Kasman Singodimejo Dan Aktivitasnya (1930 – 1982)
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The Discourse of Muslim Intellectuals
THE DISCOURSE OF MUSLIM INTELLECTUALS AND `ULAMA’> IN INDONESIA A Historical Overview Khoirun Niam IAIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya - Indonesia Abstract: Muslim intellectuals and `ulama’> are two notions necessary for attempts to get deep understanding of particularly Indonesian Muslim scholars. This paper analyses the discourse of Muslim intellectuals and `ulama’> in Indonesia before the independence period. The focus is on the practices and vectors which paved the way for the Muslim intellectuals and `ulama’> to come to the forefront in socio-political and cultural arena of Indonesia. The paper argues that the emergence of Indonesian intellectuals was not only influenced by Muslim organisations but also by Study Clubs. It further argues that irrespective of the diverse identification of Muslims intellectuals, those with secular educational background dominated the public spehere of Indonesia in the pre-independence period than those trained in pesantren or traditional Islamic education. This codition was a result of the nexus of the colonial contribution through so-called ethical policy, the rise of socio-political and cultural association, and the emergence of study club, which gave rise to Muslim intellectuals with secular educational background. Keywords: Muslim intellectuals, `ulama’> , Study Club, Ethical Policy. Introduction Research on ‘ulamā’ and Muslim intellectuals dates back to colonial times and is still of interest to scholars taking different approaches and extents. At the end of the nineteenth century, Christian Snouck Journal of Indonesian Islam; ISSN1978-6301 Published by the Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (LSAS) and the Postgraduate Program (PPs), the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Sunan Ampel Surabaya - Indonesia Khoirun Niam Hurgronje1 did research on Indonesian pilgrims in Mecca, whom he referred to as jawah ‘ulamā’. -
Tuan Guru and Ahmadiyah in the Redrawing of Post-1998 Sasak-Muslim Boundary Lines in Lombok
CONTESTED IDENTITIES: TUAN GURU AND AHMADIYAH IN THE REDRAWING OF POST-1998 SASAK-MUSLIM BOUNDARY LINES IN LOMBOK BY SITTI SANI NURHAYATI A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2020 i Abstract This study examines what drives the increasing hostility towards Ahmadiyah in post- Suharto Lombok. Fieldwork was undertaken in three villages – Pemongkong, Pancor and Ketapang – where Ahmadiyah communities lived and experienced violent attacks from 1998 to 2010. The stories from these villages are analysed within the context of a revival of local religious authority and the redefinition of the paradigm of ethno-religious identity. Furthermore, this thesis contends that the redrawing of identity in Lombok generates a new interdependency of different religious authorities, as well as novel political possibilities following the regime change. Finally, the thesis concludes there is a need to understand intercommunal religious violence by reference to specific local realities. Concomitantly, there is a need for greater caution in offering sweeping universal Indonesia-wide explanations that need to be qualified in terms of local contexts. ii iii Acknowledgements Alhamdulillah. I would especially like to express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to my primary supervisor, Professor Paul Morris. As my supervisor and mentor, Paul has taught me more than I could ever give him credit for here. My immense gratitude also goes to my secondary supervisors, Drs Geoff Troughton and Eva Nisa, for their thoughtful guidance and endless support, which enabled me, from the initial to the final stages of my doctoral study, to meaningfully engage in the whole thesis writing process. -
Soekarno Dan Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia
SOEKARNO DAN PERJUANGAN DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEMERDEKAAN RI (1942-1945) SKRIPSI Robby Chairil 103022027521 FAKULTAS ADAB HUMANIORA JURUSAN SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2010 / 1431 H ABSTRAKSI Robby Chairi Perjuangan Soekarno Dalam Mewujudkan Kemerdekaan RI (1942-1945) Perjuangan Soekarno dimulaii pada saat beliau mendirika Partai Nasional Indoonesia (PNI) tahun 1927, dan dijadikannya sebagai kendaraan poliitiknya. Atas aktivitasnya di PNI yang selalu menujuu kearah kemerdekaan Indonesia, ditambah lagi dengan pemikiran dan sikapnya yang anti Kolonialliisme dan Imperialisme, dan selalu menentang selalu menentang Kapitalisme-Imperialisme. Dengan perjuangan Soekarno bersama teman-temannya pada waktu itu dan bantuan Tentara