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Home , George Neville (bishop), Henry Beaufort, John Russell (bishop), Princes in the Tower, Thomas Wolsey, Wars of the Roses

Notes

Prologue

1.P.Laslett, The World We Have Lost ,2nd edn, , 1971), p.127. 2.All figures are vague: see S.M.Jack, Towns in Tudor and Stuart Britain ,Basingstoke, 1996), p.173. 3.E.Kerridge, The Agricultural Revolution ,London, 1967); The Farmers of Old ,London, 1973). 4.J.V.Beckett, The Agricultural Revolution ,London, 1991), p.40. 5.First proven use was in Dorset in 1608: M.Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England ,, 1996), p.112. 6.A.Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism ,, 1978), pp.165ff.

1 The Wars of the

1.S.B.Chrimes, Lancastrians,Yorkists and Henry VII ,London, 1966), p.xiv.R.L.Storey, The End of the ,1st edn, London, 1966), p.6. 2.K.Dockray, `The Origins of the ', in A.J.Pollard ,ed.), The Wars of the Roses ,New , 1995), p.82. 3.Dockray, `The Origins of the Wars of the Roses', pp.76±8. 4.Storey, End, p.162. 5.R.A.Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI ,London, 1981), p.772. 6.The emblems refer to York, Norfolk, Salisbury and Warwick. 7.Griffiths, Henry VI, p.822. 8. The Times ,London, 17 Oct.1997). 9.From `readept' to recover. 10.F.Hepburn, Portraits of the Later Plantagenets ,Woodbridge, 1986), pp.56ff and plates 41, 44. 11.C.Ross, The Wars of the Roses, ,London, 1976), p.43. 12.J.R.Lander, Crown and ,1450±1509 ,London, 1976), p.62. 13.A.Goodman, Wars of the Roses ,London, 1981), pp.227±8. 14.A.J.Pollard, The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1988), pp.74±5. 15.R.H.Britnell,`The Economic Context' in A.J.Pollard ,ed.), The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1995), p.46. 16.J.Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses ,London, 1981), p.1. 17.Goodman, Wars of the Roses, p.209. 18.K.B.McFarlane, `Extinction and Recruitment', in his The Nobility of Later Medieval England ,Oxford, 1973), p.147.

402 Notes 403

19.The third of Buckingham and the fifth Earl of Northumber- land. 20.K.B.McFarlane, `The Wars of the Roses', Proceedings of the British Academy, l ,1964), p.115.

2 The Restored Monarchy, 1461±1509: Edward IV, Richard III and Henry VII

1.R.A.Griffiths,in K.Morgan ,ed.), The Oxford History of Britain ,Oxford, 1988), p.236. 2.A.Goodman, The New Monarchy: England,1471±1534 ,Oxford, 1988). 3.J.Watts, ` ``A newe ffundacion of is crowne'': Monarchy in the Age of Henry VII', in B.Thompson ,ed.), The Reign of Henry VII ,Stamford, 1995), pp.31±53. 4.C.Ross, Edward IV ,London, 1974), pp.306±7. 5.C.Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses ,Cambridge, 1997), p.187. 6.Ross, Edward IV, pp.331±41. 7.Ross, Edward IV, p.334. 8.Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, pp.182±95. 9.R.Horrox, Richard III: a Study of Service ,Cambridge, 1989), pp.92±3; C.Richmond, `1483: the Year of Decision', in J.Gilling- ham ,ed.), Richard III. A Medieval Kingship ,London, 1993), pp. 44±7. 10.Horrox, Richard III, pp.111±12. 11.C.T.Wood, `Richard III, William Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth', in R.A. Griffiths and J. Sherborne ,eds), Kings and Nobles in the Later ,, 1986), pp.157ff. 12.J.Potter, Good King Richard? ,London, 1983), pp.41±4. 13.M.O'Regan,`The Pre-contract and its Effect on the Succession in 1483', in J.Petre ,ed.), Richard III Crown and People ,London, 1985), pp.51±6. 14.A.Weir, The ,London, 1992), p.253. 15.Horrox, Richard III, pp.166±77; C.Ross, Richard III ,London, 1981), pp.105ff.,esp.111±12. 16.Horrox, Richard III, pp.282±3. 17.C.Richmond,`The Battle of Bosworth', History Today, 35 ,August 1985), pp.17±22; P.J.Foss, `The Battle of Bosworth: Towards a Reassessment', Midland History, 13 ,1988), 21±33. 18.Bacon did criticise Henry's avariciousness. 19.For an unpersuasive revisionist view of Henry VII and a caricature of Tudor historiography, see Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, pp.219ff. 20.S.B.Chrimes, Henry VII ,London, 1972), p.183. 21.M.Condon,`Ruling Elites in the Reign of Henry VII', in C.Ross ,ed.), Patronage,Pedigree and Power in Late Medieval England ,Glou- cester, 1979), p.130. 404 Notes

22.J.Currin, `Henry VII and the Treaty of Redon ,1489): Plantagenet Ambitions and Early Tudor Foreign Policy', History, 81 ,1996), 343± 58. 23. T.B.Pugh, `Henry VII and the English Nobility', in G.W.Bernard ,ed.), The Tudor Nobility ,Manchester, 1992), pp.77, 82. 24.C.Carpenter, `Henry VII and the English Polity', in Thompson, Reign of Henry VII, p.22. 25.Pugh, `Henry VII', p.78. 26.Storey, Henry VII, p.213; Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, p.248.

3 The Reign of Henry VIII, 1509±47

1.L.BaldwinSmith, Henry VIII. The Mask of Royalty ,London, 1971), p.23. 2.P.Gwyn, The King's Cardinal: the Rise and Fall of ,London, 1990), p.23; S.M.Jack, `Henry VIII's Attitude Towards Royal Finance: Penny Wise and Pound Foolish?', in C.Giry-Deloi- son ,ed.), FrancËois I et Henri VIII. Deux Princes de la ,Lille, 1996), pp.145±63. 3.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.11±12. 4.D.Starkey, The Reign of Henry VIII ,London, 1985), pp.76±81. 5.G.Walker, `The ``expulsion of the minions'' of 1519 reconsidered', Historical Journal, 32 ,1989), pp.1±16; Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp. 555±61. 6.G.R.Elton, Reform and ,London, 1977), p.49. 7. J.J.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII ,London, 1968), p.240. 8.J.Guy, The Cardinal's Court: the Impact of Wolsey in ,Hassocks, 1977). 9. J.J.Scarisbrick, `Cardinal Wolsey and the Common Weal', in E.W. Ives et al.,eds), Wealth and Power in Tudor England ,London, 1978), pp.45±67. 10.With personal meetings between Henry and the Emperor in Eng- land ,May 1520), and with Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold, near , June 1520). 11.A.F.Pollard, Wolsey ,London, 1965 reprint), pp.121, 124. 12.D.S.Chambers,`Cardinal Wolsey and the Papal Tiara', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 38 ,1965), pp.20±30. 13.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.139. 14.P.Gwyn,`Wolsey's Foreign Policy: the Conferences of Calais and Bruges Reconsidered', Historical Journal, 23 ,1980), pp.755±72. Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.147ff. 15.G.W.Bernard, War,Taxation and Rebellion in Tudor England: Henry VIII,Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525 ,Brighton, 1986), p.24. 16.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, p.399. 17.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.229. 18.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, pp.99±100. Notes 405

19.E.Ives,`The Fall of Wolsey', in S.J.Gunnand P.G.Lindley,eds), Cardinal Wolsey: Church,State and Art ,Cambridge, 1991), p.288. 20.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.633ff; G.W.Bernard, `The Fall of Wolsey Reconsidered', Journal of British Studies, 35 ,1996), pp. 277±310. 21.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.599±639. 22.G.R.Elton, England under ,3rd edn, London, 1991), p. 127. 23.G.W.Bernard,`Elton's Cromwell', History, 83 ,1998), pp.587±607. 24.J.Guy, `Wolsey, Cromwell and the Reform of Government', in D. MacCulloch ,ed.), The Reign of Henry VIII ,Basingstoke, 1995), pp. 48±53. 25. P.R.Roberts, `The English Crown, the Principality of and the Council in the Marches', in B.Bradshaw and J.Morrill ,eds), The British Problem,c.1534±1707 ,Basingstoke, 1996), pp.123±9. 26.For the debate see: G.Bernard,`The Fall of ' English Historical Review, 106 ,1991), pp.584±610; E.Ives, `The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered', English Historical Review, 107 ,1992), pp.561±4; G.Bernard's `Rejoinder', English Historical Review, 107, ,1992), pp.665±74. 27.E.Ives,`Faction at the Court of Henry VIII: the Fall of Anne Boleyn', History, 57 ,1972), pp.169±88; Anne Boleyn ,Oxford, 1986). 28.R.Warnicke, `The Fall of Anne Boleyn', History, 70 ,1985), pp.1± 15, esp.p.3. 29.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, pp.108±15. 30.Retha Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn ,Cambridge, 1989), pp.191±204, 246. 31.Elton, Reform and Reformation, p.297. 32.Smith, Henry VIII, p.23. 33.E.A.Bonner, `The Genesis of Henry VIII's ``Rough Wooing'' of the Scots', Northern History, 33 ,1997), pp.11±14. 34.A.F.Pollard, England under the Protector ,London, 1900), pp.1±38. 35.L.B.Smith,`The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII: a Ques- tion of Perspective', Journal of British Studies, 2 ,1962), pp.14±27; Smith, Henry VIII, Ch.12. 36.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.487±95. 37.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, p.167. 38.E.Ives,`Henry VIII's Will ± a Forensic Conundrum', Historical Journal, 35 ,1992), pp.779±804.Debate with R.Houlbrooke, His- torical Journal, 37 ,1994), pp.891±914.

4 The Henrician Reformation

1.A.G.Dickens, The ,London, 1964), p.107. 406 Notes

2.This statute attempted to curb the power of the church courts vis-aÁ- vis the royal courts, and was a product of the tensions between Church and state in the later Middle Ages.It was not normally invoked when Church and state were in harmony. 3.C.Haigh, English ,Oxford, 1993), p.42. 4.Dickens, English Reformation, pp.30±1. 5. J.F.Davis, `Lollardy and the Reformation in England,' in P.Mar- shall ,ed.), The Impact of the English Reformation ,London, 1997), pp. 17±37. 6.C.Harper-Bill, The Pre-Reformation Church in England,1400±1530 ,London, 1996), pp.82±3; J.A.F.Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society,1485±1529 ,London, 1993), pp.352±6. 7.J.A.F.Thomson, The Later Lollards,1414±1520 ,London, 1965), pp.198±201. 8. J.J.Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the ,Oxford, 1984), p.1. 9.S.Brigden, London and the Reformation ,Oxford, 1989), pp.30, 43. 10.Haigh, English Reformations, p.37. 11.Scarisbrick, Reformation, p.8. 12.E.Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars ,Newhaven, Conn., 1993), p. 4. 13.A.F.Pollard, Henry VIII ,London, 1951 reprint), p.352. 14.G.Redworth,`Whatever Happened to the English Reformation?,' History Today, 37 ,Oct.1987), pp.29±36; G.Bernard, `The Pardon of the Clergy Reconsidered,' Journal of Ecclesiastical History,37 ,1986), p.262. 15.P.Gwyn, The King's Cardinal ,London, 1990), p.595. 16.R.W.Hoyle,`The Origins of the Dissolution of the Monasteries,' Historical Journal, 38 ,1995), esp.pp.284±90. 17.Erastianism means lay domination of the Church. 18. J.J.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII ,London, 1968), p.279. 19.G.Nicholson,`The Act of Appeals and the English Reformation,' in C.Cross et al.,eds), Law and Government under the Tudors ,Cam- bridge, 1988), pp.19±30. 20.J.Guy, ` and the Intellectual Origins of the Hen- rician Revolution,' in A.Fox and J.Guy, Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism,Politics and Reform,1500±1550 ,Oxford, 1986), p.159. 21.As argued by C.Russell, `Henry VIII and Religion,' in J.Morrill ,ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain ,Cam- bridge, 1996), pp.272±3.However, this seems false because Cran- mer received no forewarning, but was in Germany at the time and had recently married. 22.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.403. 23.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.340±1; Scarisbrick, Reformation, p.82. 24.Dickens, English Reformation, pp.124±5. 25. G.R.Elton, `Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace,' in B.C.Mala- ment ,ed.), After the Reformation. Essays in Honour of J. H. Hexter ,Manchester, 1982), pp.25±56. Notes 407

26.M.Bush, The Pilgrimage of Grace ,Manchester, 1996). 27.Bush, Pilgrimage, pp.416±17.

