78, 97, 140, 141, 206 H Gehrke, Franz, see Grobba, Fritz Habbaniya, see Royal Air Force (RAF), General Officer Commanding (GOC), RAF Habbaniya 118, 120, 142, 237 Hackforth-Jones, Campbell, 136, 249 Geneva, 202 Haddad, Raoul, 222 Geniesse, Jane F., 14, 25n33, 29n64, Haganah, 54, 81, 95, 96 257n9 The Hague, 204, 217n78 Genoa, 10 Haim Nathaniel Transport Company, Georgia(n), 132, 243n56 79 German Foreign Office, see Auslands Hall, David, 124, 125 amt; Auswärtiges Amt Hamburg, 179n15, 249 German Palestinians, 252 Hamburg-America Line, 194 Germany, German(s), xiv, 4, 32, 48, 64, Hamburger, Wilhelm, 195, 199 96, 121, 154, 170, 181, 219, 247 Hamilton Road (Kurdistan), 186 INDEX 311

Hansen, Georg, 52, 59n12 Holocaust, xviin2, 82, 257n5 Haqqi, Ismail, 199 Holt, Vyvyan, 12, 13, 16, 66, 107, Hard labour, 224 119, 177, 248, 251 Harrington, J.T., 100 Homosexual, homosexuality, 2, Harris/Griffiths murders, 4, 94 29n64, 177, 258n9 Harry Ransom Centre (HRC), 39, Hope-Gill, Cecil G., 22n4, 45n26, 54, 114n58, 258n15 95, 96, 145n13, 248 Harstad, 194 Hoppé, Frank, 106 Hasakah, 191 Hore-Ruthven, Pamela, 16, 27n46, Hashemite(s), 23n5, 32, 134, 142, 70, 111n19 254 Hormuz, 53, 161–163 Hassan, Mohammed, 134 Hospital(s), 10, 84, 112n29, 115, Hayouoglukoy (al-Ubra), 203 223 Heat, 40, 45n26, 118, 188, 245 Household, Geoffrey, 145n14, 152, Hegemony, xii, 219, 248 153 Hejaf, 101 House of Commons, 36 Henderson, Loy W., 147n36, 221, Hurr, Emil, 207 229, 230, 235, 236 Al-Husayni, Mohammed Amin Herzegovina, 18 (Ex-Mufti of Jerusalem), 34, 37, Hesse, 183 54, 125, 133, 134, 253, 254, Heydrich, Reinhard, 57n3, 248 260n26 Hill, C.S., 120, 138 Al-Hussein, Abdullah bin (Emir of Himmler, Heinrich, 182, 202, 248 Transjordan), 172, 174, 175 Hirszowicz, Lukasz, xiv Hyde, Ulrica, see Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’ Hitler, Adolf, 5, 18, 33, 35, 47–49, 60n16, 74, 75, 96, 125, 182, 184, 206, 209n14, 212n33, 219, I 248, 252, 253 Ibsen, Henry, see Hoff, Hans ‘Doc’ Hitler-Jugend (HJ), 33, 78, 122, 133 Ideology, 32, 34, 133, 240n19, 254 Hizb al-Haras al-Fida’i (Suicide Guard Ikhwan-al-hurriya (Brotherhood of Party), 72, 79, 133 Freedom), 67, 69, 70, 82, 87n12, Hizb al-Istiqlal al-Iraqi (Iraqi 97 Independence Party), 134 Imperial War Museum (IWM), 91n55, HMS Hermes, 50 144n4, 165n2, 209n13, 259n19 Hodgkin, Edward C. ‘Teddy,’ 67, 71, Import/export, 45n26, 124, 220 83, 95, 98, 108, 109, 249, 250, India, Indian(s), xv, xvi, xviiin4, 5, 32, 257n6, 258n14 37, 48, 50, 56, 58n9, 65, 66, 69, Hodgkin, Nancy, 258n14 86, 115, 116, 119, 121, Hoff, Hans ‘Doc,’ 210n17, 220–230, 124–126, 133, 144n1, 152, 153, 236, 238n7, 240n30, 242n47 170, 193, 234, 259n21 Hoffmann, Fritz, 188, 189 Indian Army (IA), xv, 100, 110n8, Holme, Christopher, 67, 68, 87n10, 117, 118, 144n7 251 See also Formations and units (Allied) 312 INDEX

Indian Ocean, 162, 194 Interregnum, 37, 47, 67, 72, 74, 76, Indirect rule, 254 97, 98, 132, 133, 141 Information officer(s), 20, 26n40, 70 Interrogation(s), 20, 26n40, 68, 129, Intelligence 130, 155, 163, 189, 190, 195, acquisition, 5, 66, 138, 235 197–199, 205, 206, 224 air (see Royal Air Force (RAF)) Inter-Services Liaison Department all-source (ASI), 149n56 (ISLD), 5, 96, 107, 130, 131, analysis, 66 137, 149n50, 169, 174, 177, collation, 117, 118, 120, 128, 138 178, 220, 221, 237, 256 community, xviiin4, 9, 11, 106, See also MI6 (Secret Intelligence 246, 255 Service) coordination, 136, 137 Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), 76 distribution, 66, 120, 138 Iraq, Iraqi(s) economical and financial, 137 air force, 52, 53 equilibrium, 219, 234 Antiquities Museum, 34, 87n11, 97 history, xii, xv army, 4, 34, 38, 49, 64, 65, 67, 73, human (HUMINT), 203, 245, 248, 100, 102, 118, 122, 134, 143, 253 192, 196, 254 naval, 23n5, 27n40, 117 Civil Censorship (ICC), 119, 127 nonoperational, 121, 136–138, Criminal Investigation Department 149n50 (CID), 72, 73, 77, 83, 118, open-source (OSINT), 24n20, 123, 126, 127, 129, 134, 190, 138 199, 218n81, 222 operational, xii, 117, 137, 206 defence, xiii, xv, 39, 197, 225 political (see Tribal and Political education, 33, 133 Intelligence (T&P)) foreign affairs, 38, 40, 41 security (see Security) 14 July Revolution, 255 signals (SIGINT), 135, 248 health, 141, 142 summary, summaries, xvi, 15, 66, internal affairs, xvi, 54 72, 76, 119, 239n7, 250 Mandatory Iraq, xixn9, 254 tribal (see Tribal and Political military mission to Yemen, 134, 247 intelligence (T&P)) police, 39, 65, 86, 108, 129, 189, Intelligence Bureau (IB) (India), xv 196 Intelligence officer(s) (IO), xvii, 13, residence law, 224 19, 22, 98, 118, 144n7, 163, Royal Medical College (IRMC), 170, 175, 182, 183, 257n9 226 Interception of mail, 201 State Broadcasting Service, 33 Internal security, 42, 79, 86, 127, 129, State Railways (ISR), 160 143, 159 Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 39, Internment, 50, 73, 79, 84, 132, 134, 43n5, 96, 101, 102, 131, 170, 198, 204, 215n52, 223 159–160, 171, 232, 233, 243n57 Interpreter(s), 51, 188, 197, 223 Irgun Zevai Leumi (IZL), 54, 55 INDEX 313

