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"Where There Is a Promise, There Is a Tragedy"
"Where there is a promise, there is a tragedy" Cross-border bombings and shellings of villages in the Kurdish region of Iraq by the nations of Turkey and Iran TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) – Iraq . 4 Introduction . 5 Part I Recent Turkish and Iranian Military Attacks into Iraq: December, 2007 – December 2009. ………………….. 7 Part II Violation of International Laws. 24 Part III A Brief History of Iraqi Kurdish/Turkish Relations. .. 31 Photographs of villagers of Zharawa . 41 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Glossary of abbreviations. 44 Appendix 2 Military Action Calendar (August, 2008 – June, 2009). 46 Appendix 3 Turkish bases in Iraq . 52 Appendix 4 Maps . 54 __________________ Cover Art from the Kurdish Textile Museum: a sample of Iraqi Kurdish textile weaving of the Keji design. The weaving, made of wool, contains a pre-historic symbol for peace and happiness. This piece is from a belt. The belt, traditionally made by young girls or their mothers, is used to tie the girl's dowry together. The title quotation for the report is from the grandfather of a Kurdish friend of CPT; it means that every time governments have promised something to the Kurds, a tragedy inevitably followed. - 2 - Dedication The authors wish to dedicate this report to the over 1 million displaced villagers that have entrusted us with their tears and sorrow, hopes and dreams and their desire to return to a life of dignity. During the 2 year period in which CPT collected the research for this report, we have come to love and respect these villagers. We recognize their tremendous determination and tenacity to preserve village life and their desire to be contributing members of Kurdish society within the KRG. -
Official General Report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page
Official general report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page 1. Introduction 4 2. Information on the country 6 2.1. Basic facts 6 2.1.1. Country and people 6 2.1.2. History 8 2.2. System of government 17 2.3. Political developments 20 2.3.1. Internal relations 20 2.3.2. External forces 31 2.4. Security situation 36 2.5. Social and economic situation 48 2.6. Conclusions 53 3. Human rights 55 3.1. Safeguards 55 3.1.1. Constitution 55 3.1.2. Other national legislation 55 3.1.3. Conventions 56 3.2. Monitoring 56 3.3. Respect and violations 58 3.3.1. Freedom of opinion 58 3.3.2. Freedom of association and of assembly 59 3.3.3. Freedom of religion 60 3.3.4. Freedom of movement 73 3.3.5. Judicial process 83 3.3.6. Arrest and detention 84 3.3.7. Maltreatment and torture 87 3.3.8. Extra-judicial executions and murders 87 10804/00 dre/LG/mc 2 DG H I EN 3.3.9. Death penalty 87 3.4. Position of specific groups 88 3.4.1. Turkmens 88 3.4.2. Staff of international organisations 91 3.4.3. Conscripts, deserters and servicemen 96 3.4.4. Independent intellectuals and journalists 98 3.4.5. Prominent political activists 99 3.4.6. Fayli Kurds 99 3.4.7. Women 101 3.4.8. Orphaned minors 104 3.5. Summary 104 4. Refugees and displaced persons 106 4.1. Motives 106 4.2. -
European and US Considerations Regarding the War in Iraq
Developments in security policy: European and US considerations regarding the war in Iraq Malena Britz, Marko Pankovski and Linda Öhman SWEDISH DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 2016 Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. France .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Political discourse ................................................................................................................................ 4 Goals and solutions ............................................................................................................................. 5 Actions ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 9 3. Germany ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Political discourse .............................................................................................................................. 11 Goals and solutions ........................................................................................................................... 15 Actions .............................................................................................................................................. -
7 December 2017
