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Der Neuaramäische Dialekt Von ʾaṛmoṭa

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Der Neuaramäische Dialekt Von ʾaṛmoṭa Der neuaramäische Dialekt von ʾAṛmoṭa Untersuchung zur Phonologie und Morphologie Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von: Kawther Najeeb Askar aus Erbil-ʿAnkawa (Irak) Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Shabo Talay (Freie Universität Berlin) Heidelberg, im September, 2020 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 ʾAṛmoṭa, Geographie und Geschichte ............................................................................ 3 1.2 Informationen zu den Christen in ʾAṛmoṭa .................................................................... 5 1.3 Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ................................................................. 6 1.4 Zur Methodik ................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Vom Altsyrischen zum neuaramäischen Dialekt von ʾAṛmoṭa ........................................ 7 1.6 Einflüsse anderer Sprachen ......................................................................................... 10 2 PHONOLOGIE...................................................................................... 13 2.1 Das Konsonantensystem .............................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Die Entwicklung der begadkefat ........................................................................... 13 2.1.1.1 Die Entwicklung von b/ ḇ ............................................................................ 14 2.1.1.2 Das Phonem g/ ḡ .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.3 Die Phoneme d/ ḏ und t/ ṯ ........................................................................... 15 2.1.1.4 Das Phonem k/ ḵ .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.5 Das Phonem p/ p̄ .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Die Entwicklung der Pharyngale und der Glottale ............................................... 16 2.1.2.1 Das Phonem *ʾ ............................................................................................. 16 2.1.2.2 Das Phonem *ʿ ............................................................................................. 16 2.1.2.3 Das Phonem *ḥ ............................................................................................ 16 2.1.3 Die Palato-alveolare č/ ć, ǧ/ ǵ .............................................................................. 17 2.1.3.1 Das Phonem č/ ć .......................................................................................... 17 2.1.3.2 Das Phonem ǧ/ ǵ .......................................................................................... 18 2.1.4 Die emphatischen Konsonanten ........................................................................... 18 2.1.4.1 Der emphatische Konsonant ṭ ....................................................................... 18 2.1.4.2 Der emphatische Konsonant ṣ ...................................................................... 19 2.1.4.3 Der Interdental ḏ ̣.......................................................................................... 19 2.1.4.4 Die sekundären emphatischen Konsonanten (ṛ, ḍ, ẓ, ḷ, ṃ und ṇ) .................. 19 2.1.5 Gemination .......................................................................................................... 20 2.1.6 Assimilation ......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.6.1 Assimilation der dentalen Konsonanten ....................................................... 21 2.1.6.2 Weitere Assimilationen ................................................................................ 22 2.1.6.3 Sandhi-Assimilation ..................................................................................... 22 ii 2.1.6.4 Partielle Assimilation stimmhafter an stimmlose Konsonanten .................... 23 2.1.6.5 Partielle Assimilation stimmloser an stimmhafte Konsonanten .................... 23 2.1.7 Metathese ............................................................................................................ 24 2.1.8 Elision von Konsonanten ..................................................................................... 24 2.1.9 Unregelmäßige Lautveränderungen von Konsonanten ......................................... 25 2.2 Vokalismus .................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1 Minimalpaare ...................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1.1 Minimalpaare: Langvokal und Kurzvokal ..................................................... 26 2.2.1.2 Minimalpaare: Langvokale ........................................................................... 27 2.2.1.3 Minimalpaare: Kurzvokale ........................................................................... 28 2.2.1.4 Minimalpaare: Auslautvokale ....................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Die Entwicklung der Langvokale ......................................................................... 30 2.2.2.1 Längung von Kurzvokalen ............................................................................ 31 2.2.2.2 Kürzung von Langvokalen ............................................................................ 31 2.2.2.3 Kürzung von Langvokalen in offener Silbe ................................................... 31 2.2.3 Die Entwicklung der Kurzvokale .......................................................................... 32 2.2.3.1 Sonderentwicklungen ................................................................................... 34 2.2.3.2 Kurzvokale in geschlossener Silbe, die aus Langvokalen entstanden sind .... 35 2.2.3.3 Kurzvokale in offener Silbe .......................................................................... 36 2.2.3.4 Elision von Vokalen ..................................................................................... 36 2.2.4 Die Diphthonge (ay, aw, ǝw∼ew und ey) ............................................................. 36 2.2.4.1 Der Diphthong *ay ....................................................................................... 37 2.2.4.2 Der Diphthong *aw und aw (< *aḇ) ............................................................ 37 2.2.4.3 Der Diphthong –ǝw ~ –ew ............................................................................ 38 2.2.4.4 Der Diphthong ey ......................................................................................... 38 2.2.5 Der Hilfsvokal ə ................................................................................................... 39 2.2.6 Pausalformen ....................................................................................................... 40 2.2.6.1 Pausalendung -ū ~ -u ................................................................................... 40 2.2.6.2 Pausaldiphthongisierung .............................................................................. 40 2.3 Silbenstruktur .............................................................................................................. 42 2.3.1 Offene Silben ....................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Geschlossene Silben ............................................................................................. 43 2.4 Zum Wortakzent .......................................................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Wortakzent bei Nomen und Adverbien ................................................................ 45 2.4.2 Wortakzent beim Verbum .................................................................................... 45 iii 3 MORPHOLOGIE ................................................................................... 47 3.1 Pronomen .................................................................................................................... 47 3.1.1 Das selbständige Personalpronomen .................................................................... 47 3.1.2 Suffigierte Personalpronomen .............................................................................. 51 3.1.3 Der Genitivexponent dīd- ..................................................................................... 53 3.1.4 Die Kopula ........................................................................................................... 54 3.1.4.1 Gegenwart: Suffigierte Kopula ..................................................................... 54 3.1.4.2 Kopula in der Vergangenheit ....................................................................... 57 3.1.4.3 Die negierte Kopula ..................................................................................... 59 3.1.4.3.1 Gegenwart ............................................................................................... 59 3.1.4.3.2 Vergangenheit ......................................................................................... 60 3.1.5 Das Demonstrativpronomen ................................................................................ 61 3.1.5.1 Die Demonstrativpronomen der Nähe .........................................................
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