Iron Cross, 182 Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Isfahan, 93 Palestine (see Formations and Iskenderun, 202 units (Allied)) Islam, 70 labour movement, 95 Israel, Israeli(s), xi, 80, 83 Jifani, Abdul Hassan Tahir, 204–206 Istabulat, 173 Johnson, J.C.A. ‘Johnny,’ 39, 46n31, Istanbul, 135, 154, 156, 158, 185, 100, 112n33 189, 191, 195–200, 202, 206, Jones, George W., 4, 24n15 224, 247, 248, 252 Jones, J. Frank ‘Jonesy,’ 71, 96, 98, Italian army, 204 111n19 Italy, Italian(s), 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, Jope-Slade, Robert ‘Jope,’ 117, 118 26n40, 27n49, 28n53, 34, 43n5, Jordan, Julius, 34, 35, 44n15 48, 50–52, 65, 68, 69, 73, 80, Juma, Mahmud Fawzi, 78 81, 83, 125, 153, 158, 164, 167n34, 170, 176, 184, 204, 209n14, 217n77, 221 K Izzard, Molly, 14, 22n2, 23n5, 25n33, Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 182, 183, 208n7 29n64 Kampfgemeinschaft revolutionärer Nationalsozialisten (KGRNS), 223 J Karachi, 53 Jaffa, 83, 124, 250 Karradi, Jassim Hussein, 204–206, Jakob, Conny, 163 216n74, 218n81 Al-Jamali, Fadhil, 33, 148n39 Kassel, 183 Japan, Japanese, xv, 48, 50, 142, 158, Katayib ash Shabab (Regiment of 161–163, 167n29, 167n32, 206, Youth), 78, 79, 133 221 Keeble, Daphne, 98, 108 Jask, 162, 167n32 Kellar, Alexander ‘Alex,’ 166n11, 233, See also Royal Air Force (RAF), RAF 234, 243n61, 244n62, 244n63, Jask 244n65 Jazirah, 172, 173 Kerbala, 101, 132 Jerusalem, xvi, 29n64, 34, 95, 116, Kermanshah, 159 168n40, 250, 253, 258n14, Ker, William P., 11, 12 260n26 Khadhimiya, 77, 174 Jew(s), Jewish Khan, Achat, 196, 198 armed forces, 81 Khanaqin, 128, 129, 148n39, 159 homeland (Jewish state in Palestine), Khidir, Shawkat, 199, 200 49 Khorramshahr, 128, 226 Jewish Agency for Palestine (JAFP), Khosravi, 153, 159 95 Khuzestan, 110n8, 163, 191 Jewish Infantry Brigade Group (see Kibbutz, 80, 83 Formations and units (Allied)) King David Hotel (Jerusalem), 250 314 INDEX

King Faisal Bridge, 38 German, 10, 11, 27n49, 33, 133, Kirkuk, xv, 53, 66, 77, 98, 102, 103, 164, 223 108, 112n29, 112n35, 129, 153, Hindi, 8 198, 232 Italian, 10, 11, 16, 21, 27n49 Kleczkowski, Karl, 195, 199 Kurdish, 39, 66, 100, 139, 140 Koch, Fred, 194, 195 Russian, 25n28, 112n30, 130, 164 Kohlhaas, Wilhelm, 51, 52, 56n2 Urdu, 8 Konieczny, Georg, 188, 189, 223 Laux, Helmut, 51 Koy Sanjaq, 85, 188 Lawyer(s), 70, 181, 182, 214n45, Kristallnacht, 77 223, 225 Küçük Büro (Kuchuk Bureau), 200 Le Mang, Richard, 223 Kurdish expert(s), xviiin4, 39, 66, Le Mang, Walther, 223, 224, 240n20 101, 139, 140, 232 Leary, Lewis, 225, 228, 240n28, Kurd(s), Kurdish, Kurdistan, xi, xii, xv, 241n43, 242n45 4, 5, 32, 36, 66, 77, 84–86, Lebanon, 11, 76, 220 89n38, 97, 99–103, 106, 108, Lebensraum, 207 112n31, 118, 121, 128, 129, Left, leftist, 71, 75, 77, 83, 103, 134, 139–143, 162, 176, 181, 183, 136, 176, 182, 223, 237, 186–191, 196–198, 200–202, 240n19, 249, 255 206, 210n16, 211n27, 211n30, Lehnitz, 204 216n68, 222, 230–235, 237, Lend-Lease, 121, 127, 201 254, 255 Leros, 106 Kurmis, Martin, 207 Levant, Levantine, xvi, 12, 116, 124, Kursk, 106 126, 153, 166n21, 176, 186 Kut, 153 Leverkuehn, Paul, 185, 186, 189, Kuwait, 35, 101, 159, 161, 192 195–198, 200, 206, 207, 209n14, 214n46, 224, 247, 252 L Liaison officer(s), xv, 51, 66, 112n30, Lahousen, Erwin von, 188, 248, 252, 139, 171, 178n3, 184, 188 259n23, 259n24 Libya, 251 Lamb, Harold, 228, 229, 241n44 Lignes Syriennes de Baghdad (LSB), Lancaster, Osbert, 2 160 Land settlement officer, 39, 100 Line(s) of communication, 32, 48, 78, Lane, Thomas F., 100 120 Language(s), linguistic skills Line(s) of reinforcement, 48 Arabic, 9, 10, 12, 22, 25n28, Line(s) of supply, 48, 78 27n49, 33, 51, 70, 85, 87n7, Lisbon, 185 90n50, 98, 116, 152, 191, Lloyd, Seton H.F., 23n5, 29n64, 203, 218n80, 258n14 29n67, 35, 44n19, 63, 67, 71, Farsi, 17, 25n28, 27n49, 223 87n11, 96–98, 103, 108, 109n6, INDEX 315