5 Mid-Tudor Turbulence, 1547±58: Edward VI and Mary I

1.A.F.Pollard, England under Protector Somerset ,London, 1900). 2.W.K.Jordan, Edward VI: the Young King ,London, 1968); W.K. Jordan, Edward VI: the Threshold of Power ,London, 1970). 3.Jordan, Threshold of Power, p.210. 4.Jordan, Threshold of Power, p.517. 5.E.Russell, `Mary Tudor and Mr Jorkins', Historical Research,63 ,1990), pp.263±76. 6.S.T.Bindoff ,ed.), The House of Commons,1509±1558 ,London, 1982), App.xi, 16. 7.C.Haigh, English Reformations ,Oxford, 1993), pp.206±16.

6 The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558±1603

1.From Edmund Spenser's poem Prothalamion ,c.1596). 2.J.E.Neale,`The Elizabethan Age', in his Essays in Elizabethan History ,London, 1958), p.22. 3.C.Haigh, ,London, 1988), p.7. 4.Haigh, Elizabeth I, p.18. 5.S.Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony. The Courtships of Elizabeth I ,London, 1996). 6.W.MacCaffrey, `Elizabethan Politics: the First Decade, 1558±1568', Past and Present, 24 ,1963), pp.25±26. 7.S.Adams,`Faction, Clientage and Party.EnglishPolitics, 1550± 1603', History Today, 32 ,Dec.1982); S.Adams, `Eliza Enthroned? The Court and its Politics', in C.Haigh ,ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I ,Athens, Ga, 1985), pp.55±77. 8.Haigh, Elizabeth I, pp.99±101. 9. P.W.Hasler, The House of Commons,1558±1603 ,London, 1981), vol.1, p. 63. 10.A.L.Rowse, ,London, 1963), pp.220±7. 11.P.Croft,`The Reputation of Robert Cecil', History Today, 43 ,Nov. 1993), p.44. 12.Haigh, Elizabeth I, p.103. 13. were called in 1559, 1563 ,with a second session in 1566±7), 1571, 1572 ,with two later sessions in 1576 and 1581), 1584, 1586, 1589, 1593, 1597 and 1601. 14.Neale, Elizabeth and her Parliaments,1559±1581, p.134. 15.J.S.Roskell, `Perspectives in English Parliamentary history', Bulle- tin of John Rylands Library, 46 ,1963±4), pp.448±75. 408 Notes

16.G.R.Elton,` ``The Body of the Whole Realm'': and Representation in Medieval England', in his Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, vol.2 ,Cambridge, 1974), pp. 19±61. 17.G.R.Elton, The ,1559±1581 ,Cambridge, 1986), pp.350±5. 18.N.Jones, Faith by Statute ,London, 1982). 19.`The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life; and take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thine heart by faith with thanksgiving.' 20.P.Collinson, English Puritanism ,London, 1983), pp.7±11. 21.R.T.Kendall, Calvin and English Calvinism to 1649 ,Oxford, 1979), esp.pp.13±76.Whereas Calvin taught that Christ had died for all men but interceded only for the elect, Perkins claimed that Christ had died only for the elect. 22.C.Haigh.`The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reforma- tion', Past and Present, 93 ,1981), pp.36±69; `From Monopoly to Minority: Catholicism in Early Modern England', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series, 31 ,1981), pp.131±2. 23.M.L.Carrafiello, `English Catholicism and the Jesuit Mission of 1580±81', Historical Journal, 37 ,1994), pp.761±74, who argues for Parsons' political aims since 1575. 24.Haigh, English Reformations, pp.264±7; `From Monopoly to Minor- ity', pp.129±47; P.McGrath, `Elizabethan Catholicism: a Reconsi- deration', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35 ,1984), pp.414±28; debate, 36 ,1985), 394±406. 25.Francis Duke of , previously known as the Duke of Alenc Ëon, was the brother of Henry Duke of Anjou, now King Henry III of France. 26.Notably the `sieve portraits' of 1579±83.SeeR.Strong, Gloriana: the Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I ,New York, 1987), pp.94±107. 27.For the growth of Elizabethan trade, see R.Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change,Political Conflict and London's Overseas Traders,1550±1653 ,Cambridge, 1993), pp.4±22. 28.J., Economic Policy and Projects. The Development of a Consumer Society in Early Modern England ,Oxford, 1986).

7 The Coming of the Stuarts: James I, 1603±25

1.The House of Richmond, to be less anachronistic.Thelink between Tudors and Stewarts came from the marriage of , Henry VII's daughter, to James IV. 2.During the early sixteenth century it became more usual to spell the family name as Stuart, mainly because of the French influence in and the lack of the letter w in the French alphabet. Notes 409

3.Great-grandaughter of Margaret Tudor by her second husband the Earl of Angus. 4.L.Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution,1529±1642 ,London, 1972), p.91. 5.C.Russell, `Parliamentary History in Perspective, 1604±1629', His- , 61 ,1976), p.1. 6.J.Sommerville, Politics and Ideology in England,1603±1640 ,London, 1986); `The Ancient Constitution Reassessed', in R.M.Smuts, The Stuart Court and Europe ,Cambridge, 1996), pp.39±64, esp.58ff.G. Burgess, `The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered', English Histor- ical Review, 107 ,1992), pp.837±61; The Politics of the Ancient Con- stitution ,London, 1992); Absolute Monarchy and the Stuart Constitution ,New Haven, 1996). 7.R.Lockyer, Buckingham. The Life and Political Career of George Villiers ,London, 1981), p.22. 8.Russell, `Parliamentary History', p.9. 9.Russell, `Parliamentary History', pp.2±3. 10.W.Notestein, The Winning of the Initiative by the House of Commons ,London, 1924), pp.26, 32±40. 11.S.Lambert, `Procedure in the House of Commons in the Early ', English Historical Review, 95 ,1980), p.762. 12.C.Russell, Parliaments and English Politics,1621±1629 ,Oxford, 1979), p.134; R.Lockyer, The Early Stuarts ,London, 1989), pp. 202±4. 13.Russell, `Parliamentary History', p.18. 14.Sommerville, Politics and Ideology, p.174. 15.L.Levy Peck, . Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I ,London, 1982), pp.208±10; C.Russell, The Addled Parliament ,Reading, 1992), p.17. 16.Sommerville, Politics and Ideology, pp.121±7, 131.This can be compared to Charles I's banning of Apello Caesarem by and Filmer's Patriarcha despite their pro-regal stance. 17.P.Collinson,`The Jacobean Religious Settlement: the Hampton Court Conference', in H.Tomlinson ,ed.), Before the ,London, 1983), pp.27±51.

8 The Reign of Charles I to 1640

1.C.Russell, Parliaments and English Politics,1621±1629 ,Oxford, 1979), pp.227±9. 2.R.Cust, The Forced Loan ,Oxford, 1987), pp.91±2. 3.It has been argued that the Crown stooped to tampering with the written-up judgement in King's Bench: J.Guy, `The Origins of the Petition of Right Reconsidered', Historical Journal, 25 ,1982), pp.289±312.However, this now seems insecure: M.Kishlansky, 410 Notes

4. `Tyranny Denied: Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five Knights Case', Historical Journal, 42 ,1999), pp.53±83. 4.P.Christianson,`Arguments on Billeting and Martial Law in the Parliament of 1628', Historical Journal, 37 ,1994), pp.539±67. 5.M.Smuts,`The Puritan Followers of Henrietta Maria in the 1630s', English Historical Review, 93 ,1978), p.26. 6.Julian Davies argues for the pivotal role of the king, The Caroline Captivity of the Church. Charles I and the Remoulding of Anglicanism ,Oxford, 1992).N.Tyacke emphasises Laud's role, while Peter Lake and Kenneth Fincham find it difficult to disentangle the two. These conflicting views can be sampled in K.Fincham ,ed.), The Early Stuart Church,1603±1642 ,Basingstoke, 1993), pp.44±5, 53. 7.J.Morrill, The Revolt of the Provinces ,London, 1980), pp.24, 28. 8.P.Zagorin,`Did Strafford Change Sides?', English Historical Review, 101 ,1986), pp.149±63. 9.P.Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: the Church in English Society, 1559±1625 ,Oxford, 1982), p.90. 10.R.Ashton, Reformation and Revolution ,London, 1984), p.294. 11.N.Tyacke, The Anti-Calvinists: the Rise of English Arminianism, c.1590±1640 ,Oxford, 1987). 12.P.G.Lake, `Calvinism and the English Church 1570±1635', Past and Present, 114 ,1989), p.32. 13. G. Bernard, `The c.1529±c.1642', History,75 ,1990), pp.183±206. 14.P.White, Predestination,Policy and Polemic ,Cambridge, 1992), pp. 287ff. 15.Davies, Caroline Captivity, p.90. 16. H. Kearney, `On Second Thoughts ...Strafford in Ireland', History Today, 39 ,July 1989), p.24. 17.T.Ranger, `Strafford in Ireland: a Revaluation', Past and Present,19 ,1960±1), pp.26±45.

9 The Coming of War, 1640±2

1.J.Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution: Essays ,London, 1993), ch.1. 2.C.Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies ,Oxford, 1991), p.1. 3.For the notion of underlying tension and polarisation, see C.Hill, `Political Discourse in Early Seventeenth-century England', in C. Jones et al.,eds), Politics and People in Revolutionary England ,Oxford, 1986), pp.41±64; T.Cogswell, `Underground Verse and the Trans- formation of Early Stuart Political Culture', in S.D.Amussen and M.A.Kishlansky ,eds), Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England ,Manchester, 1995), pp.277±300; R.Cust, `News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-century England', Past and Present, 112 ,1986), pp.60±90. Notes 411

4.Morrill, Nature,p.5. 5.Morrill, Nature, pp.33ff. 6.Russell, Fall, p.28. 7.M.Kishlansky, Parliamentary Selection, Social and Political Choice in Early Modern England ,Cambridge, 1986), p.229. 8.Payment to maintain soldiers on their journey to join up with the main army. 9.S.Lambert, `The Opening of the Long Parliament', Historical Jour- nal, 27 ,1984), pp.265±87. 10.J.Morrill, `The Unweariableness of Mr Pym: Influence and Elo- quence in the Long Parliament', in Amussen, Political Culture, pp. 19±54. 11.J.Adamson, `The Baronial Context of the English Civil War', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th ser., 40 ,1990), pp. 93±120; Lambert, `Long Parliament', pp.283±4. 12.J.P.Kenyon, Stuart England ,London, 1985), p.136. 13.Later known as second Earl of Manchester. 14.Adamson, `The Baronial Context', p.94. 15.C.Russell, `The Parliamentary Career of John Pym' in P.Clark et al. ,eds), The English Commonwealth,1547±1640 ,, 1979), p.151; Russell, Fall, p.473.