Jepang, penjajahan Belanda dapat diusir dari Indonesia. Atas bantuan Jepang mengusir Belanda dari Indonesia, maka timbulah penjajah baru di Indonesia yaitu Jepang pada tahun 1942. Kedatangan tentara Jepang ke Indonesia bermula ingin mencari minyak dan karet, dan disambut dengan gembira oleh rakyat Indonesia yang dianggap akan membantu rakyat Indonesia mewuudkan kemakmuran bagi bangsa-bangsa Asia. Bahkan, pada waktu kekuuasaan Jepang di Indonesia, Soekarno dengan tterpaksa turut serta bekerja sama dengan Jepang dan ikut ambil bagian dalam organisassi buatan Jepang yaitu, Jawa Hokokai, Pusat Tenaga Rakyyat (PUTERA), Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPKI), dan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Terjalinnya kerjasama dengan Jepang, membawa dampak yang sangat besar baginya yaitu, Soekarno dijulukii sebagai Kolaborator dan penjahat perang, Soekarno memanfaatkan kerjasama itu dengan menciptakan suatu pergerakan menuju Indonesia merdeka. Dengan pemikiran, sikap dan ucapan Sokarno yang selalu menentang Kolonialisme, Kapitaisme, Imperialisme, dan bantuan teman seperjuangan Soekarno pada waktu itu, akhirnya dapat mendeklarasikan teks Proklamasi di rumah Soekarno, di Jalan Pengangsaan Timur No. 56, pada harri Jumat tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. -
The Nationality Movement in Gorontalo
Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion Website Journal : http://blasemarang.kemenag.go.id/journal/index.php/analisa https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.678 THE NATIONALITY MOVEMENT IN GORONTALO Hamzah Harun Al-Rasyid1 and Saprillah2 1Alaudin Islamic State University, ABSTRACT Makassar, Sulawesi 2Office of Religious Research and Religion and nationalism are two terms that are closely related with one another. Development, Ministry of Religious In Indonesia, the debate about religion and nationalism has narrowed down to two Affairs, Makassar Sulawesi major issues: The first is the integration of religion and nationalism in the form of a religious state. The second is religious accommodation within the country. The [email protected] Indonesian founding fathers have agreed to choose the accommodation model [email protected] by making Pancasila as the foundation of the country, whose core is based on the Paper received: 04 September 2018 universal values of religion, such as divinity, humanity, unity, deliberation and Paper Revised:: 04 - 08 December 2018 social justice. This research was conducted in Gorontalo city and applies qualitative Paper approved: 22 December 2018 method. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques and document studies. Interviews were conducted with informants ranging from religious leaders, historians, and academics. This paper aims to illustrate that the choice to accommodate religion in the country is the right action, given the national movement in Indonesia is based on religious movements. The independence movement in 1942 in Gorontalo was the culmination of the movement of nationalist movement such as Sinar Budi and Islamic-based organizations such as Syarikat Islam (SI), Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatus Sjafiiah, which had been carried out 10-20 years earlier. -
Evaluasi Rencana Pembangunan Jalan Lingkar Di Kota Banda Aceh
EVALUASI RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LINGKAR DI KOTA BANDA ACEH Yustina Niken R. Hendra Jurusan Teknik Sipil Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Jln. Ciumbuleuit 94, Bandung 40141 [email protected] Abstract The population of the City of Banda Aceh in the disaster prone areas, after the tsunami disaster, are likely to increase. The development of the area and the level of population mobility in the city, especially in areas prone to tsunami, created a variety of transportation problems in the city center and its surrounding areas. Therefore, in response to these conditions, the Government plans solutions to overcome the transportation problems. One of the solutions is to construct a ring road for the City of Banda Aceh. In this study, the implementation of two different development scenarios for the ring road construction was evaluated. For the Do Something in scenario 1, the construction of the ring road will be in 2031, while for the Do Something scenario 2, the ring road will be built in 2026. The average reduction of the V/C ratio given by the Do Something scenario 1 is 9.0%, which is less than that given by the Do Something scenario 2 (9.6%). It is concluded that the Do Something scenario 2 gives better results than the Do Something scenario 1. Keywords: engineering, traffic, geometric, scenario Abstrak Jumlah penduduk Kota Banda Aceh di daerah rawan bencana, pascabencana tsunami, cenderung bertambah. Pengembangan wilayah dan tingkat mobilitas penduduk di dalam kota, terutama di daerah rawan bencana tsunami, menyebabkan berbagai permasalahan transportasi yang berfokus di pusat kota dan sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu, menanggapi kondisi ini, pemerintah merencanakan solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan transportasi tersebut. -
