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297 Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 1 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 1 Direction générale de la Coopération internationale et du Développement INTERDÉPENDANCES ET AIDE PUBLIQUE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT ACTES DU SÉMINAIRE DgCiD-Iddri 2005-2006 Évaluation réalisée par Réseau Conseil en développement Territorial (RCT) Sous la direction de Jean-Jacques GOUSSARD Expert principal Ministère des Affaires étrangères 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 2 Ce rapport est un document interne établi à la demande du ministère des Affaires étrangères. Les commentaires et analyses développés n’engagent que leurs auteurs et ne constituent pas une position officielle. Tous droits d’adaptation, de traduction et de reproduction par tous procédés, y compris la photocopie et le microfilm, réservés pour tous pays. Conception graphique couverture : Aurette Leroy et Anne Caminade Création / Impression : mediatys / Groupe Corlet Photos de couverture : © Bruce Clarke © Ministère des Affaires étrangères, 2006 ISBN : 978-2-11096623-0 ISSN : 1629-5641 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 3 Interdépendances et Aide Publique au Développement Iddri 3 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 4 Sommaire Avant-propos 7 Éléments pour une nouvelle vision de l’aide publique au développement 11 Introduction 13 Justifications traditionnelles de l’aide 14 Les tensions liées à l’accès aux ressources “communes” 17 Mise en œuvre de l’aide pour gérer les tensions 22 Quelques éléments de réponse 25 Bibliographie 26 Aide au développement : panorama des attentes de la société française 27 Introduction 29 Attentes et positions de l’opinion publique 31 Attentes et positions des “groupes institutionnalisés” de la société civile 40 Synthèse : récapitulatif des attentes 49 Les politiques de coopération au développement au début du XXIe siècle : essai d’analyse comparée 55 Introduction 57 Le discours autour des priorités sectorielles : quel consensus international ? 60 Le discours sur la sélectivité de l’aide 86 Le discours sur le don versus prêt 88 Annexe 1 : Le “projet” de Traité constitutionnel et la politique de coopération au développement de l’Union européenne 89 Annexe 2 : Concurrence entre la Chine et les États-Unis ? Le débat reste ouvert… 91 Le Millennium Challenge Account : une nouvelle conception de l’aide publique au développement ? 93 Introduction 95 Le MCA et la MCC : innovants, mais viables ? 96 L’aide dans l’histoire de la politique étrangère américaine 99 Les origines du MCA 106 Iddri 4 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 5 La construction de l’initiative 112 Le Congrès amende l’initiative et limite son financement 115 La mise en œuvre de l’initiative : un manque de cohérence interne 122 2006, une année charnière pour corriger les erreurs passées 127 Conclusion 131 Bibliographie 133 Annexes 139 Liste des personnes interviewées 146 External Determinants of Local Violent Conflict: The Transnational nature of Contemporary Wars 147 Introduction 149 Contemporary Local Violent Conflict as Network Wars 149 The Conditions for Violent Conflict: Transnational Statehood and “Failed” States 152 The Perpetuation of Violent Conflicts: Transnational Conflict Dynamics 158 Conclusion: The Transnational Settlement of Local Conflicts 164 References 166 Commerce, développement et conflits 171 Introduction 173 Paix libérale, guerre réaliste 174 Coûts d’opportunité et signal 177 Les validations empiriques de l’hypothèse de paix libérale 182 Les conditions de validité de l’hypothèse de paix libérale 184 Le régime commercial contemporain satisfait-il les conditions de validité de l’hypothèse de paix libérale ? 186 Références 190 Annexe : Le règlement des différends à l’OMC 192 Putting Failed States Back Together: Where to Start? 195 Introduction 197 ’New Wars’ 197 Human Security 201 The Principles of Human Security 203 Iddri 5 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 6 Policy Proposals 206 Conclusion 212 Development, Territories and People: Consolidating the Sovereign Frontier 213 Introduction 215 Development and Recurrence 216 Liberalism and Empire 217 Racism and Developmentalism 219 Decolonisation and Containment 221 Sovereignty and Humanitarian Emergency 224 Human Security and the State 227 Conclusion 231 References 232 Putting Failed States Back Together: Where to Start? A QCA Analysis of Lebanon, Somalia and the former-Yugoslavia 237 An Introduction to State Collapse 239 State Collapse, Why Does it Happen? 