111n23, 113n42, 177, 221, Madfai, Jamil, 65 241n42, 249–251 Mafraq, 172 Lloyd, Ulrica ‘Hydie’ (Ulrica Hyde), Magan, William ‘Bill,’ xiii 108, 249 Makhmur, 85 London, 7, 8, 10, 16, 19, 21, 54, 95, Malaya, 234 97, 100, 103, 104, 107, 108, Mallett, Donald, 99, 111n29 111n22, 112n29, 113n44, 116, Manchester Guardian, 109, 249 120, 138, 175, 176, 179n15, Maqil, 153 227, 243n56, 243n60, 243n61, Maritime Commission, 226 244n64, 248, 250, 251 Marriage(s), 124, 249, 258n9 Long-range operations, see Marxism, Marxist(s), 76, 81–83, Ferneinsätze (long-range 90n47 operations) Mary, see SKK (Seekampfkutter) Lonsdale, M.R., 98 203 Loos, Roland, 183 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), 7, ‘Lord Haw-Haw,’ 33 24n23 Loud, Gordon, 228, 239n12, 239n14, Maunsell, Raymond, 116, 120, 144n4, 239n15, 240n26–28, 241n31, 146n25, 152, 168n40, 177, 184, 241n32, 241n34, 241n36, 185, 200, 211n24 241n37, 241n40–43, 242n45, Maydwell, Charles St George, 242n49, 242n52, 242n53, 100 243n58, 244n66–68, 244n73 Mayr, Franz, 163, 190, 210n24, Luftwaffe 242n51 aviation fuel, 52 McNearnie, Hugh, 99, 111–112n29 Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung Mediterranean, 10, 32, 48, 101, 161, (DAL) (see Formations and 176, 184, 206 units (Axis)) Mensheviks, 76 Gartenfeld Squadron (see Mentioned in Despatches (MID), 95, Formations and units (Axis)) 144n7 operational range, 52, 55 Mersin, 202 refuelling stops, 203, 216n74 Meseritz (Miedzyrzecz),̨ 193 Luristan, Lurs, 4, 140 Meshahida, 174 Lyon, Wallace A., 39, 46n31, 100, Mesopotamia(n), 31, 67, 118, 141, 101 149n57, 179n15, 220 Metković, 18 Meydan Ekbez, 154, 165n11 M M14 (maps and mapping), 12 Maadi, see Combined Services Detailed MI5 (Security Service), xiv, 3, 5, Interrogation Centre (CSDIC), 23n10, 120, 124, 131, 146n25, Maadi 171, 177, 233, 244n62, 250 Macaulay, Rose, 2 B Branch, 233, 244n62 316 INDEX

MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service) Milne, I.I. ‘Tim,’ 18, 260n29 Section D, xiii, 1, 15, 16, 19–21, Minister of State (Cairo), 137 23n10, 26n39, 27n45, 61n30, Ministers (to Iraq) 68, 95, 119, 167n34, 249, German (see Grobba, Fritz) 257n8 United States, 229 Section IX, 176, 179n17 Ministry of Information (MOI), 3, 15, Subsection Vw (Radio Intelligence 16, 19, 21, 26n40, 67, 68, 97, Section), 214n48 107, 256 Vauxhall HQ, 14 Minority, minorities, 77, 87n2, 121, See also Inter-Services Liaison 140, 141, 149n60, 206, 207n2, Department (ISLD) 216n68, 230 Middle East, xi–xvi, xviin2, xviin3, Missionary, 124, 125, 230, 231, 235, xviiin4, xviiin7, xixn10, 3, 5, 10, 242n55 15, 20, 22, 26n39, 44n11, Mitford, Terence Bruce, 23n10, 100, 44n16, 47, 48, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 162–164, 167n34, 249 69, 88n16, 103–105, 107, 108, MOFA, see Movements of Foreign 113n44, 116, 119, 121, 127, Agents 130, 132, 135, 137, 143, Molotov, V.M., 74 149n50, 151, 153, 157, 158, Monck-Mason, George E.A.C., 4, 36 162, 169, 171, 174–177, Montana, 230 184–186, 191, 192, 194, 196, Moon Palace, The (Qasr al-Qamar), 200, 203, 206, 207, 208n4, 118 209n14, 213n36, 220, 225, 228, Moorehead, Caroline, 14, 25n28, 230, 233, 234, 240n26, 244n62, 25n33 244n73, 246, 248, 250, 253, Morale, 40, 41, 88n17, 152, 204, 228 254, 257n8 Moscow, 74–76, 176 Middle East Centre Archive (MECA), Mossad LeAliyah Bet, 81, 82 xiii, 45n26, 58n9, 146n19, Mosul, xvii, 36, 46n29, 51, 65, 68, 150n62, 165n2, 178n4, 179n11 83, 85, 96, 99, 100, 112n29, Middle East Defence Committee 117, 126, 153, 155, 160, 161, (MEDC), 137, 149n50 172, 173, 188, 191–193, 196, Middle East Intelligence Centre 197, 203, 205, 211n30, 214n50 (MEIC), xiv, 13, 19–21 Mountaineer, mountaineering, 11 Miedzyrzecz,̨ see Meseritz ‘Mounties’ (Royal Canadian Mounted (Miedzyrzecz)̨ Police), 152 Militärisches Amt, 183 Movements, 6, 38, 65, 71, 76, 78, 79, Mil D, 183, 184, 194, 195, 203, 81, 82, 95, 107, 122, 124, 126, 208n4, 208n8 128, 171, 186, 200, 220, 223, Military attaché(s), 12, 13, 110n8, 224 129, 229, 230, 241n39 Movements of Foreign Agents Millspaugh Mission (Persia), 232, (MOFA), 123–125, 147n29, 242n55 148n39 INDEX 317

