DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK Deconstructing Ethnic Conflict and Sovereignty in Explanatory International Relations: The Case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK Submitted by Johannes Černy to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Ethno-Political Studies in September 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: _____Johannes Cerny_____________________ 1 2 Abstract: This study is essentially a critique of how the three dominant paradigms of explanatory international relations theory – (neo-)realism, liberalism, and systemic constructivism – conceive of, analytically deal with, and explain ethnic conflict and sovereignty. By deconstructing their approaches to ethnic identity formation in general and ethnic conflict in particular it argues that all three paradigms, in their epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies through reification and by analytically equating ethnic groups with states, tend to essentialise and substantialise the ethnic lines of division and strategic essentialisms of ethnic and ethno-nationalist elites they set out to describe, and, all too often, even write them into existence. Particular attention, both at the theoretical and empirical level, will be given to the three explanatory frameworks explanatory IR has contributed to the study of ethnic conflict: the ‘ethnic security dilemma’, the ‘ethnic alliance model’, and, drawing on other disciplines, instrumentalist approaches. The deconstruction of these three frameworks will form the bulk of the theoretical section, and will subsequently be shown in the case study to be ontologically untenable or at least to fail to adequately explain the complex dynamics of ethnic identity formation in ethnic conflict.By making these essentialist presumptions, motives, and practices explicit this study makes a unique contribution not only to the immediate issues it addresses but also to the wider debate on the nature of IR as a discipline. As a final point, drawing on constitutive theory and by conceiving of the behaviour and motives of protagonists of ethnic conflict as expressions of a fluid, open-ended, and situational matrix of identities and interests without sequential hierarchies of dependent and independent variables, the study attempts to offer an alternative, constitutive reading of ethnic and nationalist identity to the discourses of explanatory IR. These themes that are further developed in the empirical section where, explanatory IR’s narratives of ethnic group solidarity, ethno-nationalism, and national self-determination are examined and deconstructed by way of the case study of the relations between the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the Iraqi Kurdish ethno-nationalist parties in the wider context of the political status of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. With this ambition this study makes an 3 original empirical contribution by scrutinising these relations in a depth unique to the literature. 4 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 6 Figures 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 11 Part One 1.) ‘Groupism’ or How Explanatory International Relations Theory Explains Ethnic and Ethno-Nationalist Conflict 32 2.) Concepts, Methods, and Frameworks 65 3.) Conclusion 95 Part Two 4.) State Formation and the Origins of Kurdish Ethno- Nationalism in Iraq and Turkey 110 5.) KDP and PUK 129 6.) The PKK 142 7.) Conclusion 156 Part Three 8.) The Origins of the PKK Sanctuary in Iraqi Kurdistan 162 9.) The Kurdish Wars of the 1990s 184 10.) The PKK and Iraqi Kurdistan in Post-2003 Iraq 210 11.) Conclusion 259 Notes 267 References 297 5 List of Abbreviations ADYÖD Ankara Democratic Higher Education Association ( Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğretim Derneği ) AKP Justice and Development Party ( Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi ) ARGK People’s Liberation Army of Kurdistan ( Arteşa Rizgariya Netewa Kurdistan ) BDP Peace and Democracy Party ( Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi ) BISA British International Studies Association CDA Critical Discourse Analysis CENTCOM United States Central Command CHP Republican People’s Party ( Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ) CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CPA Coalition Provisional Authority CUP Committee for Union and Progress ( İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ) DEP Democracy Party ( Demokrasi Partisi ) DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine DP Democratic Party ( Demokrat Parti ) DTP Democratic Society Party ( Demokratik Toplum Partisi ) FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia ) FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front ( Frente de Libertação de Moçambique ) GAP South-eastern Anatolia Project ( Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi ) HADEP People’s Democracy Party ( Halkın Demokrasi Partisi ) HEP People’s Labour Party (Halkın Emek Partisi ) HRK Kurdistan Freedom Unit (Hezen Rizgariya Kurdistan ) ICP Iraqi Communist Party ITF Iraqi Turkmen Front ( Irak Türkmen Cephesi ) IKF Iraqi Kurdistan Front JİTEM Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism 6 Organisation ( Jandarma İstihbarat ve Terörle Mücadele ) KADEK Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress ( Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistanê ) KCK Kurdistan Democratic Confederation ( Koma Civaken Kurdistan ) KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party ( Partîya Demokrata Kurdistan ) KDP-I Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran KDP-T Democratic Party of Turkish Kurdistan KNC Kurdish National Council Kongra-Gel People’s Congress of Kurdistan (Kongra Gelê Kurdistan ) KRG Kurdistan Regional Government MEK People’s Mujahideen of Iran (Mojahedin-e-Khalq ) MERIP Middle East Research and Information Project MHP Nationalist Action Party ( Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi ) MIT National Intelligence Agency (Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı ) NLM National Liberation Movement NSC National Security Council PAK Panhellenic Liberation Movement ( Πανελλήνιο Απελευθερωτικό Κίνηµα ) PAK Kurdistan Liberation Party ( Partiya Azadiya Kurdistan ) PCDK Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party ( Partiya Careseriya Demokratik a Kurdistane ) PJAK Kurdistan Free Life Party ( Partiya Jiyani Azadi Kurdistan ) PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party ( Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan ) PNAC Project for a New American Century PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan ( Yeketî Niştîmanî Kurdistan ) PWD Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan ( Partîya Welatparêzên Demokratên Kuristan ) PYD Democratic Union Party ( Partiya Yekita ya Demokratik ) RCT Rational Choice Theory SCIRI Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq SHP Social Democratic Populist Party ( Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti ) TAK Kurdistan Freedom Falcons ( Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan ) 7 TAL Transitional Administrative Law TESEV Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakfı ) TKSP Socialist Party of Turkish Kurdistan ( Türkiye Kürdistan Sosyalist Partisi ) TWP Workers Party of Turkey ( Türkiye İşçi Partisi ) WINEP Washington Institute for Near East Policy 8 Figures Map of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Source: Wikimedia, Creative Commons Generic License 9 Acknowledgements My profound appreciation goes to my supervisors at Exeter, Gareth Stansfield and Hashem Ahmadzadeh, as well as to Brendan O’Leary at UPenn, where I had the unique opportunity to spend a doctoral fellowship – while I may differ with each in my interpretations of Kurdish identity and the political space in Iraqi Kurdistan, I always cherished our discussions on these matters, and their support of my research was crucial to my success. Outside Iraqi Kurdistan I want to thank Selahettin Çelik, Abbas Vali, Bob Olson, Michael Gunter, Denise Natali, Nina Caspersen, Hugh Pope, Doğu Ergil, Siamend Hajo, and James Harvey for sharing their personal insights and expertise with me. In Iraqi Kurdistan, without the help of Omar Sheikhmous, who generously facilitated a great number of my contacts there, my field research would literally have never got off the ground. I also want to acknowledge the services of the Department of Foreign Relations of the KRG, and in particular its head, Falah Mustafa Bakir, who opened many doors for me during my stays there. Likewise, I am indebted to my tireless ‘fixer’ and translator during my research in Iraqi Kurdistan, Niaz Zangana, as well as to several journalists there who, due to the rapidly deteriorating human rights situation and for their own safety, I decided not to name in this study. For the sake of full disclosure I want to record that my research has been partly funded by a Centre for Kurdish Studies Scholarship of the University of Exeter. I received further funding from a research grant from the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, and a Marie Curie doctoral fellowship in Sustainable Peacebuilding as part of the VII EU Marie Curie framework that allowed me to continue my field research in Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey as well as to spend a year as a doctoral fellow at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. While all these institutions and individuals have contributed to my research in many ways, it goes without saying that all errors and omissions in this study are entirely mine. Hannes Černy Canterbury, UK Spring 2015 10 Introduction Research foci and rationale of the study Back in 1995, when the post-positivistt challenge to established theories of IR was in full vogue, Steve
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey's Kurdish Opening
    Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli SILK ROAD PAPER October 2010 Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey’s Kurdish Opening” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and ad- dresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse commu- nity of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lec- tures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public dis- cussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies
    Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol.