10 The British Civil Wars, 1642±51

1.J.Malcolm,`The King in Search of Soldiers: Charles I in 1642', Historical Journal, 21 ,1978), pp.257±68. 2.M.D.G.Wanklyn and P.Young, `A King in Search of Soldiers: Charles I in 1642: a Rejoinder', Historical Journal, 24 ,1981), pp. 147±54. 3.J.Adamson,`The Baronial Context of the English Civil War', Trans- actions of the Royal Historical Society 5th ser., 40 ,1990), pp. 110ff. 4.M.Kishlansky, The Rise of the ,Cambridge, 1979), p. 26. 5.Adamson, `The Baronial Context', p.113. 6.Kishlansky, Rise, pp.27, 45, 50. 7.I.Gentles, The New Model Army in England,Ireland and Scotland, 1645±1653 ,Oxford, 1992), p.5. 8.Adamson, `The Baronial Context', pp.115±16. 9.Gentles, New Model Army, pp.91, 115. 10.Gentles, New Model Army, pp.149±50. 11.J.Adamson,`The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647', Historical Journal, 30 ,1987), pp.567±602.Cf.M.Kishlansky, `Saye What?' Historical Journal, 33 ,1990), pp.917±37; 34 ,1991), pp.231±55. 12.B.Manning, 1649. The Crisis of the English Revolution ,London, 1992), p.43. 412 Notes

13.Manning, 1649, p.14. 14.J.P.Kenyon, The Civil Wars of England ,New York, 1988), p.33. 15.C.Hill, The Century of Revolution ,1991 reprint), p.102. 16.Kenyon, Civil Wars, p.38. 17.J.Morrill ,ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War, 1642±1649 ,Lon- don, 1982), p.14. 18.R.Howell,`Neutralism, Conservatism and Political Alignment in the English Revolution: the Case of the Towns, 1642±9' in Morrill, Reactions, pp.67±88. 19.J.Morrill, `The Ecology of Allegiance in the English Revolution', Journal of British Studies, 26 ,1987), pp.45±67; Underdown's reply, pp.468±79.

11 The English Republic

1.S.C.A.Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism ,Cambridge, 1996), pp. 14ff, 190. 2.B.Worden, The Rump Parliament ,Cambridge, 1974), pp.345±84. 3.A.Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate ,Oxford, 1982), ch.3 for an exhaustive discussion of the possibilities. 4.B.Coward, Cromwell ,Harlow, 1991), p.76. 5.A.Woolrych, `The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictator- ship?', History, 75 ,1990), p.209; P.Gaunt, Oliver Cromwell ,Oxford, 1996), pp.169ff. 6.Pincus, Protestantism, p.191; B.Capp, Cromwell's Navy ,Oxford, 1989), pp.395±6. 7.C.Durston,`The Fall of Cromwell's Major Generals', English Histori- cal Review, 113 ,1998), p.33. 8.C.Hill, The World Turned Upside Down ,Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 85; B.Reay, B.and J.F.McGregor ,eds), Radical Religion in the English Revolution ,New York, 1984). 9.J.Morrill, `The Church in England, 1642±9', in J.Morrill ,ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War ,London, 1982), pp.89±114.

Epilogue: the Restoration and beyond

1.J.C.D.Clark, Revolution and Rebellion: State and Society in England in the 17th and 18th Centuries ,Cambridge, 1986), p.130. 2.Notably, A.McInnes,`When was the English Revolution?', History,67 ,1982), pp.377±92. 3.J.Miller, Bourbon and Stuart ,New York, 1987), p.228.However, the differences between English and French political realities are clari- fied in his `The Potential for Absolutism in Later Stuart England', History, 69 ,1984), pp.187±207. Notes 413

4.For the old debate see L.Stone, Social Change and Revolution in England,1540±1640 ,London, 1965). 5.L.Stone,`The Bourgeois Revolution Revisited', Past and Present, 109 ,1985), pp.44±54; R.Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Com- mercial Change,Political Conflict and London's Overseas Traders,1550± 1653 ,Cambridge, 1993). 6.C.Hill;`The Place of the Seventeenth-century Revolution in Eng- lish History', in S.N.Mukherjee and J.O.Ward ,eds), Revolution as History ,Sydney, 1989), pp.24±30; idem, `A Bourgeois Revolution?', in J.Pocock ,ed.), Three British Revolutions ,Princeton, 1980), pp. 109±39. 7.Stone, `Bourgeois Revolution', p.53. 8.J.P.Kenyon, Stuart England ,Harmondsworth, 2nd edn, 1985), p. 195. 9.C.Hill, The Century of Revolution ,Edinburgh, 1961), pp.224±5; L. Stone, `The Results of the English Revolutions of the Seventeenth Century', in Pocock, Three British Revolutions, pp.50±2. 10.McInnes, `When was the English Revolution?', pp.377±92. 11.McInnes, `When was the English Revolution?', p.387. Bibliography

1 The Wars of the Roses

Carpenter, C., The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437± 1509 ,Cambridge, 1997). Kekewich, M. et al., The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England. John Vale's Book ,, 1995) Pollard, A.J.,ed.), The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1995). Watts, J., Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship ,Cambridge, 1996).

2 The Restored Monarchy, 1461±1509: Edward IV, Richard III and Henry VII

Britnell, R.H., The Closing of the Middle Ages? England,1471±1529 ,Oxford, 1997). Gunn, S.J.,`The Courtiers of Henry VII', English Historical Review, 108 ,1993). Hicks, M.A., Richard III and his Rivals ,London, 1991). Luckett, D.A.,`Crown Patronage and Political Morality: the Case of Giles, Lord Daubeney', English Historical Review 101 ,1995). Pollard, A.J., Richard III and the Princes in the Tower ,Stroud, 1991). Weir, A., The Princes in the Tower ,London, 1992).

3 The Reign of Henry VIII, 1509±47

Block, J., Factional Politics and the English Reformation,1520±1540 ,Wood- bridge, 1993). Elton, G.R., Thomas Cromwell ,Bangor, 1991). Loades, D., The Politics of Marriage. Henry VIII and his Queens ,Stroud, 1994). For a symposium by various historians on Elton's work, see Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 7 ,1997).

4 The Henrician Reformation

Bernard, G.W.,`The Making of Religious Policy, 1533±46; Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way,' Historical Journal, 41 ,1998).

414 Bibliography 415

Harper-Bill, C., The Pre-Reformation Church in England,1400±1530 ,Lon- don, 1996). Loades, D., Revolution in Religion: 1530±1570 ,Cardiff, 1992). MacCulloch, D.,ed.), The Reign of Henry VIII ,Basingstoke, 1995). .R., Henry VIII and the English Reformation ,Basingstoke, 1993).

5 Mid-Tudor Turbulence, 1547±58: Edward VI and Mary I

Loach, J., `Mary Tudor and the Re-catholicisation of England', History Today, 44 ,Nov.1994). Loach, J., Parliament and the Crown in the Reign of Mary Tudor ,Oxford, 1986). Loades, D., Essays on the Reign of Edward VI ,Bangor, 1994). Loades, D., John Dudley,Duke of ,Oxford, 1996). Loades, D., The Mid-Tudor Crisis,1545±1565 ,Basingstoke, 1992). MacCulloch, D., The Later Reformation in England 1547±1603 ,London, 1990). Pettegree, A., Marian Protestantism ,Aldershot, 1996). Shagan, E.H.,`Protector Somerset and the 1549 Rebellions: New Sources and New Perspectives', English Historical Review, 14 ,Feb. 1999).

6 The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558±1603

Adams, S., `A Godly peer? Leicester and the Puritans', History Today,40 ,Jan.1990). Alford, S., The Early Elizabethan Polity: William Cecil and the British Succes- sion Crisis,1558±1569 ,Cambridge, 1998). Dean, D.M.and Jones, N.L.,eds), The Parliaments of Elizabethan England ,Oxford, 1990). Deane, D., Law-making and Society in Late Elizabethan England: the Parlia- ment of England ,Cambridge, 1996). Foster, A., The Church of England,1570±1640 ,Harlow, 1994). Guy, J.,ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I: Court and Culture in the Last Decade ,Cambridge, 1995). MacCaffrey, W.T., Elizabeth I ,London, 1993). Marsh, C., Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England ,Basingstoke, 1998). Somerset, A., Elizabeth I ,London, 1991).

7 The Coming of the Stuarts: James I, 1603±25

Durston, C., James I , London, 1993). 416 Bibliography

Foster, A., The Church of England,1570±1640 ,Harlow, 1994). Houston, S.J., James I ,London, 1995). Lindley, D., The Trials of Frances Howard ,London, 1993). Lockyer, R., James I ,New York, 1998). Patterson, W.B., King James VI and I and the Reunion of ,Cambridge, 1997). Peck, L.,ed.), The Mental World of the Jacobean Court ,Cambridge, 1991). Smith, D.L., A History of the Modern British Isles,1603±1707: the Double Crown ,Oxford, 1998).

8 The Reign of Charles I to 1640

Foster, A., The Church of England,1570±1640 ,Harlow, 1994). Merritt, J.F.,ed.), The Political World of Thomas Wentworth,Earl of Straf- ford,1621±1641 ,Cambridge, 1996). Sharpe, K., The Personal Rule of Charles I ,New Haven, Conn., 1992). Young, Michael B., Charles I ,New York, 1997).

9 The Coming of War, 1640±2

Cust, R.and Hughes, A.,eds), Conflict in Early Stuart England ,London, 1989) . Donald, P., An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles,1637± 1641 ,Cambridge, 1990). Downing, T.and Millman, M., Civil War ,London, 1991). Fissell, M., The ' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland,1638± 1640 ,Cambridge, 1994). Hughes, A., The Causes of the English Civil War ,Basingstoke, 1991). Morrill, J.,ed.), The Impact of the English Civil War ,London, 1991). Russell, C., The Causes of the English Civil War ,Oxford, 1990).

10 The British Civil Wars, 1642±51

Adamson, J., `The English Context of the British Civil Wars', History Today, 48 ,Nov.1998). Ashton, R., Counter Revolution. The Second Civil War and its Origins ,New Haven, Conn., 1994). Bennett, M., The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland,1638±1651 ,Oxford, 1997). Carlton, C., Going to the Wars: the Experience of the British Civil Wars,1638± 1651 ,London, 1992). Donagan, B., `Prisoners in the English Civil War', History Today,41 ,March 1991). Bibliography 417

Kenyon, J.and Ohlmeyer, J.,eds), The Civil Wars ,Oxford, 1998). Laurence, A., `Women's Work and the English Civil War', History Today, 42 , June 1992). Manning, B., Aristocrats,Plebeians and Revolution in England,1640±1660 ,London, 1996). Morrill, J.,ed.), The Impact of the English Civil War ,London, 1991). Morrill, J., The Nature of the English Revolution ,London, 1993). Ohlmeyer, J., `The Wars of the Three Kingdoms', History Today, 48 ,Nov. 1998) Porter, R., Destruction in the English Civil Wars ,Dover, NH, 1994). Russell, C., The Fall of the British Monarchies,1637±42 ,Oxford, 1991). Seel, G., `Cromwell's Trailblazer? Reinterpreting the Earl of Essex', History Today, 45 ,April 1995). Smith, D.L., Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement,c.1640± 1649 ,Cambridge, 1994).