DE-ISLAMIZATION in JAVA DURING the DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD from 1800 to 1942 by FEBRI PRIYOYUDANTO a Dissertation Submitted In
DE-ISLAMIZATION IN JAVA DURING THE DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD FROM 1800 TO 1942 BY FEBRI PRIYOYUDANTO A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia DECEMBER 2016 ABSTRACT A very long period of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia still has a very significant impact on Indonesia, including Java as a part of Nusantara. Javanese people as the largest population in Indonesia were greatly affected of a de-Islamization process during the Dutch colonial period. This process not only made Javanese people estranged from Islamic values, but also, the culture of Hindu-Buddhism is still seen as a major variable in Javanese culture. Although, the Dutch colonists persuade systematic de-Islamization efforts, Javanese Muslims provided the resistance in many ways to prevent it. This thesis intends to elaborate and analyze the de-Islamization efforts in Java during the Dutch colonial period. The thesis will focus on the Javanese ethnic group on Java Island, Indonesia. This thesis will be useful in understanding the patterns and strategy for de-Islamization which were created by the Dutch during the colonial period. The method of data collection used in this thesis is documentary research. The information was gathered from books, journals, and websites pertaining to the Dutch colonial history of Java will be utilized. In order to enhance comprehension of this thesis, the author will survey Javanese culture, educational and cultural de-Islamization, Islamic revivalism and resistance political de-Islamization in Java during the Dutch colonial period. -
Rencana Ppembelajaran
RENCANA PPEMBELAJARAN Sekolah : SMA Negeri Mojoagung Mata Pelajaran : Sejarah Indonesia Guru/Surel : Fendy Suhartanto, S.S.,Gr./[email protected] Kelas/ Program : XI (Sepuluh)/ IPA-IPS Waktu : 90 Menit (menyesuaikan waktu belajar masa COVID-19) Materi Pokok : Peranan Tokoh-Tokoh Proklamator Tujuan Belajar 3.9.1. Melalui media power point, peserta didik dapat mendeskripsikan tokoh-tokoh proklamator dalam peristiwa proklamasi kemerdekaan. 3.9.2. Melalui membaca literatur, peserta didik dapat menganalisis peranan tokoh-tokoh proklamator dalam peristiwa proklamasi kemerdekaan. 3.9.3. Melalui diskusi di forum googleclassroom, peserta didik dapat mengevaluasi kelebihan dan kelemahan tokoh-tokoh proklamator dan perannya dalam peristiwa proklamasi kemerdekaan. 3.9.4. Melalui LKPD, peserta didik dapat mengkaitkan peran dan nilai-nilai perjuangan antar tokoh proklamator. 4.9.1. Melalui studi kepustakaan, peserta didik dapat membuat esai tentang pasang surut hubungan antara Soekarno dengan Mohammad Hatta. Materi Belajar Peran dan nilai perjuangan tokoh proklamator. Kegiatan Pembelajaran Model: 1. Berdoa dan persiapan kelas di googleclassroom. Pembelajaran 2. Guru memberikan materi yang diupload di googleclassroom Kooperatif berupa: Berbasis Proyek a) PPT tentang peran dan nilai perjuangan tokoh proklamator. b) PDF Buku Seri Pengenalan Tokoh Sekitar Proklamasi Produk: Kemerdekaan. 1 Esai pasang surut c) Video Karikatur Sejarah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan. hubungan 3. Guru mengupload tugas dalam bentuk Lembar Kerja Peserta Soekarno dan Didik (LKPD) di googleclassroom. Peserta didik wajib Hatta mengerjakan dan mengirim kembali di googleclassroom. 4. Guru menginstruksikan untuk melakukan diskusi di forum Deskripsi: googleclassroom. Peserta didik 5. Hasil diskusi dapat digunakan sebagai referensi mengerjakan secara kolaboratif Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD). mengerjakan 6. Setelah diskusi, guru kemudian memberikan penguatan LKPD materi pelajaran kepada peserta didik. -
Multicultural Narratives in Indonesian Education Historiography: Study Discourse-Historical Approach History Textbook of Senior High School