    [Show full text]
  • "Where There Is a Promise, There Is a Tragedy"
    "Where there is a promise, there is a tragedy" Cross-border bombings and shellings of villages in the Kurdish region of Iraq by the nations of Turkey and Iran TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) – Iraq . 4 Introduction . 5 Part I Recent Turkish and Iranian Military Attacks into Iraq: December, 2007 – December 2009. ………………….. 7 Part II Violation of International Laws. 24 Part III A Brief History of Iraqi Kurdish/Turkish Relations. .. 31 Photographs of villagers of Zharawa . 41 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Glossary of abbreviations. 44 Appendix 2 Military Action Calendar (August, 2008 – June, 2009). 46 Appendix 3 Turkish bases in Iraq . 52 Appendix 4 Maps . 54 __________________ Cover Art from the Kurdish Textile Museum: a sample of Iraqi Kurdish textile weaving of the Keji design. The weaving, made of wool, contains a pre-historic symbol for peace and happiness. This piece is from a belt. The belt, traditionally made by young girls or their mothers, is used to tie the girl's dowry together. The title quotation for the report is from the grandfather of a Kurdish friend of CPT; it means that every time governments have promised something to the Kurds, a tragedy inevitably followed. - 2 - Dedication The authors wish to dedicate this report to the over 1 million displaced villagers that have entrusted us with their tears and sorrow, hopes and dreams and their desire to return to a life of dignity. During the 2 year period in which CPT collected the research for this report, we have come to love and respect these villagers. We recognize their tremendous determination and tenacity to preserve village life and their desire to be contributing members of Kurdish society within the KRG.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Curup, Indonesia ISSN 2775-8621 volume 1, number 1, 2021 Academic Journal DOI: http://doi.org/10.29240/negrei.v1i1.2561 of Law and Governance Waves and Reverse Waves: Turkey Democratization After the Coup of 1960 Fathur Rizki Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey [email protected] Abstract. As the country that has been experiencing several changes of governmental system, especially after the coup of 1960, made Turkey as an attractive country to look at how they implement democracy. Democracy, which is the most widely used system in the world, has ups and downs in its application especially within Turkey that has long been ruled under the monarchy of Ottoman empire and republic party system, that considered as authoritarian before it leads to the coup of military. These cases refer to the development of democratization’s implementation within the country, and this paper will discuss how the waves and reverse waves of Turkey's democratization in the context of political parties’ participation in Turkish state's political stage, after the military coup in 1960 by implementing the theory of world’s democratization waves by Samuel P. Huntington. This paper also aims to analyze the development of Turkey democratization by observing several events that happened started after the military coup in 1960 and the rest until the it comes to contemporary issues by the rise of AKP party in 2002. Keyword: Democratization, Political Party, Waves and Reverse waves. 23 2424 NEGREI : Academic Journal of Law and Govenance Volume 1 Nomor 1, 20201 Introduction Before going further to the step how the democratization falls into the waves and reverse waves in Turkey after the military coup in 1960, there must be a definition that explain the basic meaning of democratization itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey's Deep State
