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Define the Following Keywords: Proletariat; Bourgeoisie; Peasant; Revolution; Capitalist; Communist;

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Define the Following Keywords: Proletariat; Bourgeoisie; Peasant; Revolution; Capitalist; Communist; History Summer Preparation Task: Part 1: Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia, 1917-1953 LO: To build up knowledge of Marxist ideology To explain the appeal of Marxist ideology and its weaknesses To evaluate the appeal of Marxism in Russia before 1917 1) Knowledge Learn and explain the six stages of Marxist Stage Theory Define the following keywords: Proletariat; Bourgeoisie; Peasant; Revolution; Capitalist; Communist; 2) Explanation Answer the following questions fully /'. LV/7y was Marxism appealing? Who would be attracted to Marxism? //'. What did Marx think about religion and why? iii. What did Marx think about Trade Unions and parliamentary democracy? Why? Is this surprising? 3) Evaluation/ Application (Read and make notes on the Introduction from your course textbook. ppxii-xvi. Practise the following two questions ready for a baseline test lesson 1) i) Why was Marxism increasingly appealing in Russia in the early C20th? (eg. Industrial changes, poor conditions, autocratic government) ii) What limited the appeal of Marxism in Russia in the early C20th? (eg. Extreme ideology - moderate ideology more appealing to some, Russia mainly agricultural still, the Tsar's power.) Lesson 1: Be prepared for i) a knowledge test on Marxist stage theory, ii) To answer the two evaluation questions in full using examples from the Russian context. 4) You are also expected to read at least one 'wider reading' or novel book during the first term. You may wish to start this during the summer. See the list below for some recommended texts. Boris Paternik, Doctor Chivago Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina Maxim Gorky, Mother Victor Serge, The Case of Comrade Tulayev Alexander Solzhenitsvn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Mikhail Bulgakov, Master and Margarita Andrev Kurkov, Death and the Penguin George Orwell, Animal Farm • George Orwell, 1984 History Summer Preparation Task: Part 2: The Tudors 1485-1603 LO: To build up knowledge of the monarchy in 1485 and the War of the Roses To explain problems which Henry VII faced in 1485 To evaluate how successfully Henry VII consolidated his power between 1485 and 1486 5) Knowledge Learn and explain background of the Wars of the Roses and the actions of Henry VII Define the following keywords: consolidation; magnates; accession; nobility; attainders; patronage; retainers; bonds 6) Explanation Answer the following questions fully iv. Why did Henry VII need to consolidate his power? v. How did Henry's character help him ? vi. Which methods did Henry use to control the nobility? 7) Evaluation/Application (Read and make notes from your textbook and wider reading. Practise the following two questions ready for a baseline test lesson 1) i) How effective were Henry Vll's actions in controlling the nobility between 1485 and I486? ii) How successful was Henry VII in consolidating power between 1485 and I486? 7) You are also expected to read at least one 'wider reading' or novel book during the first term. You may wish to start this during the summer. See the list below for recommended texts. Recommended Novels Tracey Borman, The Private Life ofTudors Susan Doran, The Tudor Chronicles Thomas Penn, The Winter King (Henry VII) Suzannah Lipscombe, 1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII David Starkey, Henry Virtuous Prince David Starkey, Henry VIII Personality and Politics Tracey Barman, Cromwell: The Untold Story of henry Vllt's Faithful Servant Chris Skidmore, Edward VI: The Lost King of England Anna Whitelock, Mary I lan Mortimer, Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England Alison Weir, Elizabeth: The Queen Penguin Monarchs (accessible biographies of the Tudor Monarchs) Lesson 1: Be prepared for i) a knowledge test on the Wars of the Roses. ii) To answer the two evaluation questions in full using examples from the Tudor context. .? ^ ^ ^ \ Kt^bj Chapter 1 Marxist ideology, Lenin and Stalin line. E Marxist stage theory Cross-reference }: The first key feature of a totalitarian state is an official ideology. The The importance of an official official ideology of the Soviet Union was Marxism, or Communism, the ideology in a totalitarian state is -ire naine that Karl Marx had giveii to his Utopia. Marx set out his ideas covered on page 5. j, / in two main works, The Commumst Manifesto [ 1848) and Das Kapit.al (1867). Although Marx was born in ir Germany, he lived most of his life in Britain. His political theory was based on his study of the histoiy of Britain and his obsei-vation of '/ life during the 19th centuiy. Marx i ^ t f believed that there were six stages, ^ ras -*» or epochs, in human histoiy and i I^JS ; A*. he had studied the first four in ^w-"' "r^ ». •• '»r Britain. He considered his theories "l'->? ''- • Key term :t f^ 1 to be scientific