DAILY SUMMARY – 7 DECEMBER 2017 1. Detonation at Makhmour Refugee Camp 2. Murder of a Police Major near the North Oil Company in Kirkuk 3. Reports of increased IS presence and activity along the Salah ad Din border with Diyala 4. ISF conclude preparations and are poised to clear remaining IS held areas in the deserts of Anbar 5. Demonstration occurs outside the Umm al-Qura Mosque denouncing the US decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital 6. An IED detonates outside a lawyer’s office in Manawi Basha, central Basra 7. A grenade is thrown at a house owned by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Salim al-Jubouri, wounding a security guard North: At approximately 1845 hours on 6 December, a detonation was reported at the Makhmour / Martyr Rostam Judi Refugee Camp (38SLE7386758291). The camp, which is located east of Makhmour Town, is guarded by PKK fighters, and shelters over 10,000 Sunni Kurdish refugees from Turkey. At least five individuals were killed and eight others were wounded, with the wounded evacuated to hospitals in Erbil. Most if not all of the casualties were said to be PKK fighters. A number of buildings were damaged or destroyed. Members of the Makhmour Camp Council stated the incident was an airstrike, with a rocket targeting a training post for PKK fighters affiliated with the site. Alluding to Turkish responsibility, the statement denounced Baghdad as being responsible due to federal control of Iraqi airspace, and called on the GoI, UN, and other organizations to investigate these events. In additional reporting, a former senior Council Member named Leyla Arzu Ilhan stated that “Residents saw a flash in the sky then heard a loud explosion, so this points to an aerially launched device.” Ilhan speculated that this action may have come as part of increasing Turkish pressures to free two MIT members who were captured by the PKK in Sulaymaniyah in August. -
UNHCR Fundraising
Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, THE MIDDLEIsrael, SyrianEAST Arab Republic, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Yemen. MID THE MIDDLE EAST THE DLE EA REGIONAL OVERVIEW S T R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W Recent Developments In June 1999, the Government of Iraq announced The continuing political instability in the region an exemption from prosecution for Iraqis who since the 1991 Gulf War has led to an increase in had left the country by illegal or fraudulent means. the number of asylum-seekers approaching UNHCR This announcement was followed by the issuance offices. To meet this increase, UNHCR has strength- by the Iraqi embassy in Teheran of travel docu- ened its protection capacity in the region and ments to Iraqis wishing to return to their coun- maintains offices in eight countries, in addition to try of origin. The Government of the Islamic the one in Israel, where UNHCR has honorary rep- Republic of Iran then sought UNHCR’s assistance resentation. to facilitate the spontaneous return of Iraqis who fall in this category. During the period from August In view of the limited scope for regional integra- to mid-October 1999, some 870 Iraqi Arabs tion and voluntary repatriation, third country returned to Iraq from the Islamic Republic of Iran resettlement remains the only viable lasting solu- with UNHCR’s assistance. Similarly, the decree tion for a large number of refugees in the Middle may have contributed to an increase in the rate East. During 1999, UNHCR enhanced its resettle- of spontaneous returns of refugees from Rafha ment efforts through the Middle East Resettlement Camp in northern Saudi Arabia, since in the first Project. -
Iraq's Displacement Crisis
CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights Lahib Higel Iraq’s Displacement Crisis: Security and protection © Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights and Minority Rights Group International March 2016 Cover photo: This report has been produced as part of the Ceasefire project, a multi-year pro- gramme supported by the European Union to implement a system of civilian-led An Iraqi boy watches as internally- displaced Iraq families return to their monitoring of human rights abuses in Iraq, focusing in particular on the rights of homes in the western Melhaniyeh vulnerable civilians including vulnerable women, internally-displaced persons (IDPs), neighbourhood of Baghdad in stateless persons, and ethnic or religious minorities, and to assess the feasibility of September 2008. Some 150 Shi’a and Sunni families returned after an extending civilian-led monitoring to other country situations. earlier wave of displacement some two years before when sectarian This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union violence escalated and families fled and the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. The con- to neighbourhoods where their sect was in the majority. tents of this report are the sole responsibility of the publishers and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. © Ahmad Al-Rubaye /AFP / Getty Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights The Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights is a new initiative to develop ‘civilian-led monitoring’ of violations of international humanitarian law or human rights, to pursue legal and political accountability for those responsible for such violations, and to develop the practice of civilian rights. -
Humanitarian Implications of Violence in Northern and Central Iraq Key