    #1.12 PERSPECTIVES Political analysis and commentary from Turkey FEATURE ARTICLES TURKEY’S DEEP STATE CULTURE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ECOLOGY AKP’s Cultural Policy: Syria: The Case of the Seasonal Agricultural Arts and Censorship “Arab Spring” Workers in Turkey Pelin Başaran Transforming into the Sidar Çınar Page 28 “Arab Revolution” Page 32 Cengiz Çandar Page 35 TURKEY REPRESENTATION Content Editor’s note 3 ■ Feature articles: Turkey’s Deep State Tracing the Deep State, Ayşegül Sabuktay 4 The Deep State: Forms of Domination, Informal Institutions and Democracy, Mehtap Söyler 8 Ergenekon as an Illusion of Democratization, Ahmet Şık 12 Democratization, revanchism, or..., Aydın Engin 16 The Near Future of Turkey on the Axis of the AKP-Gülen Movement, Ruşen Çakır 18 Counter-Guerilla Becoming the State, the State Becoming the Counter-Guerilla, Ertuğrul Mavioğlu 22 Is the Ergenekon Case an Opportunity or a Handicap? Ali Koç 25 The Dink Murder and State Lies, Nedim Şener 28 ■ Culture Freedom of Expression in the Arts and the Current State of Censorship in Turkey, Pelin Başaran 31 ■ Ecology Solar Energy in Turkey: Challenges and Expectations, Ateş Uğurel 33 A Brief Evaluation of Seasonal Agricultural Workers in Turkey, Sidar Çınar 35 ■ International Politics Syria: The Case of the “Arab Spring” Transforming into the “Arab Revolution”, Cengiz Çandar 38 Turkey/Iran: A Critical Move in the Historical Competition, Mete Çubukçu 41 ■ Democracy 4+4+4: Turning the Education System Upside Down, Aytuğ Şaşmaz 43 “Health Transformation Program” and the 2012 Turkey Health Panorama, Mustafa Sütlaş 46 How Multi-Faceted are the Problems of Freedom of Opinion and Expression in Turkey?, Şanar Yurdatapan 48 Crimes against Humanity and Persistent Resistance against Cruel Policies, Nimet Tanrıkulu 49 ■ News from hbs 53 Heinrich Böll Stiftung – Turkey Representation The Heinrich Böll Stiftung, associated with the German Green Party, is a legally autonomous and intellectually open political foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Treaty of Adrianople
    Peace Treaty Of Adrianople When Matthiew optimizes his inyala situated not unfoundedly enough, is Shelley transuranic? Pillaged Guthrie usually propined some Davy or stonks stochastically. Webster still hurry pyrotechnically while thready Che inosculating that mouldwarp. Discover The Ottomans TheOttomansorg. The did of Adrianople concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1229 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire to terms favored Russia which gained access week the mouths of the Danube and new territory on the spark Sea. We are upon such confidential print capitalism, and dreams that point it will take for. The top Treaty of Peace signed at San Stefano. Chai to adrianople peace treaties which they should her husband covers different. Of the Peace Conference established a special section whose. Treaty of Peace signed the 24th July 1923 Convention respecting the. To adrianople peace. The Adrianople Treaty 129 and Its European Implications. Treaty of adrianople being a remainder of peace between the. What problems did the peace treaties create? Treaty of lausanne English examples in context Ludwig. Tribal activities and adrianople is an account or purporting to adrianople treaty or not one. Treaty of Adrianople 129 The Complete Timeline. The Peace of Adrianople 156 ended the sock between white Holy. Though they shall at adrianople treaty was paid a unified debt. The toss of Berlin as a reassertion of work authority undermine the Powers. Former Capital saying the Ottoman Empire The wallet of Edirne. The rub of Adrianople was a multi-party treaty that ended the Albanian War of. It is relevant file associated with those granted access thereto that peace, and adrianople require at adrianople peace conference and reassert itself increasingly convinced churchill and turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Official General Report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page