The 2nd International Conference on Technology, Education, and Social Science 2018 (The 2nd ICTESS 2018) Multicultural Narratives in Indonesian Education Historiography: Study Discourse-Historical Approach History Textbook of Senior High School Akhmad Dwi Afiyadi, Leo Agung S, Sunardi Department of History Education, Sebelas Maret University, Solo, Indonesia Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This research tries to trace the multicultural narrations produced by government through textbooks of history lesson (high school) as compulsory subjects. This research is based on the theory of multiculturalism which states that multiculturalism is the recognition of cultural diversity including ethnic, religious, racial and intergroup diversity. On the other hand this articles attempts to look at the multicultural narrations produced by the government in the textbooks of historical pursuits and the political context of education in the production of multicultural narratives. The multicultural narratives described in the textbook of the history lessons ideally depict the territory of Indonesia which has a diversity of tribes, religions, race and groups. The result of this study are expected to find whether the narrative textbooks of history lessons have revealed historical facts that reflect the diversity of Indonesian society and see how the political context of education, whether to position the textbook as a way of controlling the official historical narratives that students, educators and policy makers education. Keywords: [Multicultural Narratives, History Textbook, Discourse-Historical Approach, Education Historiography] 1. INTRODUCTION not be separated from the political interests of the government. State political conditions The lesson of history is the lessons affect the curriculum and textbook material. taught at the school from the elementary to This is because history textbooks in schools the secondary level. -
Region Kabupaten Kecamatan Kelurahan Alamat Agen Agen Id Nama Agen Pic Agen Jaringan Kantor
REGION KABUPATEN KECAMATAN KELURAHAN ALAMAT AGEN AGEN ID NAMA AGEN PIC AGEN JARINGAN_KANTOR NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEEH UTARA DEWANTARA ULEE PULO GAMPONG ULEE PULO 213IB0107P000076 INDI CELL INDIRA MAYA RISWADANA PENSION LHOKSEUMAWE NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEEH UTARA SEUNUDDON ALUE CAPLI DUSUN MATANG ARON 213IB0115P000048 DUA PUTRA MANDIRI RATNA JELITA PENSION LHOKSEUMAWE NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM BAET DUSUN KRUENG CUT 213IA0115P000031 KIOS NASI IBU BETA SURYANI PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM BAET JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P000039 KIOS WARKOP PAYONG 1903 HERI DARMANSYAH PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM BAET JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P005130 MOCHY CELL ERNI PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM BAET JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P010046 KIOS ARRAHMAN ARAHMAN KAUNUS PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM BAET JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P000026 KIOS ZAIMAN ZAIMAN NURDIN S.PT PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM CADEK JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P010008 ARITA NEW STEEL MASRI PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM CADEK JL LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P005091 USAHA HIJRAH SYAIF ANNUR PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM CADEK JL MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P005080 USAHA BARU T ISKANDAR PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH BESAR BAITUSSALAM CADEK JL. LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI 213IA0115P000004 PUTRA MAMA ANWARDI PENSION BANDA ACEH NORTHERN SUMATERA ACEH -
BAB III LATAR BELAKANG BERDIRINYA KEMENTERIAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA A. Periodesasi Berdirinya Kementerian Agama 1. Masa Jepang Sete
40 BAB III LATAR BELAKANG BERDIRINYA KEMENTERIAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA A. Periodesasi Berdirinya Kementerian Agama 1. Masa Jepang Setelah Jepang dapat mengontrol wilayah Indonesia, Jepang mulai mencari cara agar mendapat bantuan dari bangsa Indonesia, terutama komunitas Muslim dan pemimpin nasional, agar memperkuat posisinya di Indonesia. Pada mulanya, penguasa Jepang menyatukan pemimpin bangsa Indonesia: Soekarno, M. Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara dan K.H. Mas Mansur, pemimpin yang berperan semasa penjajahan Belanda dengan diberikan kepercayaan kepada mereka dalam mengontrol urusan negara, terutama menyiapkan dasar berdirinya Negara Republik Indonesia pada tahun 1945. Di samping itu, untuk mendapatkan simpati dari kalangan Muslim, bangsa Jepang mulai mengadakan kontak dengan ulama’. Dengan demikian, ulama’ kemudian muncul sebagai salah satu elemen yang sangat penting dalam perpolitikan bangsa Indonesia. Bangsa Jepang menyadari pentingnya mempunyai sebuah federasi yang memayungi segala bentuk organisasi keagamaan (Islam) sehingga seluruh pemimpin umat Islam berkumpul dan dapat disatukan, yang dengan demikian umat Islam lebih mudah diberdayakan guna membantu keinginan bangsa Jepang. