DOCSLIB.ORG

Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Qadir Muhammad Muhammad School of History, Politics & International Relations University of Leicester 2017 Abstract Qadir Muhammad Muhammad This thesis is the first critical study of British travel writing on Kurdistan in the nineteenth century based upon travellers‟ accounts and unpublished reports of diplomats. The principal aim is to identify which aspects of Kurdish society and culture were highlighted by the British and to analyse what factors influenced British representations of the region and its people. The travellers‟ emphasis upon Kurdish culture and the Kurds‟ tribal culture, for example, is discussed in terms of contemporary interest in enlightenment sociology and the emergence of anthropology. A second key aim is to establish how far the British understood Kurds from their perspective on people in the East, whether they saw them as part of a homogeneous group of people, and the extent to which they recognised Kurds as culturally, socially, politically, and geographically. Finally, this thesis examines the importance of the Kurdish regions to the British imperial agenda. This research has made some important findings: firstly, it has confirmed that the British travellers were inclined to represent the Kurds as different from the other Muslim societies and therefore complicates our understanding of British views of the Ottoman and Persian empires in the nineteenth century. It shows that although the British depicted the Kurds as barbarous and quarrelsome, their accounts of Kurdistan did not fit a straightforward „Orientalist‟ model, particularly with regard to their observations on Kurdish women and the decline of the nomadic lifestyle. As nationalism was a common ideology throughout nineteenth-century Europe, a number of British travellers tried to depict Kurdish movements as nationalist activities; however, it is argued that these accounts should not be taken as straightforward evidence for the existence of nationalist sentiment. Finally, one of the key motives for British travel in the region was to further the imperial economic agenda by identifying potential markets and resources. British travellers had a significant impact on British i policy makers, as the presence of oilfields which they had identified led the British to keep Kurdistan under its mandate after the First World War. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been written without the support and help of a number of people. First and foremost I am indebted to my first supervisor Professor Roey Sweet for being a wonderful supervisor, for all her energy and time, encouragement and guidance. She has been inspirational in so many ways; I cannot put into words how much I appreciate all the effort given to help me succeed over the last few years. I would also like to thank Dr. James Moore for all his time, advice and support. I really appreciate all the hours spent in supervision meetings and feedbacks, which were invaluable. I would like to thank my colleagues and friends Katherine A Roscoe, Emily Whewell, Kellie Moss, Hawkar Jalil, Botan Maghdid and Adnan Mohammed for their outstanding help during my study. I am grateful to Dlawer Ala‟adeen the former minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Kurdistan Regional Government, as his efforts enabled me to study a PhD at the University of Leicester. Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents, sisters and brothers for their endless support and encouragement to pursue the goal of completing this thesis. iii Table of Content Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Content.................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Importance of the Research ................................................................................................................ 3 Research Focus .................................................................................................................................... 5 Selected travellers ............................................................................................................................. 12 Research questions ........................................................................................................................... 23 Sources .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 1 Travel Writing and British Perspectives ........................................................................... 28 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Travel Writing .................................................................................................................................... 29 Genres of Travel Writing ................................................................................................................... 31 Patterns of Travel .............................................................................................................................. 35 Who Travelled ................................................................................................................................... 38 Travellers in the Middle East ............................................................................................................. 40 Travellers and antiquity .................................................................................................................... 44 Anthropology .................................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 2 The Kurds and Kurdistan in the view of British travellers ................................................ 53 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 53 The Origin of the Kurds ..................................................................................................................... 53 iv Travellers’ observations on the characteristics of Tribal and Non-Tribal Kurds ............................... 59 Christian Denominations ................................................................................................................... 66 Geography of Kurdistan .................................................................................................................... 73 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 81 Chapter 3 Kurdish Nationalism in the View of the British Travellers ................................................ 82 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 82 The Role of Ethnicity in Emerging Nationalism ................................................................................. 84 British observations on Kurdish Emirates movements and self-rule ................................................ 91 British travellers’ observations on the Soran Emirate ...................................................................... 94 British observations on the Baban Emirate ...................................................................................... 98 British Travellers’ observations on the Bohtan Emirate ................................................................. 101 Kurdish Nationalism in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century and Sheikh Ubaidullah’s Movement ....................................................................................................................................... 105 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 4 British Travelers’ Observations of the Ottoman Empire, Persian Rule in Kurdistan, and Kurdish Tribal Society ............................................................................................. 116 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/26/2021 08:13:54AM Via Free Access Matrimonial Alliances and the Transmission of Dynastic Power 223

    Downloaded from Brill.Com09/26/2021 08:13:54AM Via Free Access Matrimonial Alliances and the Transmission of Dynastic Power 223