ACAPS Briefing Note: Conflict Humanitarian Implications of Violence Key highlights (25 July – 7 August) 1. August has seen significant deterioration in the humanitarian situation. An in Northern and Central Iraq estimated 200,000 individuals may have been displaced from recent fighting in 7 August 2014 Sinjar and surrounding areas, and as many as 35-50,000 IDPs could be trapped in Jebel Sinjar in extremely urgent need of humanitarian assistance: tens of children are reported to have died from dehydration. Insignificant Minor Moderate Important Major 2. Conflict affected areas face a breakdown of basic services, affecting an estimated Expected impact X 5 million people. Many qualified health, teaching and technical staff have fled and items such as spare parts, medicines and vaccines are in short supply. Not required Low Moderate Important Urgent Need for international International humanitarian organisations are mostly unable to reach those assistance X trapped in contested areas and information on the current situation is extremely limited. 3. Fighting between IS and Kurdish Peshmerga is currently concentrated around Key Findings Mosul dam, Iraq's largest hydroelectric facility. If maintenance of the critically Anticipated An estimated 850,000 people have been displaced in the two unstable dam is disrupted, the dam could be breached, leading to massive scope and months since the start of Islamic State’s (IS) ‘Ramadan offensive’, flooding. IS’ takeover of the dam could disrupt electricity supply to large parts of scale bringing the total displaced since the start of the year to 1.4 million. the country, including Baghdad. An unknown number of civilians are affected by conflict and the breakdown of public services. -
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IRAQ at a CROSSROADS with BARHAM SALIH DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER of IRAQ Washington, D.C. Monday, October
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IRAQ AT A CROSSROADS WITH BARHAM SALIH DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER OF IRAQ Washington, D.C. Monday, October 22, 2007 Introduction and Moderator: MARTIN INDYK Senior Fellow and Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy The Brookings Institution Featured Speaker: BARHAM SALIH Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq * * * * * 2 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. INDYK: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. I'm Martin Indyk, the Director of the Saban Center, and it's my pleasure to introduce this dear friend, Dr. Barham Salih, to you again. I say again because, of course, Barham Salih is a well-known personality in Washington, having served here with distinction representing the patriotic Union of Kurdistan in the 1990s, and, of course, he's been a frequent visitor since he assumed his current position as Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq. He has a very distinguished record as a representative of the PUK, and the Kurdistan regional government. He has served as Deputy Prime Minister, first in the Iraqi interim government starting in 2004, and was then successfully elected to the transitional National Assembly during the January 2005 elections and joined the transitional government as Minister of Planning. He was elected again in the elections of December 2005 to the Council of Representatives, which is the Iraqi Permanent Parliament, and was then called upon to join the Iraqi government in May 2006 as Deputy Prime Minister. Throughout this period he has had special responsibility for economic affairs. -
Christians and Yazidis in Iraq: Current Situation and Prospects
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Published by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Cover photo: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Qaraqosh (currently Ashti Camp, Ankawa, Autonomous Region of Kurdistan) Caption of cover photo: Vertically: We work together Horizontally: We are proud Diagonally: We love, we forgive .(nun), stand for Nazara (Christ) ن The three Arabic characters, starting with The black IS flag bears the words: There is no God but Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Islamic State in Iraq and As-Sham (i.e. Syria) Published by: Konrad Adenauer Foundation 2017, Sankt Augustin and Berlin, Germany This publication has been licensed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), website: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Design: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Cologne, Germany Typesetting: Janine Höhle, Communications Department, Konrad Adenauer Foundation Printed by: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn, Germany Printed in Germany Printed with financial support from the German Federal Government ISBN 978-3-95721-328-0 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Legal Framework 2.1 International law 2.2 National law 3. Reduced scope for non-Muslim minorities after 2003 3.1 Drastic decline in the non-Muslim minorities’ share of the population 3.2 Changes in Baghdad’s religious power structure 4. Crucial for the future of Iraq: the recapture of Mosul 4.1 Capture of Mosul by the IS in June 2014 4.2 Capture of Yazidi settlements in Sinjar District by the IS in August 2014 4.3 Capture of Christian settlements in the Nineveh Plains by the IS in August 2014 4.4 Classification of the IS attacks on religious minorities as genocide 4.5 Campaign to retake Mosul 5. -
Unhcr Position on Returns to Iraq
