Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Ariel Gutman language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 15 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems . 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Patrizia Paggio (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. ISSN: 2363-5568 Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Ariel Gutman language science press Ariel Gutman. 2018. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 15). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/123 © 2018, Ariel Gutman Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-081-1 (Digital) 978-3-96110-082-8 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2363-5568 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1182527 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/123 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=123 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Ariel Gutman, Sebastian Nordhoff Illustration: Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Andreas Hölzl, Andrew Spencer, Aviva Shimelman, Christian Döhler, Eitan Grossman, Jean Nitzke, Jezia Talavera, Michael Rießler Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono, Arabtype, Estrangelo Edessa, SBL Hebrew Typesetting software: X LAE TEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin לילדיי, אוֹר ָוטל À mes enfants, Or et Tal Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations and symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim and scope of the research . 1 1.2 Overview of the NENA dialects . 5 1.2.1 Genetic affiliation and general information . .5 1.2.2 Dialectal division of the NENA group . 7 1.2.3 Geographical spread of NENA and contact situation . 7 1.3 Noun phrase structure in NENA . 8 1.4 Data sources and methodology . 13 2 Attributive constructions: Typological and Semitic perspectives 19 2.1 Theoretical framework . 19 2.1.1 The three relations . 20 2.1.2 The attributive relationship and its manifestation .21 2.2 Attributive constructions from a typological perspective . 23 2.2.1 Head-marking vs. dependent-marking typology . 24 2.2.2 Plank’s adnominal typology . 26 2.2.3 Rießler’s typology of attribution marking . 27 2.3 Attributive constructions from a Semitic perspective . 29 2.3.1 Relational nouns and the category of state . 30 2.3.2 The construct state construction across Semitic languages 32 2.3.3 The construct state construction and determination .36 2.3.4 The analytic linker construction . 38 2.3.5 Goldenberg’s typology of ACs in Semitic . 40 2.4 Typology of attributive constructions used in this study . 41 2.4.1 Syntagmatic axis . 41 Contents 2.4.2 Paradigmatic axis . 44 2.4.3 Synopsis . 45 3 Attributive constructions in Syriac 47 3.1 Introduction . 47 3.2 The three states in Syriac . 48 3.3 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 49 3.4 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . 50 3.4.1 Adjectives and participles as primaries . 54 3.4.2 Adverbial secondaries . 55 3.4.3 Adverbial primaries . 56 3.4.4 The proclitic d- as a pronominal primary . 57 3.5 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . 58 3.5.1 Pronominal secondaries . 64 3.5.2 Clausal secondaries . 66 3.5.3 Adjectives and participles as secondaries . 69 3.5.4 Adverbial secondaries . 72 3.5.5 Numerals as ordinal secondaries . 73 3.5.6 The analytic linker construction with a correlative . 73 3.6 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) . 75 3.6.1 Plain construction . 75 3.6.2 Variants of the DAC (X-{y.poss} lnk-y.poss lnk Y) . 80 3.7 The dative linker construction (X-{y.poss} dat Y) . 82 3.8 Adjectival attribution by apposition (X Y.agr) . 84 3.8.1 The juxtaposition-cum-agreement construction . 84 3.8.2 Juxtaposition vs. the analytic linker construction . 86 3.9 Conclusions . 87 4 The D-markers in NENA dialects 89 4.1 Introduction . 89 4.2 Clitics, affixes, and phrasal affixes . 91 4.3 The Persian Ezafe: Clitic or phrasal affix? . 94 4.4 The d- proclitic vs. the -əd suffix . 97 4.4.1 Introduction . 97 4.4.2 Distinguishing factors . 