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Attributive Constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Ariel Gutman

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Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Ariel Gutman language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 15 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems . 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Patrizia Paggio (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. ISSN: 2363-5568 Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Ariel Gutman language science press Ariel Gutman. 2018. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 15). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/123 © 2018, Ariel Gutman Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-081-1 (Digital) 978-3-96110-082-8 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1182527 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/123 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=123 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Ariel Gutman, Sebastian Nordhoff Illustration: Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Andreas Hölzl, Andrew Spencer, Aviva Shimelman, Christian Döhler, Eitan Grossman, Jean Nitzke, Jezia Talavera, Michael Rießler Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono, Arabtype, Estrangelo Edessa, SBL Hebrew Typesetting software: X LAE TEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin לילדיי, אוֹר ָוטל À mes enfants, Or et Tal Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations and symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim and scope of the research . 1 1.2 Overview of the NENA dialects . 5 1.2.1 Genetic affiliation and general information . .5 1.2.2 Dialectal division of the NENA group . 7 1.2.3 Geographical spread of NENA and contact situation . 7 1.3 Noun phrase structure in NENA . 8 1.4 Data sources and methodology . 13 2 Attributive constructions: Typological and Semitic perspectives 19 2.1 Theoretical framework . 19 2.1.1 The three relations . 20 2.1.2 The attributive relationship and its manifestation .21 2.2 Attributive constructions from a typological perspective . 23 2.2.1 Head-marking vs. dependent-marking typology . 24 2.2.2 Plank’s adnominal typology . 26 2.2.3 Rießler’s typology of attribution marking . 27 2.3 Attributive constructions from a Semitic perspective . 29 2.3.1 Relational nouns and the category of state . 30 2.3.2 The construct state construction across Semitic languages 32 2.3.3 The construct state construction and determination .36 2.3.4 The analytic linker construction . 38 2.3.5 Goldenberg’s typology of ACs in Semitic . 40 2.4 Typology of attributive constructions used in this study . 41 2.4.1 Syntagmatic axis . 41 Contents 2.4.2 Paradigmatic axis . 44 2.4.3 Synopsis . 45 3 Attributive constructions in Syriac 47 3.1 Introduction . 47 3.2 The three states in Syriac . 48 3.3 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 49 3.4 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . 50 3.4.1 Adjectives and participles as primaries . 54 3.4.2 Adverbial secondaries . 55 3.4.3 Adverbial primaries . 56 3.4.4 The proclitic d- as a pronominal primary . 57 3.5 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . 58 3.5.1 Pronominal secondaries . 64 3.5.2 Clausal secondaries . 66 3.5.3 Adjectives and participles as secondaries . 69 3.5.4 Adverbial secondaries . 72 3.5.5 Numerals as ordinal secondaries . 73 3.5.6 The analytic linker construction with a correlative . 73 3.6 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) . 75 3.6.1 Plain construction . 75 3.6.2 Variants of the DAC (X-{y.poss} lnk-y.poss lnk Y) . 80 3.7 The dative linker construction (X-{y.poss} dat Y) . 82 3.8 Adjectival attribution by apposition (X Y.agr) . 84 3.8.1 The juxtaposition-cum-agreement construction . 84 3.8.2 Juxtaposition vs. the analytic linker construction . 86 3.9 Conclusions . 87 4 The D-markers in NENA dialects 89 4.1 Introduction . 89 4.2 Clitics, affixes, and phrasal affixes . 91 4.3 The Persian Ezafe: Clitic or phrasal affix? . 94 4.4 The d- proclitic vs. the -əd suffix . 97 4.4.1 Introduction . 97 4.4.2 Distinguishing factors . 100 4.5 The d- proclitic vs. the d- genitive prefix . 107 4.5.1 Introduction . 107 4.5.2 Distinguishing factors . 110 4.6 Conclusions . 112 ii Contents 5 Attributive constructions in the Jewish dialect of Zakho 115 5.1 Introduction . 115 5.2 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 116 5.3 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .117 5.3.1 Pronominal, ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 118 5.3.2 Clausal and infinitival secondaries . 119 5.3.3 Adverbial primaries . 121 5.3.4 Adjectival primaries . 123 5.3.5 Infinitival primaries . 124 5.4 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .125 5.4.1 Introduction . 125 5.4.2 Verbal nouns as members of the ALC . 128 5.4.3 Clausal secondaries . 130 5.4.4 Numerals as ordinal secondaries . 131 5.4.5 Adverbials as secondaries . 131 5.4.6 Linkers without an explicit primary . 132 5.5 Genitive marking of secondaries . 136 5.5.1 Genitive marking following the linker . 138 5.5.2 Genitive marking of clauses . 138 5.6 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk-y) . .141 5.7 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 141 5.7.1 Adjectival attribution . 141 5.7.2 Adverbial primaries . 143 5.7.3 Adverbial secondaries . 145 5.7.4 Clausal secondaries . 145 5.7.5 Infinitival primaries . 147 5.8 Conclusions . 147 6 Attributive constructions in the Christian dialect of Qaraqosh 151 6.1 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 151 6.2 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .154 6.2.1 The historical construct state marking . .155 6.2.2 The suffixed construct state formation . .156 6.2.3 Adverbial primaries . 159 6.2.4 Adjectival primaries . 161 6.2.5 The primary nafs ‘the same’ . 161 6.2.6 Clausal secondaries . 162 6.2.7 Infinitives in the construct state construction . .163 iii Contents 6.3 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .164 6.3.1 Introduction . 164 6.3.2 Verbal nouns as primaries . 167 6.3.3 Clausal secondaries . 168 6.3.4 Adverbial primaries . 170 6.3.5 Adjectival primaries . 172 6.3.6 Pronominal primaries . 173 6.3.7 Linkers without an explicit primary . 174 6.3.8 Ordinal secondaries . 176 6.4 Double-marking constructions . 176 6.4.1 Simple double-marking (X.cst lnk Y) . 176 6.4.2 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) .179 6.5 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 180 6.5.1 Adjectival modification: Juxtaposition-cum-agreement . 180 6.5.2 Adverbial primaries . 182 6.5.3 Infinitival primaries . 183 6.5.4 Clausal secondaries . 183 6.6 Conclusions . 184 7 Attributive constructions in the Jewish dialect of Urmi 187 7.1 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 188 7.2 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .189 7.2.1 Introduction . 189 7.2.2 Apocopate construct state marking . 191 7.2.3 Adjectival primaries . 192 7.2.4 Adverbial primaries . 192 7.2.5 The pronominal primary od . 194 7.2.6 Pronominal, ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 194 7.2.7 Clausal secondaries . 196 7.3 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .198 7.3.1 Introduction . 198 7.3.2 Linker following a construct state (X-cst lnk Y) . 200 7.3.3 Syllabification of the construct state suffix with the linker202 7.3.4 Adjectival secondaries following an apparent linker . 203 7.3.5 Infinitival phrases as secondaries . 204 7.3.6 Ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 205 7.3.7 Linkers without an explicit primary . 205 iv Contents 7.4 Genitive marking of secondaries . 207 7.4.1 Introduction . 207 7.4.2 Genitive marking following adverbials . 208 7.4.3 Independent genitive pronouns . 210 7.4.4 Genitive case following the linker ay . 211 7.5 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) . .211 7.6 Usage of the relativizer (X rel Y) . 212 7.6.1 Introduction . 212 7.6.2 Adverbial primaries . 213 7.6.3 Relativizer following the construct state (X-cst rel Y) . 214 7.6.4 Relativizer in construct state (X rel-cst Y) . 215 7.7 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 216 7.7.1 Introduction . 216 7.7.2 Adjectival secondaries . 217 7.7.3 Nominal quantification and apposition .
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    BOOK REVIEWS Alessandro Mengozzi, ed., Religious Poetry in Vernacular Syriac from Northern Iraq (17th–20th Centuries). An Anthology, CSCO 627–628 / Syr. 240–241 (Louvain: Peeters, 2011). Pp. xx + 129, €65; pp. xxiv + 163; €60. AARON MICHAEL BUTTS, YALE UNIVERSITY The two volumes under review contain editions and English translations of seven poems dating from the early seventeenth to the late twentieth century. The poems are written in what the editor terms ‘Vernacular Syriac’ (or ‘Sureth’, from Classical Syriac surāʾit ‘in Syriac’), which encompasses a variety of North-Eastern Neo- Aramaic dialects that were spoken, and occasionally written, by East-Syriac authors, whether Church of the East or Chaldean, in Northern Iraq. All of the poems belong to the dorekta genre, which is generally characterized by stanzas of 3, 4, or 6 metered, rhyming lines. The poems in the volumes expand the scope of the editor’s earlier collection of seventeenth-century dorekta poems by Israel of Alqosh and Joseph of Telkepe, which appeared in the same series.1 Each of the seven poems is presented in a critical edition in East-Syriac script (the denotation of vowels follows the manuscripts) and English translation along with an introduction. The poems are arranged in chronological order. The earliest poem in the collection, and possibly the earliest dated example of the dorekta genre extant, is On Repentance. In two of the three manuscripts, it is attributed to a certain Hormizd of Alqosh, who may tentatively be identified as the son of the well-known Israel of Alqosh. The text stands in the tradition of East-Syriac penitential hymns, and it contains numerous exempla drawn from the Old and New Testaments.
  • The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology

    The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology

    Durham E-Theses The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN How to cite: AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN (2019) The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13290/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology Zhwan Othman Ahmed A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages and Cultures Durham University 2019 Abstract This thesis investigates phonological processes in Sorani Kurdish within the framework of Element Theory. It studies two main varieties of Sorani spoken in Iraq which are Slemani and Hawler. Since the phonology of SK is one of the least studied areas in Kurdish linguistics and the available studies provide different accounts of its segments, I start by introducing the segmental system of the SK dialect group.
  • REVIEWS Possession and Ownership

    REVIEWS Possession and Ownership

    REVIEWS Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic typology. Ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon . (Explorations in linguistic typology.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. xxii, 319. ISBN 9780199660223. $125 (Hb). Reviewed by Lars Johanson , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz This collection of essays about possession and ownership aims at combining linguistic and an - thropological concepts concerning the relation between language, culture, and modes of thinking, particularly the ways in which culture and cognition are manifested in grammar. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald’s opening essay, ‘Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic perspective’, is a lucid introduction that defines, explains, and exemplifies all conceivable aspects of the topic. Chs. 2–11 address the ways that linguistic structures reflect cultural patterns, attitudes toward possession, and effects of change. Isabelle Bril analyzes the complex system of ownership re - lations in the Oceanic language Nêlêmwa of New Caledonia. Gloria J. Gravelle investigates patterns of possession in Moskona, an East Bird’s Head language of West Papua, Indonesia. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald deals with possession and ownership in Manambu, a Ndu language of the Sepik area of Papua New Guinea. Alan Dench analyzes possession in Martuthunira, once spoken in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Lev Michael discusses Nanti, spoken in Peru, in the context of other Arawak languages. Mark W. Post deals with possession and association in the Tibeto-Burman Galo language and its culture. Yongxian Luo examines possessive con - structions in Mandarin Chinese. Anne Storch studies possession in Hone, a Jukonoid language Felix K. Ameka of Nigeria. deals with possessive constructions in Likpe (S ɛkp ɛlé), a Kwa lan - guage of Ghana.