Mozambique Channel, 162 167n32, 173, 175, 176, 184, Muaskar Rashid, 38 201, 202, 221, 230, 234 ‘Muddle’ East, 3 Netzer Sereni, 83 Mujahideen, 78 Neustift, 229 Mukhtar, Fahridin Muhidin, 199, Neutrality, neutral countries, 15, 20, 200 184, 185, 195 Müller, Gottfried, 186–191, 196, 198, New Jersey, 239n9 209–210n16 Newton, Basil C., 95, 96, 107, 238n5 Müller, Hans, 188 New Zealand, 112n33, 176 Mundhiriya, 159 Nicolson, Harold, 2, 25n27 Munich, 223, 224 Nilgiri Hills, 115 Munitions dump(s), 98, 100 NKVD, see Narodnyi Kommissariat Murmansk, 76 Vnutrennikh Del Mushaq, 118 Nomad, nomadism, xiii, 11, 17, 220 Mussolini, Benito, 125, 133, 184, 204 Non-commissioned officer (NCO), Muthanna Club, see Nadi al-Muthanna 51, 127, 129, 134, 151, 165n9, 191, 194 Normandy, 182 N North Africa, 3, 53, 57n3, 69, 174, Nadi al-Muthanna, 33 176, 178n3, 192, 217n77 Nairn Transport Company, 160, Norway, 194 166n21 Nuremberg, 252, 254, 260n26 Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Nuri, Taha, 201, 202 Del (NKVD), 232, 237 Nurse, nursing, 4, 10, 11, 41 Nashdom Abbey, 1 Nasret, Su’ad Saadet Fatma, 198, 199 National Cooperative Society (NCS), O 76 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Nationalsozialistischer Cairo bureau, 220 Rechtswahrerbund (NSRB), 182 OSS-SI, 220, 222, 226, 235, 237, Naumann, Fritz, 183, 208n6 241n42, 243n60; Near East Naval intelligence, 23n5, 27n40 Section, 220, 225 Naval power, 48 OSS-SO, 233 Nazi secrets, 248 OSS X-2, 195, 220 Nazi(s), Nazism relations with State Department, foreign policy, 47 226, 230 racial policy, 48 Research and Analysis (R&A), Near East, 58n7, 194, 241n42 232 Near East Broadcasting Service Office of the Coordinator of (NEBS), see Sharq al-Adna Information (COI), 220 Network(s), xiv, 17, 34, 71, 81, 103, Office of the Surgeon General (SGO), 108, 120, 139, 152, 153, 158, 226 318 INDEX

Official Secrets Act, 250 Nasret, 198, 199 Oil OMAR, 198 companies, 43n5, 128, 129, 143 REISERNTE, 147n34, 193 denial, 96, 101, 192, 195 Robert College, 197 experts, 51, 194 RUVANDIZ-SCHLUCHT, 186 infrastructure, 48, 52, 101, 110n8, SMUDGERS, 202 128, 161, 193 TEL AFAR, 202–205, 216n74, 253 installations, 96, 121, 128, 161, Orientalism, orientalist(s), xviiin4, 66, 193, 239n18 98 oilfield(s), xv, 52, 53, 112n36, 192, Oriental secretary, 22, 66, 95, 96, 193, 209n16, 258n15 107, 145n13, 177 pipeline(s), xv, 52, 101, 160, 191, Oster, Hans, 248, 252, 259n22 193 Other ranks (ORs), xv, 4, 106, 162 pumping stations; H1, 39; H4, 171; Ottoman, 66, 97, 118, 122, 133, 141, K1, 39 200, 220 refineries, xv, 128, 192 Oybin, 202, 204 tankers, 128, 162 wells, 101, 191, 192 Old Etonian, see Eton College P Old Haileyburian, 248 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah of Old Stoic, see Stowe School Persia), 98 Operational space, 13, 14, 17 Palestine, Palestinian(s), xii, 21, 34, Operations/plans/initiatives (Allied) 36, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57n3, 61n30, COUNTENANCE, 115 71, 77, 79, 81–83, 96, 107, 116, PLUM, 100 121, 124, 125, 133, 142, 170, WONDERFUL, 192 171, 175, 203–205, 220, 225, YAK, 69 234, 249, 253, 259n17, 259n25 Operations/plans/initiatives (Axis) Palestine Police, 55, 116, 117 Achat Khan, 198 Pan-Arabism, pan-Arab(ist), xii, 2, 33, ANTON, 203, 206 34, 36, 44n13, 47, 48, 67, 78, ASLAN, 191 134, 141, 142, 206, 254 BARBAROSSA, 49, 206 Papen, Franz von (ex-chancellor of BASRA, 193 Austria), 185, 209n14, 247 Bedaux-Felmy, 192, 207 Parachute drop, see Aerial insertion DODGERS, 127, 200, 202 Parachutist(s), 83, 136, 190, 203, FRANZ, 203, 206, 242n51 205, 211n27, 223, 253 Khidir & Co, 199 Paris, 9, 10, 182 KINO, 147n34, 194, 195 Passport control, 126 LIBERATORS, 127, 196, 197, 199, Pearl Harbor, 220 223, 224 Penrose, Stephen B.L. ‘Binks,’ MAMMUT, 136, 158, 183, 220–222, 224–228, 230, 231, 187–191, 196–198, 203, 206, 235, 236, 240n30, 240n31, 207, 209n15, 223, 239n18 242n53, 243n60 INDEX 319