240 Jump Starting State-Building 245 Conclusion 249 Methodological Annex 250 Conclusion 267 Eléments de diagnostic 270 Proposition pour l’action 271 Auteurs 273 Iddri 6 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 7 Avant-propos Philippe Etienne Iddri 7 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 8 Le processus de réforme de la coopération française conduit désormais la DgCiD à exercer une fonction centrale dans la définition de la politique d’aide au développement de la France. Depuis 2004, les réunions successives du CICID ont décidé la production de stratégies sectorielles et de stratégies pays, mais ont aussi souhaité une vision plus globale de l’aide française. Dans le cadre de la procédure budgétaire, la DgCiD coordonne par ailleurs la production du Document de politique transversale sur la politique française en faveur du développement, qui a vocation à offrir un cadre de référence stratégique à l’ensemble des contributions des divers départements ministériels, et qui comporte une première approche de la cohérence des politiques françaises à l’égard des pays en développement. Exercer cette fonction stratégique nécessite une information aussi complète que possible sur les débats qui animent en permanence le milieu du développement. Cette fonction ne peut en effet se concevoir sans une contribution substantielle de la communauté scientifique, qu’elle émane d’économistes, de sociologues, de polito- logues, d’anthropologues… Au-delà des consensus qui peuvent exister sur la forme et la place de la politique d’aide au développement, celle-ci doit, pour être améliorée, s’inspirer des résultats de la recherche, le défi consistant à faire passer le plus vite possible les résultats de la sphère scientifique à celle de la décision stratégique et des opérations. Relever ce défi suppose de renforcer le dialogue entre chercheurs et décideurs politiques afin de permettre à ces derniers de s’approprier les résultats des premiers et d’exprimer leurs besoins et leurs attentes. Or, peu d’opportunités existent aujourd’hui pour faire vivre un tel dialogue. C’est pourquoi la DgCiD a demandé à l’Iddri de conduire deux cycles de séminaires académiques pour offrir une plus grande perméabilité entre les travaux des chercheurs et les questionnements des décideurs. Le présent ouvrage regroupe la totalité des papiers présentés au cours du premier séminaire, qui s’est déroulé de décembre 2004 à janvier 2006. Un deuxième cycle commencera en septembre 2006 jusqu’à mars 2007. Iddri 8 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 9 Ces séminaires constituent un lieu de discussion et d’expression libre, dégagée des contraintes liées à la défense de positions officielles, afin de permettre des échanges de fond sur les bases et les pratiques de la coopération. Les chercheurs ont présenté des papiers originaux, de qualité, apportant idées et cadres d’analyse et offrant des pistes de réflexions intéressantes. Les articles ont systématiquement été discutés par un autre chercheur et par un collègue de l’administration, ouvrant des débats riches et utiles. Les échanges avec les chercheurs ont permis de mettre en avant de nombreuses questions qui aujourd’hui ne sont qu’imparfaitement traitées et qui méritent des travaux approfondis, de nouvelles pistes de recherche académiques afin de répondre aux interrogations de l’administration, mais surtout de nouvelles ouvertures pour l’administration dans la manière de réfléchir les politiques d’aide au développement. Le renforcement de ces échanges y compris à l’échelle européenne, continuera dans les prochains mois à faire partie des priorités de cette direction Philippe Etienne Directeur général de la Coopération internationale et du Développement Iddri 9 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 10 Iddri 10 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 11 Eléments pour une nouvelle vision de l’aide publique au développement Benoit Daviron Thierry Giordano Iddri 11 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 12 Iddri 12 Ministère des Affaires étrangères - DgCiD 297_Rapport IDRRI 10/10/06 15:23 Page 13 Introduction Le développement des économies les plus pauvres figure inlassablement en première place dans les discours justifiant l’aide publique au développement. Néanmoins, la défense de l’intérêt national l’a toujours accompagné sous une forme ou sous une autre : promotion des exportations, formation de coalitions diplomatiques, recherche d’appuis stratégiques, approvisionnement en matières premières ou encore installation de bases militaires. Dans ce texte, nous proposons ce qui pourrait constituer une troisième justification, au-delà de la défense des intérêts nationaux et de la lutte contre la pauvreté : le traitement des conflits générés par l’accroissement des interdépendances mondiales. Au cours des dernières années, l’accroissement des interdépendances – et le développement
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