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Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Nina Ruge, Matthias Schemmel, Kai Surendorf Scientific Board Markus Antonietti, Antonio Becchi, Fabio Bevilacqua, William G. Boltz, Jens Braarvik, Horst Bredekamp, Jed Z. Buchwald, Olivier Darrigol, Thomas Duve, Mike Edmunds, Fynn Ole Engler, Robert K. Englund, Mordechai Feingold, Rivka Feldhay, Gideon Freudenthal, Paolo Galluzzi, Kostas Gavroglu, Mark Geller, Domenico Giulini, Günther Görz, Gerd Graßhoff, James Hough, Man- fred Laubichler, Glenn Most, Klaus Müllen, Pier Daniele Napolitani, Alessandro Nova, Hermann Parzinger, Dan Potts, Sabine Schmidtke, Circe Silva da Silva, Ana Simões, Dieter Stein, Richard Stephenson, Mark Stitt, Noel M. Swerdlow, Liba Taub, Martin Vingron, Scott Walter, Norton Wise, Gerhard Wolf, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Gereon Wolters, Zhang Baichun Proceedings 7 Edition Open Access 2014 Melammu The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization Edited by Markham J. Geller (with the cooperation of Sergei Ignatov and Theodor Lekov) Edition Open Access 2014 Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Proceedings 7 Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the Melammu Project, held in Sophia, Bulgaria, September 1–3, 2008. Communicated by: Jens Braarvig Edited by: Markham J. Geller Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Beatrice Hermann, Linda Jauch Image Processing: Christopher Unterste-Wilms Digigroup MPIWG Cover image: Mosaic from the Chora Monastery in Istanbul, dating to 1312 CE. Photo by Florentina Badalanova Geller. ISBN 978-3-945561-00-3 First published 2014 by Edition Open Access http://www.edition-open-access.de Printed in Germany by epubli, Oranienstraße 183, 10999 Berlin http://www.epubli.de Published under Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Germany Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowl- edge comprises four subseries, Studies, Proceedings, Sources and Textbooks. They present research results and the relevant sources in a new format, combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They present original scientific work submitted under the scholarly responsibility of members of the Scientific Board and their academic peers. The volumes of the four subseries and their electronic counterparts are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, as well as at a broader public inter- ested in how science shapes our world. They provide rapid access to knowledge at low cost. Moreover, by combining print with digital publication, the four series offer a new way of publishing research in flux and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily avail- able. The initiative is supported, for the time being, by research departments of three Max Planck Institutes, the MPI for the History of Science, the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, and the MPI for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute). This is in line with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. Each volume of the Studies series is dedicated to a key subject in the history and development of knowledge, bringing together perspectives from different fields and combining source-based empirical research with theoretically guided approaches. The studies are typically working group volumes presenting integra- tive approaches to problems ranging from the globalization of knowledge to the nature of spatial thinking. Each volume of the Proceedings series presents the results of a scientific meeting on current issues and supports, at the same time, further cooperation on these issues by offering an electronic platform with further resources and the possibility for comments and interactions. Each volume of the Sources series typically presents a primary source—relevant for the history and development of knowledge—in facsimile, transcription, or translation. The original sources are complemented by an introduction and by commentaries reflecting original scholarly work. The sources reproduced in this series may be rare books, manuscripts, documents or data that are not readily accessible in libraries and archives. Each volume of the Textbooks series presents concise and synthetic information on a wide range of current research topics, both introductory and advanced. They use the new publication channel to offer students affordable access to high-level scientific and scholarly overviews. The textbooks are prepared and updated by experts in the relevant fields and supplemented by additional online materials. On the basis of scholarly expertise the publication of the four series brings to- gether traditional books produced by print-on-demand techniques with modern information technology. Based on and extending the functionalities of the ex- isting open access repository European Cultural Heritage Online (ECHO), this initiative aims at a model for an unprecedented, Web-based scientific working environment integrating access to information with interactive features. Contents Preface: The Globalization of Knowledge in the Ancient Near East J. Renn ...................................................... 