Perowne, Stewart, xiii, xviiin6, xxi, 16, Poland, Pole(s), Polish, 4, 35, 36, 41, 20, 23n5, 27n45, 64, 67–71, 96, 77, 88n15, 124, 130, 164, 97, 104, 119, 131, 136, 145n15, 168n40, 193, 259n23 146n19, 176, 177, 247–249, Policy 251, 258n9, 259n18 Foreign Office policy, 56, 105, 120, Persia (Iran), xiii–xvii, xixn10, 4, 5, 12, 132, 140, 225, 236 17, 20, 24n13, 37, 48, 50, 55, SOE-PWE Policy Committee, 106 56, 60n23, 61n27, 67, 85, 86, Polish-Jewish soldiers, 130 93, 94, 99, 101–103, 107, Political adviser (PA), xvii, 4, 66, 71, 112n31, 115, 116, 121, 126, 110n8, 119, 120, 138–140, 128, 131, 140, 146n22, 146n25, 149n56, 162, 251, 254 146n26, 148n39, 152, 153, 155, Political Advisory Staff (PAS), 66, 119 159–162, 164, 172, 179n15, 182, Political intelligence, see Tribal and 186, 192, 198, 206, 220, 222, political intelligence (T&P) 224, 229–232, 236, 237, 242n51, Political Intelligence Bureau (PIB) 242n54, 249, 256, 257n6 [India], 131 Persian Azerbaijan, 112n30, 231, 234 Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 5, Persian Gulf, xv, 48, 50, 128, 147n34, 23n5, 103, 104, 107, 256 161–163, 176, 193, 194, 201 Pollock, George, 55, 61n30, 95 Persian (s), xv, 2, 17, 50, 59n15, 65, Port security, 128, 152 77, 86, 100, 110n8, 129, 140, PSO Shatt al-Arab, 128 159, 161, 167n29, 167n36, Portugal, 185 168n39, 181, 186, 191, 192, Postoccupational, xv, 96, 98, 100, 223, 231, 232, 237, 242n53, 252 102, 104, 107, 112n36 Persuasion, 23n5, 68–71 Postwar, xiii, 14, 71, 76, 107, 129, Peshmerga (Kurdish irregulars), 86 130, 135, 142, 146n25, 147n37, Philby, H.A.R. ‘Kim,’ 18, 24n24, 176, 150n65, 229, 233, 234, 236, 247, 258n11 237, 239n16, 253 Philby, Harry St John, 9, 25n24 Pouch, see Diplomatic bag Philip, Aidan L.B., 3, 26n39, 71, 83, Preoccupational, 96, 102, 104, 206 95, 98, 99, 102–104, 113n42, Presbyterian, 230 177, 248–250, 257n8, 258n14, Press officer, 67 258n15 Prison-camp, 152 Photographer, photography, 1, 5, 11, Prisoner(s) of war (POW), 68, 69, 81, 19, 20, 25n33, 51 88n15, 183, 190, 218n84 Piekenbrock, Hans ‘Heinz,’ 252, Privilege, 8, 155 259n23 Pro-Axis, 65, 73, 84, 102, 132, Plan(s), planner(s), planning officer(s), 135 3, 4, 31, 35, 51–53, 99–102, Pro-German, see Pro-Nazi(s) 104, 105, 107, 185–189, Pro-Nazi(s), 32, 33, 35, 44n13, 50, 191–194, 198, 207, 209n15, 65, 73, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91n52, 210n16, 216n74, 225, 226, 228, 93, 98, 131, 132, 134, 148n39, 235, 244n63 163, 187, 192, 199, 243n60 320 INDEX

Propaganda Ranfurly, Hermione (Countess of black, 19, 23n5, 26n39, 28n58, Ranfurly), 16, 27n46 60n23, 67, 68, 96, 97, 105, Ranks, xv, xvi, 15, 21, 57n3, 65, 76, 146n15 130, 138, 144n7, 145n12, 182 communist, 75 Rasul, Khalil, 204–206, 216n74, German (Nazi), 33, 34, 43n8, 52, 217n76 64, 65 Rayat, 188 grey, 28n58, 103 Raziel, David, 54, 55, 61n26 oral, 69, 106–108 Rebels, 41, 46n29, 56, 65, 68, 133, radio, 52, 104, 119 172, 174 white, 19, 28n58, 51, 68, 97, Reconnaissance, 5, 25n34, 26n36, 41, 103–105, 119 115, 152, 163, 164, 174, 189 Propagandist, propaganda officer, xiii, Red Army, 76, 122, 232 2, 4, 23n5, 34, 60n23, 67, 68, Red assimilation, 82 229 Red Sea, 101 Prussia, 184 Regent of Iraq, see Abdulillah of Public Information Office (PIO), 96, Hejaz, Emir (Regent of Iraq) 119 Regional administrator(s), 234 Publicity, 23n5, 28n58, 51, 68, Regional commander (SOE), 102 87n12, 99, 104, 119, 120 Registry, see Combined Intelligence Public relations, 67, 68, 119, 131, Centre Iraq and Persia (CICI), 142, 177 records section (registry) Public school(s), 7, 248 Rehovot, 80 Reichert, Franz, 203 Reichert, Hugo Ernst, 203 Q Reichsmarine, 194 Qaiyara, 153 Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) Qashgai tribe (Persia), 93, 162 RSHA IV (secret police [Gestapo]), Qassim, Bay, 196, 197, 199 252 Quinan, Edward P., 56 RSHA VI (foreign intelligence), Quwwat al-Sab’awi al-Wataniya 57n3, 135, 148n44, 163, 186, (Sabawi Nationalist Force), 78 189–191, 194, 196, 203, 206, 207, 219, 242n51, 253 RSHA Amt Mil (successor to Abw R II) (see Militärisches Amt) Race/racism, 140 Reit-im-Winkl, 183 Radio Berlin, 97 Rhodes, 51, 216n74 Radio communications, see Wireless Rhodes scholarship, 252, 257n4 telegraphy (W/T) Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 48, 51, Railway security, 153 57n3 Ramadi, 35, 159 Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, 74 Ramzi, Rashid, 188–191, 197 Richardson, Leonard, 108, 109 INDEX 321