11 The English Republic

Hutton, R., The British Republic,1649±1660 ,Basingstoke, 1990). Morrill, J.,ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution ,Harlow, 1990). Morrill, J.,ed.), Revolution and Restoration. England in the 1650s ,London, 1992). Smith, D.L., Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution, 1640±1658 ,Cambridge, 1991). Venning, T., Cromwellian Foreign Policy ,Basingstoke, 1995). Index

Abbot, George, Archbishop Appeals, Act in restraint of ,1533), ,1562±1633), 263±4, 279, 300 116 Abergavenny, , Apprentices, Act of ,1563), 251 Lord ,c.1471±1535), 88 Aquitaine, 6 Accord, Act of ,1460), 34 Argentine, Dr John ,c.1440±1505), Act of Settlement ,1701), 400 72 Addled Parliament ,1614), 271, Argyle, Archibald Campbell, 274, 294 eighth Earl of ,1598±1661), Admonition to the Parliament ,1572), 354, 356 227±8 Armada, Spanish, 240, 246±8, 250 Adultery Act ,1650), 304 Arminians ,Arminianism), 280, Adwalton Moor, battle of ,1643), 286, 292, 302±5, 310±11, 340 314±15, 319, 323±4, 376 Agincourt, battle of, 5 Arminius, Jacob, 302 Agreement of the People ,1647±9), Arthur, Prince ,1486±1502), 83, 352±3, 361 86±7, 89, 92±3, 141±2 Alcock, John, ,1430±1500), Arundel, Thomas Howard, 81 second Earl of ,1585±1646), Alford, Francis ,c.1530±92), 219 263, 295 Allen, William, Cardinal Arundel, William Fitzalan, twelfth ,1532±94), 234, 237±8, 240±5 Earl of ,c.1511±80), 181, 188, Althorp ,Northants), 10 207, 235 Alured, John ,1607±53/4), 345 Arundell, John, 368 Alva, Fernando Alvarez, Duke of, Arundell, Thomas, 368 242 Aske, Robert ,d.1537), America, 8, 227, 249±51, 255 166±7 Amsterdam, 12 Askew, Anne ,1521±46), 169 , 6 Ashley Cooper, Anthony, see Anglesey, 13 Shaftesbury, Earl of Anjou, 6 , Acts of, 33, 60, 76, 81, Anjou, Francis Duke of, 207, 243±5 130, 321 Anjou, Henry Duke of, see Henry Audley, James, Lord ,1398±1459), III, King of France 32 Anna of Denmark ,1574±1619), Audley, Thomas, Lord ,c. 256, 264±5, 270 1487±1544), 132 Annates, Act of, 156 Augmentations, court of, 118, 184 Anne of Cleves ,1515±57), 129±30 Avignon, 109 Anticlericalism, 143±4, 153 Aylmer, John, Bishop ,1521±94), Antwerp, 148, 244, 246 218 Apology and Satisfaction, Form of Ayscough, William, Bishop ,c. ,1604), 261±2, 292 1400±50), 27

418 Index 419

Babington, Anthony ,1561±86), Berwick, 313, 355 240 Bigod, Sir Francis ,1507±37), 167 Babington plot ,1586), 240 Bill of Rights ,1689), 400 Bacon, Anthony ,1558±1601), Bishops' Book, 160±1, 168 213 Bishops' Exclusion bill ,1642), Bacon, Francis ,1561±1626), 84, 329 87, 213±14, 253 Bishops' Wars ,1639±40), 300, Bacon, Sir Nicholas ,1510±79), 312, 316±17 222 Blackheath, 29 Bagnall, Sir Ralph ,c.1508±80), Blackwell, George ,c.1545±1613), 195 241 Castle, 37 Blasphemy Act ,1650), 374 Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop Blore Heath, battle of ,1459), 32 ,1544±1610), 231 Bohemia, 281 Baptists, 383, 392 Boleyn family, 112 Barbados, 385, 378 Boleyn, Anne ,c.1501±36), 106, Barebone's Parliament ,1653), 109, 111±14, 123±7, 134, 140, 378±81 157, 168 , 236 Boleyn, Mary, 157 Barnes, Robert ,1495±1540), 130, Boleyn, Sir George, see Rochford, 147, 167 Viscount Barnet, battle of ,1471), 44, 49 Bolingbroke, Henry, see Henry IV Barrow, Henry ,c.1552±93), Bond of Association, 241 232 Bonner, Edmund, Bishop ,c. Barton, Elizabeth ,c.1506±34), 1500±69), 190, 201 164 Bonville family, 26 Basing House, 348 Book of Rates, 268, 298 Bastard , 26, 57 Booth, Sir George ,1622±84), Bastwick, John ,1593±1654), 305, 390 360 Bosworth, battle of ,1485), 19, 22, Bate, John, 267 46, 79±80 Bath, John Bourchier, third Earl Botolf, Gregory, 130 of ,1499±1561), 188 Boulogne, 93, 135, 184 Baxter, Richard ,1615±91), 367, Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 248 369 Bourbon, Duke of, 109 Beaufort, Lady Margaret Bourchier, Thomas, Archbishop ,1443±1509), 74, 79 ,c.1404±86), 36, 68 Bedford, Francis Russell, second Bradshaw, John ,1602±59), 359, Earl of ,c.1527±85), 226 384±5 Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Brandenburg, 311 Earl of ,1593±1641), 316, Brandon, Charles, see , 318±20, 330 Duke of Bedford, , first Earl of Brandon, Frances, see Suffolk, ,c.1485±1555), 179, 188 Duchess of Bedford, William Russell, fifth Bray, Sir Reginald ,c.1440±1503), Earl of ,1613±1700), 338 89 Berkshire, 145 Breda, Declaration of ,1660), 396 420 Index

Breda, Treaty of ,1650), 363 Butler, Lady Eleanor ,d.1468), 60, Brentford, 337 68±9 Brereton, Sir William ,c. Butts, Dr William ,c.1490±1545), 1490±1536), 112, 123±4 130 Brereton, Sir William ,1604±61), 345 Cade, Jack, 27, 45 Bridgettines, 165 Cade's rebellion ,1450), 27 Bridgwater, 348 Cadiz, 213±14, 246, 248, 287 Bridlington, 340 Calais, 8, 24, 33, 42, 45, 48, 77, 83, Bristol, 12, 249, 340, 348 107, 130, 135, 199, 223, 241, Bristol, John Digby, first Earl of 246±7 ,1580±1653), 288 Callander, James Livingstone, first , 75, 77, 79 Earl of ,d.1674), 356 Broghill, Roger Boyle, Lord Calvin, John, 174, 226±8 ,1621±79), 387±8 Calvinism, 302 Brooke, Robert Greville, Lord Cambrai, Treaty of ,1529), 109 ,1608±43), 312 Cambridge, 84, 147, 226±7, 229, Browne, Sir Anthony ,c.1500±48), 376 127, 171 Cambridge, Richard Earl of, 5, Brussels, 246 28 Bryan, Sir Francis ,c.1490±1550), Cambridgeshire, 339 112 Camden, William ,1551±1623), Buckingham's rebellion ,1483), 203±4, 212 73±5 Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal, Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 152 third Duke of ,1478±1521), Campion, Edmund ,1540±81), 83, 85, 101 238±9 Buckingham, George Villiers, first Campion's Brag, 239 Duke of ,1592±1628), 264±5, Canon law 69, 140±2 270, 282±3, 285±9, 291, 295, , 45, 355 301 Carew, Sir Nicholas ,c. Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 1495±1539), 127 second Duke of ,c.1456±83), Carew, Sir Peter ,c.1510±75), 188, 65±6, 68, 70, 72±5 193, 199 Buckingham, Humphrey Carisbrooke Castle, 353, 357 Stafford, first Duke of Carles, Lancelot de, 127 ,1402±60), 50 , 355 Buckinghamshire, 145 Carmarthen, 355 Burford mutiny ,1649), 361 Carr, Robert, see Somerset, Earl of Burghley, William Cecil, Lord ,c. Carthusians, 165 1520±98), 184, 206, 210±13, Cartwright, Thomas ,1533±1603), 218±19, 224, 226, 234±5, 237, 229, 231 240±4, 248 Castle Chamber, court of, 307 Burgundy ,Netherlands), 40, 43, Cateau-CambreÂsis, Treaty of, 223 58, 82, 85, 93±4 Catesby, Robert ,1573±1605), 278 Burton, Henry ,1578±1648), 305, Catesby, William ,c.1440±85), 70, 360 77 Index 421

Catherine of Aragon ,1485±1536), Christina, Duchess of Milan, 129 84, 92±3, 98, 109, 112±14, Clarence, George Duke of 124, 130 ,1449±78), 39±44, 56, 59±61, , 23, 78 127 Catholics, 278±80, 383 Clarence, Lionel Duke of, 28 Cavalier Parliament, 397 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of Cavendish, George ,1500±61/2), ,1609±74), 294±5, 324, 326±8, 112 331, 369, 379, 394 Cecil family, 10 Class, notion of, 10 Cecil, Robert, see Salisbury, Earl of Classes, 230±1 Cecil, William, see Burghley, Lord Clement VII, Pope, 110 Chalgrove Field, battle of ,1643), Clerk, John, Bishop 340 ,c.1483±1541), 114 Challoner, Thomas Cleves, 129 ,1595±1661), 358±9 Clifford, Lady Anne Chancery, 380 ,1590±1676), 263 Chantries, Acts of ,1545, 1547), Clifford, Margaret, 186±7 135 Clubmen, 369 Charles I ,1600±49), 9, 13, 103, Cobham, Henry Brooke, Lord 260, 273±83, 284±307, ,1564±1619), 256 309±15, 317, 319±30, 332±50, Cognac, League of ,1526), 109 352±60, 373, 377, 382±3, 398, Coke, John, 368 401 Coke, Sir Edward Charles II ,1630±85), 297, 317, ,1552±1634), 275, 286, 290 348, 362±5, 387, 390±1, 393, Coke, Thomas, 368 396±9 Colchester, 163 Charles Louis, Count Palatine, Colet, John ,c.1467±1519), 143, 296, 327 146 Charles of Habsburg, Archduke of Collectanea Satis Copiosa ,1530), Burgundy, see Emperor 155±6 Charles V Collingbourne, William , Duke of ,c.1435±84), 77 Burgundy, 40, 60 Commission for Defective Titles, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 298, 307 94, 108, 176, 192, 196 Commission of Array, 329 Charles VI, King of France, 23 Commission on Depopulation, 298 Charles VIII, King of France, 82 Committee for the Propagation of Charles, Archduke of Austria, 207 the Gospel, 374 Charles, Prince, see Charles I and Committee of Both Kingdoms, Charles II 342 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 7 Committee of Safety, 275, 277 Cheke, Sir John ,1514±57), 169 Compton, William , 9, 236, 390 ,c.1482±1528), 102 Chevreuse, Duchess of, 297 Conference with Fisher the Jesuit, 304 China, 249 Congregationalists, 383 Chomley, Henry, 368 Connacht, 307 Chomley, , 368 Convocation, 130, 159, 315 422 Index