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 41 Untuk itu bangsa Jepang memperbolehkan kembali berdirirnya MIAI pada tahun 1942, akan tetapi belum genap setahun, federasi ini dilarang dan kemudian diganti dengan Masyumi (Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia) yang didirikan pada tanggal 24 Oktober 1943. Masyumi adalah federasi umat Islam yang bergerak di luar masalah perpolitikan. Sebagai figur utama pemimpinnya adalah K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari, akan tetapi kedudukan ini hanya sebatas penghormatan karena Hasyim Asy’ari tetap tinggal di pesantrennya, dan membiarkan anaknya K.H. -
Indonesia - Jilid 3 3 Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia • Institusi Dan Gerakan •
Buku Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia - Jilid 3 3 Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia • Institusi dan Gerakan • i Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia Institusi dan Gerakan JILID 3 Editor Jilid 3 Azyumardi Azra Jajat Burhanuddin Taufik Abdullah Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Budaya Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 2015 Buku Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia - Jilid 3 SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM INDONESIA Jilid 3 Pengarah: 1. Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 2. Direktur Jenderal Kebudayaan Penanggung Jawab: Endjat Djaenuderadjat Amurwani Dwi Lestariningsih Penulis: Muhammad Iskandar Azyumardi Azra Muhammad Hisyam Zulkifli Setyadi Sulaiman Ahmad Najib Burhani Jajat Burhanudin Yon Machmudi Didi Ahmadi Moeslich Hasbullah MUhammad Wildan Asep Saepudin Jahar M. Dien Madjid Riset Ilustrasi: Isak Purba, Agus Widiatmoko, Siti Sari, Hermasari Ayu Kusuma, Tirmizi, Budi Harjo Sayoga, Maemunah, Esti Warastika, Dian Andika Winda, Bariyo, Haryanto, Rina Pujiarti, Wastilah, Putri Arum Setyawati, Suniarti, Mulyadi Amir, Mawanto Tata Letak & Desain: Iregha Kadireja Martina Safitry Keterangan Cover: Kiai sedang mengajar kitab kepada para santri di lingkungan Pesantren Cipasung, Tasikmalaya. Sumber Cover: Dokumentasi Pondok Pesantren Cipasung, Tasikmalaya. Sumber Peta: KITLV Penerbit Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Budaya, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Gedung E, Lantai 9, Kompleks Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Senayan, Jakarta - 10270 Tel./Fax.: 021-572 5044 HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI UNDANG UNDANG: Dilarang mengutip seluruh atau sebagian isi buku tanpa izin dari penerbit CETAKAN 2015 ISBN: 978-602-1289-00-6 ISBN: 978-602-1289-12-9 ii Buku Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Indonesia - Jilid 3 BAB X Gerakan Islam Kampus: Sejarah dan Dinamika Gerakan Mahasiswa Muslim alam sejarah Indonesia, tercatat ada tiga periode penting menyangkut Tiga periode penting gerakan Islam oleh kalangan pemuda dan mahasiswa. -
Mohammad Natsir (1948) in M E M O R Ia M : M O H a M M a D N a T S Ir (1907- 1993)
Mohammad Natsir (1948) In M e m o r ia m : M o h a m m a d N a t s ir (1907- 1993) George McT. Kahin On February 6,1993 Mohammad Natsir died in Jakarta at the age of 84. Last of the giants among Indonesia's nationalist and revolutionary political leaders, he undoubtedly had more influence on the course of Islamic thought and politics in postwar Indonesia than any of his contemporaries. By nature extraordinarily modest and unpretentious, he had a well deserved reputation for personal integrity and political probity. He always lived sim ply with respect to house and attire, even in 1950 as prime minister. (When I first met him in 1948 and he was the Republic's minister of information, I found a man in what was surely the most mended shirt of any official in Yogyakarta; it was his only shirt, and the staff of his office a few weeks later pooled their resources to get him a new one in order, they told me, that their boss would look like "a real minister.") Bom of Minangkabau parents in the West Sumatran town of Alahan Panjang ( some 30 miles south of Solok) on July 17,1908, Natsir grew up in what he remembered to be a very religious area. It was also agriculturally prosperous—in contrast, he recalled, to the impov erished nearby Silungkung district which was a center of the Communist uprising of 1927. His father was a clerk in a government office in Alahan Panjang who had graduated from an Indonesian language primary school and did not know Dutch (HIS schools had not yet been established in the area).