rather than political, in that what he had observed had Economic determinism: Marx's d. •f. happened inevitably because of belief that all history is shaped the conditions. He believed that by scientific laws that are fixed :er his theory was scientific because and therefore are obeyed. The J whenever there were certain economic position of a country Fig. 4 KarlMarx conditions, certain events would would determine the system occur. These events he believed of government and, when two were struggles between different classes to gain the food, goods and services different economic groups that were necessary to suivive. These struggles would lead to the advance inevitably clashed, the next stage T of human histoiy from one stage to the next. Marx believed in economic of human history would occur. determinism: in his view, the key to understanding human histoiywas to nnderstand that economics was the most powerful force. The class that had control of food, goods and services would also have real political power. Primitive Communism In this epoch men worked together in communities to survive. There were no private ^. .)' '. ^ properties and no class differences. All men performed the same economic function, ^ e x f essentially hunter-gatherer. This stage would give way to one in which the most successful ^^ hunter-gatherer-warrior gained power and control over others. j; ^T^ 1. Imperialism AE"^' In this epoch the emperor rules, his rule is initially based on his superiority at gaining resources. ^ The emperor would own all land. However, as this stage develops, the emperor would become ^ v1^ threatened by outsiders and therefore grant land to others, who in return would provide ^ soldiers to defend the country. A new land-owning aristocracy was therefore created. ^ ^-^i \^ ^ w s^j^ Feudalism .»;.» At the stage of feudalism, land was owned by the aristocracy. They would exploit the peasantry, who worked on the land but did not own it. The key resource was the food a- produced which the aristocracy could sell. The surplus of food led to the development of j'is^iW^-^. trade and industry and a new class of merchants who would want access to political power. ]l-roipJBi.° c?@^u^s^"?^^i., B^% Fig. 5 Marxist ideas: the different stages of human history Section 1 The USSR and Marxism Capitalism This was the stage Marx observed in Britain in the mid-19th century. There were two classes: the middle class of factory owners and merchants, or the bourgeoisie, and the working class or the proletariat. The bourgeoisie owned the means of production (the factories) and became increasingly wealthy, selling goods for a profit. They exploited the t proletariat, paying them low wages which ensured that the proletariat lived in terrible conditions. Marx argued the proletariat accepted their position in society because of three great deceptions: • The Church taught that suffering was all part of God's plan and that it brought ^ ^^ a greater reward in the afterlife. It was for this reason that Marx famously called -M f^ religion 'the opium of the masses'. Marx was also a materialist, which meant that he looked for rational explanations of events based on what could be seen, heard and s 1 touched, rather than accepting any supernatural force could be responsible. This ?, ,"»! meant he rejected any role for religion in society. ^1 • Trades Unions served the bourgeois factory owners more than they served the working class. By seeking to improve workers' pay and conditions marginally they prevented the proletariat becoming revolutionary and overthrowing the bourgeois system of government. • Parliamentary democracy deceived the working class into believing that they had control over government decisions. Although the working class had been given the vote in Britain in 1867, their lives did not improve because MPs were still middle-class factory owners who would not pass laws that were against their own interests. For example, Public hlealth Acts to provide clean water for the working classes in cities were permissive (they allowed local councils to raise taxes to pay for sewers, rather than forcing them to do so). Therefore, for the proletariat to rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie and end the stage of capitalism, it was crucial that the workers achieved a level of political awareness. This meant awareness that they were being exploited, and awareness that they made up the vast majority of the country and therefore they had the power. It was this need that led Marx to end the Communist Manifesto with the battle-cry: 'The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Proletarians of all countries, unite!' fa 'I.'.; t i: ti ^ffi ^ 's Socialism i Marx believed that it was inevitable that the proletariat would become politically aware and that they would then rise up and overthrow the bourgeois government. During this stage, the dictatorship of the proletariat would develop in which workers' organisations would ensure that ^1 food, goods and services were distributed fairly according to people's needs.
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