    EURASIAN Studies 15 (2017) 222-249 brill.com/eurs Matrimonial Alliances and the Transmission of Dynastic Power in Kurdistan: The Case of the Diyādīnids of Bidlīs in the Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Sacha Alsancakli Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3 / UMR 7528 Mondes iranien et indien [email protected] Abstract The Diyādīnids of Bidlīs, one of the important Kurdish principalities of the early mod- ern period (fourteenth to seventeenth centuries), have constantly claimed a central role in the political powers of Kurdistan. This article will explore the ways in which the Diyādīnid’s matrimonial alliances helped bolster that claim and otherwise secure and enhance the political standing of the dynasty. * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the DYNTRAN panel “Familles, autorité et savoir dans l’espace moyen-oriental (XVe-XVIIe siècles)” of the 2nd Congress of the GIS “Moyen-Orient et mondes musulmans” (Paris, 5-8 July 2017). The French-German collective project DYNTRAN (Dynamics of Transmission: Families, Authority and Knowledge in the Early Modern Middle East [15th-17th centuries]) is cofounded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (ANR-14-FRAL-0009-01). All translations are my own unless stated otherwise. I have chosen to use a mixed translit- eration system in this article: Persian and Kurdish proper names are transliterated accord- ing to the system of the German Oriental Society (DMG, 1969) for Persian, except for the vocalization of the names of some Kurdish tribes and places, where forms closer to Kurdish prononciation have been preferred (eg. Boḫtān, not Buḫtān, Ḥazzō, not Ḥazzū).
  • The Kurds; History and Culture

    The Kurds; History and Culture

    Western Kurdistan Association publications Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture Jemal Nebez THE KURDS History and Kulture Presentation held in German on the 19th September 1997 in the Kurdish Community- House in Berlin, Germany First published in German in 1997 by: The Kurdish Community House in Berlin, Germany First publication in English, including a Bio-Bibliography of Jemal Nebez, by: WKA Publications - London 2004 Translated into English by: Hanne Kuchler Preface by: Dr. Hasan Mohamed Ali Director of the Board of the Kurdish Community House in Berlin, Germany 1 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture 2 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture PREFACE On the occasion of the inauguration of the Kurdish community-house in Berlin, Germany in September 1997, the well-known Kurdologist Dr. Jemal Nebez held a warmly received speech under the title: The Kurds – their history and culture. This speech was not only of great importance because of its contents and coverage, but also because it was based on precise data and historic scientific evidence. In his speech Dr. Nebez covered various subjects, e.g. pre- Christian ancient history and the mythology of the Kurds, the cultural height and depth of the Kurdish people in the shadow of the numerous expeditions by alien peoples through Kurdistan, the astounding variety of religions in Kurdistan, with special stress on syncretism as the most striking feature of the Kurdish religious culture, delineating syncretism as inherently different from mixed religions. As an analytically thinking scientist (physicist) the speaker did not get stuck in the past, nor was his speech 3 Jemal Nebez The Kurds; History and Culture an archaeological presentation, but an Archigenesis, which in fluent transition reaches from past epochs to the present situation of the Kurdish people.
  • Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics

    Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics

    Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Current issues in Kurdish linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Series Editor: Geofrey Haig Editorial board: Erik Anonby, Ergin Öpengin, Ludwig Paul Volume 1 2019 Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) 2019 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Diese Veröff entlichung wurde im Rahmen des Elite-Maststudiengangs „Kul- turwissenschaften des Vorderen Orients“ durch das Elitenetzwerk Bayern ge- fördert, einer Initiative des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröff entlichung liegt bei den Auto- rinnen und Autoren. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über das Forschungsinformations- system (FIS; https://fi s.uni-bamberg.de) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk – ausgenommen Cover, Zitate und Abbildungen – steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC-BY. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2019 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2698-6612 ISBN: 978-3-86309-686-1 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-687-8 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-558751 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irbo-55875 Acknowledgements This volume contains a selection of contributions originally presented at the Third International Conference on Kurdish Linguistics (ICKL3), University of Ams- terdam, in August 2016.
  • Cultural Orientation | Kurmanji

    Cultural Orientation | Kurmanji

    KURMANJI A Kurdish village, Palangan, Kurdistan Flickr / Ninara DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 CULTURAL ORIENTATION | KURMANJI TABLE OF CONTENTS Profile Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Government .................................................................................................................. 6 Iraqi Kurdistan ......................................................................................................7 Iran .........................................................................................................................8 Syria .......................................................................................................................8 Turkey ....................................................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Bodies of Water ...........................................................................................................10 Lake Van .............................................................................................................10 Climate ..........................................................................................................................11 History ...........................................................................................................................11
  • Bibliography Abrahamian, E., Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton/New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982)

    Bibliography Abrahamian, E., Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton/New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982)