1 Introduction to Melammu: Early Globalization M. J. Geller .................................................. 5 1 Globalization of Religion: Jewish Cosmology in its Ancient Near Eastern Context Simo Parpola................................................. 15 1.1 The Main Features of the Jewish Cosmological System . 15 1.2 Mesopotamian Parallels . 17 1.3 Conclusions . 24 2 Global Monotheism: The Contribution of the Israelite Prophets Baruch A. Levine ............................................. 29 2.1 On Methodology. 31 2.2 The Three Phases of Israelite Religion . 35 2.3 A Closing Reflection . 45 3 Globalization and Imperialism: Political and Ideological Reactions to the Assyrian Presence in Syria (IXth–VIIIth Century BCE) Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault ................................. 49 3.1 Introduction . 49 3.2 Assyrian Imperialism: The Ideology . 50 3.3 Empire and Imperialism in History and Historiography . 52 3.4 History, Archaeology and Geography . 53 3.5 The Lower Middle Euphrates Valley . 55 3.6 Conclusions . 64 viii Contents 4 The Tale of the Wild Man and the Courtesan in India and Mesopotamia: The Seductions of Ṛśyaśṛnga in the Mahābhārata and Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh Tzvi Abusch and Emily West.................................... 69 4.1 Introduction . 69 4.2 The Story of Enkidu. 71 4.3 The Tale of Ṛśyaśṛnga in the Mahābhārata ...................... 73 4.4 Anomalies in the Tale of Ṛśyaśṛnga . 74 4.5 Parallel Elements in the Stories of Enkidu and Ṛśyaśṛnga . 77 4.6 Summary of the Comparison of the Two Narratives . 84 4.7 Description of the Various Indic Versions of the Tale . 86 4.8 Assessment of the Relative Ages of the Variants of the Tale . 88 4.9 Summary and Conclusions Regarding the Chronology of the Ṛśyaśṛnga Story . 93 4.10 Internal Analysis of the Mahābhārata’s Ṛśyaśṛnga Account . 93 4.11 Narrative Layers in the Mahābhārata . 100 4.12 The Relationship of the Preamble to Other Versions of the Tale . 102 4.13 Origins and Transmission of the Tale. 103 4.14 The Tale’s Incorporation into the Mahābhārata . 104 4.15 Mode and Time of Transmission. 105 4.16 Conclusion . 108 5 Globalization in Literature: Re-Examining the Gilgameš Affair Cynthia Jean ................................................. 111 5.1 Introduction . 111 5.2 Homer and Gilgamesh. 112 5.3 Continuity in Other Tales . 112 6 Gilgamesh’s Plant of Rejuvenation and Qāṭīne’s Sīsīsāmbur Nineb Lamassu ............................................... 117 6.1 The Genre of Qāṭīne . 119 6.2 The Language of Qāṭīne . 119 6.3 The Name Qāṭīne . 120 6.4 The Zmīrta D’Qātīne . 121 6.5 Parallels, Points of Contact and Influences. 124 7 Some Observations about “Foreigners” in Babylonia during the VI Century BCE Kabalan Moukarzel ........................................... 129 7.1 Sources and Some General Problems. 130 Contents ix 7.2 The “Foreigners” ............................................. 134 7.3 The Ḫadru Communities . 139 7.4 The Scope of Social Integration . 143 7.5 Conclusions . 151 8 The Religious Reform of Nabonidus: A Sceptical View Kabalan Moukarzel ........................................... 157 8.1 Introduction . 157 8.2 The Verse Account of Nabonidus . 158 8.3 Early Theories about the “Religious Reforms” of Nabonidus . 170 8.4 Some Later Theories about the “Religious Reforms” of Nabonidus. 180 8.5 Conclusions . 186 9 New Light on George Smith’s Purchase of the Egibi Archive in 1876 from the Nachlass Mathewson Strahil V. Panayotov and Cornelia Wunsch . 191 9.1 Peter Mathewson and George Smith . 191 9.2 The Cuneiform Tablets in Kotel . 199 9.3 Index of Personal Names . 211 10 Phrygian Bronzes in the Greek World: Globalization through Cult? Maya Vassileva ............................................... 217 10.1 Introduction . 217 10.2 Phrygian Belts . 217 10.3 Visual Representations
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