Road reports, 222 S Robert College (Istanbul), 197, 211n24 Sabawi, Yunis, 78, 79, 123, Roberts, Douglas, 200 133 Roberts, John, 106 Sabotage, saboteur(s), sabotage Robinson, Gerald, 152 officer(s), xiii, 2, 4, 48, 49, 51, Rogers, T.E., 162 52, 54, 55, 57n3, 60n23, 65, 78, Roman Catholic clergy, 69 79, 81, 86, 88n15, 94, 96, 97, Rome, 80, 204 100, 101, 107, 128, 135, 136, Rommel, Erwin, 53, 135 158, 171, 177, 181, 186, 188, Roosevelt, Archibald B. ‘Archie,’ 227, 191–194, 196, 204, 206, 237, 241n39 217n78, 239n18, 256 Rowanduz, 32, 85, 101, 159, 186, Safwat, Ismail, 134 188 Said, Edward, xii, xviiin4 Royal Air Force (RAF) Said, Fahmi, 38 Air Officer Commanding (AOC), Said, Saif-ud-Din, 134 13, 37, 118 Salt mines, 162 Assyrian Levies, 32, 99, 112n29 Samarra, 173 chief intelligence officer (CIO), Samawah, 153 131 Sana’a, 20, 21 ‘I’ Branch (air intelligence), 98, Sargon, Arthur, 118, 145n12, 117, 120, 123, 131 259n17 No. 4 FTS, 37 Satia, Priya, xii, xviin3, 105 RAF Habbaniya, 37, 43n7, 50–52, Saudi Arabia, 126, 161, 171, 175, 55, 116, 117, 170, 171 192, 220, 234 RAF Jask, 161 Saxony, 183, 202 RAF Shaiba, 153 Scaife, Christopher H.O., 71 RAF Volunteer Reserve, 116 Schein und Wirklichkeit, 47 Royal Flying Corps (RFC), 37 Schellenberg, Walter, 148n44, 182, Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 218n82, 248 18 Schools, 7, 33, 59n10, 76, 79, 98, Royal Haditha Hunt, 247 122, 133, 143, 198, 217n78, Royal Indian Navy, 162 228, 248 Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Schuback, Kurt, 207 (RNOH), 250 Schulze-Holthus, Berthold, 163 Royal Navy, 50, 53, 200 Scotland, Scots, Scottish, xviiin6, 12, Russell, L.F.P. ‘Pat,’ 259n21 35, 116, 167n34, 248 Russian Front, 59n10, 193, 207, 252, Scouting operation, see Reconnaissance 259n23 Scout(s), 5–7, 9–12, 15, 18, 20, 21, Russia/Russian(s), see Soviet, Soviet 28n53, 79, 115, 220, 251 Union Searches, 129, 152, 155, 156, Rutbah, 171 201 Ryan, Edward P.J., 116, 144–145n7 Second British Occupation, xvi 322 INDEX

Second World War, xii–xiv, xvi, xixn10, Shaiba, 153 1, 3, 15, 17, 28n63, 43n5, See also Royal Air Force (RAF), 44n12, 117, 120, 121, 153, 171, Shaiba 175, 207, 248, 255 Shammar tribe (Jazirah), 172, 173 Secret ink, 196, 199, 201, 215n60 Sharq al-Adna, 83, 250, 258n14 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), see Shatt al-Arab, 86, 128, 152, 161–163, MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service) 191, 193, 194 Section D, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence Shavuot, 77 Service) Shawkat, Hamdi, 132 Security Shawkat, Naji, 132, 133 authorities, 77, 126, 127, 190 Shawkat, Saib, 33, 35, 91n52, equilibrium, 219, 234 132–134 forces, 66, 189, 205 Shawkat, Sami, 75, 132–134 measures, xvi Sheikh(s), 66, 186 security control officer (SCO/ Shemiran, 94, 95 SCOPG), 128, 153 Shepheard’s Hotel (Cairo), 4 security intelligence, xiv, xv, 3, 66, Sherifian(s), 87n2, 143 72, 74, 76, 116, 117, 120, Shia, xi, 36, 77, 87n2, 103, 108, 121, 122, 138, 142, 144, 149n50, 140–142, 254 164, 237 Shipping, 48, 161, 162, 164, 167n32, security officer (SO), 2, 84, 124, 193, 194, 226, 255 129, 162, 164, 165n2 Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 57n3, 148n44, situation, 84, 121, 122, 135, 142, 203 143, 158 Siege, xvi, 32, 37, 38, 40–42, 45n26, zones, 152 131, 250 Security Intelligence Middle East Sikh(s), xxi (SIME), xiv–xvi, 105, 116, 120, Sikorski, Władysław, 98 121, 123, 126, 137, 144n4, Simferopol, 188 146n21, 146n25, 152, 155, Simmons, Frederic, see Sereni, 156, 164, 166n28, 177, 178, Enzo 184, 196, 198, 200, 206, Sinai, 192 211n24, 235, 239n16, 244n65, Sinderson, Harry ‘Sinbad,’ 35, 41, 256 248 Security Service, see MI5 (Security Sinjar, 159, 204 Service) Six, see MI6 (Secret Intelligence Selassie, Haile (emperor of Ethiopia), Service) 125 SKK (Seekampfkutter) 203, 194 Self-determination, 255 Skorzeny, Otto, 78, 183, 208n8, Serbs, 18, 254 218n82 Serdab, 98, 111n24, 118 Sleeping-car staff, 154, 155 Sereni, Enzo, 80–83, 90n44, 90n47 Smart, Harry G. ‘Reggie,’ 37 Shahraban (Miqdadiyah), 200, 201 Smith, A.L., 249, 257n6 INDEX 323