100 4.5 The d- proclitic vs. the d- genitive prefix . 107 4.5.1 Introduction . 107 4.5.2 Distinguishing factors . 110 4.6 Conclusions . 112 ii Contents 5 Attributive constructions in the Jewish dialect of Zakho 115 5.1 Introduction . 115 5.2 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 116 5.3 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .117 5.3.1 Pronominal, ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 118 5.3.2 Clausal and infinitival secondaries . 119 5.3.3 Adverbial primaries . 121 5.3.4 Adjectival primaries . 123 5.3.5 Infinitival primaries . 124 5.4 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .125 5.4.1 Introduction . 125 5.4.2 Verbal nouns as members of the ALC . 128 5.4.3 Clausal secondaries . 130 5.4.4 Numerals as ordinal secondaries . 131 5.4.5 Adverbials as secondaries . 131 5.4.6 Linkers without an explicit primary . 132 5.5 Genitive marking of secondaries . 136 5.5.1 Genitive marking following the linker . 138 5.5.2 Genitive marking of clauses . 138 5.6 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk-y) . .141 5.7 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 141 5.7.1 Adjectival attribution . 141 5.7.2 Adverbial primaries . 143 5.7.3 Adverbial secondaries . 145 5.7.4 Clausal secondaries . 145 5.7.5 Infinitival primaries . 147 5.8 Conclusions . 147 6 Attributive constructions in the Christian dialect of Qaraqosh 151 6.1 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 151 6.2 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .154 6.2.1 The historical construct state marking . .155 6.2.2 The suffixed construct state formation . .156 6.2.3 Adverbial primaries . 159 6.2.4 Adjectival primaries . 161 6.2.5 The primary nafs ‘the same’ . 161 6.2.6 Clausal secondaries . 162 6.2.7 Infinitives in the construct state construction . .163 iii Contents 6.3 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .164 6.3.1 Introduction . 164 6.3.2 Verbal nouns as primaries . 167 6.3.3 Clausal secondaries . 168 6.3.4 Adverbial primaries . 170 6.3.5 Adjectival primaries . 172 6.3.6 Pronominal primaries . 173 6.3.7 Linkers without an explicit primary . 174 6.3.8 Ordinal secondaries . 176 6.4 Double-marking constructions . 176 6.4.1 Simple double-marking (X.cst lnk Y) . 176 6.4.2 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) .179 6.5 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 180 6.5.1 Adjectival modification: Juxtaposition-cum-agreement . 180 6.5.2 Adverbial primaries . 182 6.5.3 Infinitival primaries . 183 6.5.4 Clausal secondaries . 183 6.6 Conclusions . 184 7 Attributive constructions in the Jewish dialect of Urmi 187 7.1 Possessive pronominal suffixes (X-y.poss) . 188 7.2 The construct state construction (X.cst Y) . .189 7.2.1 Introduction . 189 7.2.2 Apocopate construct state marking . 191 7.2.3 Adjectival primaries . 192 7.2.4 Adverbial primaries . 192 7.2.5 The pronominal primary od . 194 7.2.6 Pronominal, ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 194 7.2.7 Clausal secondaries . 196 7.3 The analytic linker construction (X lnk Y) . .198 7.3.1 Introduction . 198 7.3.2 Linker following a construct state (X-cst lnk Y) . 200 7.3.3 Syllabification of the construct state suffix with the linker202 7.3.4 Adjectival secondaries following an apparent linker . 203 7.3.5 Infinitival phrases as secondaries . 204 7.3.6 Ordinal and adverbial secondaries . 205 7.3.7 Linkers without an explicit primary . 205 iv Contents 7.4 Genitive marking of secondaries . 207 7.4.1 Introduction . 207 7.4.2 Genitive marking following adverbials . 208 7.4.3 Independent genitive pronouns . 210 7.4.4 Genitive case following the linker ay . 211 7.5 The double annexation construction (X-y.poss lnk Y) . .211 7.6 Usage of the relativizer (X rel Y) . 212 7.6.1 Introduction . 212 7.6.2 Adverbial primaries . 213 7.6.3 Relativizer following the construct state (X-cst rel Y) . 214 7.6.4 Relativizer in construct state (X rel-cst Y) . 215 7.7 Juxtaposition (X Y.{agr}) . 216 7.7.1 Introduction . 216 7.7.2 Adjectival secondaries . 217 7.7.3 Nominal quantification and apposition .