    Official general report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page 1. Introduction 4 2. Information on the country 6 2.1. Basic facts 6 2.1.1. Country and people 6 2.1.2. History 8 2.2. System of government 17 2.3. Political developments 20 2.3.1. Internal relations 20 2.3.2. External forces 31 2.4. Security situation 36 2.5. Social and economic situation 48 2.6. Conclusions 53 3. Human rights 55 3.1. Safeguards 55 3.1.1. Constitution 55 3.1.2. Other national legislation 55 3.1.3. Conventions 56 3.2. Monitoring 56 3.3. Respect and violations 58 3.3.1. Freedom of opinion 58 3.3.2. Freedom of association and of assembly 59 3.3.3. Freedom of religion 60 3.3.4. Freedom of movement 73 3.3.5. Judicial process 83 3.3.6. Arrest and detention 84 3.3.7. Maltreatment and torture 87 3.3.8. Extra-judicial executions and murders 87 10804/00 dre/LG/mc 2 DG H I EN 3.3.9. Death penalty 87 3.4. Position of specific groups 88 3.4.1. Turkmens 88 3.4.2. Staff of international organisations 91 3.4.3. Conscripts, deserters and servicemen 96 3.4.4. Independent intellectuals and journalists 98 3.4.5. Prominent political activists 99 3.4.6. Fayli Kurds 99 3.4.7. Women 101 3.4.8. Orphaned minors 104 3.5. Summary 104 4. Refugees and displaced persons 106 4.1. Motives 106 4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Diplomacy
    Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 400 South Orange Avenue, McQuaid Hall, South Orange, NJ 07079 Tel: 973-275-2515 Fax: 973-275-2519 Email: [email protected] http://www.journalofdiplomacy.org Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations is the official semi- Editor-in-Chief annual publication of the Seton Hall School Dennis Meaney of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University. The Journal provides Deputy Editor-in-Chief a unique forum for international leaders in Michael Curtin government, the private sector, academia, and nongovernmental organizations to Executive Editor analyze and comment on international Ruthly Cadestin affairs. Editorial Media Manager Indexing: The Journal is indexed by Sajedeh Goudarzi Columbia International Affairs Online, Public Affairs Information Service, Social Media Associates International Political Science Abstracts, Patricia Zanini Graca, Juan C Garcia, America: History and Life and Historical Abstracts: International Relations and Security Network, and Ulrich’s Periodical Senior Editors Directory. Zehra Khan, Kevin Hill, Chiazam T Onyenso Manuscripts: Address all submissions to the Editor-in-Chief. We accept both hard Associate Editors copies and electronic versions. Submissions Maliheh Bitaraf, Meagan Torello, Erick may not exceed 6,000 words in length and Agbleke, Oluwagbemiga D Oyeneye, Edder must follow the Chicago manual of style. A Zarate, Emanuel Hernandez, Katherine M Submission deadlines are posted on our Landes, Troy L Dorch, Kendra Brock, Alex website. Miller, Devynn N Nolan, Lynn Wassenaar, Morgan McMichen, Eleanor Baldenweck Back Issues: Available upon request. Faculty Adviser Dr. Ann Marie Murphy The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the contributors and should not be construed as representing those of Seton Hall University, the Seton Hall School of Diplomacy and International Relations, or the editors of the Journal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regionalist Perspective a Thesis Submitted
    TURKEY’S FLUCTUATING RELATIONS WITH IRAN, 2002-2019: THE REGIONALIST PERSPECTIVE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ZEHRA FUNDA SAVAŞ YALÇINKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JANUARY 2021 1 2 Approval of the thesis: TURKEY’S FLUCTUATING RELATIONS WITH IRAN, 2002-2019: THE REGIONALIST PERSPECTIVE submitted by ZEHRA FUNDA SAVAŞ YALÇINKAYA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Oktay TANRISEVER Head of Department International Relations Prof. Dr. Meliha BENLİ ALTUNIŞIK Supervisor International Relations Examining Committee Members: Assist. Prof. Dr. Şerif Onur BAHÇECİK (Head of the Examining Committee) Middle East Technical University International Relations Prof. Dr. Meliha BENLİ ALTUNIŞIK (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University International Relations Assist. Prof. Dr. Derya GÖÇER AKDER Middle East Technical University Area Studies Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülriz ŞEN TOBB University of Economics and Technology Political Science and International Relations Assist. Prof. Dr. Bayram SİNKAYA Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University International Relations 3 4 PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work Name, Last Name: ZEHRA FUNDA SAVAŞ YALÇINKAYA Signature: iii ABSTRACT TURKEY’S FLUCTUATING RELATIONS WITH IRAN, 2002-2019: THE REGIONALIST PERSPECTIVE SAVAŞ YALÇINKAYA, Zehra Funda Ph.D., The Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • EASO Rapport D'information Sur Les Pays D'origine Iraq Individus Pris