Smuggler(s), smuggling, 55, 86, 101, Spy, spies, xv, 2, 6, 7, 11, 24n18, 156, 160, 162, 165, 189, 196, 59n10, 79, 93, 177, 223, 224, 200, 202, 232 250, 255 Social class, 245, 255 Stalin, Josef, 48, 74, 75, 232 Socialism, socialist(s), 76, Stalingrad, 106, 135, 164, 188, 80–82 192–194, 206 Social set (the Baghdad Set), 16, 17, Stalino (Donetsk), 192 63, 83, 98, 144n4, 176, 245, Stark, Flora (mother of Freya Stark), 246, 248–256, 257n9 10, 12 SOE charter, 107, 119 Stark, Freya, xi, xiii, xviiin6, 1–3, Sofia, 191 9–11, 31, 63, 93, 119, 177, 187, Solel Boneh, 81 246 South Africa, 6, 221 Stark, Robert (father of Freya Stark), 9 South Gate, 16, 22, 26n39, 67, 83, State Department, 129, 221, 93–109, 113n42, 118, 131, 247, 226–230, 240n31 249, 258n14 Staybehind (agent(s)), 100 Soviet-occupied zone (northern Steptoe, Harry N., 176, 177, 179n17 Persia), 85, 86, 230–232, 237 St Margaret’s Church (Westminster), Soviet political interest 249 expansionism, xii Stockholm, 185 in Iraq, 222 Stonehewer-Bird, Hugh, 47 in Persia, 222 Stowe School, 116 Soviet, Soviet Union, xii, xv, 5, 48, Strange, Roy, 80 59n10, 73–76, 81, 82, 85, 86, Strasser, Georg, 223 96, 98, 108, 112n30, 115, 121, Strasser, Otto, 223 122, 128, 135, 143, 164, 176, Strategic analysis, 222 177, 179n15, 192, 207, 208n3, Strategic location (of Iraq), 108, 143 218n84, 219, 222, 231, 232, Student(s), 33, 70, 78, 79, 195, 197, 234, 237, 242n55, 259n23 199, 243n56 Spain, 185 Submarine(s), xv, 26n40, 68, 70, Special forces, 52, 54, 59n10, 192, 161–164, 191 248 Subversion, 34, 60n23, 65, 69, 95, Special Operations Executive (SOE) 98, 132, 135, 163, 181, 206 G-2 Plans, 104 Sudan, 152 HQ (Baker Street), 97, 104 Suez, Suez Canal, 3, 48, 135, 161, SO1, 5, 15, 95 162 SO2, 5, 95 Šufflay, Milan, 18 SOE–PWE Policy Committee Sulaymaniyah, 39, 117 (see policy) Suleiman, Nadjat, 196 Spencer, E.L. ‘Joe,’ 121, 135, Sunni, xi, 36, 108, 121, 140, 254 146n25, 152 Surveillance, 72, 82, 134, 152, 156, Spyscape, 120, 146n20, 247 161, 195, 199–202 324 INDEX

Sweden, 185 Terrain analysis, 222 Switzerland, 185 Terrorism, terrorist(s), 50, 107, 196, Sykes, Christopher, xiii, 16, 21, 253, 259n25 26n37, 60n23, 68, 83 Third Reich, 78, 248 Syrian Sureté, 158 Thomas Cook & Son (travel agency), Syria, Syrian(s), 12, 13, 34, 36, 37, 160 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 65, 72, 73, Thompson, Geoffrey, 108, 109 76, 79, 83, 84, 126, 133, 142, Thornhill, Cudbert, 16, 20, 27n44, 153–155, 157–161, 165n11, 68, 69, 80, 81, 83, 88n15 167n34, 174, 181, 188, 191, Tigris, 36, 39, 97, 118, 170, 173, 200, 204, 220, 222 188, 247, 252 Système d’ensablement (Bedaux Tilley, Edmund, 190, 209n15, sanding-up technique), 192 210n20, 210–211n24, 239n18 The Times, 167n34, 251 Tirpitzufer, 182, 184 T Topography, topographical, 12, 19, Tabriz, 112n30, 232, 242n55, 243n56 126, 139, 252 Taji, 174 Torino, 10 T&P, see Tribal and political Toughs, 54, 55, 78, 88n17, 103, intelligence 144n7, 167n34 Tank transporters, 249 Toulmin, John G., 220, 244n72 Taurus Express, 153–157, 160, Transcaspia, 192 165n8, 199 Transcaucasia, 4, 192 Taurus Mountains, 100, 162 Transjordan, 57n3, 161, 170–172, Teachers, 33, 34, 74, 76, 79, 84, 133, 174, 175, 178n6, 220 142 Travel permit(s), 72 Tehran, xv, 7, 22, 26n37, 59n15, Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Baron Dacre of 60n16, 60n23, 76, 93–95, Glanton), 196, 214n48 102–104, 110n8, 121, 127, 135, Trial(s), xi, 72, 197, 202, 206, 146n25, 163, 168n40, 190, 224, 214n51, 225, 254 230–232, 237, 241n44, 249, Tribal and political intelligence 257n8 (T&P), xvii, 117, 119, 120, Tel Afar, 202–205, 216n74, 216n75, 122, 138, 139, 141, 142, 217n79, 253 149n57 See also Operations/plans/initiatives Tribal dress, 190 (Axis) Tribal territory, 152, 163, 188 Television, 37, 247, 248 Tribe(s), tribesmen, xv, 4, 32, 34, 78, Tel Kotchek, 153–155, 157–161, 93, 100, 101, 103, 109n5, 139, 166n25 141, 162, 163, 172–174, 187, Tel Ziouane, 153 226, 231–233 Tennant, Christopher G. (Lord Trieste, 10 Glenconner), 101 Trott zu Solz, Adam von, 247, 257n4 INDEX 325