    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/18583 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Nerwiy, Hawar Khalil Taher Title: The Republic of Kurdistan, 1946 Issue Date: 2012-03-13 Bibliography Abrahamian, E., Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton/New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982). Allworth, Edward (ed.), Central Asia, 120 Years of Russian Rule (London: Duke University Press, 1989). Amanat, Abbas, The pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896 (London: Tauris, 1997). Anderson, B., Imagined Communities – Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (2nd ed., London/New York: Verso, 1991). Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB IN Europe and the West (Penguin Books Press, 2000). Archer, Clive, International Organizations (2nd ed., Routledge, London/New York, 1992). Arfa, Hassan, The Kurds: An Historical and Political Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1966). Armstrong, David, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, International Organization in World Politics (3th ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). Atabaki, T. (ed.), Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006). __, and Erik J. Zürcher, Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah (London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 2004). __, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran (2nd ed., London: I.B. Tauris and Co Ltd, 2000). __, Ethnicity And Autonomy in Iranian Azerbayjan: The Autonomous Government of Azerbayjan 1946 (Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, 1991). Azimi, Fakhreddin, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy 1941-1953 (London: I.B. Tauris and Co Ltd Publishers, 1989).
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran

    Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran

    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
  • Arta 2005.001

    Arta 2005.001

    ARTA 2005.001 St John Simpson - The British Museum Making their mark: Foreign travellers at Persepolis The ruins at Persepolis continue to fascinate scholars not least through the perspective of the early European travellers’ accounts. Despite being the subject of considerable study, much still remains to be discovered about this early phase of the history of archaeology in Iran. The early published literature has not yet been exhausted; manuscripts, letters, drawings and sculptures continue to emerge from European collections, and a steady trickle of further discoveries can be predicted. One particularly rich avenue lies in further research into the personal histories of individuals who are known to have been resident in or travelling through Iran, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. These sources have value not only in what may pertain to the sites or antiquities, but they also add useful insights into the political and socio-economic situation within Iran during this period (Wright 1998; 1999; Simpson in press; forthcoming). The following paper offers some research possibilities by focusing on the evidence of the Achemenet janvier 2005 1 ARTA 2005.001 Fig. 1: Gate of All Nations graffiti left by some of these travellers to the site. Some bio- graphical details have been added where considered appro- priate but many of these individuals deserve a level of detailed research lying beyond the scope of this preliminary survey. Achemenet janvier 2005 2 ARTA 2005.001 The graffiti have attracted the attention of many visitors to the site, partly because of their visibility on the first major building to greet visitors to the site (Fig.
  • Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Arts

    Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Arts

    ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES TRANSFORMATIONS OF KURDISH MUSIC IN SYRIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS M.A. THESIS Hussain HAJJ Department of Musicology and Music Theory Musicology M.A. Programme JUNE 2018 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES TRANSFORMATIONS OF KURDISH MUSIC IN SYRIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS M.A. THESIS Hussain HAJJ (404141007) Department of Musicology and Music Theory Musicology Programme Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. F. Belma KURTİŞOĞLU JUNE 2018 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SURİYE’DE KÜRT MÜZİĞİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ: SOSYAL VE POLİTİK ETKENLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hussain HAJJ (404141007) Müzikoloji ve Müzik Teorisi Anabilim Dalı Müzikoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. F. Belma KURTİŞOĞLU HAZİRAN 2018 Date of Submission : 7 May 2018 Date of Defense : 4 June 2018 v vi To the memory of my father, to my dear mother and Neslihan Güngör; thanks for always being there for me. vii viii FOREWORD When I started studying Musicology, a musician friend from Syrian Kurds told me that I am leaving my seat as an active musician and starting a life of academic researches, and that he will make music and I will research the music he makes. It was really an interesting statement to me; it made me think of two things, the first one is the intention behind this statement, while the second was the attitude of Kurds, especially Kurd musicians, towards researchers and researching. As for the first thing, I felt that there was a problem, maybe a social or psychological, of the Kurdish people in general, and the musicians in particular.
  • 297 Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 1