14 November 2016 UNHCR POSITION ON RETURNS TO IRAQ Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Violations and Abuses of International Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law .......................... 3 Treatment of Civilians Fleeing ISIS-Held Areas to Other Areas of Iraq ............................................................ 8 Treatment of Civilians in Areas Formerly under Control of ISIS ..................................................................... 11 Treatment of Civilians from Previously or Currently ISIS-Held Areas in Areas under Control of the Central Government or the KRG.................................................................................................................................... 12 Civilian Casualties ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Internal and External Displacement ................................................................................................................. 17 IDP Returns and Returns from Abroad ............................................................................................................. 18 Humanitarian Situation ..................................................................................................................................... 20 UNHCR Position on Returns ........................................................................................................................... -
Extremism and Terrorism
Turkey: Extremism and Terrorism On April 15, 2020, Turkey launched airstrikes in northern Iraq, seeking to target members of the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), an internationally designated terrorist organization that has been in conflict with the Turkish government for decades. The military drone struck the Makhmour refugee camp—which the Turkish government claims as a hotbed of the PKK—killing two refugee women in the process. According to Iraq’s Foreign Affairs Ministry, the strikes were a violation of Iraq’s sovereignty. On April 13, Turkish security forces prevented Syrian “terrorists” from entering Mardin state, southeastern Turkey. According to intelligence gathered from Turkey’s National Intelligence Organization (MIT), the suspects allegedly sought to carry out a bombing in Turkey. The suspects manage to escape and leave behind explosives and detonators. In June 2020, Turkish troops moved deeper into Iraq in a new offensive against the PKK called Operation Claw-Tiger. After a Turkish drone killed two Iraqi border guards and their driver in August 2020, Turkey declared it would continue striking against the PKK in Iraq. (Sources: New York Times, Asharq Al-Awsat, Al Jazeera) On March 11, 2020, Turkish security forces launched the “Kapan-7 Garisa” counterterrorism operation in the country’s eastern Siirt province. The operation deployed almost 500 personnel to the region in order to undermine the threat of the PKK. Currently, the PKK has a relatively strong presence and a number of bases in Turkey’s eastern and southeastern provinces where the operation will largely be concentrated. (Source: Daily Sabah) On October 9, 2019, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo?an announced the start of Operation Peace Spring. -
Protection in Danger Monthly News Brief December 2018 Incidents of Violence in Refugee and IDP Settings
Protection in Danger Monthly News Brief December 2018 Incidents of violence in refugee and IDP settings Security Incidents and Access Constraints This monthly digest Africa comprises threats and incidents of violence affecting Central African Republic protection of IDPs and 04 December 2018: In Ippy town and district, Ouaka prefecture, UPC refugees. It is prepared by rebel forces encircled and fired at people inside the Catholic Church- Insecurity Insight from run Ippy IDP site, killing at least two children and resulting in an information available in open unspecified number of other injured parties. Most sources report that sources. Mauritanian peacekeepers were present at the time but failed to intervene and prevent the attack, while other sources claim that no All decisions made, on the loss of life occurred due to the intervention of MINUSCA forces. basis of, or with Sources: Amnesty International, La Croix Africa and RJDH consideration to, such information remains the 05 December 2018: In Ippy town and district, Ouaka prefecture, the responsibility of their UPC reportedly set fire to the IDP camp within the Catholic Church respective organisations. which they had attacked on the previous day, leaving three people dead. Source: ACLED1 Editorial team: Christina Wille, Laurence 17 December 2018: In Masisi territory, North Kivu province, Gerhardt and Helen Buck unspecified perpetrators waiting on the Masisi-Nyabiondo road Insecurity Insight intercepted a WFP truck containing food relief intended for displaced people in Nyabiondo and killed the driver. Source: Radio Okapi Research team: James Naudi Kenya Insecurity Insight 10 December 2018: In Kakuma town, Turkana county, two branches of the Nuer ethnic group clashed over the impregnation of a girl in the Data from this report is now Turkana refugee camp.