Tunnat, Heinz, 207 Rutgers, 239n9 Turkey, Turkish, Turks Texas, xviiin6, 39 Turkish police, 200 Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7, Turkish secret service(s), 200 223, 224, 227–229, 242n47; Turning point, 106, 135 Neurologisch-Psychiatrische Typhus, 10, 228, 229 Universitäts-Klinik, 229 Tyrolean Alps, 252 Upton, Joe, 231, 232, 242n54 US Army Air Force (USAAF), 227 US citizenship, 226, 229 U US commercial interests, 147n37, Ukraine, Ukrainian, 122, 237 233, 234 Umm Qasr, 161 US Department of State, see State Underwood, H. John, 94, 95, 102, Department 110n8 US military intelligence (G2), 3, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 148n38, 227 (USSR), see Soviet, Soviet Union US Steel, 220, 239n8 United Kingdom, 166n27, 178n7 Ustinov, Jona ‘Klop’ (Baron Ustinov), United Kingdom Commercial 124 Corporation (UKCC), 131, 160 Ustinov, Peter, 124 United States of America, 53, 128, 147n36, 212n33, 216n68, 219, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 237, V 239n8, 239n16, 244n63, 248 V-Day (Victory in Europe Day), 232 Universities Venice, 10 American University of Beirut Ventimiglia, 10 (AUB), 220, 227, 228, 236 Vermehren, Erich, 195, 197, 199, Berlin, 223 247, 252 Cambridge, 7 Vetting, 126, 131, 132 Columbia, 227, 228 Vichy French, 55 Halle, 223 Victorian, 45n26, 246 Ivy League, 239n9 Vienna, 18, 27n48, 203, 208n7, 223, Leipzig, 223 224, 227–229 London; Bedford College, 10; Vilayet(s), 66, 141 School of Oriental and African Virkow, V., 100, 112n30 Studies (SOAS), 24n22, Visa control, 122, 126 112n29, 243n56 Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD), 10 Oxford; Balliol College, 249; Christ Church College, 175; St Antony’s College, xiii, 8, 58n9, W 136, 165n2; Wadham College, Wagner, Hans-Otto, 182, 184–186, 2, 248 193, 194, 207, 207n2, 208n4 Rome, 80 Wahbi, Sabhi, 84, 91n52 326 INDEX

Waldegrave Initiative, xiii Wood, E.K. ‘Chokra,’ 66, 87n6, 103, War Censor’s Office, 11 115, 116, 118–123, 125–127, War crimes, war criminal(s), 142, 129, 131, 132, 134–138, 144, 212n35, 254, 259n23 146n19, 152, 161–163, Warne, Calvin, see Allen, Thomas B.W. 166n28, 168n40, 206, ‘Tom’ 221–224, 226, 235, 236, War Office (WO), 13, 128 240n30, 250, 259n17 Washington, 57n3, 130, 220, Woolf, Virginia, 2 225–228, 232, 237, 239n8, Wordsworth, Robin, 152 241n42, 252 Wright, Ed, 237 Wavell, Archibald ‘Archie’ (Field W/T (radio) set(s), 4, 100, 188, 190, Marshal Earl Wavell), xiv, 69 196, 197, 205, 224 Wehrmacht (German armed forces), Wünsdorf, 184, 209n12 49, 122, 135, 148n44, 181, 182, 186, 203, 204, 209n16, 212n35, 217n76 Y Weimar Republic, 21 Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din Werwolf organization, 78 (Imam of Yemen), 27n41 West Africa, 194 Yemen, 20, 68, 134 West Country, 250 Yezidi(s), xi, 85, 102, 140, 230, Western Desert, 53, 70 254 West Indies, 119, 251, 259n18 Youth(s), 33, 45n26, 78, 79, 122, Whispering, 2, 97, 106 133, 143 White, Dick, 177, 178 Yugoslavia, 18, 204, 217n76, 224, Whitehall, 15, 175 235 White House, 227 Yusuf, Mustafa, 200–202 Wilde, Oscar, 21 Wilkins, J.T., 129 Williams, L.F. Rushbrook, 19, 97 Z Wilson, Henry Maitland ‘Jumbo’ Zaehner, R.C. ‘Robin,’ 3, 24n11, (Field Marshal Lord Wilson of 26n37, 95, 237, 243n56 Libya), xiv, 16, 19, 102, 105, Zagros Mountains, 100, 103, 189, 106, 247 231 Wilson, Patrick Maitland, xiii Zainal, Mudhaffar, 199, 200 Wilsonian self-determination, Zakho, 159, 161, 166n25 255 Zarbatiya, 159 Windsor, Duke and Duchess of, 192 Zionism, Zionist(s), xii, 2, 77, 79–82, Wireless telegraphy (W/T), 101, 102, 86, 90n47, 95, 142, 143, 206, 107, 158, 177, 185, 188, 191, 229, 233, 253 198, 204, 211n27, 230 Zossen, 184, 185 Wolfson, W., 200 Zuhur Palace, 36