    297 Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 1

    297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 1 Direction générale de la Coopération internationale et du Développement INTERDÉPENDANCES ET AIDE PUBLIQUE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT ACTES DU SÉMINAIRE DgCiD-Iddri 2005-2006 Évaluation réalisée par Réseau Conseil en développement Territorial (RCT) Sous la direction de Jean-Jacques GOUSSARD Expert principal Ministère des Affaires étrangères 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 2 Ce rapport est un document interne établi à la demande du ministère des Affaires étrangères. Les commentaires et analyses développés n’engagent que leurs auteurs et ne constituent pas une position officielle. Tous droits d’adaptation, de traduction et de reproduction par tous procédés, y compris la photocopie et le microfilm, réservés pour tous pays. Conception graphique couverture : Aurette Leroy et Anne Caminade Création / Impression : mediatys / Groupe Corlet Photos de couverture : © Bruce Clarke © Ministère des Affaires étrangères, 2006 ISBN : 978-2-11096623-0 ISSN : 1629-5641 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 3 Interdépendances et Aide Publique au Développement Iddri 3 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 4 Sommaire Avant-propos 7 Éléments pour une nouvelle vision de l’aide publique au développement 11 Introduction 13 Justifications traditionnelles de l’aide 14 Les tensions liées à l’accès aux ressources “communes” 17 Mise en œuvre de l’aide pour gérer les tensions 22 Quelques éléments de réponse 25 Bibliographie 26 Aide au développement : panorama des attentes de la société française
  • EASO Rapport D'information Sur Les Pays D'origine Iraq Individus Pris

    EASO Rapport D'information Sur Les Pays D'origine Iraq Individus Pris

    European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO Rapport d’information sur les pays d’origine Iraq Individus pris pour cible Mars 2019 D’autres informations sur l’Union européenne sont disponibles sur l’internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9485-051-5 doi: 10.2847/95098 © European Asylum Support Office 2019 Sauf indication contraire, la reproduction est autorisée, moyennant mention de la source. Pour les contenus reproduits dans la présente publication et appartenant à des tierces parties, se référer aux mentions relatives aux droits d’auteur desdites tierces parties. Photo de couverture: © Joel Carillet, un drapeau iraquien flotte sur le toit de l’église syro- orthodoxe Saint-Ephrem de Mossoul (Iraq), qui a été fortement endommagée, quelques mois après que ce quartier de Mossoul a été repris à l’EIIL. L’emblème de l’EIIL était peint sur la façade du bâtiment durant l’occupation de Mossoul par l’EIIL. EASO RAPPORT D’INFORMATION SUR LES PAYS D’ORIGINE IRAQ: INDIVIDUS PRIS POUR CIBLE — 3 Remerciements Le présent rapport a été rédigé par des experts du centre de recherche et de documentation (Cedoca) du bureau belge du Commissariat général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides. Par ailleurs, les services nationaux d’asile et de migration suivants ont procédé à une relecture du présent rapport, en concertation avec l’EASO: Pays-Bas, Bureau des informations sur les pays et de l’analyse linguistique, ministère de la justice Danemark, service danois de l’immigration La révision apportée par les départements, experts ou organisations susmentionnés contribue à la qualité globale du rapport, mais ne suppose pas nécessairement leur approbation formelle du rapport final, qui relève pleinement de la responsabilité de l’EASO.
  • Departman of Training and Research Compiled By: Abdolhossein Ghasemnejad Translated By: Roozbeh Zhuleh in HIS NAME

    Departman of Training and Research Compiled By: Abdolhossein Ghasemnejad Translated By: Roozbeh Zhuleh in HIS NAME

    Departman of Training and Research Compiled by: Abdolhossein Ghasemnejad Translated by: Roozbeh Zhuleh IN HIS NAME Heritage, Environment Bijar1 (Bidjar) is a small city located on top of the Zagros mountains in western Iran, at the elevation of 1940 meters. Its neighbors include and Zanjan province (from northeastern border), the city of Takaab in west Azerbaijan (from northwest side), the city of Ghorveh (from south), a small part of Hamedan province (from east), Sanandaj Tourism and Divan darreh (from west). (Image No.1No.1) 3 Bijar Rugs Bijar Contents Heritage, Environment and Tourism 3 Kurdistan Handicrafts 6 History of rug weaving 7 Designs of Bijar Rugs 7 Patterns of Bijar Rugs 8 Technical characteristics 10 Colors 10 Ingredients 11 Size 11 Image No.1: Iran (Up) and Bijar (Bottom) 1. Latitude: 35° 52› 24.86›› N Longitude: 47° 35› 55.63›› E and go south. They had gone so far to the The moment you arrive and take your first point where they found the source of the river steps in the city, you’d feel the enchantment of (which is located near Bijar) and decided to the bluest of skies and the whitest of clouds. take residence there. Due to that, the place was The cold breeze upon your skin and the shin- named after its residents. Gradually “Gaduz” ing touches of the Sun bring you a sense of changed to “Garus”. Some people believe that joy like no other. a group of people called Garus, of the nomads, (Image No.2/3/4) chose the area in which Bijar is located today and since they were the dominant group of that area, they named it after themselves.
  • To Download the PDF File

    To Download the PDF File

    Nihilism and Technologies of Othering: The Kurds in Iran, Iraq and Turkey Jalal Dehzani A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Canada January 2008 © Jalal Dehzani Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-40519-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-40519-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.