    European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 D’autres informations sur l’Union européenne sont disponibles sur l’internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9485-051-5 doi: 10.2847/95098 © European Asylum Support Office 2019 Sauf indication contraire, la reproduction est autorisée, moyennant mention de la source. Pour les contenus reproduits dans la présente publication et appartenant à des tierces parties, se référer aux mentions relatives aux droits d’auteur desdites tierces parties. Photo de couverture: © Joel Carillet, un drapeau iraquien flotte sur le toit de l’église syro- orthodoxe Saint-Ephrem de Mossoul (Iraq), qui a été fortement endommagée, quelques mois après que ce quartier de Mossoul a été repris à l’EIIL. L’emblème de l’EIIL était peint sur la façade du bâtiment durant l’occupation de Mossoul par l’EIIL. EASO RAPPORT D’INFORMATION SUR LES PAYS D’ORIGINE IRAQ: INDIVIDUS PRIS POUR CIBLE — 3 Remerciements Le présent rapport a été rédigé par des experts du centre de recherche et de documentation (Cedoca) du bureau belge du Commissariat général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides. Par ailleurs, les services nationaux d’asile et de migration suivants ont procédé à une relecture du présent rapport, en concertation avec l’EASO: Pays-Bas, Bureau des informations sur les pays et de l’analyse linguistique, ministère de la justice Danemark, service danois de l’immigration La révision apportée par les départements, experts ou organisations susmentionnés contribue à la qualité globale du rapport, mais ne suppose pas nécessairement leur approbation formelle du rapport final, qui relève pleinement de la responsabilité de l’EASO.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
    KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Historical Overview
    NOTES 1 Historical Overview 1. Possibly the two best studies of the Kurds in English remain Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State; and McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds. More recently, see Romano, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement; and Natali, The Kurds and the State. Portions of this chapter originally appeared in other articles and chapters I have published including “The Kurdish Problem in International Politics,” in Joseph, Turkey and the European Union, pp. 96–121. 2. For further discussions of the size of the Kurdish population, see McDowall, Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 3–5; Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State, pp. 14–15; and Izady, The Kurds, pp. 111–20. For a detailed analysis that lists considerably smaller figures for Turkey, see Mutlu, “Ethnic Kurds in Turkey,” pp. 517–41. 3. For a solid study of the Sheikh Said revolt, see Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism. 4. For a recent detailed analysis of the Kurdish problem in Turkey, see Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. 5. “The Sun also Rises in the South East,” pp. 1–2. 6. For a meticulous analysis of the many problems involved, see Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey, as well as my analysis in chapter 5 of this book. 7. “Ozkok: Biggest Crisis of Trust with US” Turkish Daily News, July 7, 2003; and Nicholas Kralev, “U.S. Warns Turkey against Operations in Northern Iraq.” Washington Times, July 8, 2003. 8. For recent detailed analysis of the Kurdish problem in Iraq, see Stansfield, Iraqi Kurdistan. 140 NOTES 9. For Henry Kissinger’s exact words, see “The CIA Report the President Doesn’t Want You to Read,” The Village Voice, February 16, 1976, pp.
    [Show full text]