Cooke, Sir Anthony Crowland Abbey, 62 ,c.1505±76), 169 Culpepper, Sir John ,c.1600±60), Copley, Thomas ,1532±84), 199 324, 327, 329 Coppini, Francesco, Bishop, 36 Cumberland, 42 , 82 Cumberland, Henry Clifford, Corkbush Field, 353 second Earl of ,d.1570), 186 , 83, 128, 178±9, 238 Customs duties, 57±8, 89, Corunna, 246 267±8, 286±7, 298, Council in the Marches, 87, 89, 322, 397 104, 120±2, 322, 397 Council of Officers, 378 Dacre, Leonard, 236 Council of State, 372±3, 379 Dadlington, 80 Council of the north, 104, 122, 322 Darcy, Thomas, Lord Council, royal, 54, 88±9, 98, 117, ,c.1467±1537), 127, 167 172, 183±4, 190, 209±10, 328 Darnley, Henry, Lord Courtenay family, 26, 179 ,1546±67), 255 Covenanters, 314 Dartmouth, 29 , 12, 31±2, 44, 145, 279 Daubeney, Giles, Lord Coverdale, Miles ,1488±1568), ,c.1451±1508), 83, 89 147, 167±8 Dauntsey, William, 133 Cowell, John ,1554±1611), 275 Dauphin Francis, see Francis II Coxe, Richard ,1500±81), 169 Decimation tax, 386 Cranfield, Sir Lionel, see Declaration of the Army ,1647), , Earl of 351 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop Declaration of Indulgence, 401 ,1489±1556), 114, 131±2, Dedham, 230±1 147, 155±6, 159, 169, 174, Dee, John ,1527±1608), 249 176, 180, 194±5 De Laudibus Legum Anglie,3 Creighton, Mandell, 204 Denbigh, Basil Feilding, second Croft, Sir James ,c.1517±90), 193, Earl of ,c.1606±75), 373 199 Denbigh, William Feilding, first Crome, Edward Earl of ,c.1582±1643), 368 ,c.1485±1562), 169 Denny, Sir Anthony Cromwell, Frances, 387 ,1501±49), 128, 137 Cromwell, Oliver ,1599±1658), Deposition, papal bull of ,1570), 115, 335, 339, 343±4, 346±8, 236 350±1, 353±4, 356, 361±4, Derby, James Stanley, seventh Earl 368, 372±89 of ,1607±51), 334 Cromwell, Richard Derby, Thomas Stanley, first Earl ,1626±1712), 388±9 of ,c.1435±1504), 42, 68, 80 Cromwell, Thomas Derby, Thomas Stanley, second ,c.1484±1540), 98, 105, Earl of ,c.1484±1521), 101 115±22, 125±32, 151±2, Dereham, Francis, 131 156±62, 166±9, 190, 218 Dering, Sir Edward Crowland ,Croyland) ,1598±1644), 326 chronicle, 47, 62±4, Desborough, John ,1608±80), 385, 67±8, 76, 80 389 Index 423

Description of England,11 Dudley, Sir Robert, see Leicester, Deuteronomy, Book of, 141±2 Earl of Devereux, Robert, see Essex, Earl Dunbar, battle of ,1650), 364 of Dundee, 365 Device for the Succession ,1553), Dunkirk, 388 186±7, 190 , 35 Devizes, 348 Durham Cathedral, 236 , 42, 128, 178±9, 193 Durham, 317 Devon, Edward Courtenay, Dussindale, battle of ,1549), 181 eleventh Earl of ,c.1526±56), 192±4 Ealing, 13 Devon, Humphrey Stafford, Earl Ecclesiastical Injunctions, of ,1439±69), 40±1, 43, 56 160±1, 174 D'Ewes, Sir Simonds Edgecote, battle of ,1469), ,1602±50), 338 41, 79 Dieppe, 241 Edgehill, battle of ,1642), Diggers, 392 336±7, 348, 368 Directory of Worship, 349 Edinburgh, 311, 363 Dispensations, Act of ,1534), Edinburgh Castle, 224 120 Edinburgh, Treaty of ,1560), 224 Dorset, Thomas Grey, first , 4 Marquis of ,1451±1501), 56, Edward I, King of England, 63±4, 67, 85 4±5 Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Edward II, King of England, 4, 6, Earl of ,c.1536±1608), 266 40, 47, 330 Dort, synod of ,1618), 302 Edward III, King of England, 7, Douai, 234, 238 28±9 Dover, 27, 390 Edward IV ,1442±83), 4, 21±2, Dover, Henry Carey, first Earl of 32±45, 52±72, 74, 81, ,c.1580±1666), 368 85±90, 93, 119, 127 Drake, Sir Francis Edward of Lancaster ,1453±71), 3, ,c.1540±96), 246 21, 34, 36, 42, 45, 59 Drogheda, siege of ,1649), 363 Edward of York, see Edward V Dryden, John ,1631±1700), 334 Edward V ,1470±83), 56, 60, Dublin, 82, 363 63±73, 76, 89 Dudley, Amy, 207, 211 Edward VI ,1537±53), 121, Dudley, Sir Ambrose, see 128, 135, 140, 169, 171±3, Warwick, Earl of 176, 182±90, 200±1, 204, Dudley, Sir Andrew 211 ,c.1507±59), 182, 187 Edward, , see Dudley, Edmund Edward IV ,c.1471±1510), 92, 98 Edward, Prince ,d.1484), 71, 76 Dudley, Lord Guildford Eleanor of Aquitaine, 6 ,d.1554), 186, 194 Eliot, Sir John ,1592±1632), 292±3 Dudley, Sir Henry, 198 Elizabeth I ,1533±1603), 8, 13, Dudley, Sir John, see 114, 124, 136, 172, 186±7, Northumberland, Duke of 192, 194, 202, 203±24, 424 Index

226±53, 255, 257, 260, 266±7, Faerie Queene, 208 270, 278±80, 303, 306, 309 Fairfax, Ferdinando, Lord ,1465±1503), 22, ,1584±1648), 343 69, 75, 77, 81, 93 Fairfax, Sir Thomas ,1612±71), Elizabeth, Princess ,1596±1662), 344, 347±50, 359, 361, 363, 279±81 377, 390 Elizabeth, Princess, see Elizabeth I Falkland, Lucius Carey, second Elizabethan Church Settlement Viscount ,1610±43), 324, ,1559), 219±23, 324 327±8, 331 Ellesmere, Thomas Egerton, Lord , 265 ,1540±1617), 263 Fauconberg, Thomas Belasyse, Empson, Richard Lord ,1627±1700), 389 ,c.1450±1510), 92, 98 Fauconberg, Thomas Neville, , 16, 104±5 the Bastard of ,d.1471), 45, England's New Chains Discovered, 51 360 Fawkes, Guy ,1570±1606), 279 Eric, King of Sweden, 207 Feckenham, John, abbot Essex, 77, 145, 230, 339 ,c.1518±85), 221 Essex rebellion ,1601), 212±15 Feoffments, Act against fraudulent Essex, Robert Devereux, ,1489), 91 second Earl of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman ,1566±1601), 210±15, 248, Emperor, 281, 311 265, 287 Ferdinand of Aragon, 92 Essex, Robert Devereux, third Feudalism, 9, 25, 57±8, 90±1 Earl of ,1591±1646), 263, 316, Field, John ,1545±88), 227±31 319±20, 333, 336±7, 340±5, Fifth Monarchists, 379, 392 368 First Blast of the Trumpet against the Essex, , Earl of, see Monstrous Regiment of Women Northampton, Marquis of ,1558), 205 Etaples, Treaty of ,1492), 93 First fruits and tenths, tax of, Exchequer, court of, 58, 90, 196±7 118±19, 184 Fish, Simon ,c.1500±31), 144 , 398±9 Fisher, John, Bishop Execution of Justice in England ,1469±1535), 114, 165 ,1583), 240 Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice, 238 Exeter, 42 Fitzherbert, Mr, 17 Exeter, Henry Courtenay, Marquis Fitzjames, Richard, Bishop of ,c.1496±1538), 127±9, ,c.1443±1522), 143, 146 178±9 Fitzroy, Henry, see Richmond, Exeter, Henry Holland, second Duke of Duke of ,1430±75), 37, 44 Five Knights' case, 289 Exiles, bill ,1555), 196±7 Flanders, 77 Eythin, James King, Lord Fleetwood, Charles ,1618±92), ,c.1589±1652), 335 368, 389 Fleetwood, William Factions, courtly, 25, 56, 100, ,c.1603±74), 368 122±39, 210±12, 262±5, 295±7 Flodden, battle of ,1513), 108 Index 425

Fortescue, Sir Faithful Globe, Theatre, 215 ,1581±1666), 337 ,1688±9), Fortescue, Sir John 258, 393, 400±1 ,c.1395±1476), 3, 55, 57 Gloucester, 340 Foxe, Edward, Bishop Gloucester, Humphrey Duke of, 26 ,c.1496±1538), 114, Gloucester, Richard Duke of, see 155±6, 160 Richard III Foxe, Richard, Bishop ,c. , 339 1448±1528), 79, 100 Glyndwr, Owain, 5 Fragmenta Regalia ,c.1630), 210 Goldwell, Thomas, Bishop , 187, 190 ,c.1510±85), 221 France, 3, 5±7, 23±4, 28±30, 48, Gondomar, Count, 280 58, 77±8, 92±3, 98, 102, Gostwick, John ,c.1490±1545), 107±11, 128±9, 134±5, 161, 118 169, 176, 198, 203, 223±5, , The, 57 248, 280, 285±6, 288, 290, Gower, George, 247 294, 297, 311, 316 Grand Remonstrance ,1641), Francis I, King of France, 108, 325±6 130, 134, 169 Gravelines, 247 Francis II, King of France, 224±5 Great Chronicle of London, 80, 91 Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 130 Great Contract ,1610), Franciscans, 165 269±70, 397 Frederick V, Count Palatine, , 334 280±1 Green, J.R.,53, 204 Frith, John ,1503±33), 147 Greenwich, 124, 125, 129, 196, Frobisher, Sir Martin ,c.1535±94), 328±9 249 Greenwich, Treaty of ,1596), 248 Froude, J.A.,204 Greenwood, John ,c.1562±93), 232 Gardiner, S.R.,261 Grenville, Sir Richard Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop ,c.1541±91), 249±50 ,c.1497±1555), 113±14, 131, Gresham, Thomas ,c.1518±79), 133±4, 136, 138, 169, 173, 184 190±5, 198 Grey of Ruthin, Edward, Lord ,c. , 6 1420±89), 34 Gates, Sir John ,c.1500±53), 137, Grey, Henry, see Suffolk, Duke of 182±3, 188 Grey, Lady Catherine, 186 General surveyors, court of, 118, Grey, Lady Jane ,1537±54), 186±8, 184 194 Geneva, 226 Grey, Lady Mary, 186 Genevan Brotherhood, 226 Grey, Sir Richard ,c.1453±83), 56, Germany, 280, 284, 291, 365 65 Gilbert, Adrian ,c.1541±1628), Grey, Thomas ,c.1623±57), 359 249 Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop ,c. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 1519±83), 223, 230, 279 ,c.1537±83), 249 Guildford, Sir Richard Glastonbury, 163 ,1450±1506), 88±9 426 Index

Gunpowder Plot, 278±9 Heigham, Clement , 6 ,c.1494±1571), 188 Gwilym ap Hywel ap Dafydd Henrietta Maria ,1609±69), ,c.1476±1581), 13 284±5, 288, 293, 295±7, 321, Gwynedd, 78 338±9, 347 Henry I, King of England, 5 Hakluyt, Richard junior Henry II, King of England, ,c.1552±1616), 249 2±3, 6, 57 Hakluyt, Richard senior Henry II, King of France, 176, ,c.1530±91), 249 198, 224 Hales, John ,c.1516±72), 178 Henry III, King of England, 4, 6 Hamilton, James first Duke of Henry III, King of France, 243, ,1606±49), 354, 356 245, 248 Hamilton, William second Duke of Henry IV, King of England, 5, 19, ,1616±51), 364 43, 78, 98 Hammes, 77 Henry IV, King of France, 248, Hampden, John ,1594±1643), 274, 280 284, 299, 316, 323, 327, 335, Henry of Navarre, see Henry IV of 340 France Hampshire, 339 , King of England, 1, 5, 7, Hampton Court, 182, 328, 353 23, 28, 98, 107 Hampton Court Conference Henry VI ,1421±71), 5, 21, 23±5, ,1604), 276±8 28±34, 36±8, 43±5, 47, 49, 59, , 58 61, 71, 78 , 37±8 Henry VII ,1457±1509), 19, 22, Harrington, James ,1611±77), 36, 45, 50, 52, 72±5, 77±95, 317, 393 98, 177, 408 n. Harrison, Thomas ,1616±60), 359, Henry VIII ,1491±1547), 7, 83, 379 86, 93, 97±102, 105±17, Harrison, William ,1534±93), 11 120±39, 140±2,151±65, Haselrig, Sir Arthur ,1601±61), 167±71, 173, 186, 189±90 327, 338, 384, 388±9 Henry, , see Henry Hastings, William, Lord VIII ,c.1430±83), 44, 56, 63, 64±8 Henry, Prince ,1594±1612), 256, Hatfield, 202 266, 278, 284 Hatton, Sir Christopher Herbert, Lord, see Pembroke, Earl ,c.1540±92), 211, 213, 249 of Hawkins, Sir John ,1532±95), 248 Herbert, Sir Edward Hay, James, Lord ,d.1636), 263, ,c.1591±1657), 293 266 Herbert, Sir Richard ,d.1469), 41 Heads of the Proposals ,1647), Herbert, Sir Walter 352 ,1461±1507), 79 Heath, Nicholas, Bishop Herbert, Sir William, see ,c.1501±78), 190 Pembroke, Earl of Hedgeley Moor, battle of ,1464), Herefordshire, 16, 36, 193 38 Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl Heidelberg, 281±2 of, see Somerset, Duke of Index 427

Hertford, William Seymour, first Hunsdon, Henry Carey, first Lord Marquis of ,1588±1660), 368 ,1526±96), 236 77, 339 Huntingdon, 376 , battle of ,1464), 38 Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, High Commission, court of, 231, third Earl of ,1535±95), 187, 305, 322 226, 236 Histoire de Anne Boleyn, 127 Huntingdonshire, 339 History of the Rebellion ,1702), 394 Hussey, John, Lord Hoby, Sir Philip ,1504/5±58), 128 ,c.1465±1537), 127, 167 Holbein, Hans ,1497/8±1543), 97, Hutchinson, Lucy ,1620±after 75), 129 367, 369 Holdenby ,Holmby) House, 350 Hyde, Edward, see Clarendon, Holland, 316, 340 Earl of Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of ,1590±1649), 295±6, 356 Impeachment, 270, 320±1 Holles, Denzil ,1598±1680), 293, Impositions, 267±8, 287, 292, 324, 327, 338, 347, 368 298 Holles, Gervase, 368 Independents, 347, 351 , 108, 158, Indulgences, 160 161 Industries, 14±15 Homilies, Book of ,1547), 174, Infanta of Spain, 273, 281±2 228 Instrument of Government Honfleur, 42 ,1653), 375, 381±3 Hood, Robin, 40 Interpreter,The, 275 Hooker, Richard ,1554±1600), Ireland, 28, 32, 34, 82, 214, 238, 232 255, 294, 306±8, 310±11, 313, Hooper, John, Bishop 332, 342, 347, 349, 362, 377, ,d.1555), 188 380, 382, 384 Hopton, Sir Ralph Ireton, Henry ,1611±51), 347, ,1596±1652), 337, 348 351, 353±4, 357, 363 Hoskins, John ,1566±1638), 274 Irish Church articles ,1615), 303, Household government, 58, 89, 306 118±19 Isabella of Bourbon, 60 Howard, Catherine Isabella of Castile, 92±4 ,c.1521±42), 131±2 Isabella of Gloucester, 39 Howard, Charles ,1629±72), 379 Isle of Wight, 135, 353, 356 Howard of Effingham, Charles Italy, 108 Howard, second Baron, see Nottingham, Earl of James I and VI ,1566±1625), 232, Howard family, 70, 178, 263, 274 255±83, 284±8, 294, 300, 303, Howard, Lady Frances, see 305±6, 323, 359, 365 Somerset, Countess of James II and VII ,1633±1701), Humble Petition and Advice 393, 396, 398±400 ,1657), 387 James III, King of Scotland, Hume, David, 20, 203 37 Hundred Years War, 7, 23±4, 48 James IV, King of Scotland, Hunne, Richard, 143±4 83, 93, 408 n. 428 Index

James V, King of Scotland, 129, Langdale, Marmaduke 134 ,1598±1661), 355±6 Jamestown, 255 Langport, battle of ,1645), 348 Jermyn, Henry ,c.1605±84), 295 Lansdown Hill, battle of ,1643), Jesuits, 201, 238, 241 340 Jewel, John, Bishop Lark, Mistress, 102 ,1522±71), 223 La Rochelle, 286, 289, 291 John, King of England, 3, 6, 39 Lascelles, John ,d.1546), 169 ,Ghent), Duke of Latimer, Hugh, Bishop Lancaster, 4, 28, 79 ,c.1485±1555), 147, 160 Josselin, Ralph, 390 Laud, William, Archbishop Joyce, George ,1618±after 1672), ,1573±1645), 296, 300±7, 350 311, 316, 318±19 Julius II, Pope, 141 Laudianism, see Arminianism Juxon, William, Bishop Law enforcement, 24±6, 59, 87±8, ,1582±1663), 296, 298, 305 103±4 Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, 232 Kenninghall, 187, 190, 235 Lee, William ,c.1564±1610), 15 , 27, 45, 145, 193, 339 Leicester, 30, 43 Kett, Robert ,d.1549), 179±82 , 113 Kilkenny, Treaty of ,1649), Leicester, Philip Sidney, second 362 Earl of ,1595±1677), 295 Kimbolton, Lord, see Manchester, Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of second Earl of ,c.1532±88), 199, 206±7, King, Gregory, 12 210±14, 226, 234±5, 244±5 King's Bench, court of, 103, 143, , 193 196 Leighton, Alexander King's Book ,1543), 168 ,c.1570±1649), 305 Kingston, Sir Anthony Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, ,c.1510±56), 197 Second Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, 329 ,1574±1624), 263 Kingston-upon-Thames, 193 Leslie, Alexander, see Leven, Earl Kitchen, Anthony, Bishop of ,1477±1563), 223 Leslie, David ,c.1610±82), 364 Knox, John ,c.1512±72), Levellers, 351±3, 355, 357, 360±2, 184, 200, 205 392 Leven, Alexander Leslie, Earl of Lambert, John ,1619±84), 351, ,1580±1661), 312, 342 359, 363, 377±8, 381, 385, Leviticus, Book of, 140 387, 390 Lilburne, John ,1615±57), 360 Lambert, John ,c.1500±38), 147, Lincoln, 201 161 Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of Lambeth, 131, 143 ,c.1464±87), 81±2 Lambeth Articles ,1595), 303 , 165±6, 339, 341 , 316 Lingard, J.R.,204 , 236, 316 Lisle, Arthur Plantagenet, Lancaster, of, 118, 184 Viscount ,c.1462±1542), 130 Index 429

Lisle, John Dudley, Viscount, see Manchester, Edward Montagu, Northumberland, Duke of second Earl of ,1602±71), Lisle, Philip Sidney, Viscount 327, 335, 339, 343±4, 368, ,1619±98), 373 377 Littleton, Edward ,1589±1645), Mancini, Dominic ,c.1434±1500), 293 52, 60±8, 72±3 Liverpool, 366 Mansfeld, Ernst, Count, 283 Lollardy, 145±7 Manwaring, Roger London 12, 34±6, 43±5, 48, 51, 65, ,1590±1653), 289 70, 77, 143±7, 182, 193, 201, March, Edward Earl of, see 215, 226, 252, 300, 316, Edward IV 326±7, 331, 334, 336±7, 341, ,1430±82), 21, 351, 355, 358, 360, 370±1 29±32, 34±7, 42, 44±5, 48, 58 London, Treaty of ,1518), 108, 110 Margaret of Burgundy Long Parliament, 292, 317 ff, 375, ,1446±1503), 40, 82 390 Margaret Tudor ,1489±1541), 93, Longevity, 12±13 409 n. Lords of the Congregation, 224 Marie de Medici, 297 Lose-Cote Field, battle of ,1470), Marignano, battle of, 108 41 Markham, Gervase Lostwithiel, surrender at ,1644), ,c.1568±1637), 17 343 Marston Moor, battle of ,1644), Louis XI, King of France, 42±3 335, 343 Louis XII, King of France, 108, Marten, Henry ,1602±80), 338 110 Martin Marprelate tracts, 231 Louis XIII, King of France, 297, Mary I ,1516±58), 104, 114, 311, 321 126±8, 141, 159, Louth, 166 181±202, 204, 220±1, 223 Lovell, Francis, Lord Mary of Burgundy, 60 ,c.1454±87), 70, 77, 81±2 Mary of Guise, 129, 205, 224 Lovell, Sir Thomas Mary Queen of Scots ,c.1445±1524), 88 ,1542±87), 176, 203, 224, Loyola, Ignatius, 201 229, 234±6, 241±2, 246, 255 Ludford Bridge, rout of ,1459), 32 Mary battleship, 135 , 32, 104 Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry Ludlow, Edmund ,1617±92), 358 VII ,1496±1533), 94, 108 Luther, Martin, 140, 145, 147, 168 Mary Tudor, Princess, see Mary I Lutheranism, 146 Matilda, Empress, 47 Maulverer, Richard, 368 Macaulay, Lord, 203, 258 Maulverer, Thomas Madrid, 282 ,1599±c.1655), 368 Magdeburg, 365 Maurice, Prince ,1620±52), 333, Maidstone, 193 340 Maine, 6, 30 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Malmesbury Abbey, 14 Emperor, 60, 82, 94 Malpas ,Cheshire), 9 Mayflower, 227 Manchester, 334 Mayne, ,1544±77), 238 430 Index

Medina del Campo, Treaty of, 92 More, Sir Thomas Medina Sidonia, Alonso Perez de ,1477/8±1535), 114, 117, 148, Guzman, Duke of, 246±7 153, 156, 165 Mekins, Richard, 162 More, Treaty of the ,1525), 109 Mercurius Politicus, 386 family, 27 Middlesex, 386 Mortimer, Anne, 28 Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Mortimer, Sir Edmund, 5 Earl of ,1575±1645), 270, 273, Mortimer's Cross, battle of ,1461), 283 36 Mildmay, Sir Walter Morton, John, Bishop ,c. ,c.1523±89), 184, 213 1420±1500), 54, 68, 74, 77, 79 Milford, 78 Morton, James Douglas, fourth Milford Haven, 78 Earl of ,d.1581), 243 Militia, 334 Mortuary fees, 143±4 Militia, Act ,1558), 199, 329 Mousehold Heath, 180 Militia bill ,1642), 329 Mowbray, Lady Anne Militia Ordinance, 329 ,c.1472±81), 73 Millenary Petition ,1603), 232 Mutiny Act, 400 Moderate,The , 357 Mompesson, Sir Giles Nantwich, 365 ,1584±c.1651), 270 Naseby, battle of ,1645), 344, Monasteries, dissolution of, 162±7, 347 196 National Covenant, Scottish Monck, George ,1608±70), 363, ,1638), 312, 315 379, 388±90, 396 Naunton, Sir Robert Monmouth, Humphrey ,1563±1635), 210 ,d.1537), 147 Navigation Act ,1651), 374 Monopolies, 252, 270 Neile, Richard, Bishop Monopolies, Act of ,1624), 270 ,1562±1640), 305 Montagu, Richard, Bishop Netherlands, 198, 209, 234±5, ,1577±1641), 280, 286 237, 242±6, 248, 279, 300, Montagu, Walter ,Wat) ,c. 333, 338 1603±77), 295±6, 368 Neville, Anne ,d.1485), 39, 42, 59, Montague, Anthony Browne, 76 first Viscount ,1528±92), Neville, Catherine, 39 221 Neville family, 26, 236 Montague, Henry Pole, Lord Neville, George, Archbishop ,c.1492±1538), 127±8 ,c.1433±76), 34, 40±1, 44 Montague, John Neville, Lord Neville, John, see Montague, ,d.1471), 37±8, 42±4, 56 Lord Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Neville, Isabella ,d.1476), Lord ,1575±1622), 279 39±40, 59 Montreuil, 135 Neville, Richard, see Salisbury and Montrose, James Graham, first Warwick, earls of Marquis of ,1612±50), 342, New ModelArmy,335, 343±51,391 348 New Monarchy, 53 More, John, 133 Newark, 339, 348 Index 431

Newburn, rout of ,1640), 316 Northumberland, , Newbury, battle of, 1st ,1643), fourth Earl of ,c.1449±89), 341; 2nd ,1644), 343 43, 70, 80, 85 Newcastle Propositions ,1646), Northumberland, Henry Percy, 348, 352 fifth Earl of ,1478±1527), 101, Newcastle, William Cavendish, 111, 126 first Earl of ,1593±1676), 335, Northumberland, John Dudley, 337, 339±40, 343 Duke of ,c.1504±53), 133, Newcastle upon Tyne, 348 137, 172, 181, 182±8 Newhaven ,Le Havre), 241 Northumberland, John Neville, Newmarket, 350±1 Earl of, see Montague, Lord Newport, Treaty of ,1648), 356±7 Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Nineteen Propositions ,1642), seventh Earl of ,1528±72), 329±30 235 Nonconformists, 397 Norwich, 12, 180, 252 Nonsuch, Treaty of ,1585), 245 Nottingham, 43, 78, 332 Norfolk, 178±80, 187 Nottingham, Charles Howard, Norfolk, , first Duke first Earl of ,c.1536±1624), of ,c.1430±85), 70, 72, 86 246, 248 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Noy, Sir William ,1577±1634), Duke of ,1473±1554), 293 111±12, 114, 130±1, 133, 135, 138, 153, 155, 167, 169, 178 Obedience, Act to maintain ,1581), Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth 239 Duke of ,1536±72), 211, 234±6 Oblivion, Act of ,1650), 386 , 37 Oceana, 393 Normandy, 2, 6, 26, 28, 42 Oglander, Sir John, 20 Norris, Henry ,c.1500±36), 112, Onslow, Richard ,c.1527±71), 217, 123±4 219 Northampton, 41, 65, 67 Order of the Communion ,1548), 174 Northampton, battle of ,1460), 34 Ordinal ,1550), 175, 185 Northampton, Henry Howard, Ormond, James Butler, first Earl of ,1540±1614), 263±4 Marquis of ,1610±88), 325, Northampton, William Parr, 342, 362 Marquis of ,1513±71), 133, Osborne, Francis ,1593±1659), 172, 188 260 Northumberland, 317 Overbury, Sir Thomas Northumberland, Algernon Percy, ,1581±1613), 264 tenth Earl of ,1602±68), 295, Oxford, 147, 200, 226, 287, 337, 344, 346, 352 340±1, 348, 361 Northumberland, Countess of, Oxford, John de Vere, thirteenth 235 Earl of ,1442±1513), 42, 44, Northumberland, Henry Percy, 78±9, 87 first Earl of, 5 Oxfordshire, 36 Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of ,1394±1455), Paget, Sir William ,c.1506±63), 31, 36 171, 176, 181, 190, 194±5, 199 432 Index

Palatinate, 281, 283, 296 Pennington, Isaac ,c.1587±1661), Pardon of the Clergy ,1531), 154 320, 331 Paris, 23, 109 Penruddock, John ,1619±55), 385 Parker, Matthew, Archbishop Penry, John ,1563±93), 232 ,1504±75), 147, 223 Percy family, 26, 38, 56, 167, 236 Parliament, 4, 11, 53, 60, 89, 105, Percy, Henry ,Hotspur), 5 112, 152±4, 156±9, 161, 178, Percy, Henry, Lord, see 248, 251±3, 257±60, 268±9, Northumberland, fifth Earl of 281±3, 284±94, 313 ff, 332 ff, Percy, Thomas ,d.1537), 167 372, 396±7 Perkins, William ,1558±1602), 227 Parliamentary elections, 313±14, Persia, 251 318 Perth, 364 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke Peterborough, 62 of, 246±8 Petition of Right ,1628), 289±91, Parr, Catherine ,1512±48), 133±4, 300, 319, 368 138 Peto, William, friar Parr, Sir William, see ,c.1480±1558), 114 Northampton, Marquis of Phelipps, Sir Robert Parr, William ,c.1483±1635), 13 ,c.1586±1638), 275, 287, 290, Parry, Dr William ,c.1545±85), 292 240 Philip II, King of Spain, 192±8, Parsons, Robert ,1546±1610), 207, 224, 236, 242, 245±6, 311 238±9 Philip IV, King of Spain, 282 Paul IV, Pope, 189, 198 Philip, Archduke of Burgundy, Paulet, William, see , 94 Marquis of Philiphaugh, battle of ,1645), 348 Pavia, battle of, 109, 111 Philippa ,granddaughter of Peasants' Revolt ,1381), 10 Edward III), 28 Pecquigny, Treaty of ,1475), 58 Pickering, Sir William Peerage, 10±11, 48±9, 55±6, 85±7, ,c.1516±75), 207 101, 262, 268, 400 Pilgrimage of Grace ,1536±7), Pembroke Castle, 37, 79, 355 127, 164±7 Pembroke, , Pinkie, battle of ,1547), 176 Lancastrian Earl of Pius V, Pope, 236 ,c.1431±95), 37, 78±9 Plague, 8±9, 202 Pembroke, Philip Herbert, fourth Plymouth, 75, 249 Earl of ,1584±1650), 295, 373 Poitou, 6 Pembroke, William Herbert, first Pole, Edmund de la, see Suffolk, Earl of Tudor creation Earl of ,c.1506±70), 133, 179, 188, Pole, Geoffrey ,c.1501±58), 127 199, 234±5 Pole, John de la, see Lincoln, Earl Pembroke, William Herbert, third of Earl of Pole, Margaret, see Salisbury, ,1580±1630), 263±4, 283 Countess of Pembroke, William Herbert, Pole, Reginald, Cardinal Yorkist Earl of ,d.1469), 37, ,1500±58), 128, 130, 179, 40±1, 56, 79 195, 198, 200±1 Index 433

Pole, Richard de la Pym, John ,1583±1643), 275, 286, ,c.1478±1525), 94 292, 301, 308, 314±25, Ponet, John ,c.1514±56), 200 327±30, 332, 341±2 Poole, 75 Poor laws, 252 Quakers, 392 ,1678), 399 Population, 8, 17, 251 Rainsborough, Thomas ,d.1648), Portland, Richard Weston, first 352±3, 355 Earl of ,1577±1635), 295±6 Ralegh, Sir Walter Portsmouth, 26, 135, 325 ,c.1552±1618), 211, 246, Portugal, 245±6 248±9, 256, 281 Poynings, Sir Edward Ratcliffe, Sir Richard ,1459±1521), 79, 89 ,c.1425±85), 77 Praemunire, Act of, 112, 143, Ravenspur, 43 153±5, 237 Readeption ,1470±1), 38±44 Prague, 281 Reading, 163 Prayer Books Rebellion of northern earls ,1569), ,1549), 174±6, 180, 185 235±6 ,1552), 185 Recusants ,Recusancy), 233±4, ,1559), 221±2, 229, 233, 352 296 Presbyterians ,Presbyterianism), Redon, Treaty of ,1489), 92 228±31, 305, 341±2, 347±54, Reformation Parliament, 152 ff 356±7, 363±4, 373±4, 383, Regency, Act of ,1555), 196 385, 387 Renard, Simon, 190±2, 194 Preston, battle of ,1648), 356 Rennes, 75 Pride, Thomas ,d.1658), 358, Repeal, Act of ,1547), 173 390 Requests, court of, 104 Pride's Purge ,1648), 358, 372 Retaining, 25, 57, 87±8 , 94, 101±2, 122 ff, Retaining, Acts against ,1468), 57; 182, 211, 257 ,1504), 87±8 Proclamations, Act of ,1539), 120, Revilers of the Sacrament, Act 173 against ,1547), 174 Profitable and Necessary Doctrine, Revocation, Scottish Act of ,1625), 201 312 Prophesyings, 230 ,1449±1525), 80 Protestation ,1621), 273, 282; Rich, Robert, Lord, 368 ,1641), 321 Rich, Richard, Lord Prothalamion, 213±14 ,c 1496±1567), 138, 165, 172 Prynne, William ,1600±69), 305, Richard II, King of England, 4±6, 358, 360, 399 22, 33, 40, 47 Public Intelligencer, 386 Richard II, 215 Puritans ,Puritanism), 217, Richard III, 213 219±20, 225±32, 276±7, 309, Richard III ,1452±85), 1, 19, 22, 322, 369, 371 39, 43±5, 52, 56, 59±81, 88, 90 Purveyance, 267, 269, 401 Richard of Shrewsbury/York , 101, 112, 351 ,1472±83), 56, 66, 68, 71±3, Putney debates ,1647), 351±3 82 434 Index

Richelieu, Cardinal, 294, 297, 311 Russell, John, Bishop Richmond, 196 ,c.1435±94), 70 Richmond palace, 253 Russell, Sir John, see Bedford, Earl Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of of ,c.1430±56), 78±9 Russia ,Muscovy), 251 Richmond, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of ,1519±36), 104 Sadler, Ralph ,1507±87), 128, Ridolfi plot ,1571), 237 132 Ridolfi, Roberto, 235, 237 , 35 Ripon, Treaty of ,1640), 317 St Albans, battles of: 1st Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second ,1455), 19, 30±1, 50; Earl ,c.1442±83), 63, 65 2nd ,1461), 35 Rivers, Richard Woodville, first St Augustine of Canterbury, 152 Earl ,c.1410±69), 39±41 St Augustine of Hippo, 159 Roanoke, 246±7, 250 St Giles Cathedral, 311 Robin of Redesdale, 40 St John, Oliver ,1598±1673), 316, Robyn Ddu, 22 322, 324, 338, 342, 347, 352, Robsart, Amy, see Dudley, Amy 388 Rochester, 129, 355 St Paul's Cathedral, 31, 34, 117, Rochester, , Earl of, see 146, 148 Somerset, Earl of St Quentin, battle of ,1557), 199 Rochford, George Boleyn, Salisbury, 75, 385 Viscount ,c.1503±36), 112, Salisbury, Margaret Pole, Countess 114, 124, 127, 132 of ,1473±1541), 128 Rochford, Jane, Viscountess, 132 Salisbury, Richard Neville, Earl of Rogers, Hugh, 368 ,1400±60), 30, 32±3, 35, 50 Rogers, John ,c.1505±55), 168, 196 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first Earl Rogers, Thomas, 368 of ,1563±1612), 211±15, 256, Rolle, Henry ,c.1589±1656), 381 263, 266, 269 Rolle, John ,1598±1657), 292, 381 Salisbury, William Cecil, second Roman law, 3, 257 Earl of ,1591±1668), 373 Rome, 109, 130, 152, 154, 162, San Domingo, 385 377 Sandal, 35 Romeo and Juliet, 213 Sandwich ,Kent), 33, 355 Root and branch petition/bill, 320, Sandys, Edwin, Bishop 323 ,c.1516±88), 223 Rotherham, Thomas, Archbishop Sandys, Sir Edwin ,1423±1500), 68, 81 ,1561±1629), 274 Rouen, 22, 248 Saxony, 129 Rous, Francis ,1579±1659), 292, Saye and Sele, James Fiennes, 379 Lord ,c.1400±50), 27 Rubens, 359 Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, Rump Parliament, 358, 372±6, first Viscount ,1582±1662), 381, 390 312, 316, 320, 322, 338, 344, Rupert, Prince ,1619±82), 333, 346, 352, 388, 400 335, 337, 340±1, 343, 347±8, Scarborough Castle, 198 362, 366 Scone, 364 Index 435

Scotland, 37, 115, 134, 136, Sittow, Michael, 84 176±7, 181, 203, 223±5, 234, Six Articles, Act of ,1539), 140, 255±7, 261±2, 265, 276, 295, 161±2, 173, 179 299, 311±12, 323±4, 326, 332, Skelton, John ,c.1460±1529), 99 341, 350, 356, 362±4, 380, Skippon, Philip ,c.1600±60), 382, 384 359 Scott, Sir Walter, 20, 135 Smeaton, Mark, 123±4 Scott, Thomas ,1603±60), 358, Smith, Sir Thomas ,1513±77), 20, 384, 388 203, 216, 218 Seditious Sectaries, Act against Solemn League and Covenant ,1593), 232 ,1643), 341 Selden, John ,1584±1654), 292 Solway Moss, battle of ,1542), Self-denying Ordinance ,1645), 135 343±5 Somerset, 339 Self-perpetuating Act ,1641), 321, Somerset House, 297 331, 376 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Separatists ,Separatism), 232 Fourth Duke of ,c.1439±71), Severn, river, 75 44±5 Seymour, Anne, 161 Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke Seymour, Jane ,c.1509±37), 125, of ,c.1500±52), 125, 133, 128, 161 137±8, 169±70, 171±83 Seymour, Sir Edward, see Somerset, Frances, Countess of, Somerset, Duke of 263±4 Seymour, Sir Thomas Somerset, , third ,c.1509±49), 133, 161 Duke of ,1436±64), 37±8 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of Cooper, Earl of ,c.1586±1645), 263±4 ,1621±83), 379, 398 Southampton, 5, 78 Shakespeare, William Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, ,1564±1616), 20, 61, 213, third Earl of ,1573±1624), 215 213, 215, 283 Shaw, Ralph, father ,d.1484), 68 Southampton, Thomas Shaw, Sir Edmund ,d.1488), 72 Wriothesley, first Earl of Shaxton, Nicholas, Bishop ,1505±50), 131, 134, 138, ,c.1485±1556), 160 171±2, 181±3 Ship money, 298±9, 319, 322 Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, Short Parliament ,1640), 314 ff Earl of ,c.1490±1542), 130, Shrewsbury, Francis Talbot, fifth 133 Earl of ,1500±60), 188 Southwark, 168, 193, 351 Shrewsbury, George Talbot, fourth Spain, 92, 108, 128, 198, 235±7, Earl of ,1468±1538), 114, 149 245±8, 248, 266, 268, 273, Shropshire, 75, 339 280±3, 295±6, 299±300, 316 Sidney, Sir Philip ,1554±86), 213 Spencer family, 10 Sidney, Sir Robert ,1563±1616), Spenser, Edmund ,c.1552±99), 213 208, 213 Simnel, Lambert Stafford, Thomas ,c.1531±57), 198 ,c.1477±after 1534), 82 Stamford, 41 436 Index

Stamford, Henry Grey, first Earl of Suffolk, William de la Pole, Duke ,1599±1673), 359 of ,1396±1450), 26±7 Stanhope, Sir Michael Supplication against the ,c.1508±52), 172 Ordinaries ,1532), 157 Stanley ballads, 80 Supplication for the Beggars, 144 Stanley, Sir William ,c.1436±95), Supremacy, Act of ,1534), 159 80, 82 Supremacy, Act of ,1559), 221 Stanley, Thomas, Lord see Derby, , 339 Earl of Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of Star Chamber, court of, 103±4, ,c.1517±47), 133, 138 231, 305, 322 Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, Stephen, King of England, 46 later second Stillington, Robert, Bishop ,1443±1524), 100 ,c.1420±91), 69 Sussex, 339 Stirling, 255 Sussex, Henry Radcliffe, second Stoke, battle of ,1487), 19, 82 Earl of ,c.1507±57), 188 , 65, 67 Sussex, Robert Radcliffe, Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, first Earl of ,1483±1542), 114 Earl of ,1593±1641), 293±6, Sussex, Thomas Radcliffe, third 300±1, 306±8, 313, 315±16, Earl of ,c.1526±83), 210±12, 319±22, 378 244 Strickland, William ,d.1598), 219, Swynford, Catherine, 79 229 Strode, William ,c.1599±1645), Ten Articles ,1536), 160 293, 327 Ten Propositions ,1641), 323 Stuart, Arabella ,1575±1615), 256 Test Act, 401 Stumpe, William ,c.1497±1552), , battle of ,1471), 45, 14 49, 51 Submission of the Clergy ,1532), The Case of the Army Truly Stated 116, 157, 165 ,1647), 352 Succession, 1st Act of ,1534), 159 TheÂrouanne, 108 Succession, 3rd Act of ,1543), Thirty-nine Articles ,1563), 228, 135±6, 186 277, 303 Suckling, Sir John ,1609±42), 321 Thirty Years War ,1618±48), 270, Suffolk, 178, 180, 187, 339 281, 300, 302, 305, 332, 335, Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of 365 ,c.1484±1545), 101, 109, 111, Throckmorton, Bess, 231 113±14, 153, 166, 186 Throckmorton, Francis Suffolk, dowager Duchess of, 226 ,1554±84), 240 Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Earl Throckmorton, Job of ,c.1472±1513), 83, 88, 94 ,c.1545±1601), 231 Suffolk, Frances Brandon, Throckmorton plot, 240 Duchess of, 186 Throckmorton, Sir George Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of ,d. ,c.1489±1552), 156 1554), 186, 193 Tiverton, 348 Suffolk, Thomas Howard, first Toleration Act ,1650), 374 Earl of ,1561±1626), 263±4 Torrigiano, Pietro, 84 Index 437

Tournai, 108 Ulster rebellion ,1641), 324±5, 332 Tower Green, 124, 132 Uniformity, Acts of Tower Hill, 124, 130, 300, 322 ,1549), 175, 192 , 38, 45, 61, 63, ,1552), 185, 192 67, 71±3, 76, 82±3, 124, 171, ,1559), 221, 374 182, 187±8, 215, 221, 235, Uses, Act of ,1536), 91 264, 274, 278, 293, 320±1, 360 Vagabondage, 251±2 , battle of ,1461), 36, 47±8 Valentine, Benjamin ,d. c.1652), Trade, 251 293 Travers, Walter ,c.1548±1635), Valor Ecclesiasticus ,1535), 163 231 Vane, Sir Henry ,1613±62), 338, , Acts of 342, 346, 368, 389 ,1534), 159 Vane, Walter, 368 ,1571), 236 Vaughan, Sir Thomas ,1581), 239 ,c.1420±83), 65 ,1649), 372 Venice, 12, 108, 316 Tresham, Francis ,c.1567±1605), Vergil, Polydore ,c.1470±1555), 278±9 63, 67, 80, 84, 91, 100 Trew Law of Free Monarchies, 261 Verney, Edmund ,1590±1642), 368 Triennial Acts Verney, Ralph ,1613±90), 368 ,1641), 320, 331, 397±8 Vienna, 82 ,1664), 397±8 Villiers, George, see Buckingham, Tripartite Indenture ,1405), 5 Duke of Troyes, Treaty of, 23, 28, 34 Virginia, 250 True,Sincere and Modest Defence of English Catholics ,1584), 240 , battle of ,1460), 35 Tudor, Edmund, see Richmond, Waldegrave, Sir William Earl of ,1507±54), 188 Tudor, Henry, see Henry VII Wales, 32, 37±8, 48, 56, 74, 87, Tudor, Jasper, see Pembroke, Earl 120±1, 341, 355±6, 365, 371 of Wales, Acts of Union ,1536±43), Tudor, Owen ,c.1400±61), 36, 78 120±2 Tunnage and poundage, 286±7, Waller, Sir William 293 ,1598±1668), 340, 343±4 Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop Warbeck, Perkin ,c.1474±99), ,1474±1559), 114, 147, 158, 82±3 190, 221 Wards, court of, 118, 184 Turkey, 251 Wardship, 90±1, 267, 269, 322, Turnham Green, engagement at 395 ,1642), 337 Warham, William, Arch-bishop Tyndale, William ,c.1495±1536), ,c.1450±1532), 100, 107, 143, 147±8, 168, 201 154, 157±8 Tyrone, Hugh O'Neill, third Earl Warrington, 356 of ,1550±1616), 214 Warwick, 44 Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, , 324 ,c.1528±90), 199, 226, 241 438 Index

Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, , 124, 133, 253, 327±8, second Earl of ,1475±99), 69, 357, 359, 379, 384 82±3 Whitelocke, Bulstrode Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of, see ,1605±75), 314, 318, 332, Northumberland, Duke of 375±6, 388 Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Whitgift, John, Archbishop ,1428±71), 30±44, 50, 56 ,c.1530±1604), 231 Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl Whittington, Sir Richard, 12 of ,1587±1658), 295, 298, Wholesome and Catholic Doctrine, 316, 320, 333, 356, 368 201 Warwick, Sir Philip ,1609±83), 376 Wilcox, Thomas ,c.1549±1608), Warwickshire, 82 227 Watson, Thomas, Bishop Williams, John, Archbishop ,1513±84), 201, 221 ,1582±1650), 273 Watson, William William I, King of England, 3 ,c.1559±1603), 278 Wills, Act of ,1540), 91 Weldon, Sir Anthony ,d.c.1649), Wilson, Arthur ,1595±1652), 260 260 Wilton, 106 Wentworth, Peter ,1524±97), 217 Wiltshire, 27, 77, 106, 213, 339 Wentworth, Sir Thomas, see Wiltshire, Henry Stafford, Earl of Strafford, Earl of ,c.1479±1523), 101 Wentworth, Thomas, of Oxford ,c. Wiltshire, James Butler, Earl of 1568±1628), 274 ,c.1420±61), 36 Westminster, 31, 34, 54, 66, 70, Wiltshire, , Earl of 279, 318, 320, 327±9, 336, ,1477±1539), 153 349, 351, 379, 390 Wimbledon, Edward Cecil, Lord , 36, 44, 66, 70, ,1572±1638), 287 80, 84, 221, 291 Winchecombe, John ,d.1520), Westminster Assembly, 342, 368 14 Westminster Hall, 124, 359 , 195 Westminster, synod of ,1555±6), Winchester, William Paulet, 201 Marquis of ,c.1488±1572), , Charles Neville, 184 sixth Earl of ,c.1542±1601), Windsor, 22, 55, 328, 354 235 Winter, Thomas ,1572±1606), Westmorland, Countess of, 235 278±9 Weston, Francis ,c.1511±36), 112, Wittenberg, 147 123±4 Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal Wexford, siege of ,1649), 363 ,c.1471±1530), 98±115, 142, Weymouth, 44 148, 153, 162, 300 Whalley, Edward ,d.1675), 348 Woodville, Elizabeth ,c.1440±92), Wharton, Philip, Lord 39, 60, 66±8, 74±6 ,1613±96), 338, 388 Woodville family, 39±40, 56, 60, White, John ,d.after 1593), 250 62±8, 74 White, John, Bishop Woodville, John, 39, 41 ,c.1510±60), 221 Woodville, Sir Edward, 63, 66 White Mountain, battle of, 281 Worcester, 32 Index 439

Worcester, battle of ,1651), 365, York, 12, 22, 35, 66, 71, 104, 113, 374 340, 343, 368 Worcester, Elizabeth Countess of, York, Edmund Duke of, 28 127 York, Henry Duke of, see Henry Worcestershire, 339 VIII Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, see York, James Duke of, see James II Southampton, Earl of York, Richard Plantagenet, third Wyatt, Sir Thomas ,c.1521±54), Duke of ,1411±60), 19, 21, 23, 192±4 27±36 Wyatt's rebellion ,1554), 192±4 , 40, 42±3, 82, 165±7, Wycliffe, John, 145 340